HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCEINCE

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB
LABORATORY MANUAL
(Laboratory Code: AT!""#
(Year$Se%: III $ V#

Faculty In charge
Mr& T& S'a(%)*a(at'a(
Assistant Professor/AUTO

Lab In charge
Mr& S&Na(da+)%ar
Lab Instructor /AUTO

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCEINCE
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB
LABORATORY PLAN
Laboratory Code: AT!"" Year$Se%: III $ V
Fa,)-ty Na%e: Mr& T& SHANMUGANATHAN
S&NO
Date o.
E/0er1%e(t
(Bat,' I 2
II3III#
Na%e o. t'e E/0er1%e(t4
Re%ar+4
PART 5I
ELECTRONICS LAB
1 Week 1
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
2 Week 2
VERIFY LOIC ATE! "" #ALF A$$ER
% OR& A'$&'A'$&'OR&E("OR&'OT)
* Week *
FULL A$$ER A'$ !R & $ FLIP"FLOP
+ Week + !ILICO' CO'TROLLE$ RECTIFIER
, Week ,
E'ERATE T#E !-UARE WAVE FOR. I' ,,,
TI.ER
/
Week /
WRITE A' ALP TO PERFOR. A$$ITIO' A'$
.ULTIPLICATIO' OF TWO 0 1IT 'U.1ER! U!I'
2
Week 2
WRITE A' ALP TO PERFOR. A/$ CO'VERTER 1Y
I'TERFACI' 030, .ICROPROCE!!OR OR
PART 6 II
ELECTRICAL LAB
0
Week 0
CO'$UCT VARIOU! TE!T! O' T#E 1ATTERY A'$
TA1ULATE 1ATTERY CO'$ITIO'
4 Week 4 FI'$ T#E FAULT I' T#E IVE' I'ITIO' !Y!TE.
13 Week 13
TE!T T#E IVE' !TARTER .OTOR U!I'
ELECTRICAL TE!T RI
11 Week 11 TE!T T#E IVE' ALTER'ATOR
12 Week 12
TE!T T#E IVE' $Y'A.O A'$ REULATOR&
CUT OUT! RELAY
1* Week 1*
!TU$Y OF T#E ELECTRICAL !Y!TE.! !UC# A!
#EA$ LI#T!& !I$E OR PAR5I' LI#T!&
TRAFFICATOR LI#T!& ELECTRIC #OR' !Y!TE.&
WI'$!CREE' WIPER !Y!TE.& !TARTER !Y!TE.
Sta.. 1( ,'ar*e HOD (a)to#
(T& SHANMUGANATHAN# (7&7AMALA7ANNAN#

PART 5I
ELECTRONICS LAB

E8P NO: FULL 9AVE RECTIFIER
DATE:
AIM:
To construct a fu66 7a8e rectifier an9 to :easure 9c 8o6ta;e un9er 6oa9 an9 to ca6cu6ate t<e ri==6e
factor>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
!>'o> 'a:e Ran;e -uantit?
1> Transfor:er 2*3 V / /"3"%"/) 1
2> $io9e I'+332 2
*> Resistor 1 5@ 1
+> Ca=acitor 133AF 1
,> CRO *3 .#B 1
/> 1rea9 1oar9 1
: FULL9AVE RECTIFIER 9ITHOUT FILTER

FULL9AVE RECTIFIER 9ITH FILTER
FORMULA
Ri==6e Factor C D E%I
:
/D2) / %2FI
:
/G)H
2
"1
W<ere I
:
is t<e =eak current
THEORY:
T<e fu66 7a8e rectifier con9ucts for bot< t<e =ositi8e an9 ne;ati8e <a6f c?c6es of t<e in=ut ac
su==6?> In or9er to rectif? bot< t<e <a6f c?c6es of t<e ac in=ut& t7o 9io9es are use9 in t<is circuit> T<e
9io9es fee9 a co::on 6oa9 RL 7it< t<e <e6= of a centre ta==e9 transfor:er> T<e ac 8o6ta;e is a==6ie9
t<rou;< a suitab6e =o7er transfor:er 7it< =ro=er turnIs ratio> T<e rectifierIs 9c out=ut is obtaine9 across
t<e 6oa9>
T<e 9c 6oa9 current for t<e fu66 7a8e rectifier is t7ice t<at of t<e <a6f 7a8e rectifier> T<e 6o7est
ri==6e factor is t7ice t<at of t<e fu66 7a8e rectifier> T<e efficienc? of fu66 7a8e rectification is t7ice t<at
of <a6f 7a8e rectification> T<e ri==6e factor a6so for t<e fu66 7a8e rectifier is 6ess co:=are9 to t<e <a6f
7a8e rectifier>
PROCEDURE:
1> Connections are ;i8en as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra: 7it<out fi6ter>
2> 'ote t<e a:=6itu9e an9 ti:e =erio9 of t<e in=ut si;na6 at t<e secon9ar? 7in9in; of t<e
transfor:er an9 rectifie9 out=ut>
*> Re=eat t<e sa:e ste=s 7it< t<e fi6ter an9 :easure V
9c
>
+> Ca6cu6ate t<e ri==6e factor>
,> $ra7 t<e ;ra=< for 8o6ta;e 8ersus ti:e>

MODEL GRAPH
Tab)-at1o(
I'PUT OUTPUT WIT#OUT FILTER OUTPUT WIT# FILTER
A.PLITU$E
%V)
TI.E
%!)
A.PLITU$E
%V)
TI.E
%!)
A.PLITU$E
%V)
TI.E
%!)
RESULT:
T<us t<e fu66 7a8e rectifier 7as constructe9 an9 t<e ri==6e factor 7as ca6cu6ate9 as Ri==6e factor C

E8P NO: " STUDIES OF BASIC DIGITAL ICS
DATE:
AIM:
To 8erif? t<e trut< tab6e of basic 9i;ita6 ICs of A'$& OR& 'OT& 'A'$& 'OR& E("OR ;ates>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
S&No Na%e o. t'e A00arat)4 Ra(*e :)a(t1ty
1> $i;ita6 IC trainer kit 1
2> A'$ ;ate IC 2+30 1
*> OR ;ate IC 2+*2 1
+> 'OT ;ate IC 2+3+ 1
,> 'A'$ ;ate IC 2+33 1
/> 'OR ;ate IC 2+32 1
2> E("OR ;ate IC 2+0/ 1
0> Connectin; 7ires As reJuire9
BASICS: T<e 1rea9 boar9
T<e brea9boar9 consists of t7o ter:ina6 stri=s an9 t7o bus stri=s %often broken in t<e centre)> Eac< bus
stri= <as t7o ro7s of contacts> Eac< of t<e t7o ro7s of contacts are a no9e> T<at is& eac< contact a6on; a
ro7 on a bus stri= is connecte9 to;et<er %insi9e t<e brea9boar9)> 1us stri=s are use9 =ri:ari6? for =o7er
su==6? connections& but are a6so use9 for an? no9e reJuirin; a 6ar;e nu:ber of connections> Eac<
ter:ina6 stri= <as /3 ro7s an9 , co6u:ns of contacts on eac< si9e of t<e centre ;a=> Eac< ro7 of ,
contacts is a no9e>
You 7i66 bui69 ?our circuits on t<e ter:ina6 stri=s b? insertin; t<e 6ea9s of circuit co:=onents into t<e
contact rece=tac6es an9 :akin; connections 7it< 22"2/ ;au;e 7ire> T<ere are 7ire cutter/stri==ers an9 a
s=oo6 of 7ire in t<e 6ab> It is a ;oo9 =ractice to 7ire K,V an9 3V =o7er su==6? connections to se=arate
bus stri=s>


F1* &T<e brea9boar9> T<e 6ines in9icate connecte9 <o6es>
T<e ,V su==6? .U!T 'OT 1E E(CEE$E$ since t<is 7i66 9a:a;e t<e ICs %Inte;rate9 circuits) use9
9urin; t<e eL=eri:ents> Incorrect connection of =o7er to t<e ICs cou69 resu6t in t<e: eL=6o9in; or
beco:in; 8er? <ot " 7it< t<e =ossib6e serious inMur? occurrin; to t<e =eo=6e 7orkin; on t<e eL=eri:entN
Ensure t<at t<e =o7er su==6? =o6arit? an9 a66 co:=onents an9 connections are correct before s7itc<in;
on =o7er>
B)1-d1(* t'e C1r,)1t
T<rou;<out t<ese eL=eri:ents 7e 7i66 use TTL c<i=s to bui69 circuits> T<e ste=s for 7irin; a circuit
s<ou69 be co:=6ete9 in t<e or9er 9escribe9 be6o7O
1> Turn t<e =o7er %Trainer 5it) off before ?ou bui69 an?t<in;N
2> .ake sure t<e =o7er is off before ?ou bui69 an?t<in;N
*> Connect t<e K,V an9 ;roun9 %'$) 6ea9s of t<e =o7er su==6? to t<e =o7er an9 ;roun9 bus
stri=s on ?our brea9boar9>
+> P6u; t<e c<i=s ?ou 7i66 be usin; into t<e brea9boar9> Point a66 t<e c<i=s in t<e sa:e 9irection
7it< =in 1 at t<e u==er"6eft corner> %Pin 1 is often i9entifie9 b? a 9ot or a notc< neLt to it on
t<e c<i= =acka;e)
,> Connect K,V an9 '$ =ins of eac< c<i= to t<e =o7er an9 ;roun9 bus stri=s on t<e
brea9boar9>
/> !e6ect a connection on ?our sc<e:atic an9 =6ace a =iece of <ook"u= 7ire bet7een
corres=on9in; =ins of t<e c<i=s on ?our brea9boar9> It is better to :ake t<e s<ort connections

before t<e 6on;er ones> .ark eac< connection on ?our sc<e:atic as ?ou ;o& so as not to tr? to
:ake t<e sa:e connection a;ain at a 6ater sta;e>
2> et one of ?our ;rou= :e:bers to c<eck t<e connections& be.ore yo) t)r( t'e 0o;er o(>
0> If an error is :a9e an9 is not s=otte9 before ?ou turn t<e =o7er on> Turn t<e =o7er off
i::e9iate6? before ?ou be;in to re7ire t<e circuit>
4> At t<e en9 of t<e 6aborator? session& co66ect ?ou <ook"u= 7ires& c<i=s an9 a66 eJui=:ent an9
return t<e: to t<e 9e:onstrator>
13> Ti9? t<e area t<at ?ou 7ere 7orkin; in an9 6ea8e it in t<e sa:e con9ition as it 7as before
?ou starte9>
Co%%o( Ca)4e4 o. Prob-e%4
1> 'ot connectin; t<e ;roun9 an9/or =o7er =ins for a66 c<i=s>
2> 'ot turnin; on t<e =o7er su==6? before c<eckin; t<e o=eration of t<e circuit>
*> Lea8in; out 7ires>
+> P6u;;in; 7ires into t<e 7ron; <o6es>
,> $ri8in; a sin;6e ;ate in=ut 7it< t<e out=uts of t7o or :ore ;ates
/> .o9if?in; t<e circuit 7it< t<e =o7er on>
In a66 eL=eri:ents& ?ou 7i66 be eL=ecte9 to obtain a66 instru:ents& 6ea9s& co:=onents at t<e start of t<e
eL=eri:ent an9 return t<e: to t<eir =ro=er =6ace after ?ou <a8e finis<e9 t<e eL=eri:ent> P6ease infor:
t<e 9e:onstrator or tec<nician if ?ou 6ocate fau6t? eJui=:ent> If ?ou 9a:a;e a c<i=& infor: a
9e:onstrator& 9onPt =ut it back in t<e boL of c<i=s for so:ebo9? e6se to use>
E/a%0-e I%0-e%e(tat1o( o. a Lo*1, C1r,)1t
1ui69 a circuit to i:=6e:ent t<e 1oo6ean function F C /%/A>/1)& =6ease note t<at t<e notation $A refers to
> You s<ou69 use t<at notation 9urin; t<e 7rite"u= of ?our 6aborator? eL=eri:ents>


-ua9 2 In=ut 2+33 #eL 2+3+ In8erter
F1* "& T<e co:=6ete 9esi;ne9 an9 connecte9 circuit
!o:eti:es t<e c<i= :anufacturer :a? 9enote t<e first =in b? a s:a66 in9ente9 circ6e abo8e t<e first =in
of t<e c<i=> P6ace ?our c<i=s in t<e sa:e 9irection& to sa8e confusion at a 6ater sta;e> Re:e:ber t<at ?ou
:ust connect =o7er to t<e c<i=s to ;et t<e: to 7ork>

THEORY:
a& AND *ate:
An A'$ ;ate is t<e =<?sica6 rea6iBation of 6o;ica6 :u6ti=6ication o=eration> It is an e6ectronic
circuit 7<ic< ;enerates an out=ut si;na6 of Q1I on6? if a66 t<e in=ut si;na6s are Q1I>
b& OR *ate:
An OR ;ate is t<e =<?sica6 rea6iBation of t<e 6o;ica6 a99ition o=eration> It is an e6ectronic circuit
7<ic< ;enerates an out=ut si;na6 of Q1I if an? of t<e in=ut si;na6 is Q1I>
,& NOT *ate:
A 'OT ;ate is t<e =<?sica6 rea6iBation of t<e co:=6e:entation o=eration> It is an e6ectronic
circuit 7<ic< ;enerates an out=ut si;na6 7<ic< is t<e re8erse of t<e in=ut si;na6> A 'OT ;ate is
a6so kno7n as an in8erter because it in8erts t<e in=ut>
d& NAND *ate:
A 'A'$ ;ate is a co:=6e:ente9 A'$ ;ate> T<e out=ut of t<e 'A'$ ;ate 7i66 be Q3I if a66 t<e
in=ut si;na6s are Q1I an9 7i66 be Q1I if an? one of t<e in=ut si;na6 is Q3I>
e& NOR *ate:
A 'OR ;ate is a co:=6e:ente9 OR ;ate> T<e out=ut of t<e OR ;ate 7i66 be Q1I if a66 t<e in=uts
are Q3I an9 7i66 be Q3I if an? one of t<e in=ut si;na6 is Q1I>
.& E85OR *ate:
An EL"OR ;ate =erfor:s t<e fo66o7in; 1oo6ean function&
A 1 C % A > 1I ) K % AI > 1 )
It is si:i6ar to OR ;ate but eLc6u9es t<e co:bination of bot< A an9 1 bein; eJua6 to one> T<e
eLc6usi8e OR is a function t<at ;i8e an out=ut si;na6 Q3I 7<en t<e t7o in=ut si;na6s are eJua6
eit<er Q3I or Q1I>

PROCEDURE:
1> Connections are ;i8en as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:
1> For a66 t<e ICs 2
t<
=in is ;roun9e9 an9 1+
t<
=in is ;i8en K, V su==6?>
2> A==6? t<e in=uts an9 8erif? t<e trut< tab6e for a66 ;ates>
AND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC <=>?:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y @ A & B
& > > >
"& > >
!& > >
=&
OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC <=!":
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y @ A A B
& > > >
"& >
!& >
=&
NOT GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC <=>=:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A Y @ AB
& >
"& >
NAND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC <=>>:
CIRCUIT DIARAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y @ (A& B#B
& > >
"& >
!& >
=& >
NOR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC <=>":
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y @ (A A B#B
& > >
"& > >
!& > >
=& >
E85OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC <=?C:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y @ A B
& > > >
"& >
!& >
=& >
RESULT:
T<e trut< tab6e of a66 t<e basic 9i;ita6 ICs 7as 8erifie9>
E8P NO: ! IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF ADDER 2 FULL ADDER
AIM:

To 9esi;n an9 8erif? t<e trut< tab6e of t<e #a6f A99er R Fu66 A99er circuits>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
S&No Na%e o. t'e A00arat)4 Ra(*e :)a(t1ty
1> $i;ita6 IC trainer kit 1
2> A'$ ;ate IC 2+30 1
*> OR ;ate IC 2+*2 1
+> 'OT ;ate IC 2+3+ 1
,> E("OR ;ate IC 2+0/ 1
/> Connectin; 7ires As reJuire9
THEORY:
T<e :ost basic arit<:etic o=eration is t<e a99ition of t7o binar? 9i;its> T<ere are four =ossib6e
e6e:entar? o=erations& na:e6?&
3 K 3 C 3
3 K 1 C 1
1 K 3 C 1
1 K 1 C 132
T<e first t<ree o=erations =ro9uce a su: of 7<ose 6en;t< is one 9i;it& but 7<en t<e 6ast o=eration is
=erfor:e9 t<e su: is t7o 9i;its> T<e <i;<er si;nificant bit of t<is resu6t is ca66e9 a carr? an9 6o7er
si;nificant bit is ca66e9 t<e su:>
HALF ADDER:
A co:binationa6 circuit 7<ic< =erfor:s t<e a99ition of t7o bits is ca66e9 <a6f a99er> T<e in=ut 8ariab6es
9esi;nate t<e au;en9s an9 t<e a99en9 bit& 7<ereas t<e out=ut 8ariab6es =ro9uce t<e su: an9 carr? bits>
FULL ADDER:
A co:binationa6 circuit 7<ic< =erfor:s t<e arit<:etic su: of t<ree in=ut bits is ca66e9 fu66 a99er> T<e
t<ree in=ut bits inc6u9e t7o si;nificant bits an9 a =re8ious carr? bit> A fu66 a99er circuit can be
i:=6e:ente9 7it< t7o <a6f a99ers an9 one OR ;ate>

HALF ADDER
TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B S C
& > > > >
"& > >
!& > >
=& >
DESIGN:
Fro: t<e trut< tab6e t<e eL=ression for su: an9 carr? bits of t<e out=ut can be obtaine9 as&
!u:& ! C A 1
Carr?& C C A > 1
D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FULL ADDER
TRUTH TABLE:
S&No
INPUT OUTPUT
A B C SUM CARRY
& > > > > >
"& > > >
!& > > >

=& > >
E& > > >
C& > >
<& > >
?&
DESIGN:
Fro: t<e trut< tab6e t<e eL=ression for su: an9 carr? bits of t<e out=ut can be obtaine9 as&
!U. C AI1IC K AI1CI K A1ICI K A1C
CARRY C AI1C K A1IC K A1CI KA1C
Usin; 5arnau;< :a=s t<e re9uce9 eL=ression for t<e out=ut bits can be obtaine9 as&
SUM
SUM @ ABBBC A ABBCB A ABBCB A ABC @ A B C
CARRY
CARRY @ AB A AC A BC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1> Connections are ;i8en as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:s>
2> For a66 t<e ICs 2
t<
=in is ;roun9e9 an9 1+
t<
=in is ;i8en K, V su==6?>
*> A==6? t<e in=uts an9 8erif? t<e trut< tab6e for t<e <a6f a99er an9 fu66 a99er circuits>
RESULT:
T<e 9esi;n of t<e <a6f a99er an9 fu66 a99er circuits 7as 9one an9 t<eir trut< tab6es 7ere 8erifie9>
E8P NO: !& IMPLEMENTATION OF FLIP FLOPS
AIM:
To 8erif? t<e c<aracteristic tab6e of R!& $& S5& an9 T F6i= f6o=s>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
S&No Na%e o. t'e A00arat)4 Ra(*e :)a(t1ty

1> $i;ita6 IC trainer kit 1
2> 'OR ;ate IC 2+32 1
*> 'OT ;ate IC 2+3+ 1
+> A'$ ;ate % t<ree in=ut ) IC 2+11 1
,> 'A'$ ;ate IC 2+33 1
/> Connectin; 7ires As reJuire9
THEORY:
A F6i= F6o= is a seJuentia6 9e8ice t<at sa:=6es its in=ut si;na6s an9 c<an;es its out=ut states on6? at
ti:es 9eter:ine9 b? c6ockin; si;na6> F6i= F6o=s :a? 8ar? in t<e nu:ber of in=uts t<e? =ossess an9 t<e
:anner in 7<ic< t<e in=uts affect t<e binar? states>
RS FLIP FLOP:
T<e c6ocke9 R! f6i= f6o= consists of 'A'$ ;ates an9 t<e out=ut c<an;es its state 7it< res=ect to t<e
in=ut on a==6ication of c6ock =u6se> W<en t<e c6ock =u6se is <i;< t<e ! an9 R in=uts reac< t<e secon9
6e8e6 'A'$ ;ates in t<eir co:=6e:entar? for:> T<e F6i= F6o= is reset 7<en t<e R in=ut <i;< an9 !
in=ut is 6o7> T<e F6i= F6o= is set 7<en t<e ! in=ut is <i;< an9 R in=ut is 6o7> W<en bot< t<e in=uts are
<i;< t<e out=ut is in an in9eter:inate state>
D FLIP FLOP:
To e6i:inate t<e un9esirab6e con9ition of in9eter:inate state in t<e !R F6i= F6o= 7<en bot< in=uts are
<i;< at t<e sa:e ti:e& in t<e $ F6i= F6o= t<e in=uts are ne8er :a9e eJua6 at t<e sa:e ti:e> T<is is
obtaine9 b? :akin; t<e t7o in=uts co:=6e:ent of eac< ot<er>
F7 FLIP FLOP:
T<e in9eter:inate state in t<e !R F6i="F6o= is 9efine9 in t<e S5 F6i= F6o=> S5 in=uts be<a8e 6ike ! an9
R in=uts to set an9 reset t<e F6i= F6o=> T<e out=ut - is A'$e9 7it< 5 in=ut an9 t<e c6ock =u6se&
si:i6ar6? t<e out=ut -I is A'$e9 7it< S in=ut an9 t<e C6ock =u6se> W<en t<e c6ock =u6se is Bero bot<
t<e A'$ ;ates are 9isab6e9 an9 t<e - an9 -I out=ut retain t<eir =re8ious 8a6ues> W<en t<e c6ock =u6se
is <i;<& t<e S an9 5 in=uts reac< t<e 'OR ;ates> W<en bot< t<e in=uts are <i;< t<e out=ut to;;6es
continuous6?> T<is is ca66e9 Race aroun9 con9ition an9 t<is :ust be a8oi9e9>
T FLIP FLOP:
T<is is a :o9ification of S5 F6i= F6o=& obtaine9 b? connectin; bot< in=uts S an9 5 in=uts to;et<er> T
F6i= F6o= is a6so ca66e9 To;;6e F6i= F6o=>

RS FLIP FLOP
LOGIC SYMBOL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CHARACTERISTIC TABLE:
CLOC7
PULSE
INPUT PRESENT
STATE (:#
NE8T
STATE(:A#
STATUS
S R
> > > >
" > >
! > > >
= > >
E > >
C >
< > 8
? 8
D FLIP FLOP

LOGIC SYMBOL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CHARACTERISTIC TABLE:
CLOC7
PULSE
INPUT
D
PRESENT
STATE (:#
NE8T
STATE(:A#
STATUS
> > >
" > >
! >
=
F7 FLIP FLOP
LOGIC SYMBOL:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CHARACTERISTIC TABLE:
CLOC7
PULSE
INPUT PRESENT
STATE (:#
NE8T
STATE(:A#
STATUS
F 7
> > > >
" > >
! > > >
= > >
E > >
C >
< >
? >
T FLIP FLOP
LOGIC SYMBOL:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CHARACTERISTIC TABLE:
CLOC7
PULSE
INPUT
T
PRESENT
STATE (:#
NE8T
STATE(:A#
STATUS
> > >
" > >
! >
= >
PROCEDURE:
1> Connections are ;i8en as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:s>
2> For a66 t<e ICs 2
t<
=in is ;roun9e9 an9 1+
t<
=in is ;i8en K, V su==6?>
*> A==6? t<e in=uts an9 obser8e t<e status of a66 t<e f6i= f6o=s>

RESULT:
T<e C<aracteristic tab6es of R!& $& S5& T f6i= f6o=s 7ere 8erifie9>
E8P NO: = CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR 2 ITS APPLICATION
AIMO
To 9eter:ine t<e c<aracteristics of !CR an9 to stu9? t<e o=eration of !in;6e P<ase !in;6e
Pu6se Con8erter usin; !CR>

APPARATUS RE:UIREDO
S&No& APPARATUS RANGE TYPE :UANTITY
1 !CR .o9u6e kit 223 V / , A 1
2 T<?ristor Trainer .o9u6e 5it 1
* Firin; Circuit .o9u6e 1
+ Re;u6ate9 Po7er !u==6? %3",) V 1
, Re;u6ate9 Po7er !u==6? %3"*3) V 1
/ $R1 1
2 Vo6t:eter %3"*3) V .C 1
0 A::eter %3"*3):A .C 1
4 A::eter %3"133)TA .C 1
13 Resistor 1 k@ 1
11 Loa9in; R<eostat ,3 @ / , A 1
12 CRO 23 .#U 1

1* Patc< C<or9s 13

PROCEDURE:
I& To deter%1(e t'e C'ara,ter14t1,4 o. SCR
1) .ake t<e connections as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:>
2) !7itc< on t<e su==6?
*) !et t<e ;ate current at a fiLe9 8a6ue b? 8ar?in; RP! on t<e ;ate"cat<o9e si9e>
+) Increase t<e 8o6ta;e a==6ie9 to ano9e"cat<o9e si9e fro: Bero unti6 break9o7n occurs>
,) 'ote 9o7n t<e break9o7n 8o6ta;e>
/) $ra7 t<e ;ra=< bet7een ano9e to cat<o9e 8o6ta;e %8 ak) an9 ano9e current %ia)

II& to 4t)dy t'e o0erat1o( o. S1(*-e P'a4e S1(*-e P)-4e Co(Gerter>
1) .ake t<e connections as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:
2) !7itc< on t<e su==6?
*) !7itc< on t<e su==6? an9 obser8e t<e 7a8efor:s of 8arious firin; an;6e b? 8ar?in; t<e POT in
resistance firin; circuit>
+) Obser8e t<e ran;e of firin; an;6e contro6> For an? =articu6ar tri;;erin; an;6e =6ot t<e
7a8efor:s of t<e 8o6ta;e across t<e 6oa9 an9 t<e !CR>
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
S&No&
IG @H&(IA# IG @H&(IA#
VA7 (V# IA (%A# VA7 (V# IA (%A#
MODEL GRAPH: P1( ,o(.1*)rat1o(


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (SINGLE PHASE SINGLE PULSE CONVERTER#:

I
;
1
I
;
2
i;
2
Vi;
1
I
A
V
A5
5 A
UP+
.

TABULAR COLUMN (SINGLE PHASE SINGLE PULSE CONVERTER#:
S&No& No(5Co(d),t1(*
Per1od (%4#
Co(d),t1(*
Per1od (%4#
F1r1(* A(*-e (J
#
O)t0)t
Vo-ta*e (V#
MODEL GRAPH (SINGLE PHASE SINGLE PULSE CONVERTER#:
Vin


VT

*
2
*
2



RESULT:
T<us t<e C<aracteristics of !CR an9 t<e Out=ut 7a8efor:s of !in;6e P<ase !in;6e Pu6se
Con8erter 7ere obtaine9>
E8P NO: =& TIMER IC APPLICATIONS 5 I
(ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR #
$esi;n an astab6e :u6ti8ibrator 7it< /,W 9ut? c?c6e at + 5#B freJuenc?& assu:e CC 3>31 AF>
E$esi;n can be c<an;e9 b? c<an;in; t<e $ut? c?c6e an9 freJuenc?H

AIM:
To 9esi;n an astab6e :u6ti8ibrator circuit for t<e ;i8en s=ecifications usin; ,,, Ti:er IC>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
S& No Na%e o. t'e A00arat)4 Ra(*e :)a(t1ty
1> Function enerator * .#B 1
2> CRO *3 .#B 1
*> $ua6 RP! 3 X *3 V 1
+> Ti:er IC IC ,,, 1
,> 1rea9 1oar9 1
/> Resistors
2> Ca=acitors
0> Connectin; 7ires an9 =robes As reJuire9
THEORY:
An astab6e :u6ti8ibrator& often ca66e9 a free"runnin; :u6ti8ibrator& is a rectan;u6ar"7a8e";eneratin;
circuit> T<is circuit 9oes not reJuire an eLterna6 tri;;er to c<an;e t<e state of t<e out=ut> T<e ti:e
9urin; 7<ic< t<e out=ut is eit<er <i;< or 6o7 is 9eter:ine9 b? t7o resistors an9 a ca=acitor& 7<ic< are
connecte9 eLterna66? to t<e ,,, ti:er> T<e ti:e 9urin; 7<ic< t<e ,a0a,1tor ,'ar*e4 fro: 1/* Vcc to 2/*
Vcc is eJua6 to t<e ti:e t<e out=ut is <i;< an9 is ;i8en b?&
tc C 3>/4 %R1 K R2) C

!i:i6ar6? t<e ti:e 9urin; 7<ic< t<e ,a0a,1tor d14,'ar*e4 fro: 2/* Vcc to 1/* Vcc is eJua6 to t<e ti:e t<e
out=ut is 6o7 an9 is ;i8en b?&
t9 C 3>/4 %R2) C
T<us t<e tota6 ti:e =erio9 of t<e out=ut 7a8efor: is&
T C tc K t9 C 3>/4 %R1 K 2 R2) C
T<e ter: 9ut? c?c6e is often use9 in conMunction 7it< t<e astab6e :u6ti8ibrator> T<e 9ut? c?c6e is t<e
ratio of t<e ti:e tc 9urin; 7<ic< t<e out=ut is <i;< to t<e tota6 ti:e =erio9 T> It is ;enera66? eL=resse9 in
=ercenta;e> In eJuation for:&
W 9ut? c?c6e C E%R1 K R2) / %R1 K 2 R2)H L 133
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

DESIGN:
i8en fC + 5#B&
T<erefore& Tota6 ti:e =erio9& T C 1/f C YYYYYYYYYYYY
We kno7& 9ut? c?c6e C tc / T
T<erefore& tc C """"""""""""""""""""""""
an9 t9 C YYYYYYYYYYYY
We a6so kno7 for an astab6e :u6ti8ibrator
t9 C 3>/4 %R2) C
T<erefore& R2 C YYYYYYYYYYYYY
tc C 3>/4 %R1 K R2) C
T<erefore& R1 C YYYYYYYYYYYYY
PROCEDURE:

1> Connections are ;i8en as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:>
2> K ,V su==6? is ;i8en to t<e K Vcc ter:ina6 of t<e ti:er IC>
*> At =in * t<e out=ut 7a8efor: is obser8e9 7it< t<e <e6= of a CRO
+> At =in / t<e ca=acitor 8o6ta;e is obtaine9 in t<e CRO an9 t<e V3 an9 Vc 8o6ta;e 7a8efor:s are
=6otte9 in a ;ra=< s<eet>
OBSERVATIONS:
S&No 9aGe.or%4
A%0-1t)de
( No& o. d1G /
Vo-t4 0er d1G #
T1%e 0er1od
( No& o. d1G /
T1%e 0er d1G #
t, td
& O)t0)t Vo-ta*e 3 Vo
"& Ca0a,1tor Go-ta*e 3 V,
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
T<e 9esi;n of t<e Astab6e :u6ti8ibrator circuit 7as 9one an9 t<e out=ut 8o6ta;e an9 ca=acitor 8o6ta;e
7a8efor:s 7ere obtaine9>
E8P NO: =&" TIMER IC APPLICATIONS 5II
(MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR#
AIM:
To 9esi;n a :onostab6e :u6ti8ibrator for t<e ;i8en s=ecifications usin; ,,, Ti:er IC> To
9esi;n a :onostab6e :u6ti8ibrator 7it< t= C 3>/1/ :s& assu:e C C 3>31 AF
APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
S&No Na%e o. t'e A00arat)4 Ra(*e :)a(t1ty
1> Function enerator * .#B& Ana6o; 1
2> CRO *3 .#B 1
*> $ua6 RP! 3 X *3 V 1
+> Ti:er IC IC ,,, 1

,> 1rea9 1oar9 1
/> Resistors
2> Ca=acitors
0> Connectin; 7ires an9 =robes As reJuire9
THEORY:
A :onostab6e :u6ti8ibrator often ca66e9 a one"s<ot
At t<e en9 of t<e ti:in; inter8a6& t<e out=ut auto:atica66? re8erts back to its 6o;ic 6o7 state> T<e out=ut
sta?s 6o7 unti6 a tri;;er =u6se is a==6ie9 a;ain> T<en t<e c?c6e re=eats>T<us t<e :onostab6e state <as
on6? one stab6e state <ence t<e na:e :onostab6e>
PIN DIAGRAMO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

DESIGN:
i8en t= C 3>/1/ :s C 1>1 R1 C
T<erefore& R1 C YYYYYYYYYYYYY
PROCEDURE:
1> Connections are ;i8en as =er t<e circuit 9ia;ra:>
2> K ,V su==6? is ;i8en to t<e K Vcc ter:ina6 of t<e ti:er IC>
*> A ne;ati8e tri;;er =u6se of ,V& 2 5#B is a==6ie9 to =in 2 of t<e ,,, IC
+> At =in * t<e out=ut 7a8efor: is obser8e9 7it< t<e <e6= of a CRO
,> At =in / t<e ca=acitor 8o6ta;e is obtaine9 in t<e CRO an9 t<e V3 an9 Vc 8o6ta;e 7a8efor:s are
=6otte9 in a ;ra=< s<eet>
OBSERVATIONS:

S&No
A%0-1t)de
( No& o. d1G y
Vo-t4 0er d1G #
T1%e 0er1od
( No& o. d1G /
T1%e 0er d1G #
to( to..
& Tr1**er 1(0)t
"& O)t0)t Vo-ta*e 3 Vo
!& Ca0a,1tor Go-ta*e 3 V,
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
T<e 9esi;n of t<e .onostab6e :u6ti8ibrator circuit 7as 9one an9 t<e in=ut an9 out=ut 7a8efor:s 7ere
obtaine9>
E8P NO: E INTRODUCTION TO ?>?E
I'TEL 030, is one of t<e :ost =o=u6ar 0"bit :icro=rocessor ca=ab6e of a99ressin; /+ 51 of
:e:or? an9 its arc<itecture is si:=6e> T<e 9e8ice <as +3 =ins& reJuires K, V =o7er su==6? an9 can
o=erate 7it< *.#B sin;6e =<ase c6ock>
ALU (Ar1t'%et1, Lo*1, U(1t#:
T<e 030,A <as a si:=6e 0"bit ALU an9 it 7orks in coor9ination 7it< t<e accu:u6ator& te:=orar?
re;isters& , f6a;s an9 arit<:etic an9 6o;ic circuits> ALU <as t<e ca=abi6it? of =erfor:in; se8era6
:at<e:atica6 an9 6o;ica6 o=erations> T<e te:=orar? re;isters are use9 to <o69 t<e 9ata 9urin; an
arit<:etic an9 6o;ic o=eration> T<e resu6t is store9 in t<e accu:u6ator an9 t<e f6a;s are set or reset
accor9in; to t<e resu6t of t<e o=eration> T<e f6a;s are affecte9 b? t<e arit<:etic an9 6o;ic o=eration>
T<e? are as fo66o7sO
!i;n f6a;

After t<e eLecution of t<e arit<:etic " 6o;ic o=eration if t<e bit $2 of t<e resu6t is
1& t<e si;n f6a; is set> T<is f6a; is use9 7it< si;ne9 nu:bers> If it is 1& it is a ne;ati8e
nu:ber an9 if it is 3& it is a =ositi8e nu:ber>
Uero f6a;
T<e Bero f6a; is set if t<e ALU o=eration resu6ts in Bero> T<is f6a; is :o9ifie9 b?
t<e resu6t in t<e accu:u6ator as 7e66 as in ot<er re;isters>
AuLi6iar? carr? f6a;
In an arit<:etic o=eration 7<en a carr? is ;enerate9 b? 9i;it $* an9 =asse9 on to
$+& t<e auLi6iar? f6a; is set>
Parit? f6a;
After arit<:etic X 6o;ic o=eration& if t<e resu6t <as an e8en nu:ber of 1Is t<e f6a;
is set> If it <as o99 nu:ber of 1Is it is reset>
Carr? f6a;
If an arit<:etic o=eration resu6ts in a carr?& t<e carr? f6a; is set> T<e carr? f6a;
a6so ser8es as a borro7 f6a; for subtraction>
T1%1(* a(d ,o(tro- )(1t
T<is unit s?nc<roniBes a66 t<e :icro=rocessor o=eration 7it< a c6ock an9 ;enerates t<e contro6
si;na6s necessar? for co::unication bet7een t<e :icro=rocessor an9 =eri=<era6s> T<e contro6
si;na6s R$ %rea9) an9 WR %7rite) in9icate t<e a8ai6abi6it? of 9ata on t<e 9ata bus>
I(4tr),t1o( re*14ter a(d de,oder
T<e instruction re;ister an9 9eco9er are =art of t<e ALU> W<en an instruction is fetc<e9 fro:
:e:or? it is 6oa9e9 in t<e instruction re;ister> T<e 9eco9er 9eco9es t<e instruction an9 estab6is<es
t<e seJuence of e8ents to fo66o7>
Re*14ter array
T<e 030, <as siL ;enera6 =ur=ose re;isters to store 0"bit 9ata 9urin; =ro;ra: eLecution> T<ese
re;isters are i9entifie9 as 1& C& $& E& # an9 L> t<e? can be co:bine9 as 1C& $E an9 #L to =erfor:
1/"bit o=eration>

A,,)%)-ator
Accu:u6ator is an 0"bit re;ister t<at is =art of t<e ALU> T<is re;ister is use9 to store 0"bit 9ata
an9 to =erfor: arit<:etic an9 6o;ic o=eration> T<e resu6t of an o=eration is store9 in t<e
accu:u6ator>
Pro*ra% ,o)(ter
T<e =ro;ra: counter is a 1/"bit re;ister use9 to =oint to t<e :e:or? a99ress of t<e neLt
instruction to be eLecute9>
Sta,+ 0o1(ter
It is a 1/"bit re;ister 7<ic< =oints to t<e :e:or? 6ocation in R/W :e:or?& ca66e9 t<e !tack>
Co%%)(1,at1o( -1(e4
030, :icro=rocessor =erfor:s 9ata transfer o=erations usin; t<ree co::unication 6ines ca66e9
buses> T<e? are a99ress bus& 9ata bus an9 contro6 bus>
A99ress bus X it is a ;rou= of 1/"bit 6ines ;enera66? i9entifie9 as A3 X A1,> T<e a99ress bus
is uni9irectiona6 i>e>& t<e bits f6o7 in one 9irection fro: :icro=rocessor to t<e =eri=<era6
9e8ices> It is ca=ab6e of a99ressin; 2
1/
:e:or? 6ocations>
$ata bus X it is a ;rou= of 0 6ines use9 for 9ata f6o7 an9 it is bi9irectiona6> T<e 9ata
ran;es fro: 33 X FF>
Contro6 bus X it consist of 8arious sin;6e 6ines t<at carr? s?nc<roniBin; si;na6s> T<e
:icro=rocessor uses suc< si;na6s for ti:in; =ur=ose>

E8P NO: E& ? BIT DATA ADDITION
AIM:
To a99 t7o 0 bit nu:bers store9 at consecuti8e :e:or? 6ocations>
ALGORITHM:
1> Initia6iBe :e:or? =ointer to 9ata 6ocation>
2> et t<e first nu:ber fro: :e:or? in accu:u6ator>
*> et t<e secon9 nu:ber an9 a99 it to t<e accu:u6ator>
+> !tore t<e ans7er at anot<er :e:or? 6ocation>

FLO9 CHART:
!TART
E#LH +,33#
EAH E.H
EAHEAHKE.H
E#LHE#LHK1
!TOP
E#LHE#LHK1
E.H EAH
ECH 33#
E.H ECH
E#LHE#LHK1
Is t<ere a
Carr? Z
ECHECHK1

'O
YE!

PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
+133 !TART .VI C& 33 C6ear C re;>
+131
+132 L(I #& +,33 Initia6iBe #L re;> to
+,33 +13*
+13+
+13, .OV A& . Transfer first 9ata to
accu:u6ator
+13/ I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:or?
Location>
+132 A$$ . A99 first nu:ber to
acc> Content>
+130 S'C L1 Su:= to 6ocation if
resu6t 9oes not ?ie69
carr?>
+134
+13A
+131 I'R C Incre:ent C re;>

+13C L1 I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:or?
Location>
+13$ .OV .& A Transfer t<e resu6t fro:
acc> to :e:or?>
+13E I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:or?
Location>
+13F .OV .& C .o8e carr? to :e:or?
+113 #LT !to= t<e =ro;ra:
OBSERVATION:
I'PUT OUTPUT
+,33 +,32
+,31 +,3*
RESULT:
T<us t<e 0 bit nu:bers store9 at +,33 R+,31 are a99e9 an9 t<e resu6t store9 at +,32 R +,3*>
E8P NO: E&" ? BIT DATA SUBTRACTION
AIM:
To subtract t7o 0 bit nu:bers store9 at consecuti8e :e:or? 6ocations>
ALGORITHM:
1> Initia6iBe :e:or? =ointer to 9ata 6ocation>
2> et t<e first nu:ber fro: :e:or? in accu:u6ator>
*> et t<e secon9 nu:ber an9 subtract fro: t<e accu:u6ator>
+> If t<e resu6t ?ie69s a borro7& t<e content of t<e acc> is co:=6e:ente9 an9 31# is a99e9 to it %2Is
co:=6e:ent)> A re;ister is c6eare9 an9 t<e content of t<at re;> is incre:ente9 in case t<ere is a
borro7> If t<ere is no borro7 t<e content of t<e acc> is 9irect6? taken as t<e resu6t>
,> !tore t<e ans7er at neLt :e:or? 6ocation>

FLO9 CHART:
!TART
E#LH +,33#
EAH E.H
Is t<ere a

1orro7 Z
EAHEAH"E.H
E#LHE#LHK1
ECH 33#
ECHECHK1
!TOP
E#LHE#LHK1
E.H EAH
E.H ECH
E#LHE#LHK1
Co:=6e:ent EAH
A99 31# to EAH

'O
YE!
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
+133 !TART .VI C& 33 C6ear C re;>
+132
+132 L(I #& +,33 Initia6iBe #L re;> to
+,33 +13*
+13+
+13, .OV A& . Transfer first 9ata to
accu:u6ator
+13/ I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:
Location>
+132 !U1 . !ubtract first nu:ber
fro: acc> Content>
+130 S'C L1 Su:= to 6ocation if
resu6t 9oes not ?ie69
borro7>
+134
+13A
+131 I'R C Incre:ent C re;>

+13C C.A Co:=6e:ent t<e Acc>
content
+13$ A$I 31# A99 31# to content of
acc> +13E
+13F L1 I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:
Location>
+113 .OV .& A Transfer t<e resu6t fro:
acc> to :e:or?>
+111 I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:
Location>
+112 .OV .& C .o8e carr? to :e:
+11* #LT !to= t<e =ro;ra:
OBSERVATION:
I'PUT OUTPUT
+,33 +,32
+,31 +,3*
RESULT:
T<us t<e 0 bit nu:bers store9 at +,33 R+,31 are subtracte9 an9 t<e resu6t store9 at +,32 R +,3*>
E8P NO: E&! ? BIT DATA MULTIPLICATION
AIM:
To :u6ti=6? t7o 0 bit nu:bers store9 at consecuti8e :e:or? 6ocations an9 store t<e resu6t in
:e:or?>
ALGORITHM:
LOGIC: .u6ti=6ication can be 9one b? re=eate9 a99ition>
1> Initia6iBe :e:or? =ointer to 9ata 6ocation>
2> .o8e :u6ti=6ican9 to a re;ister>
*> .o8e t<e :u6ti=6ier to anot<er re;ister>
+> C6ear t<e accu:u6ator>

,> A99 :u6ti=6ican9 to accu:u6ator
/> $ecre:ent :u6ti=6ier
2> Re=eat ste= , ti66 :u6ti=6ier co:es to Bero>
0> T<e resu6t& 7<ic< is in t<e accu:u6ator& is store9 in a :e:or? 6ocation>
FLO9 CHART:
E#LH +,33
1 .
E#LH E#LHK1
!TART

'O

YE!
'O

YE!
A 33
C 33
Is t<ere
an?
carr?
C CK1
1 1"1
EAH EAHKE.H
I!
1C3
A
A
!TOP
E#LHE#LHK1
E.H EAH
E.H ECH
E#LHE#LHK1

RESULT:
T<us t<e 0"bit :u6ti=6ication 7as 9one in 030,= usin; re=eate9 a99ition :et<o9>
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
+133 !TART L(I #& +,33 Initia6iBe #L re;> to
+,33
Transfer first 9ata to
re;> 1
+131
+132
+13* .OV 1& .
+13+ I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:>
Location>
+13, .VI A& 33# C6ear t<e acc>
+13/
+132 .VI C& 33# C6ear C re; for carr?
+130

+134 L1 A$$ . A99 :u6ti=6ican9
:u6ti=6ier ti:es>
+13A S'C 'E(T Su:= to 'E(T if t<ere
is no carr?
+131
+13C
+13$ I'R C Incre:ent C re;
+13E 'E(T $CR 1 $ecre:ent 1 re;
+13F S'U L1 Su:= to L1 if 1 is not
Bero> +113
+111
+112 I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:>
Location>
+11* .OV .& A Transfer t<e resu6t fro:
acc> to :e:or?>
+11+ I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to
=oint neLt :e:>
Location>
+11, .OV .& C Transfer t<e resu6t fro:
C re;> to :e:or?>
+11/ #LT !to= t<e =ro;ra:
OBSERVATION:
I'PUT OUTPUT
+,33 +,32
+,31 +,3*
E8P NO: E&= ? BIT DIVISION
AIM:
To 9i8i9e t7o 0"bit nu:bers an9 stores t<e resu6t in :e:or?>
ALGORITHM:
LOGIC: $i8ision is 9one usin; t<e :et<o9 Re=eate9 subtraction>
1> Loa9 $i8isor an9 $i8i9en9
2> !ubtract 9i8isor fro: 9i8i9en9
*> Count t<e nu:ber of ti:es of subtraction 7<ic< eJua6s t<e Juotient
+> !to= subtraction 7<en t<e 9i8i9en9 is 6ess t<an t<e 9i8isor >T<e 9i8i9en9 no7 beco:es t<e
re:ain9er> Ot<er7ise ;o to ste= 2>
,> sto= t<e =ro;ra: eLecution>

FLO9CHART:
1 33
. A".
E1H E1H K1
I! A[3
A AK .
1 1"1
E#LH +,33
A .
E#LH E#LHK1
!TART
!TOP
E#LHE#LHK1
E.H EAH
E.H E1H
E#LHE#LHK1

'O
YE!
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMO
NICS
OPERA
ND
COMMENTS
+133 .VI 1&33 C6ear 1 re; for Juotient
+131
+132 L(I #&+,33 Initia6iBe #L re;> to
+,33# +13*
+13+
+13, .OV A&. Transfer 9i8i9en9 to acc>
+13/ I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to =oint
neLt :e:> Location>
+132 LOOP !U1 . !ubtract 9i8isor fro: 9i8i9en9
+130 I'R 1 Incre:ent 1 re;
+134 S'C LOOP

Su:= to LOOP if resu6t 9oes
not ?ie69 borro7
+13A
+131
+13C A$$ . A99 9i8isor to acc>
+13$ $CR 1 $ecre:ent 1 re;
+13E I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to =oint
neLt :e:> Location>
+13F .OV .&A Transfer t<e re:ain9er fro:
acc> to :e:or?>
+113 I'( # Incre:ent #L re;> to =oint
neLt :e:> Location>
+111 .OV .&1 Transfer t<e Juotient fro: 1
re;> to :e:or?>
+112 #LT !to= t<e =ro;ra:
OBSERVATION:
S&NO INPUT OUTPUT
A$$RE!! $ATA A$$RE!! $ATA
1 +,33 +,32
+,31 +,3*
2 +,33 +,32
+,31 +,3*
RESULT:
T<us an ALP 7as 7ritten for 0"bit 9i8ision usin; re=eate9 subtraction :et<o9 an9 eLecute9
usin; 030, = kits
E8P NO: C STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING 9ITH ?>E
AIM:
To interface a ste==er :otor 7it< 03,1 :icrocontro66er an9 o=erates it>
THEORY:
A :otor in 7<ic< t<e rotor is ab6e to assu:e on6? 9iscrete stationar? an;u6ar =osition is a ste==er
:otor> T<e rotar? :otion occurs in a ste="7ise :anner fro: one eJui6ibriu: =osition to t<e neLt>
!te==er .otors are use9 8er? 7ise6? in =osition contro6 s?ste:s 6ike =rinters& 9isk 9ri8es& =rocess
contro6 :ac<ine too6s& etc>
T<e basic t7o"=<ase ste==er :otor consists of t7o =airs of stator =o6es> Eac< of t<e four =o6es
<as its o7n 7in9in;> T<e eLcitation of an? one 7in9in; ;enerates a 'ort< Po6e> A !out< Po6e ;ets

in9uce9 at t<e 9ia:etrica66? o==osite si9e> T<e rotor :a;netic s?ste: <as t7o en9 faces> It is a
=er:anent :a;net 7it< one face as !out< Po6e an9 t<e ot<er as 'ort< Po6e>
T<e !te==er .otor 7in9in;s A1& A2& 11& 12 are c?c6ica66? eLcite9 7it< a $C current to run t<e
:otor in c6ock7ise 9irection> 1? re8ersin; t<e =<ase seJuence as A1& 12& A2& 11& antic6ock7ise
ste==in; can be obtaine9>
"5PHASE S9ITCHING SCHEME:
In t<is sc<e:e& an? t7o a9Macent stator 7in9in;s are ener;iBe9> T<e s7itc<in; sc<e:e is s<o7n
in t<e tab6e ;i8en be6o7> T<is sc<e:e =ro9uces :ore torJue>
ANTICLOC79ISE CLOC79ISE
STEP A A" B B" DATA STEP A A" B B" DATA
1 1 3 3 1 4< 1 1 3 1 3 A<
2 3 1 3 1 ,< 2 3 1 1 3 /<
* 3 1 1 3 /< * 3 1 3 1 ,<
+ 1 3 1 3 A< + 1 3 3 1 4<
ADDRESS DECODING LOGIC:
T<e 2+1*0 c<i= is use9 for ;eneratin; t<e a99ress 9eco9in; 6o;ic to ;enerate t<e 9e8ice se6ect
=u6ses\ C!1 R C!2 for se6ectin; t<e IC 2+12,>T<e 2+12, 6atc<es t<e 9ata bus to t<e ste==er :otor
9ri8in; circuitr?>
!te==er .otor reJuires 6o;ic si;na6s of re6ati8e6? <i;< =o7er> T<erefore& t<e interface circuitr?
t<at ;enerates t<e 9ri8in; =u6ses use si6icon $ar6in;ton =air transistors> T<e in=uts for t<e interface
circuit are TTL =u6ses ;enerate9 un9er soft7are contro6 usin; t<e .icrocontro66er 5it> T<e TTL 6e8e6s
of =u6se seJuence fro: t<e 9ata bus are trans6ate9 to <i;< 8o6ta;e out=ut =u6ses usin; a buffer 2+32 7it<
o=en co66ector>

PROGRAM:
Addre44
OPCODES
Label Co::ents
OR +133<
+133 !TARTO .OV $PTR& ]TA1LE Loa9 t<e start
a99ress of s7itc<in;
sc<e:e 9ata TA1LE
into $ata Pointer
%$PTR)
+13* .OV R3& ]3+ Loa9 t<e count in R3
+13, LOOPO .OV( A& ^$PTR Loa9 t<e nu:ber in
TA1LE into A
+13/ PU!# $P# Pus< $PTR 8a6ue to
!tack +130 PU!# $PL
+13A .OV $PTR& ]3FFC3< Loa9 t<e .otor =ort
a99ress into $PTR
+13$ .OV( ^$PTR& A !en9 t<e 8a6ue in A
to ste==er .otor =ort
a99ress
+13E .OV R+& ]3FF< $e6a? 6oo= to cause
a s=ecific a:ount of
ti:e 9e6a? before
neLt 9ata ite: is sent
to t<e .otor
+113 $ELAYO .OV R,& ]3FF<
+112 $ELAY
1O
$S'U R,& $ELAY1
+11+ $S'U R+& $ELAY
+11/ POP $PL POP back $PTR
8a6ue fro: !tack +110 POP $P#
+11A I'C $PTR Incre:ent $PTR to
=oint to neLt ite: in
t<e tab6e
+111 $S'U R3& LOOP $ecre:ent R3& if not
Bero re=eat t<e 6oo=
+11$ !S.P !TART !<ort Mu:= to !tart
of t<e =ro;ra: to
:ake t<e :otor
rotate continuous6?
+11F TA1LEO $1 34 3, 3/ 3A< Va6ues as =er t7o"
=<ase s7itc<in;
sc<e:e
PROCEDURE:

Enter t<e abo8e =ro;ra: startin; fro: 6ocation +133>an9 eLecute t<e sa:e> T<e ste==er :otor
rotates> Var?in; t<e count at R+ an9 R, can 8ar? t<e s=ee9> Enterin; t<e 9ata in t<e 6ook"u= TA1LE in
t<e re8erse or9er can 8ar? 9irection of rotation>
RESULT:
T<us a ste==er :otor 7as interface9 7it< 03,1 an9 run in for7ar9 an9 re8erse 9irections at
8arious s=ee9s>
E8 NO: < INTERFACING A$D COVERTER 9ITH ?>?C

DATE:
AIM
To 7rite a =ro;ra: to con8ert t<e ana6o; into 9i;ita6 8o6ta;e
PROBLEM STATEMENT
T<e =ro;ra: is eLecute9 for 8arious 8a6ues of ana6o; 8o6ta;e 7<ic< are set 7it< t<e <e6= of a
=otentio:eter> T<e LE$ 9is=6a? is 8erifie9 7it< t<e 9i;ita6 8a6ue t<at is store9 in a :e:or? 6ocation>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED
S&(o ReK)1red Co%0o(e(t4 40e,1.1,at1o( :ty
1> .ICROPROCE!!OR .ICRO 0//00 5IT 1
2> POWER C#OR$ K,V !UPLLY 1
*> 5EY 1OAR$ 1
+ A'OLO TO $IITAL
CO'VERTER
V1.1 33* 1
THEORY
.icro=rocessors are $i;ita6 6o;ic 9e8ices t<at can =rocess on6? 9i;ita6 si;na6s t<at are in binar? for:
6o;ic 6e8e6s %eit<er 3 or 1 or 3 8o6ts or , 8o6ts)& 1ut :ost in9ustria6 a==6ications in8o68e =<?sica6
8ariab6es suc< as te:=erature& =ressure etc& 7<ic< are continuous6? %8ar?in; 8o6ta;e) 7<en con8erte9 to
ana6o; si;na6 b? trans9ucers R si;na6 con9ition& un6ike 9i;ita6 si;na6s <a8in; eit<er a 6o7 or <i;< state>
In :ost cases 7e 7ant to contro6 t<ese si;na6s e6ectronica66?> T<is auto:atic contro6 can be ac<ie8e9
usin; a :icro=rocessor> 1ut :icro=rocessor can un9erstan9 on6? 9i;ita6 6an;ua;e> T<en <o7 can it
contro6 t<ese =ara:etersZ !o t<ere s<ou69 be so:e trans6ator 7<o can trans6ate t<ese Ana6o; si;na6s to a
9i;ita6 for: 7<ic< t<e .icro=rocessor consi9ers for:a6> T<is is t<e =6ace 7<ere an Ana6o; to $i;ita6
Con8erter %A$C) co:es into t<e =icture> T<us an Ana6o; to $i;ita6 Con8erter is an e6ectronic circuit
t<at con8erts t<e Ana6o; or continuous si;na6 to 9i;ita6 or 9iscrete>
HARD9ARE ADDRESS
ALGORITHM:
%i) !e6ect t<e c<anne6 an9 6atc< t<e a99ress>

%ii) !en9 t<e start con8ersion =u6se>
%iii) Rea9 EOC si;na6>
%i8) If EOC C 1 continue e6se ;o to ste= %iii)
%8) Rea9 t<e 9i;ita6 out=ut>
%8i) !tore it in a :e:or? 6ocation
FLO9 CHART FOR ADC
PROGRAM
MEMORY
ADDRESS
OPCODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS
.OV AL&13
OUT C0&AL
.OV AL&10
OUT C0&AL
#LT
C<anne6 se6ection an9 ALE 6o7
ALE <i;<
Ter:inate t<e Pro;ra:
PROCEDURE:
!TART
!ELECT T#E C#A''EL A'$ LATC#
A$$RE!!
!E'$ T#E !TART CO'VER!IO' PUL!E
REA$ T#E $IITALOUTPUT
!TORE T#E $IITAL VALUE I' T#E
.E.ORY LOCATIO' !PECIFIE$
I! EOC C
1Z
!TOP
'O
YE!

i> Enter t<e =ro;ra: fro: 6ocation 1333>
ii> Connect t<e A$C interface kit to 030/ Processor
iii> Var? t<e ana6o; in=ut usin; tri: =ot an9 ;i8e !OC b? =ressin; t<e s7itc<
i8> !ee t<e corres=on9in; 9i;ita6 8a6ue in t<e 6e9 9is=6a?
OBSERVATION:
ANALOG
VOLTAGE
DIGITAL DATA ON LED
DISPLAY
HE8 CODE IN MEMORY
LOCATION
RESULT
T<us a =ro;ra: to con8ert t<e ana6o; into 9i;ita6 8o6ta;e <as been 8erifie9
E8 NO: <& INTERFACING DAC 9ITH ?>?C
DATE:
AIM:

To 7rite a =ro;ra: to
i> ;enerate sJuare 7a8efor: in 9ac2 out=ut
ii> enerate 3Vin t< $AC 1 out=ut>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED
S&(o ReK)1red Co%0o(e(t4 40e,1.1,at1o( :ty
1> .ICROPROCE!!OR .ICRO 0//00 5IT 1
2> POWER C#OR$ K,V !UPLLY 1
*> 5EY 1OAR$ 1
+ $IITAL TO A'ALO
CO'VERTER
V1.1 33* 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT
T<e =ro;ra: is eLecute9 for 8arious 9i;ita6 8a6ues an9 eJui8a6ent ana6o; 8o6ta;es are :easure9
an9 a6so t<e 7a8efor:s are :easure9 at t<e out=ut =orts usin; CRO>
ALGORITHM
!Juare Wa8efor:O
%i) !en9 6o7 8a6ue %33) to t<e $AC>
%ii) Intro9uce suitab6e 9e6a?>
%iii) !en9 <i;< 8a6ue to $AC>
%i8) Intro9uce 9e6a?>
%8) Re=eat t<e abo8e =roce9ure>
HARD9ARE ADDRESS
FLO9CHART:
MEASUREMENT OF ANALOG VOLTAGE S:UARE 9AVE FORM
!TART
!TART

PROGRAM TO GENERATE > V IN THE DAC OUTPUT
MEMORY
ADDRESS
OPCODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS
.OV AL&2F#
OUT C3&AL
#LT
2F%<eL)C38
Out t<e 9ata in $AC1
Ter:inate t<e Pro;ra:
PROCEDURE
i> Enter t<e =ro;ra: fro: 6ocation 1333>
ii> Connect t<e $AC interface kit to 030/ Processor
iii> Vie7 t<e 38 out=ut in t<e CRO
OBSERVATION
DIGITAL DATA ANALOG VOLTAGE
!E'$ T#E
$IITALVALUE TO
ACCU.ULATOR
TRA'!FER T#E
ACCU.ULATOR CO'TE'T!
TO $AC
REA$ T#E CORRE!PO'$I'
A'ALO VALUE
!TOP
I'TIALI!E T#E ACCU.ULATOR
!E'$ ACC CO'TE'T TO $AC
LOA$ T#E ACC WIT# .A(
VALUE !E'$ ACC CO'TE'T
TO $AC
$ELAY
$ELAY

PROGRAM TO GENERATE S:UARE 9AVE IN DAC" OUTPUT
MEMORY
ADDRESS
OPCODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS
!TARTO.OV AL&33
OUT C0&AL
CALL $ELAY
.OV AL&FF
OUT C0&AL
CALL $ELAY
S.P !TART
$ELAYO.OV
$(&A3FF
LOPO$EC $(
S'U LOP
RET
Lo7 9ata in $AC 2
$e6a?
#i;< 9ata in $AC 2 out =ut
Process re=eat
$e6a? routine
OBSERVATION
PROCEDURE:
i> Enter t<e =ro;ra: fro: 6ocation 1333>
ii> Connect t<e $AC interface kit to 030/ Processor

iii> Vie7 t<e sJuare 7a8e out=ut in t<e CRO
RESULT
T<us t<e a =ro;ra: to ;enerate sJuare 7a8efor: in 9ac2 out=ut an9 enerate 3Vin t< $AC 1 out=ut <as
been 8erifie9>
E8 NO: <&" INTERFACING STEPPER MOTOR 9ITH ?>?C
DATE:
AIM:
To 7rite a =ro;ra: to run t<e ste==er :otor at 9ifferent s=ee9>

APPARATUS RE:UIRED
S&(o ReK)1red Co%0o(e(t4 40e,1.1,at1o( :ty
1> .ICROPROCE!!OR .ICRO 0//00 5IT 1
2> POWER C#OR$ K,V !UPLLY 1
*> 5EY 1OAR$ 1
+ !TEPPER .OTOR 1 5; 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Write a co9e for ac<ie8in; a s=ecific an;6e of rotation in a ;i8en ti:e an9 =articu6ar nu:ber of
rotations in a s=ecific ti:e>
THEORY
!te==er :otor contro6 is a 8er? =o=u6ar a==6ication of :icro=rocessor in contro6 area> T<e? are 7i9e6?
use9 in %si:=6e =osition contro6 s?ste:s in t<e o=en an9 c6ose9 6oo= :o9e) a 8ariet? of a==6ications
suc< as co:=uter =eri=<era6s %=rinters& 9isk 9ri8er etc>) an9 in t<e areas of =rocess contro6 :ac<ine
too6s& :e9icine& nu:erica66? contro66e9 :ac<ines an9 Robotics>
ALGORITHM:
For runnin; ste==er :otor c6ock7ise an9 antic6ock7ise 9irections
%i) et t<e first 9ata fro: t<e 6ooku= tab6e>
%ii) Initia6iBe t<e counter an9 :o8e 9ata into accu:u6ator>
%iii) $ri8e t<e ste==er :otor circuitr? an9 intro9uce 9e6a?
%i8) $ecre:ent t<e counter is not Bero re=eat fro: ste=%iii)
%8) Re=eat t<e abo8e =roce9ure bot< for back7ar9 an9 for7ar9 9irections
HARD9ARE ADDRESS
FLO9CHART:
I'TIALIUE COU'TER FOR LOO5 UP TA1LE
!TART

PROGRAM
MEMORY
ADDRESS
OPCODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS
ET T#E FIR!T $ATA FRO. T#E ACCU.ULATOR
.OVE $ATA I'TO T#E ACCU.ULATOR
$RIVE T#E .OTOR
CIRCUITARY
$ECRE.E'T COU'TER
ET T#E $ATA FRO. LOO5 UP
TA1LE
I! 1 C 3Z
$ELAY
YE!
'O

!TARTO.OV AL&34
OUT C3&AL
CALL $ELAY
.OV AL&3,
OUT C3&AL
CALL $ELAY
.OV AL&3/
OUT C3&AL
CALL $ELAY
.OV AL&3A
OUT C3&AL
CALL $ELAY
S.P !TART
$ELAYO.OV
$(&A3FF
LOPO$EC $(
S'U LOP
RET
Out t<e 34 to t<e =ort a99ress C3
$e6a?
Out t<e 3, to t<e =ort a99ress
$e6a?
Out t<e 8a6ue 3/ to t<e =ort a99ress
$e6a?
Out t<e 8a6ue 3A to t<e Port a99ress
$e6a?
Re=eat t<e =rocess
$e6a? routine
PROCEDURE:
i> Enter t<e =ro;ra: fro: 6ocation 1333>
ii> Connect t<e ste==er :otor to 030/ Processor
iii> !te==er :otor 7i66 rotate in c6ock7ise 9irection> ?ou can 8ar? t<e s=ee9 b? 6oa9in; t<e 8a6ue in
$( re;ister
RESULT
T<us t<e =ro;ra: to run t<e ste==er :otor at 9ifferent s=ee9 <as been 9one an9 8erifie9
E8 NO: <&! DC MOTOR CONTROL
DATE:
AIM
Write an Asse:b6? Lan;ua;e Pro;ra: to contro6 t<e s=ee9 of t<e :otor

Write an ALP to rea9 t<e count 8a6ue fro: t<e ti:er
THEORY
T<is boar9 uses a si:=6e :et<o9 for :easure:ent an9 contro6 of t<e $C :otor s=ee9> T<is boar9 uses
t<e =rinci=6e t<at t<e s=ee9 of an? :otor 9ecreases as t<e in=ut =o7er to t<e :otor 9ecreases> #ence& b?
8ar?in; t<e in=ut 8o6ta;e to t<e :otor& t<e s=ee9 can be 8arie9> T<e s=ee9 :easure:ent is base9 on t<e
=rinci=6e t<at t<e :otor rotation is con8erte9 in to =u6ses usin; o=tica6 =icku= an9 t<ese =u6ses are use9
to 9ecre:ente9 a counter for a kno7n ti:e> T<is count 8a6ue can be ca6ibrate9 to RP. %rotation =er
:inute)& 7<ic< is t<e stan9ar9 unit for s=ee9 :easure:ent>
APPARATUS RE:UIRED
S&(o ReK)1red Co%0o(e(t4 40e,1.1,at1o( :ty
1> .ICROPROCE!!OR .ICRO 0//00 5IT 1
2> POWER C#OR$ K,V !UPLLY 1
*> 5EY 1OAR$ 1
+> $C .OTOR V1.1 12 1
SOF9ARE SPECIFICATION
.A!. !OFTWARE
HARD9ARE ADDRESS
PROGRAM
To ,o(tro- t'e 40eed o. DC %otor

Me%ory
addre44
O0
,ode
%(e%o(1,4 ,o%%e(t4
.OV AL&FF
OUT C3&AL
#LT
Ma/ data to DAC
0ort
PROCEDURE
1> Enter t<e :ne:onics in t<e kit>
2> Loa9 :aLi:u: 8a6ue FF to Accu:u6ator
*> ELecute t<e Pro;ra:
+> Varr? t<e in=ut 8a6ue an9 c<eck t<e s=ee9>
OBSERVATION
TO READ THE COUNT VALUE FROM TIMER
ALGORITHM
F !et $C :otor s=ee9
F !et contro6 7or9 an9 initia6iBe t<e counter
F Enab6e t<e counter ;ate
F A==6? 9e6a? for 1 sec>%RP!)
F $isab6e t<e counter ;ate
F Rea9 t<e counter 8a6ue
PROGRAM
.OV AL& 3FF#
.OV AL& 33#
OUT 3$0#& AL

CALL $ELAY
.OV AL& *3#
OUT 3CE#& AL
.OV AL& 3FF#
OUT 3C0#& AL
OUT 3C0#& AL
.OV AL& 33#
OUT 3$3#& AL
CALL $ELAY
.OV AL& 33#
OUT 3$0#& AL
I' AL& 3C0#
.OV !I& 1,33<
.OV E!IH& AL
.OV AL& 33#
I'C !I
.OV E!IH& AL
#LT
PROCEDURE
1> Enter t<e :ne:onics in t<e kit b? 9o7n 6oa9in; usin; .A!. too6>
2> Loa9 :aLi:u: 8a6ue FF to Accu:u6ator
*> ELecute t<e Pro;ra:
+> T<e count 8a6ue 7i66 be store9 in t<e 6ocation 1,33>
OBSERVATION
RESULT
T<us t<e Asse:b6? Lan;ua;e Pro;ra: to contro6 t<e s=ee9 of t<e :otor an9 ALP to rea9 t<e count 8a6ue
Fro: t<e ti:er <as been 9one an9 out=ut is 8erifie9

PART 6 II
ELCTRICAL LAB
E8 NO: 0& TESTING OF BATTERIES 2 BATTERY MAINTENANCE
DATE:
AIM:


To con9uct s=ecific ;ra8it? test an9 o=en 8o6ta;e test of t<e ;i8en batter? use9 in auto:obi6e an9
fin9 t<e state of c<ar;e>
APPARATUS RE:UIREDO
1> 1atter?>
2> #?9ro:eter>
*> Vo6ta;e tester>
DESCRIPTIONO
T<e batter? is an e6ectroc<e:ica6 9e8ice> It uses c<e:ica6 to =ro9uce e6ectricit?> T<e a:ount of
e6ectricit? it can =ro9uce is 6i:ite9> As t<e c<e:ica6 in t<e batter? is 9e=6ete9& t<e batter? runs 9o7n an9
is 9isc<ar;e9> It can be rec<ar;e9 b? su==6?in; it 7it< e6ectric current fro: t<e 8e<ic6e a6ternator or
fro: a batter? c<ar;er> T<e 9e=6ete9 c<e:ica6s are restore9 to t<eir ori;ina6 con9ition as t<e batter?
beco:es c<ar;e9>
T<e auto:oti8e batter? su==6ies e6ectric current to o=erate t<e startin; :otor an9 i;nition s?ste: 7<i6e
startin; t<e en;ine> It a6so acts as a 8o6ta;e stabi6iBer b? su==6?in; current for t<e 6i;<ts& ra9io an9 ot<er
e6ectrica6 accessories 7<en t<e a6ternator is not <an96in; t<e 6oa9> In a99ition& t<e batter? su==6ies a
s:a66 a:ount of current to t<e 8o6ati6e :e:or? in t<e e6ectronic contro6 :o9u6e 7<i6e t<e i;nition ke? is
off> T<e s=ecific ;ra8it? test an9 t<e o=en 8o6ta;e test are con9ucte9 to fin9 out t<e state of c<ar;e in t<e
batter?> Loa9 test is =erfor:e9 to fin9 out t<e batter? con9ition>
PROCEDUREO

BATTERY VISUAL INSPECTIONO
A cranke9 co8er on a to= ter:ina6 batter? :a? resu6t fro: usin; t<e 7ron; 7renc< to turn t<e nut on t<e
cab6e c6a:= bo6t> O8er ti;<tenin; t<e <o69 9o7n c6a:=s :a? crack t<e case> O8er ti;<tenin; t<e cab6e
bo6ts in si9e"ter:ina6 batteries :a? =u66 t<e ter:ina6 6oose>
On 8ent"ca= batteries& re:o8e t<e 8ent ca=s c<eck t<e e6ectro6?te 6e8e6> A99 7ater if nee9e9>
CLEANING THE BATTERYO

To="ter:ina6 batteries :a? corro9e aroun9 t<e ter:ina6s an9 c6a:=s > $isconnect t<e cab6es an9
c6ean t<e ter:ina6s an9 c6a:=s 7it< a batter?"ter:ina6 brus<> 1rus< t<e batter? to= 7it< a so6ution of
bakin; so9a 7it< 7ater> After t<e foa:in; sto=s& f6us< off t<e batter? an9 to= 7it< 7ater> To retar9
corrosion& coat t<e ter:ina6s 7it< anticorrosion co:=oun9
TESTING THE BATTERYO
Testin; 9eter:ines if t<e batter?O


1> Is in ;oo9 con9ition>
2> 'ee9s rec<ar;in;>
*> Is 9efecti8e an9 s<ou69 be 9isc<ar;e9>

1atteries are teste9 in t7o 7a?sO for state of c<ar;e an9 for =erfor:ance> T<e state of c<ar;e of a 8ent"
ca= batter? is 9eter:ine9 7it< t<e <?9ro:eter> T<e bui6t in <?9ro:eter or c<ar;e in9icator is
:aintenance"free batter? =ro8i9es t<is infor:ation> An o=en circuit 8o6ta;e test can be use9> T<e
batter?"6oa9 test in9icates if t<e batter? is ca=ab6e of =erfor:in; its Mob>
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE TESTO
1> O=en circuit 8o6ta;e of t<e batter? is :easure9 7it< t<e <e6= of an or9inar? 8o6t:eter>
2> Connect t<e ter:ina6s of t<e batter? across a 8o6t:eter an9 fin9 out t<e 8o6ta;e su==6ie9 b? t<e
batter?>
*> T<e 8o6t:eter rea9in; re=resents t<e batter? state of c<ar;e> If t<e 8o6ta;e is be6o7 12>+3 8o6ts&
c<ar;e t<e batter?>
HYDROMETER TESTO
T<e f6oat <?9ro:eter is use9 in t<e sa:e 7a?> It 7i66 f6oat in t<e e6ectro6?te 9ra7n in> :arks on t<e f6oat
ste: s<o7 t<e e6ectro6?te s=ecific ;ra8it?> T<is in9icates t<e state of c<ar;e> T<e :ore fu66? c<ar;e9 t<e
batter?& t<e <i;<er f6oat> T<e re6ations<i= a:on; s=ecific ;ra8it? an9 o=en circuit 8o6ta;e are sa:e in a66
con9itions of batter?>
1> T<is test is con9ucte9 7it< t<e <e6= of <?9ro:eter>
2> O=en t<e 8ent ;a= of t<e batter? an9 i::erse t<e sa:=6er tube of t<e <?9ro:eter in t<e ce66
e6ectro6?te>
*> !JueeBe t<e rubber bu6b an9 re6ease t<e sa:e 7<ic< 7ou69 cause a sa:=6e of t<e e6ectro6?te to
be 9ra7n insi9e t<e ;6ass bo9?>
+> 'o7 t<e f6oat insi9e 7i66 rise an9 note 9o7n t<e surface 6e8e6 of t<e sa:=6e 9ra7n in>
,> T<e 8a6ue re=resents t<e s=ecific ;ra8it? of t<e e6ectro6?te fro: 7<ic< t<e state of c<ar;e of t<e
batter? can be kno7n>
/> If t<e <?9ro:eter test s<o7s 6ess t<an 3>3,3 9ifference bet7een t<e 8arious ce66s& c<ar;e t<e
batter? an9 if t<e 8a6ue is :ore t<an 3>,3& re=6ace t<e batter?>
BATTERY LOAD TESTO
1> After a batter? =asses c<ar;e test& it is teste9 for 6oa9 test>
2> T<is test :easures t<e ter:ina6 8o6ta;e of batter? 7<i6e it is 9isc<ar;in; at a <i;< rate>
*> T<e test is =erfor:e9 7it< a 6oa9 tester t<at inc6u9es a 8o6t:eter& a::eter an9 6oa9in; 9e8ice>
+> A==6? 1, A 6oa9s for 1, secon9s> T<is is 9one to re:o8e an? surface c<ar;e =resent in batter?>
,> T<en a==6? a 6oa9 eJua6 to <a6f t<e CCA an9 note t<e 8o6ta;e an9 con9ition of t<e batter?>
/> If t<e 8o6ta;e is be6o7 4>/ 8o6t& rec<ar;e t<e batter? an9 retest it> A batter? t<at fai6s t<e 6oa9 test
a secon9 ti:e is 9efecti8e>

BATTERY MAINTENANCE TIPSO
T<e 6ife of a batter?& a=art fro: its ori;ina6 9esi;n an9 8a6i9 use& 9e=en9s to a 6ar;e eLtent on t<e
attention 7<ic< is ;i8en for its =ro=er :aintenance> T<e batter? :aintenance inc6u9es :akin; a 8isua6
ins=ection of t<e batter?& c6eanin; t<e batter? to= ter:ina6s an9 cab6e c6a:=s an9 testin; an9 c<ar;in;
t<e batter?>
1> Look for si;ns of e6ectro6?te 6eaka;e& cracks in t<e case or to=& :issin; 8ents ca=s& an9 6oose or
:issin; <o69"9o7n c6a:=s> On a si9e"ter:ina6 batter?& c<eck for 6oose ter:ina6s an9 6eakin;
e6ectro6?te> Leaka;e causes 7<ite corrosion on t<e batter? fra? an9 surroun9in; :eta6>
2> Re:o8e t<e 8ent =6u;s& takin; care t<at no f6a:e is brou;<t near t<e 8ents as t<e ;as insi9e is
<i;<6? inf6a::ab6e an9 c<eck for e6ectro6?te 6e8e6 in t<e batter? ce66> In case t<e e6ectro6?te 6e8e6
in t<e batter? is not sufficient& to= u= 7it< 9isti66e9 7ater>
*> If 7ater to==in; reJuires freJuent6?& in8esti;ate t<e reason for t<is> T<is :a? be 9ue to o8er"
c<ar;in; 7<ic< :a? be a8oi9e9 b? settin; t<e re;u6ator =ro=er6?>
+> To= ter:ina6 batteries :a? corro9e aroun9 t<e ter:ina6s an9 c6a:=s> $isconnect t<e cab6es an9
c6ean t<e ter:ina6s an9 c6a:=s 7it< a batter? ter:ina6 brus<> 1rus< t<e batter? to= 7it< a
so6ution of bakin; so9a an9 7ater> After t<e foa:in; sto=s& f6us< off t<e batter? to= 7it< 7ater>
To retar9 corrosion& cat t<e ter:ina6 7it< anti"corrosion co:=oun9s 6ike Vase6ine or =etro6eu:
Me66?> 'e8er use ;rease>
,> 'e8er 6et t<e batter? in 9isc<ar;e9 con9ition> T<is 7i66 6ea9 to su6=<ation of t<e batter? =6ates
an9 9a:a;e t<e batter?>
T<e fo66o7in; tab6e s<o7s t<e re6ation bet7een batter?Is state of c<ar;e an9 its s=ecific ;ra8it?
!=ecific ra8it? % Co69 an9
Te:=erate)
!tate of C<ar;e !=ecific ra8it? %Tro=ica6)
1>2/, 133 W 1>12,
1>22, 2, W 1>10,
1>143 ,3 W 1>1,3
1>1,, 2, W 1>11,
1>123 $ea9 1>303
T<e o=en circuit 8o6ta;e an9 batter?Is state of c<ar;eO
Vo6ta;e !tate of C<ar;e
12>/ X 12>4 Fu66? c<ar;e9
12>2 #a6f c<ar;e9
1e6o7 11>4 Fu66? 9isc<ar;e9
RESULTO
T<us t<e s=ecific ;ra8it? test& o=en 8o6ta;e test an9 a 6oa9 test 7ere con9ucte9 an9 t<e state of
c<ar;e 7as foun9 for t<e ;i8en batter?>

1> T<e state of c<ar;e as foun9 b? s=ecific ;ra8it? test is """"""""""""""""""""">
2> T<e state of c<ar;e as foun9 b? o=en 8o6ta;e test is """""""""""""""""""""""">
*> 1atter? 8o6ta;e fro: 6oa9 test """""""""""""""""""">
+> T<e con9ition of t<e batter? foun9 fro: 6oa9 test """""""""""""""""""">
O0e( ,1r,)1t Go-ta*e te4t:
!6>'o Vo6ta;e Con9ition of batter?
S0e,1.1, *raG1ty te4t:
Ce66 no !=ecific ;ra8it? of e6ectro6?tes Con9ition of batter?
1>
2>
*>
+>
,>
/>


H1*' d14,'ar*e te4t:
!6>'o
1atter? Vo6ta;e before
crankin;
1atter? Vo6ta;e after
crankin;

Load te4tO
!6>'o Vo6ta;e %8)
con9ition
;oo9 7eak ba9
E8 NO: L DIAGNOSIS OF IGNITION SYSTEM FAULTS
DATE:
AIM:

To 9ia;nose t<e fau6ts in t<e i;nition s?ste:s of en;ine>
APPARATUS RE:UIREDO
1> .u6ti:eter
2> Fee6er ;au;e
*> 1atter?
+> La:=
,> !cre7 $ri8er
/> !=ark =6u; tester an9 i;nition coi6 tester>
PROCEDUREO
If t<e en;ine 9oes not start after crankin;& c<eck for fue6 in t<e fue6 s?ste: an9 its fau6ts> If t<e fue6
s?ste: is foun9 to be correct& t<en c<eck t<e i;nition s?ste:>
TO CHEC7 PRIMARY CIRCUIT:
Re:o8e t<e 9istributor ca= an9 take out t<e rotor> !ee t<at t<e contact breaker =oints are o=enin; an9
c6osin; free6?> C<eck t<e contact breaker ;a= 7it< a fee6er ;au;e an9 it s<ou69 be aroun9 3>*, "3>+3 ::>
A9Must t<e ;a= if necessar?>
TO CHEC7 THE SECONDARY CIRCUIT:
T<e :aMor 9efects in t<e secon9ar? circuit are 6ike6? to occur in s=ark =6u; 9istributor ca= an9 rotor& #>T
6ea9s an9 i;nition coi6>
1> To s=ot t<e fau6t& re:o8e t<e #>T 6ea9 fro: one of t<e s=ark =6u;> P6ace its en9s about 13 ::
fro: t<e en;ine b6ock> Wit< t<e i;nition on& crank t<e en;ine> If t<e s=ark Mu:=s across t<e ;a=
re;u6ar6? an9 7it< ;oo9 intensit?& t<en t<e entire secon9ar? circuit u= to an9 inc6u9in; t<e
9istributor is 7orkin; a6ri;<t an9 an? fau6t cou69 6ie in t<e s=ark =6u;>
2> To c<eck if t<ere is an? =rob6e: in t<e s=ark =6u;& re:o8e one s=ark =6u; fro: en;ine an9 c<eck
for an? carbon 9e=osit bet7een t<e e6ectro9e ;a=> If t<ere is an? carbon 9e=osit& c6ean t<e =6u;
an9 a9Must t<e e6ectro9e ;a= before usin;>
*> If t<ere is no carbon 9e=osits& connect #>T 6ea9 fro: t<e 9istributor to t<is s=ark =6u; an9 =6ace
t<e =6u; on t<e c?6in9er b6ock> 'o7 crank t<e en;ine an9 notice t<e s=ark fro: =6u;> If t<e =6u;
=ro9uces a b6ue s=ark of <i;< intensit?& t<e =u; is a6ri;<t an9 if not& c<eck t<e =6u; for correct
e6ectro9e ;a= or fit a ne7 =6u; an9 c<eck it> If t<e s=ark occurs& t<en t<e fau6t is 7it< s=ark =6u;>
+> W<en e8en =6acin; t<e #>T 6ea9 about , :: fro: t<e c?6in9er& if a s=ark of ;oo9 intensit? is not
obtaine9 an9 t<en t<e fau6t :ust be eit<er in t<e 9istributor or in t<e coi6>
,> Re:o8e t<e 9istributor ;a= an9 c<eck for corrosion in t<e rotor ti= an9 con9ition of carbon
brus<es> If t<ere is an? fau6t& c<an;e it> If it is a6ri;<t& t<en t<e fau6t :i;<t be 7it< i;nition coi6>

/> To c<eck t<e i;nition coi6& re:o8e it fro: t<e 8e<ic6e> Connect t<e =ositi8e an9 ne;ati8e
ter:ina6s of i;nition coi6 to an i;nition coi6 tester an9 t<e #>T 6ea9 is connecte9 to t<e s=ark =6u;>
On =ressin; t<e cut"off button in t<e tester& if a b6ue s=ark of ;oo9 intensit? Mu:=s across t<e
s=ark =6u;& t<en t<e coi6 is in ;oo9 con9ition> If not& re=6ace t<e coi6 7it< a ne7 one>
OPERATING PROCEDUREO
1> i8e connections as 9etai6e9 in t<e asse:b6? of =arts> C<eck a66 t<e connections are ;i8en
=ro=er6?>
2> Usin; t<e knob in $>C contro66er unit& set t<e r=: to t<e i96e %033 r=:) b? a9Mustin; t<e knob
an9 r=: can be :easure9 in t<e 9is=6a? =ro8i9e9 in t<e ti:in; 6i;<t>
*> .easure t<e ti:in; an;6e %.ark on t<e 9isc :ust :atc< 7it< t<e =ointer on t<e cabinet) b?
a9Mustin; knob =ro8i9e9 in t<e ti:in; 6i;<t> Press t<e .O$E s7itc< to :easure t<e 97e66 an;6e
an9 note t<e 8a6ues in t<e tabu6ar co6u:n> %A sa:=6e tabu6ar co6u:n is attac<e9)>
+> Increase t<e r=: 7it< an incre:ent of 133 e8er? ti:e an9 :easure t<e ti:in; an;6e an9 97e66
an;6e usin; t<e ste="*>
,> Usin; t<e sa:e =roce9ure usin; t<e 8acuu: =u:= connecte9& :easure t<e 97e66 an9 ti:in;
an;6e>
Testin; at 033& 433& 1333& 1,33 RP.s are ;oo9 s=ee9 to test t<e 9istributor an9 a67a?s run t<e
test fro: s6o7er to <i;<er RP. to ;et t<e better resu6ts>
CAUTION:
#o69 t<e secon9ar? cab6e 7it< insu6ate9 =6iers :a9e u= of non con9ucti8e :ateria6 >$o not :eta6
=6iers 7it< insu6ate9 <an96es>
>

RESULT:
T<us t<e fau6t in t<e i;nition s?ste: is 9ia;nose9 an9 t<e en;ine is starte9>
91t'o)t Va,))%
En;ine RP. $7e66 an;6e Ti:in; an;6e

91t' Va,))%
En;ine RP. $7e66 an;6e Ti:in; an;6e
S0ar+ 0-)* a(d ,o(ta,t brea+er 0o1(t te4tO
Co6or of s=ark O
!=ark =6u; ;a= O
Contact breaker =oint ;a= O
E8 NO: >& TESTING OF STARTER MOTOR AND ALTERNATOR
DATE:
AIM:
To test t<e ;i8en a6ternators an9 starter :otor 7<ic< are use9 in auto:obi6es>

APPARATUS RE:UIREDO
1> Test 1enc<
2> Vo6ta;e Tester
*> A6ternator
+> $i;ita6 Tac<o:eter
,> 1atter?
/> !tarter .otor
DESCRIPTIONO
ALTERNATORO
T<e a6ternator con8erts :ec<anica6 ener;? fro: t<e en;ine into e6ectrica6 ener;?> It is usua66? :ounte9
on t<e si9e of t<e en;ine> T<e en;ine cranks<aft =u66e? 9ri8es t<e a6ternator t<rou;< a be6t at t7o or
t<ree ti:es t<e cranks<aft s=ee9> A re;u6ator in t<e a6ternator =re8ents t<e a6ternator fro: =ro9ucin;
eLcessi8e 8o6ta;e> !o:e :anufacturers ca66 t<e a6ternator a ;enerator or a>c ;enerator> T<e a6ternator
restores t<e c<ar;e to t<e batter? an9 a6so <an96es t<e 6oa9 of t<e i;nition& 6i;<ts& ra9io an9 ot<er
e6ectrica6 an9 e6ectronic eJui=:ents 7<i6e t<e en;ine is runnin;> T<e s=ee9 of t<e ;enerator at 7<ic< its
out=ut 8o6ta;e Must rises abo8e 8o6ta;e of t<e batter? bein; c<ar;e9 is ca66e9 cuttin;" in s=ee9>
TESTS CONDUCTED ON ALTERNATORO
1> A6ternator =erfor:ance c<aracteristics>
2> A6ternator out=ut test>
*> Cut"in an9 cut"out 8o6ta;e of a6ternator>
PROCEDUREO
1> T<e a6ternator is :ounte9 on t<e test benc< an9 t<e connections are :a9e> A6ternator is
connecte9 to batter? an9 to t<e test benc<>
2> T<e 9ri8e to t<e a6ternator is ;i8en b? :eans of a 8ariab6e s=ee9 e6ectric :otor>
*> Wit< =ro=er connections an9 t<e a6ternator is not runnin;& t<e c<ar;in; in9icator in t<e test benc<
re:ains on> T<is in9icates t<at t<e batter? is not c<ar;in;>
+> !tart t<e e6ectric :otor an9 a66o7 t<e a6ternator to rotate at s6o7 s=ee9> T<e a6ternator s=ee9 is
:easure9 b? :eans of a tac<o:eter> W<en t<e a6ternator rotates at 6o7 s=ee9& t<e out=ut 8o6ta;e
8a6ue is Bero an9 t<e c<ar;e in9icator 6a:= re:ains on>
,> ra9ua66? increase t<e s=ee9 of a6ternator> Wit< increase in s=ee9& t<e out=ut 8o6ta;e increases>
At a =articu6ar s=ee9& t<e 8o6ta;e reac<es a stea9? 8a6ue an9 t<e c<ar;e in9icator 6a:= ;oes off>
T<is is t<e cut"in s=ee9 of t<e a6ternator> 'ote 9o7n t<e a6ternator s=ee9 an9 8o6ta;e> A6so note
t<e current 8a6ue at t<at con9ition>

/> To con9uct t<e =erfor:ance test& t<e a6ternator is brou;<t to Bero s=ee9> ra9ua66? increase t<e
a6ternator s=ee9 fro: Bero RP. to t<e rate9 s=ee9 b? 8ar?in; t<e :otor s=ee9> For eac< s=ee9&
note 9o7n t<e current an9 8o6ta;e out=ut =ro9uce9 b? t<e a6ternator> P6ot a ;ra=< 7it< s=ee9
a6on; ("aLis an9 8o6ta;e R current a6on; Y"aLis an9 c<eck 7<et<er it :atc<es 7it<
:anufacturerIs s=ecification>
2> To fin9 out t<e cut"off s=ee9 of t<e a6ternator& t<e a6ternator s=ee9 is re9uce9 ;ra9ua66? fro: t<e
rate9 s=ee9 an9 at a =articu6ar s=ee9& t<e c<ar;e in9icator 6i;<t ;ets on is kno7n as t<e cut"off
s=ee9 of a6ternator> 'ote 9o7n t<e 8o6ta;e an9 current at t<at sta;e> T<e 8o6ta;e in9icates t<e
cut"off 8o6ta;e of a6ternator>
0> To con9uct t<e a6ternator out=ut test& t<e a6ternator is :a9e to run at t<e rate9 s=ee9 an9 t<e 6oa9
is a==6ie9 to t<e a6ternator> 1? a==6?in; t<e 6oa9 an9 :aintainin; t<e a6ternator s=ee9 constant&
c<eck 7<et<er it =ro9uces t<e rate9 current an9 8o6ta;e as s=ecifie9 b? t<e :anufacturer>
STARTER MOTOR:
To start t<e en;ine& t<e cranks<aft :ust turn fast enou;< for air"fue6 :iLture to enter t<e c?6in9er> An
e6ectric starter or startin; :otor 9oes t<e Mob> It con8erts e6ectrica6 ener;? fro: t<e batter? into
:ec<anica6 ener;? t<at rotates t<e cranks<aft> W<en t<e 9ri8er turns t<e i;nition ke? to start& t<e contro6
circuit causes contacts to c6ose in a starter re6a? or so6enoi9 s7itc<> #i;< current t<en f6o7s fro: t<e
batter? to t<e starter :otor> As t<e starter :otor s<aft turns& it turns t<e cranks<aft fast enou;< to start
t<e en;ine>
TESTS CONDUCTED ON STARTER MOTORO
1> 'o 6oa9 test>
2> Current 9ra7 test>
PROCEDUREO
NO LOAD TESTO
1> !tarter :otor is fir:6? :ounte9 on t<e test benc<> 1etter su==6? is connecte9 to t<e starter :otor
an9 a::eter an9 8o6t:eter are connecte9 across t<e batter? to :easure t<e current an9 8o6ta;e
9ra7n b? :otor>
2> Turn on t<e i;nition ke? an9 fin9 out t<e 8o6ta;e an9 current 9ra7n b? t<e batter?> A6so note
9o7n t<e :otor s=ee9> C<eck 7<et<er t<e rea9in; obtaine9 is as =er t<e :anufacturerIs
s=ecification> If not& fin9 out an9 rectif? t<e fau6t>
CURRENT DRA9 TEST:
1> T<is test :easures t<e current f6o7 to t<e starter :otor 7<i6e it cranks t<e en;ine>

2> $isab6e t<e i;nition coi6 an9 connect a::eter to t<e batter? cab6e>
*> Turn i;nition ke? to start an9 rea9 t<e current 9ra7 an9 note 9o7n it> C<eck 7<et<er it is
accor9in; to :anufacturer s=ecification> If not& fin9 an9 rectif? t<e fau6t
RE!ULTO
T<us t<e ;i8en a6ternator an9 starter :otor are teste9 an9 t<e resu6ts are tabu6ate9
F)-- -oad:
!=ee9 Loa9 8o6ta;e
No -oad:
!=ee9 Loa9 Vo6ta;e
Vo-ta*e 6 dro0 te4t:
Connections Vo6ta;e %8)

Cab6e 1
Cab6e 2
1atter? K 8e ter:ina6
1atter? X 8e ter:ina6
I;nition s7itc<
Cab6e 1 """" batter? to s7itc<
Cab6e 2 """" batter? to starter :otor
C)t 6 o.. Go-ta*e:
!=ee9 Vo6ta;e
C)t 6 1( Go-ta*e:
!=ee9 Vo6ta;e
Cra(+1(* Go-ta*e:
!6>'o
1atter? 8o6ta;e

C)rre(t 5 dra; te4t:
!6>'o Current 9ra7 fro: t<e batter?
E8 NO: & TESTING OF REGULATORS
DATE:
AIMO
To test t<e re;u6ators for t<eir 7orkin; con9ition>

APPARATUS RE:UIRED:
1> Re;u6ator
2> Re;u6ator Tester
*> A> C !u==6?
DESCRITIONO
A 8o6ta;e re;u6ator is a 9e8ice t<at =re8ents t<e a6ternator fro: =ro9ucin; eLcessi8e 8o6ta;e> T<e
re;u6ator 6i:its t<e current f6o7 t<rou;< t<e fie69 7in9in; on t<e rotor> T<is contro6s t<e stren;t< of t<e
rotatin; :a;netic fie69> W<en t<e 8o6ta;e starts to ;o too <i;<& t<e re;u6ator re9uces t<e current> T<is
7eakens t<e :a;netic fie69 an9 an? furt<er rise in t<e 8o6ta;e> T<e a6ternator reac<es its rate9 out=ut>
Wit< t<e 8o6ta;e re;u6ator 6i:itin; t<e current f6o7 t<rou;< t<e fie69 7in9in;& no furt<er increase in
s=ee9 can cause :ore current to f6o7 in t<e stator> T<is =rotects t<e a6ternator a;ainst o8er6oa9in;>
PROCEDUREO
1> First note 9o7n t<e ca=acit? of t<e 8o6ta;e re;u6ator>
2> Connect t<e ter:ina6s of t<e 8o6ta;e re;u6ator to t<e re;u6ator tester 7it< t<e cab6e co6or
:atc<in;> In so:e case& if t<e ter:ina6s in t<e re;u6ator are 6ess t<an t<e ter:ina6s in t<e tester&
t<en ;roun9 t<e eLtra ter:ina6 in t<e tester to t<e 8o6ta;e re;u6ator>
*> Connect t<e 8o6ta;e re;u6ator to t<e eLterna6 su==6?>
+> ra9ua66? increase t<e in=ut 8o6ta;e su==6ie9 to t<e re;u6ator an9 9o7n t<e out=ut 8o6ta;e
su==6ie9 b? it>
,> If t<e out=ut 6e8e6 is at its ca=acit? 6e8e6 e8en on increasin; t<e in=ut& t<en t<e re;u6ator is in
;oo9 con9ition>
RESULTO
T<us t<e ;i8en 8o6ta;e re;u6ator is teste9 an9 its con9ition is foun9 to be ;oo9>
Ca=acit? of t<e 8o6ta;e re;u6atorO """""""""""""""""""""
Vo6ta;e %V) Current %A) Re:ark
E8 NO: !& 9IRING OF HEAD LIGHT3 TRAFFICATORS3 AND ELECTRIC HORN
DATE:
AIMO

To c<eck t<e 7irin; of <ea9 6i;<t& trafficators& e6ectric <orn an9 re=6acin; if not 7ire9 =ro=er6?
an9 9ra7 t<e circuit of ;i8en :o9e6>
APPARATUS RE:UIREDO
1> Wire cutter>
2> Wire stri==er>
*> !cre7 9ri8er>
+> Wires>
,> .u6ti":eter>
/> 1atter?>
2> Auto:oti8e e6ectrica6 co:=onent set"u=>
PROCEDURE:
1> T<e insu6ation =art of t<e 7ire is stri==e9 usin; 7ire stri==er>
2> T<en insert it into t<e <o6es of s7itc<es an9 ;i8e connections as s<o7n in t<e 7irin;
9ia;ra:>
*> C<eck t<e fuse in fuse boL an9 re=6ace it if it is not =ro=er>
+> C<eck t<e connections to t<e batter? so t<at t<ere is no s<ort circuit>
,> Ti;<ten t<e scre7 of s7itc<es an9 re=6ace it an9 re6a?s b? t<e scre7 9ri8er to a8oi9 6oose
connections>
/> !7itc< on t<e 6i;<ts an9 see t<e bri;<tness& if correct an9 <orn is 7orkin;& C<eck for
trafficators are 7orkin; an9 correct 9e8iation is s<o7n& if not c<eck t<e 7irin; or c<an;e
t<e fuse> In case of trafficators c<eck to;;6e s7itc< an9 f6as<er>
2> W<i6e c<eckin; turn off su==6? as a safet? :easure>
0> C<eck t<e re6a?s so t<at :ore a:ount of current 9onIt f6o7 in t<e cut out is =ro=er>
4> At 6ast c<eck t<e i;nition s7itc< an9 9i: 9i==er s7itc< contro6>
RESULT:
T<us t<e 7irin; of <ea9 6i;<t& trafficators an9 e6ectric <orns are c<ecke9 an9 circuit 9ia;ra: is
9ra7n>