Performance Analysis of Multiple Sample Based

Improved Energy Detector in Collaborative CR

Networks
Ajay Singh
Deptt. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engg.
National Institute of Technology Raipur
Chhattisgarh 492010, India
Email: ajaysingh8226@gmail.com
Manav R. Bhatnagar and Ranjan K. Mallik
Deptt. of Electrical Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
Email: {manav,rkmallik}@ee.iitd.ernet.in
AbstractIn the existing literature, a single sample based im-
proved energy detector has been analyzed for multiple antennas
based cooperative spectrum sensing. In this paper, we derive the
expressions of the probability of false alarm and missed detection
of multiple antenna based dual-hop cooperative spectrum sensing
scheme which uses multiple samples of the primary users signal
in the improved energy detector. By minimizing the total error
rate (weighted sum of the probability of missed detection and
probability of false alarm), we derive a closed-form solution of
optimal number of CRs required for dual-hop cooperation. It is
shown by simulations that this generalized scheme signicantly
outperforms the conventional energy detector based spectrum
sensing, while keeping quality-of-service in desired limits. A
multi-hop cognitive radio network containing multiple antenna
based CRs and using an improved energy detector with multiple
samples is also analyzed in this paper. It is inferred by analysis
and simulation that the error performance of the multi-hop
cognitive relaying can be signicantly improved by using multiple
antennas and improved energy detector.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as an exciting technology
that has the potential of dealing with the problem of scarcity in
the radio spectrum. In recent times, sensing the spectrum with
a conventional energy detector [1] has been studied consider-
ably in [2][6] due its simple structure which allows spectrum
sensing decision to be made on the vacancy of a particular
frequency band. However, an improved energy detector in
single antenna based CR can improve the performance of
spectrum sensing, where the conventional energy detector
is modied by replacing squaring operation of the received
signal amplitude with an arbitrary positive power [7][10].
Further, the reliability of spectrum sensing can be improved
by using multiple antennas based cooperative CRs with single
sample based improved energy detector, as explained in [11],
[12]. In wireless communication networks, broader coverage
is the fundamental requirement in modern days of long dis-
tance communication. Multi-hop communication is emerging
as a smart way of achieving broader coverage area with
less power consumption [13]. To the best of our knowledge,
performance of improved energy detector based on multiple
samples over cooperative and multi-hop environment has not
been studied, so far in the literature.
In this paper, we consider optimization of cooperative
spectrum sensing scheme with (generalized) improved energy
detector based on multiple samples of the signal of primary
user (PU), multiple antennas at each CR, and imperfect
reporting channels, by minimizing sum of the cooperative
probability of false alarm and missed detectionreferred as
total error rate in the paper. We derive analytical expression
of the probability of false alarm and missed detection in
each CR, for this set-up. Moreover, number of cooperative
users are optimized by minimizing the total error rate in the
fusion center (FC). The error performance of the multi-hop
cognitive relaying with multiple antennas is also studied using
the improved energy detector.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
We consider a dual-hop cognitive radio network containing
number of CRs, one primary user (PU), and an FC. We as-
sume that each CR performs spectrum sensing independently
and then the local decisions are sent to the FCwhich makes
the nal decision about the presence or absence of the PU after
fusing all decision. Further, it is assumed that the FC and PU
contain a single antenna and each CR contains antennas.
There are two hypotheses
0
and
1
, corresponding to the
signal received in the th antenna CR, as given below

0
:

() =

(), if PU is absent,

1
:

() =

() +

(), if PU is present,
(1)
where is the antenna index ( = 1, 2....) at each CR,
denotes signal transmitted by the PU with energy

() (0,
2

) is circularly symmetrical complex additive

white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and

() (0,
2

)
is the complex normal circularly symmetrical channel gain.
Moreover, we assume that the status of the PU remains
unchanged during the spectrum sensing process and each
sample is subject to independent fading over the sensing
duration. It is assumed that
th
antenna of each CR contains
an improved energy detector [7], which uses the following
statistic for deciding presence or absence of the PU:

=1
(

()

, > 0, (2)
where is the number of samples. It can be seen from (2)
that for = 2,

reduces to statistic corresponding to the

conventional energy detector [1]. For simplicity, (2) can be
written as

=1

, (3)
2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications: Mobile and Wireless Networks
978-1-4577-1348-4/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE 2728
where = 1, 2, .., , = 1, 2, .., , and

=
(
()

.
For above discussed set-up, hard combination based cooper-
ative spectrum sensing is performed as follows:
i) Each CR calculates decision statistic given in (2) for all
( = 1, 2, .., ) antennas and combines them for taking
a binary decision of a spectrum hole.
ii) The binary decision of each CR is sent to the FC over
an imperfect reporting channel.
iii) The FC applies the optimal voting rule to the binary
decisions received from all CRs and takes a nal decision
whether the PU is present or not.
III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HARD COMBINATION
BASED DUAL-HOP COOPERATIVE SCHEME FOR MULTIPLE
ANTENNA AIDED SPECTRUM SENSING WITH
GENERALIZED IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR
The cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of

can be
written as

() = Pr
((

()

)
, (4)
where Pr() denotes the probability. By using the conditional
probability density function (p.d.f.) of
(
()

)
2
in (4) and
after some algebra, we can obtain the conditional p.d.f.

0
() and
1
() under hypotheses
0
and
1
,
respectively, as

0
() =
2
2

exp
(

, (5)

1
() =
2
2

exp
(

1+
)
(1 +)
, (6)
where =

/
2

is the average signal-to-noise ratio

(SNR) of the PU-CR link. From (5) and (6), it can be shown
after some algebra that the conditional p.d.f.s of
0
()
and
1
() follow the Weibull distribution [15] with shape
parameter and scale parameter , given by
=
{
2

, if
0
is true,
2

, if
1
is true,
=
{
1, if
0
is true,
1 +, if
1
is true.
Let us assume that the antennas at each CR are spaced
sufciently apart such that all diversity branches between
the PU and each CR are independent. In addition, it is
also assumed that

(), = 1, 2, .., , are independent

and identically distributed (i.i.d.) complex-valued Gaussian
random variables. Therefore,

are i.i.d. random variables

conditioned on the signal transmitted by the PU. Each CR
forms a decision variable
=

=1

=1

=1

0
, (7)
where is the decision threshold in each CR and binary bits 1
and 0 correspond to the decision about presence and absence,
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
x
P
.
d
.
f
.

(

fD
(
x
)

)


Exact, Conventional energy detector
Exact, Conventional energy detector
Exact, Conventional energy detector
Exact, Conventional energy detector
Approximation, Improved energy detector
Approximation, Improved energy detector
Approximation, Improved energy detector
Approximation, Improved energy detector
P.d.f. under H
1
P.d.f.
under
H
0
Fig. 1. Exact and approximate p.d.f.,

(), of decision variable of

multiple antenna based spectrum sensing using conventional = 2 and
improved = 3.0 energy detector with L = 10, M = 10, and PU-CR link
SNR = -10 dB.
respectively, of the PU. According to central limit theorem,
if and are large, the decision variable in each CR
will be asymptotically normally distributed with means and
variances given as
mean =
{

0
= (1 +

2
) :
0

1
= (1 +)

0
:
1
and
variance =

2
0
= (1 +)
+(
2

2
)
2
(1 +

2
) :
0

2
1
= (1 +)

2
0
:
1
In Fig. 1 the exact and proposed Gaussian approximations
of decision variable in each CR are plotted for conventional
and improved energy detector. The exact p.d.f. is obtained
experimentally through MATLAB. It can be seen from Fig. 1
that approximation used in our analysis is highly accurate.
Using mean and variance of and [16, Eq. (41), Chapter 2],
and after some algebraic manipulations, the probability of
false alarm
FC
in each CR can be obtained as

CR
=
(

0

0
)
, (8)
where () is the q-function [16]. Similarly, by using the
mean and variance of the decision variable and [16,
Eq. (41), Chapter 2], the probability of miss
CR
in each
CR can be obtained as

CR
= 1
(

1
)

(

1

1
)
. (9)
We assume that the reporting channel between each CR and
the FC is a binary symmetric channel (BSC) with an error
probability of . This means that the probability of receiving

1
(or
0
) at the FC while
0
(or
1
) is transmitted is
for each CR. Due to imperfect reporting channel of CR-FC
2729
link, the probability of false alarm
FC
in the FC from each
of CR will be [14]

FC
= (1 )
CR
+(1
CR
), (10)
and probability of miss
FC
in the FC from each of CR is
given as [14]

FC
= (1
CR
) + (1 )
CR
. (11)
After some algebra, the probability of false alarm

for
cooperative sensing in FC can be obtain as [5]

=
(

FC
(1
FC
)

. (12)
Similarly, the probability of missed detection

for coop-
erative spectrum sensing in FC will be [5]

= 1

=
(

)
(1
FC
)

(
FC
)

. (13)
Let the sum
0

+
1

denotes the total error rate in

the cooperative spectrum sensing with a priori probabilities

0
and
1
of occurrence of

and

, respectively. It is
also assumed that
0
+
1
= 1. Let us now nd the optimal
voting rule, i.e., what is the optimal number of cooperative
CRs, which we denote as

, that minimizes the total error

rate
0

+
1

for given total number of CRs . By

minimizing the total error rate by using (12) and (13), and
after some algebra, it can be shown that
(

)
[

FC

(1
FC
)

FC

(1
FC
)

]
=0,
(14)
From (14) and after some manipulations, we get

1 +
+
ln
1
0
ln

FC
1
FC
+ ln

FC
1

FC

, (15)
where =
ln

FC
1
FC
ln

FC
1

FC
and . denotes the ceiling function. The
expression of optimal number of CRs here is more general in
nature due to the role of a priori probabilities
0
and
1
. For
equiprobable case expression of

reduces to the expression

for optimal number of CRs given in [5].
Spectrum sensing in a CR network with a large number of
CRs is not an easy task and requires some attention. As the
number of collaborating CRs increases, the complexity of the
receiver in the FC will also be more. It is well known that for
reducing the inter CR interference, only a single CR should
send its binary decision to FC in a time interval. Therefore,
in a large CR network sensing time will be very long and
results in degradation of spectrum hole sensing performance
of the system.
On the other hand, the CRs can send their decisions concur-
rently to the FC in order to make the decision regarding the
presence or absence of PU in cooperative spectrum sensing.
But the price paid for this scheme is a much more complicated
receiver design in FC. Another potential solution is to send
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
10
0.6
10
0.5
10
0.4
10
0.3
10
0.2
Threshold ( )
T
o
t
a
l

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e


k=1, p
0
=0.5,p
1
=0.5
k=2, p
0
=0.5,p
1
=0.5
k=3, p
0
=0.5,p
1
=0.5
k=4, p
0
=0.5,p
1
=0.5
k=5, p
0
=0.5,p
1
=0.5
k=6, p
0
=0.5,p
1
=0.5
k=1, p
0
=0.3,p
1
=0.7
k=2, p
0
=0.3,p
1
=0.7
k=3, p
0
=0.3,p
1
=0.7
k=4, p
0
=0.3,p
1
=0.7
k=5, p
0
=0.3,p
1
=0.7
k=6, p
0
=0.3,p
1
=0.7
Fig. 2. Total error rate versus decision threshold plots of the proposed
multiple antenna based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme for PU-CR link
SNR = -10 dB, = 1, 2, .., 6, = 6, = 10, = 10, = 0.1,
0
=

1
= 0.5,
0
= 0.3,
1
= 0.7, and = 4.5.
the decisions on orthogonal frequency bands, but this requires
a large portion of available bandwidth.
However, an efcient sensing algorithm, in which the
transmission of binary decision of a single CR in a time
slot is allowed, guarantees a target error bound by requiring
a few CRs in cooperative spectrum sensing instead of all
of them, is proposed in [5]. We will extend the proposed
scheme in more realistic environment of CR networks using
improved energy detector. In [5], single antenna based CR is
used in cooperative spectrum sensing where the decision of
each CR is forwarded to FC over perfect reporting channel of
CR-FC link. But in realistic environment, reporting channel
is noisy and results in degradation of the spectrum hole
sensing performance of the FC. To make the proposed efcient
spectrum sensing algorithm practical, we assume the reporting
channel to be imperfect.
It is well known that use of multiple antennas improves the
performance of communication systems. We include the role
of multiple antennas such that each antenna of CR contains
an improved energy detector for spectrum sensing. Efcient
spectrum sensing algorithm can be formulated by considering
only

CRs in cooperative spectrum sensing instead of .

Consequently, the sensing duration (in which the decisions
are sent to the common center for decision fusion) can be
reduced from time slots to

time slots, while the given

error bound is guaranteed. Then, we have

1

1

)
(1
FC
)

(
FC
)

+
0

FC
(1
FC
)

. (16)
We can obtain the value of satisfying (16) for given SNR
of PU-CR link, decision threshold , optimal number of CRs

, total number of collaborating CRs , given error bound

, and a priori probabilities
0
and
1
.
2730
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
N
T
o
t
a
l

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e


M=1, Conventional energy detector
M=10, Conventional energy detector
M=10, Improved energy detector
Fig. 3. Total error rate versus number of collaborating cognitive radios
plots of the proposed multiple antenna based cooperative spectrum sensing
in a cognitive radio network with 50 CRs, PU-CR link SNR = -10 dB, =
10, = 1, 10, = 0.1,
0
=
1
= 0.5, = 2, 10, optimal voting rule,
and optimal decision threshold.
Example 1: Now let us look at an example of the proposed
efcient cooperative spectrum sensing in a network with a
total of 50 CRs. We intend to search for the least number of
collaborating CRs with a optimal threshold that can achieve
a given error rate. Fig. 2 shows that total error rate in terms of
the threshold for various voting rules from = 1 to = 6
in a cognitive network based on multiple antennas having
improved energy detector with 6 CRs, = 4.5, = 10,
= 10, = 0.1, = 10,
0
=
1
= 0.5 and
0
=
0.3,
1
= 0.7. It can be observed from Fig. 2 that the optimal
voting rule over all the examined range of thresholds is = 3
for
0
=
1
= 0.5. However, for a xed very small threshold,
the optimal rule is the AND rule. Meanwhile, for a xed very
large threshold, the OR rule tends to be optimal. The optimal
voting rule for
0
= 0.3,
1
= 0.7 will be = 2 as seen from
Fig. 2. By observing Fig. 3, we nd that the smallest numbers
of CRs to get an error rate of 10
1
is 10 in case of multiple
antenna based improved energy detector with = 10 and
= 10, and 18 in case of conventional energy detector at
given SNR = 10 dB. Fig. 3 also shows that smallest
numbers of CRs to get an error rate of 10
1
is more than
50 for single antenna based CR with a conventional energy
detector. Similarly, for improved energy detector with = 10
and = 10, the error rate target of 10
2
can be achieved
with 34 cooperative CRs; while in case of conventional energy
detector with = 10, more than 50 CRs are needed. It can
be seen from Fig. 3 that for single antenna based CR with
conventional energy detector, the error rate target of 10
2
can
not be achieved with 50 cooperative CRs. It can be concluded
from this example that improved energy detector with multiple
antennas makes the spectrum sensing fast and efcient, by
utilizing less number of cooperating CRs than a conventional
scheme [5].
IV. MULTI-HOP COGNITIVE RELAYING WITH AN
IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR
The broader coverage in a wireless communication net-
works is an essential need of modern communications. Multi-
hop cooperative communication emerges as a smart way of
achieving broader coverage area with less power consump-
tion [17]. In this section, we will study the idea of multi-
hop communication in cognitive radio network. In multi-
hop cognitive relaying, each of the CR forward one-bit hard
decision to the next CR. We assume that there exit hops due
to the existence of ( 1) CRs, in between the PU and the
FC. Each hop is modeled as BSC with error probability such
that the channel between the PU and the FC can be modeled
as 1 non-identical cascaded BSCs. The probability of
false alarm
multi-hop

under multi-hop cognitive relay network

can be obtained by using the results of [13] as

multi-hop

=
(
1
2

1
2
1

=1
(1 2

)
)
[
1
(

0

0
)]
+
(
1
2
+
1
2
1

=1
(1 2

)
)

(

0

0
)
, (17)
where

is the error probability of

th
BSC. Similarly, the
probability of missed detection
multi-hop

under multi-hop
cognitive relay network will be

multi-hop

=
1

=1
(1 2

)
[
1
(

1
)

(

1

1
)]
+
1
2
(
1
1

=1
(1 2

)
)
. (18)
The total error rate, denoted by , in multi-hop cognitive
relaying can be obtained by
0

multi-hop

+
1

multi-hop

. Total
error rate can be written using (8), (9), (17), and (18) as
=
1
2
(
1
1

=1
(1 2

)
)
(1 2
0

CR
2
1

CR
)
+
0

CR
+
1

CR
. (19)
The following observations can be drawn from (19):
If all hops are assumed to be identical, i.e.,

= , then
the total error rate increases with increasing value of ,
as seen from (19).
For = 0, i.e., for error free channel of all hops between
PU and FC, will be
0

CR
+
1

CR
.
For = 1, i.e., for identical channel of
all hops with deterministic errors between
PU and FC, will be
0

CR
+
1

CR
+
1
2
(1 2
0

CR
2
1

CR
)
[
1 (1)
1
]
.
When = 0.5, i.e., the channel of each hop has
maximum uncertainty, then = 0.5, hence results into
maximum error rate.
In Fig. 4, we consider a multi-hop cognitive relay network
with identical channels of all hops and its error performance
versus sensing threshold of each CR. Fig. 4 shows that there
exists a unique value of threshold at which error rate is
2731
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
10
0.14
10
0.12
10
0.1
10
0.08
10
0.06
10
0.04
10
0.02
Threshold ( )
T
o
t
a
l

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e


M=1, K=1, p=2.0
M=1, K=2, p=2.0
M=1, K=3, p=2.0
M=1, K=4, p=2.0
M=6, K=1, p=3.5
M=6, K=2, p=3.5
M=6, K=3, p=3.5
M=6, K=4, p=3.5
Fig. 4. Total error rate versus decision threshold plots of the multi-hop
cognitive relaying with PU-CR link SNR = -10 dB, = 10, = 1, 6, =
0.1, = 1, 2, 3, 4,
0
=
1
= 0.5, and = 2.0, 3.5
minimum for given SNR=10 dB, = 1, 6, = 10,
= 1, 2, 3, 4, and = 0.1. Further, it can be noticed from
Fig. 4 that with increase in the number of hops, the total error
rate also increases for given number of antennas in each CR.
Moreover, as the number of antennas are varied from 1 to 6
at = 3.5 for given number of hops, we obtain less error
rate compared to single antenna based CR with conventional
energy detector. Fig. 5 shows that the error performance of the
multi-hop cognitive network degrades rapidly with the number
of hops. However, by adding multiple antennas at the CRs, the
error rate can be reduced for given as compared to multi-
hop cognitive radio network with single antenna based CRs.
Fig. 5 shows that by choosing the value of = 8.5 instead
of = 2.0, the error performance of multi-hop cognitive
spectrum sensing scheme can be further improved. It can be
concluded from Fig. 5 that by using multiple antennas with
an improved energy detector signicantly improves the error
performance of the multi-hop cognitive relaying.
V. CONCLUSIONS
It has been demonstrated by simulation that the error
performance of dual-hop and multi-hop cooperative spectrum
sensing can be signicantly improved by using generalized
improved energy detector and multiple antennas in the CRs.
An efcient spectrum sensing algorithm has been proposed
which requires fewer than the total number of CRs for dual-
hop cooperative spectrum sensing, while satisfying a given
error bound. It has been found that the proposed efcient
spectrum sensing scheme with an improved energy detector in
multiple antennas based cognitive radio signicantly outper-
forms a conventional energy detector based spectrum sensing
scheme, while keeping quality-of-service in desired limits.
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T
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a
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r
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a
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