Three Worlds Meet &

Colonization
Chapter 1 & 2
Native Americas
Chapter 1, Section 1 & 2 (R.S.G. pgs. 5-8)
L1 HW Review Questions!
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) nomadic 2) adaptation 3) private property
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
How did the first Americans arrive in North America?
How did the end of the Ice Age affect Ancient Americans?
Summarize (6 sentences)
What were some characteristics of Ancient American Empires?
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
What is the difference between the way Native Americans viewed
land use compared to European views? Which do you agree with
more? Explain your reasoning.

Ancient Americans
22,000 years ago: 1
st
Americans may have crossed
Beringia Strait (frozen ice glaciers)
= land bridge between Asia & Alaska
12,000-10,000 years ago, Ice Age ends
Effects: 1) smaller animals = 2) gathering nuts & berries
Effect: migration south into Mexico & South America
1
st
crop: maize (in Mexico)
Farming = community = culture
Some groups gave up nomadic way of life
Ancient American Societies
South America:
Olmec: 1200 B.C.
Maya: 250-900 A.D.
Inca: 1350-1500 A.D.
Characteristics:
Great mining skills & working
with precious metals
Great architecture: huge
palaces, pyramids, temples,
central plazas
Some glyph writing (Maya)
Math & quipu for recording
info (Inca)
North America:
300 B.C. 1400 A.D.
Hohokam: river valleys in
Central Arizona
Anasazi: canyon bottoms of
Four Corner region (Utah,
Colorado, Arizona, New
Mexico)
Adena, Hopewell,
Mississippian: east of the
Mississippi River
Built large burial mounds
Built large pyramids
Environmental Adaptation
North America = varied environment
Culture = how do you adapt your environment
Kashaya Pomo:
California: long coastline, rain forest, and desert inland; hunted
water birds for food.
Kwakiutl:
Northwest Coast: ocean, waterways & forests
Ocean = food; hunted whales, seals; fished
Used trees to make totem poles
Pueblo:
dry Southwest (Arizona & New Mexico)
Iroquois:
Eastern Woodlands: Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico
Hunted, fished, gathered fruits & nuts


Cultural Patterns
Trade routes stretched across
North America
Exchange both goods &
ideas
Land ownership
Land NOT a resource;
cannot be bought or sold
Europeans thought private
property was very important
Religion
Believed in spirits; ancestors
can be guides to the living
Kinship
Family ties = important
Older generation passed
knowledge to the young
Elders very respected
Division of labor
Different jobs; based on
gender, age or social
position


1492: Africa & Europe
Chapter 1, Section 3 & 4 (R.S.G. pgs. 9-12)
L2 HW Review Questions!
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) plantation 2) ritual 3) reform 4) secular 5) navigate
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
Why did the Portuguese need slaves to work on their sugar cane
plantations?
What factors allowed Europe to lead the new Age of Exploration?
Summarize (6 sentences)
Around 1492, describe three African Empires.
What changes occurred in Europe in the 1300s & 1400s?
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
Compare and contrast African culture to Native American culture?
West Africa Changes
the World
Timbuktu connected Africa to
North-East coastal ports =
exchange of goods, ideas &
beliefs
Islam: founded by Muhammad in
Arabia, 622 A.D.
1200s: Islam = official religion of
West African Empires
1400s: Portugal arrived on West
Africa coast
Portugal set up plantations to grow
sugar cane on islands
Bought slaves to work on
plantations due to backbreaking
labor
Three African Kingdoms
Songhai
Location: savanna, dry
grassland
Controlled Saharan
trade
Ruler: Askia
Muhammad
Made Timbuktu
center of learning
Benin
Location: forests of
southern coast
Famous metalworkers
(bronze sculptures
Kongo
Location: central Africa,
along Zaire (Congo) River


West African Culture
Lineage, or line of descent, determined
inheritance & marriage partners
Elders made decisions for family & in politics
Religious ritual part of everyday life
Respected living & non-living things
Division of labor based on age & gender
Farming, herding, fishing, mining, trading
Slavery part of African Empires but usually did not
last a lifetime; slaves could earn freedom
The European Social Order
Hierarchy:
Rulers, lords, vassals at top:
owned land, held power
Peasants (most people) at
the bottom
Kinship not so important
Nuclear family: mother,
father + children
Catholic Church
Shapes Europe
Roman Catholic Church very important in
Europeans daily lives
Catholic Church forced Muslims out of Spain
Crusades: 1096-1270
Series of wars to retake the Holy Land (i.e., Jerusalem)
Result: Europeans failed
Effects: 1) trade increased with Asia
The Reformation (1500s)
Reformers called for changes in Catholic Church (ex:
indulgences, taxes)
Europe Changes
The Bubonic Plague, or Black Death (1340s- )
Killed 25 million people + long wars
Crusades (effects)
New trade routes = population growth = cities & towns =
end of feudal system
Monarchs gain power = first nation-states (Portugal,
Spain, France & England)
Renaissance
Theocratic attitudes replaced by secular or
rational/scientific spirit
People = individuals (with rights & dreams)


The Age of Exploration
begins
Europeans looking for new route to the
East or India (for spices)
New technology:
Astrolabe: measures latitude = better
navigation
Compass: indicates direction
Caravel: new ship with Arabian lateen sails
(good for turning direction) + European
square sails (good for power)
Prince Henry the Navigator
Set up school in Portugal
Sent captains down West Coast of Africa
1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern
tip of Africa (Cape Hope)
1498: Vasco da Gama reached India
Columbus, Slavery,
Death & Empire
Chapter 1, Section 5 (pgs. 13-14)
L3 HW Review Questions!
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) sponsor 2) exploit 3) convert 4) immunity
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
What is the Middle Passage?
Why does Brazil speak Portuguese?
Summarize (6 sentences)
Who was Christopher Columbus? What were his achievements?
Summarize: the Columbian Exchange. Provide examples. (E.C.)
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
Is Columbus a hero who discovered the New World? Or is he a
slave trader who exploited the Old World in the Americas?
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
Christopher Columbus (Italian sailor)
Wanted to find new route to India (sailing
West across Atlantic, NOT East)
Convinced Spain to sponsor (money &
supplies) his trip
All lands would be claimed for Spain
1492: Columbus arrived on Caribbean
island (San Salvador)
Met Taino people, called them Indians
Columbus returned a few times
Brought soldiers, priests & people to
settle the land
Columbus died in 1506
He died believing he had discovered a
new route to India


Impact on Native Americans
Colonization: parent country
(Spain) exploits & controls new
land
Plantations set up to grow crops
(sugar cane & tobacco)
Force natives to work with guns
Force natives to convert to god
New diseases & germs would kill
millions of Native Americans
The Middle Passage
Native Americans had no
immunity to European
disease
Effect: Europeans bring
African slaves to America
Route across Atlantic from
Africa to America = the
Middle Passage (12 million
slaves by 1800s)
Slavery destroyed African
societies

The Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange: the transfer of
goods between Western (Americas) &
Eastern (Europe, Africa) Hemispheres
Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain & Portugal
split South America
Portugal got East(or Brazil)
Spain got everything West of the line
Americas:
Colonization
Chapter 2, Section 1 (pgs. 17-18)
+
Chapter 2, Section 2 (pgs. 19-20)
L4 HW Review Questions!
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) genocide 2) fund 3) profit 3) bankrupt
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
How did the English encourage people to settle the Americas?
How did English colonization become profitable? What conflict did it
cause?
Summarize (6 sentences)
The Gs (Extra Credit Option!)
The Encomienda System
Popes Rebellion: Causes & Effects.
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
How is Spanish colonization different from English colonization?
How did a few hundred
Spanish soldiers destroy the
great Aztec & Incan Empires?
The Gs:
How?
Guns (muskets)
Steel (armor)
Germs (new diseases)
God (Christianity)
Government (divide & conquer)
Why?
Gold (& greed)
+ Silver
Glory (fame)
Effect: genocide
New Spain
Conquistador: Spanish explorers/conquerors
Searching for gold/silver, want glory, spread Christianity
Hernando Cortes, Mexico, 1519
Montezuma: Aztec emperor; invited Cortes
Cortes kidnapped him, demanded gold
Aztec rebelled at first; European germs weakened Aztec
forces
Aztec Empire defeated in 1521
New Spain: capital city built on Aztec capital Tenochtitlan,
renamed Mexico City
Marriage & Labor
Most Spanish settlers = men
Often married Native American
women = mestizos: mixed Spanish
& Native American people
Encomienda system:
Spanish monarch gives land &
labor rights to Spanish explorer
Natives are forced to farm, ranch
or mine the land
Natives treated very badly:
starved, beaten
System ended in 1542 & Spain
began using African slaves
New Spain Grows
Spain pushes North
Juan Ponce de Leon
explores Florida
Spain explores southwestern
United States (New Mexico)
Indoctrination:
Priests mission = convert
natives
Built large communities
called congregaciones
(school, church, hospital,
etc.,)
Natives taught European
languages, fashion & values

Native Abuse & Rebellion
Spanish settlers wanted to
impose culture on Native
Americans
Destroyed sacred objects
Did not let them practice native
religion
Forced natives to work; abused
them physically
1680: Pope leads 17,000 natives
against Spanish
Success: push Spanish out of
Mexico
Spain returns 14 years later
English Settle in North America
Spanish monarchs sponsored
colonization
English Joint-stock companies:
investors pool wealth to fund colony; if
the colony profits, investors profit
John Smith (soldier/adventurer) joined
Virginia Company (1606)
1607, 3 ships settle Jamestown in
modern-day Virginia (1st permanent
settlement)
Most English looking for gold; not
preparing for winter
Starving time: by winter, only 39 English
left alive
John Smith took control; forced colonists
to farm
Powhatan natives helped colonists, gave
them food
English Success: Brown Gold
Jamestown saved by more colonists & supplies
Brought tobacco from Caribbean islands
Tobacco = very popular in Europe = great profit
To bring more colonists, headright system (1618): if you can pay for
your trip, you get 50 acres of land + 50 acres per each family
member
Father + mother + 2 children = 200 acres
If you couldnt pay, you came as
an indentured servant: in exchange
for passage, food & shelter, you had
to work on a farm for several years
(up to 7 years sometimes)
First African in North America came
as indentured servants
English Clash with Natives
Unlike Spanish, English colonization was
about settlement: they brought families
English did not intermarry with Natives
As Jamestown grew = need more land =
conflict
1622: Natives attack colonial villages (killed 340)
Virginia company sends more troops (= almost
bankrupt)
Effect: English King takes over colony = royal
colony
Effect 2: 1644: 10,000 colonists = Native
population decreases
Economic Differences
Split Virginia
Wealthy landowner control life
Freed indentured servants could only buy
land closer to Natives (western edge) =
conflict with Natives
Virginia government refuses to help
Nathaniel Bacon raises army; declared illegal
by governor
Bacon attacks Jamestown!
Eventually loses rebellion
New England & the
Middle Colonies
Chapter 2, Section 3 (pgs. 21-22)
+
Chapter 2, Section 4 (pgs. 22-23)
L5 HW Review Questions!
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) persecute 2) repression 3) work ethic 4) dissent 5) seize 6) alliance
7) diversity 8) pacifist
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
How do Puritans and Quakers differ in their beliefs?
Summarize (6 sentences)
Push/Pull Factors (Extra Credit Option)
Why was New England more successful than Jamestown?
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
If you were the leader of a colony, what rights would you give
settlers? How would you interact with Natives?

Why America?
Push Factors

Religious persecution
Political repression
Lack of economic
opportunity
Pull Factors

Religious freedom
Political freedom
Economic opportunity
A Puritan New England
Puritans: religious group that wanted
to purify Church of England
God = faith, prayer & bible study
God DOES NOT = Catholic sermons &
rituals
Separatists: broke from Church of
England (punished by King)
Pilgrims settled north of Jamestown; set
up Plymouth Colony 1620
More Puritans: Massachusetts
Bay Colony
1630: Puritans settle Massachusetts
Bay Colony
Escaped to practice their religion
without persecution
1640: +20,000 settlers
Plymouth + Massachusetts = New
England
Leader: John Winthrop
Unlike Jamestown, Puritans = well-
prepared (organized & had many
supplies)
All adult males could vote
Puritan work ethic = everyone
worked hard
Effect: New England had rapid
growth & success
Puritan Dissent
Puritans escaped religious
persecution England
BUT! persecuted non-Puritan
beliefs
Roger Williams
Preached that Native American
land should but bought, not stolen
Argued for religious freedom
1636, founded Rhode Island
colony
Anne Hutchinson
Argued that worshippers should
interpret bible for themselves
She was banished; went to Rhode
Island
Colonial Expansion
vs.
Native Americans
At first, Native Americans helped
Puritans
Later = problems:
1. New England grows = settlers seize
N.A. lands
2. Settlers force N.A. to accept
Puritan laws & religion
1637: Pequot War
Ended in total defeat for N.As
1675: King Philips War
Chief Metacom led N.A. alliance
against settlers
In the end, English win


Settlement of the
Middle Colonies
1621: Dutch found New Netherland
(present-day New York)
Diversity: German, French, English, Swedish,
1/5
th
African (1660)
Leaders allowed freedom of religion
Friendly trade relations with N.As (unlike
English)
English want to unite their Northern &
Southern colonies
1664: Duke of York became proprietor
(owner) of New Netherland
Renamed it New York; separated southern
part into New Jersey
Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
King Charles II gave William Penn piece of N.J.
Penn was a Quaker, suffered persecution in England
Quakers are pacifists: oppose war or violence
Penn allowed: 1) freedom of religion, 2) right to vote
to all adult males & 3) friendly relations with Natives
Diverse population: Penn advertised in Western
Europe (Germans, Dutch, French immigrated)