ASSIGNMENT 7 SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1)
10.10 For a given specific energy in a rectangular channel, show that critical flow
exists when the specific discharge is at its maximum value q
max
.




































0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50

sub-critical flow, Fr < 1

super-critical flow, Fr > 1
y
c
q
max

QUESTION 2)
10.13 Water is flowing in a rectangular channel whose width is 5 m. The depth of
the flow is 2.5 m and the discharge is 30 m
3
/s. Determine the change in the depth for
the following alterations in the channel width:

(a) An increase of 50 cm, neglecting losses.






















y
1
= 2.5 m; b
1
= 5 m; Q = 30 m
3
/s; b
2
= 5.5 m

q
1
= Q/b
1
= 30/5 = 6 m
2
/s; V
1
= q
1
/ y
1
= 6/2.5 = 2.4 m/s

y
c1
=
3
(q
1
2
/g) = 1.54 m; E
1
= y
1
+ q
1
2
/(2gy
1
2
) = 2.79 m

q
2
= Q/b
2
= 30/5.5 = 5.45 m
2
/s; E
c2
= 3/2*
3
(q
2
2
/g) = 2.17 m

E
1
= E
2
and solve for y
2
.

2.79 = y
2
+ q
2
2
/(2gy
2
2
) = y
2
+ 1.514/y
2
2
y
2
= 2.56











QUESTION 3)
10.12 Water is flowing in a rectangular channel at a velocity of 3 m/s and a depth of
3.0 m. Determine the changes in water surface elevation for the following
alterations in the channel bottom:
















(a) An increase of 20 cm, neglecting losses.

V
1

= 3 m/s; y
1
= 3.0 m

q = V
1
y
1
= 3 * 3.0 = 9.0 m
2
/s
E
1
= y
1
+ q
2
/(2gy
1
2
) = 3.46 m
y
c
=
3
(q
2
/g) = 2.02 m; E
c
= 3/2 * y
c
= 3.03 m

E
2
= E
1
- z = 3.46 0.2 = 3.26 m; E
2
> E
c


E
2
= y
2
+ q
2
/(2gy
2
2
) = 3.26 m = y
2
+ 4.1284/y
2
2


y
2
= 2.69 m and change in height = 2.69 + 0.2 3 = -0.11 m

(c) The maximum increase allowable for the specified upstream flow
conditions to remain unchanged, neglecting losses.

Set E
2
=E
c
= 3.03 m and therefore max z = E
1
E
c
= 3.46 3.03 = 0.43 m













QUESTION 4)
10.14 Flow in a rectangular channel of width b takes place with a known depth y
and velocity V. Downstream of this location, there is an upward step of height h.
Neglecting losses, determine the change in width that must take place
simultaneously for critical flow to occur within the transition.

(a) b = 3m, y = 3 m, V = 3m/s, h = 70 cm.
















q
2
= Q/b 7.81 = 27 / b b = 3.453 b = 0.453 m

















QUESTION 5)
10.17 A lake discharges into a steep channel. At the channel entrance the lake level
is 2.5 m above the channel bottom. Neglecting losses, find the discharge for the
following geometries:











(a) Rectangular section, b = 3m.

A = 3 * y
c
; B = b = 3 m

2.5 = y
c
+ (A/B) = y
c
+ (y
c
) = 3/2 y
c


Therefore y
c
= 2/3 (2.5) = 1.67 m

Q = (gA
3
/B) = 20.28 m
3
/s


(b) Trapezoidal section, b = 2.5 m, m
1
= m
2
=2.








A = b*y
c
+ my
c
2
; B = b + 2m*y
c


2.5 = y
c
+ (A/B) = y
c
+ (2.5*y
c
+ 2*y
c
2
)/(2(2.5 + 2*2*y
c
))

2.5 = y
c
+ (2.5y
c
+ 2y
c
2
)/(5 + 8y
c
)); y
c
= 1.90 m

A = 11.97; B = 10.1; Q = (gA
3
/B) = 40.81 m
3
/s

1
2.0 2.0
1
y
c
QUESTION 7)

10.19 Rapidly varied flow occurs over a rectangular sill, with free outfall conditions
at location C. Throughout the reach losses can be neglected.












(a) Compute the discharge.


(b) Evaluate the depths at location A, B, and C.


y
C
= y
critical
= 1.067 m