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Chapter 5: Chemical Bonds

1. Chemical Bonds
- Compounds are formed through the
formation of chemical bonds among atoms.
- Noble gases are very stable as they have
achieved the stable duplet or octet electron
arrangements.
- Atoms of other elements tend to achieve
the stable electron arrangement by the
transfer of electron or sharing of electron.

- There are two types of chemical bonds:
ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
- Only valence electrons are involved in
bonding, electrons in filled shells do not
take part in bonding.

2. Ionic Bonds
- Ionic bonds are usually formed through the
transfer of electron between atoms of metal
and non-metal.
- Metal atoms donate electrons whereas
non-metal atoms accept electrons to
achieve the stable electron arrangement.
- Metal usually form positive ions.
- Positive ions or cations are formed when
neutral atoms donate electrons.

- In positive ions, the number of electrons is
less than the number of proton.
- Non-metal usually form negative ions.
- Negative ions or anions are formed when
neutral atoms accept electrons.
- In negative ions, the number of electron is
more than the number of proton.
3. Ionic compound
- Ionic compound are compounds that are
formed through ionic bonds.
- Example: NaCl
- Na (2.8.1) Na+(2.8) / Cl (2.8.7) Cl-
(2.8.8)
- Na
+
and Cl
-
are attracted to one another to
form a solid sodium chloride, NaCl
compound.

- This is due to the existence of a strong
electrostatic force between the
oppositely-charged ions.
- The attractive force between the ions is
called an ionic bond or electrovalent
bond.
4. Covalent bonds
- Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal
atoms share electrons to achieve stable
electron arrangements.
- Lewis structure is used to show the valence
electrons of the atoms involved in the
formation of a covalent bond.
- Types of covalent bonds include

- Single bond: A pair of electron is shared
between two atoms. Example H-H
- Double bonds: Two pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms. C=C
- Triple bonds: Three pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms. NN
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
Exists as solids at room temperature May exists as solids, liquids or
gases
5.
Properties
of Ionic
and
Covalent Have high melting and boiling points Have low melting and boiling
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points
Conduct electricity in aqueous solution or
molten state
Do not conduct electricity
Usually dissolve in water Usually do not dissolve in water
Compound
Usually do not dissolve in organic solvents Usually dissolve in organic
solvents
Example
Cations:
1. Na Na
+
+e
-
2. Mg Mg
2+
+2e
-
Na
Na
+
2.8
Na
2.8.1
+
Na

Mg
Mg
2+
2.8
Mg
2.8.2
2+
Mg
.

3. Al
Al
Al
2.8.3



Anions:
1. Cl +e
-
Cl
-
2. O +2e
-
O
2-
Cl Cl
-
Cl
2.8.7
Cl
2.8.8
+1e
-

+2e
-
O
2.8
O
2.6
2-
O O


3. N
N
2.5
+3e
-
N
2.8
3-
N N

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Ionic Compound:
Metal +Non-metal Ionic Compound
Transfer of electron from metal to non metal
Example 1: Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Example 2: Magnesium Chloride, MgCl
2



Example 3: Aluminium Chloride






Example 4: Aluminium Oxide




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Covalent Compound:
Non-metal +Non-metal Covalent Compound
Sharing electron between the two non-metal
Example 1: Chlorine gas, Cl
2


Example 2: Oxygen gas, O
2


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Example 3: Nitrogen gas, N
2


Example 5: Water, H
2
O








Example 7: Ammonia, NH
3

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Example 4: Carbon dioxide, CO
2




Example 6: Hydrochloride, HCl








Example 8: Methane, CH
4
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Properties of Ionic Compounds























1. Ionic compounds are exists as solids at room temperature.
2. Ionic compounds have high melting point and boiling points because the ions in ionic
compounds are held together by strong ionic bonds. A lot of energy is used to overcome the
strong electrostatic forces that are holding the ions together.
3. Ionic compound do not conduct electricity in solid state. Ions in solid ionic compounds are fixed
in positions in the crystal lattice structure and do not move freely. In aqueous solution or molten
state, ions are free to move and ionic compounds can conduct electricity.
4. Ionic compound are not volatile. They do not change to vapour when heated.
5. Most ionic compounds are soluble in water.
6. Most ionic compounds are insoluble in organic solvents.







1. Exist as solids at room
temperature.

3. Conduct electricity in
aqueous solution or
molten state.

4. Non-volatile

5. Usually dissolve in
water.

6. Usually do not
dissolve in organic
solvents
2. Have high melting and
boiling points.

Ionic
Compounds
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Properties of Covalent Compounds























1. Covalent compounds are exists as solids, liquids or gases.
2. Ionic compounds have low melting point and boiling points because their molecules are held
together by weak intermolecular forces. Less heat energy is required to overcome these forces.
3. Covalent compound do not conduct electricity in all state. A covalent compound consists of
neutral molecules.
4. Covalent compounds are volatile. They can change to vapour when heated.
5. Most covalent compounds are insoluble in water. They cannot form bonds with water.
6. Most covalent compounds can dissolve in organic solvents. They have the same type of
intermolecular forces as the covalent solvents.



1. May exist as solids,
liquids or gases.

3. Do not conduct
electricity.
4. Volatile

5. Usually do not dissolve
in water.

6. Usually dissolve in
organic solvents

2. Have low melting and
boiling points.

Covalent
Compounds