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Topic 9
PWM Current Source Inverters (CSI)
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
EE8407
Power Converter Systems
PWM CSI fed MV drive Courtesy of Rockwell Automation
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Lecture Topics
Single Bridge Inverter
Trapezoidal Modulation (TPWM)
Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)
Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
Dual Bridge Inverter
Topic 9
PWM Current Source Inverters (CSI)
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
EE8407
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Inverter Topology
Features:
- Simple topology no antiparallel diodes
- Reliable short circuit protection constant dc current
- Very low dv/dt on motor terminals
Symmetrical GCTs
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
4
S
6
S
d
I
w
i
c
i
s
i
f
C
4
g
6
g
2
g
1
g
3
g
5
g
A
B
C
f
C
f
C
LOAD
O
AB
v
Function of C
f
:
- Assist GCT commutation
- Reduce harmonic distortion
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Single Bridge Inverter
EE8407
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DC Current Source I
d
Implementation of dc current source:
- use a large size dc choke making I
d
smooth;
- use dc current feed back control keeping I
d
constant
SCR
or
PWM
Rectifier
PWM
Inverter
Controller
d
I
d
L
*
d
I
Utility
Supply
M
as
v
bs
v
cs
v
f
C
A
B
C
d
I
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Single Bridge Inverter
EE8407
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5
Trapezoidal PWM (TPWM)
Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)
Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
Constraints on Switching Pattern Design
- dc current I
d
cannot be interrupted
- inverter output current waveform
must be defined.
At any time instant, only two switches are
turned on, one connected to the positive
dc bus, and the other to the negative dc bus.
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
4
S
6
S
d
I
w
i
4
g
6
g
2
g
1
g
3
g
5
g
A
B
C
P
N
Modulation Techniques
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Single Bridge Inverter
EE8407
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Trapezoidal PWM (TPWM)
Number of pulses per half cycle: N
p
= 7
1 g
v
2 g
v
3 g
v
4 g
v
5 g
v
6 g
v
0
w
i
3

3
2 2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
d
I
2
3

3
2
t
cr
v
m
v
m
V
cr
V

2
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Trapezoidal Modulation
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Harmonic Content (TPWM)
N
p
= 15
Fundamental does not
change much with m
a
m
a
= 0.85
a
m
a
m
max , 1 w wn
I I
max , 1 w wn
I I
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Trapezoidal Modulation
EE8407
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Waveforms
(TPWM)
Hz 180
, 13 , Hz 8 . 13
1
=
= =
sw
p
f
N f
Hz 155
, 31 , Hz 5
5
=
= =
sw
p
f
N f
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Trapezoidal Modulation
EE8407
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9
Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)
Not all the switching angles are independent.
Only two harmonics can be eliminated with N
p
= 5.
No modulation index control the magnitude of inverter output
current is controlled by I
d
Number of harmonics to be eliminated:
2 / ) 1 ( =
p
N k

3
2 2
1

2
3


d
I
t
w
i
1
3


0
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
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Fourier Analysis
=

=1
) sin( ) (
n
n w
t n a t i

= + +
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
=



even. k ) ( ) sin( ... ) ( ) sin(


) ( ) sin( ... ) ( ) sin(
; odd k ) ( ) sin( ... ) ( ) sin(
) ( ) sin( ... ) ( ) sin(
4
2
3
3
6
2
3
3
3
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1

t d t n t d t n
t d t n t d t n
t d t n t d t n
t d t n t d t n
I
a
k
k
k
k
k
k
dc
n

=
2
0
) ( ) sin( ) (
4

t d t n t i a
w n
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
EE8407
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11

= +
+ +
= + +
+ +
=
even. k )
6
cos( )]
3
( cos[ ) cos(
... )]
3
( cos[ ) cos( )]
3
( cos[ ) cos(
; odd k )
6
cos( )]
3
( cos[ ) cos(
... )]
3
( cos[ ) cos( )]
3
( cos[ ) cos(
4
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1

n n n
n n n n
n n n
n n n n
n
I
a
k k
k k
dc
n
Expression for a
n
Fourier Analysis
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
EE8407
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Switching Angle Calculation
To Eliminate n
th
harmonic, set a
n
= 0
k i F
k i
..., , 2 , 1 0 ) ..., , , , (
3 2 1
= =
For 5
th
, 7
th
and 11
th
harmonic elimination:
0 )
6
11
cos( )]
3
( 11 cos[ ) 11 cos(
)]
3
( 11 cos[ ) 11 cos( )]
3
( 11 cos[ ) 11 cos(
0 )
6
7
cos( )]
3
( 7 cos[ ) 7 cos(
)]
3
( 7 cos[ ) 7 cos( )]
3
( 7 cos[ ) 7 cos(
0 )
6
5
cos( )]
3
( 5 cos[ ) 5 cos(
)]
3
( 5 cos[ ) 5 cos( )]
3
( 5 cos[ ) 5 cos(
3 3
2 2 1 1 3
3 3
2 2 1 1 2
3 3
2 2 1 1 1
= + +
+ =
= + +
+ =
= + +
+ + =

F
F
F
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
EE8407
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13
Switching Angles (SHE)

Switching Angles Switching Angles Harmonics
Eliminated
1

2

3

Harmonics
Eliminated
1

2

3

4

5 18.00 - - 7,11,17 11.70 14.12 24.17 -
7 21.43 - - 7,13,17 12.69 14.97 24.16 -
11 24.55 - - 7,13,19 13.49 15.94 24.53 -
13 25.38 - - 11,13,17 14.55 15.97 25.06 -
5,7 7.93 13.75 - 11,13,19 15.24 16.71 25.32 -
5,11 12.96 19.14 - 13,17,19 17.08 18.23 25.84 -
5,13 14.48 21.12 - 13,17,23 18.03 19.22 26.16 -
7,11 15.23 19.37 - 5,7,11,13 0.00 1.60 15.14 20.26
7,13 16.58 20.79 - 5,7,11,17 0.07 2.63 16.57 21.80
7,17 18.49 23.08 - 5,7,11,19 1.11 4.01 18.26 23.60
11,13 19.00 21.74 - 5,7,13,17 1.50 4.14 16.40 21.12
11,17 20.51 23.14 - 5,7,13,19 2.56 5.57 17.82 22.33
11,19 21.10 23.75 - 5,7,17,19 4.59 7.96 17.17 20.55
13,17 21.19 23.45 - 5,11,13,17 4.16 6.07 16.79 22.04
13,19 21.71 23.94 - 5,11,13,19 5.13 7.26 17.57 22.72
5,7,11 2.24 5.60 21.26 5,11,17,19 6.93 9.15 17.85 22.77
5,7,13 4.21 8.04 22.45 5,13,17,19 7.80 9.82 18.01 23.25
5,7,17 6.91 11.96 25.57 7,11,13,17 5.42 6.65 18.03 22.17
5,11,13 7.81 11.03 22.13 7,11,13,19 6.35 7.69 18.67 22.74
5,11,17 10.16 14.02 23.34 7,11,17,19 8.07 9.44 19.09 22.93
5,13,17 11.24 14.92 22.98 7,13,17,19 8.88 10.12 19.35 23.22
7,11,13 9.51 11.64 23.27 11,13,17,19 10.39 11.14 20.56 23.60

Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
EE8407
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Inverter Waveforms (SHE)
Harmonic eliminated: 5
th
, 7
th
and 11
th
; f
sw
= 420Hz
w
i
2 4
d
I
max , 1 w wn
I I
1 ) 1 ( 3
p
N 1 ) 1 ( 3 +
p
N
6
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
EE8407
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15
Waveforms (SHE)
0
7 , 20
) (
11 7 5
1
= = =
= =
w w w
p
I I I
N Hz f
a
0
3 , 60
) (
5
1
=
= =
w
p
I
N Hz f
c
0
5 , 35
) (
7 5
1
= =
= =
w w
p
I I
N Hz f
b
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Selective Harmonic Modulation
EE8407
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Space Vector Modulation
Six active current vectors and one zero vector
Six sectors.
SECTOR I
SECTOR III
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI SECTOR V

SECTOR II
1
I
r
2
I
r
3
I
r
6
I
r
5
I
r
4
I
r
ref
I
r
0
I
r
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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17
Switching State
Leg A
Switching
State
1
S
4
S
w
I
[1] On Off
d
I
[-1] Off On
d
I
[0] Off Off 0
[2] On On 0
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
4
S
6
S
d
I
LOAD
w
i
c
i
o
i
f
C
4
g
6
g
2
g
1
g
3
g
5
g
A
B
C
f
C
f
C
Z
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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Switching States and Space Vectors

Space Vector Switching State On-state Switch
Vector
Definition
[2 0 0]
4 1
S , S
[0 2 0] 6 3
S , S
Zero
Vector
0
I
r

[0 0 2]
2 5
S , S
0
0
= I
r

1
I
r

[1 -1 0] 1 6
S , S
6 /
1
3
2

=
j
d
e I I
r

2
I
r

[1 0 -1] 2 1
S , S
6 /
2
3
2

=
j
d
e I I
r

3
I
r

[0 1 -1]
3 2
S , S
6 / 3
2
3
2

=
j
d
e I I
r

4
I
r

[-1 1 0] 4 3
S , S
6 / 5
4
3
2

=
j
d
e I I
r

5
I
r

[-1 0 1] 5 4
S , S
6 / 7
5
3
2

=
j
d
e I I
r

Active
Vector
6
I
r

[0 -1 1] 6 5
S , S
6 / 9
6
3
2

=
j
d
e I I
r

[1]: Upper switch on
[-1]: Lower switch on
[0]: None of the switches
in a leg turned on
[2]: Both switches in a
leg turned on
(bypass mode)
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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Dwell Time Calculation

+ + =
+ + =
0 2 1
0 0 2 2 1 1
T T T T
T I T I T I T I
s
s ref
r r r r
2
I
r
ref
I
r
2
2
I
T
T
s
r
1
1
I
T
T
s
r

1
I
r

+ =
+ =
) (
3
1
) (sin
) ( ) (cos
2 1
2 1
T T I T I
T T I T I
d s ref
d s ref

: Im
: Re
Following the same principle
of SVM for the NPC inverter
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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Dwell Time Calculation

=
+ =
=
2 1 0
2
1
)
6
( sin
)
6
( sin
T T T T
T
I
I
T
T
I
I
T
s
s
d
ref
s
d
ref

=
+ =
=
2 1 0
2
1
)
6
( sin
)
6
( sin
T T T T
T m T
T m T
s
s a
s a

d
w
d
ref
a
I
I
I
I
m
1

= =
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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21
Switching Sequence
Requirements:
1) Transition from one switching state to the next involves only
two switches
2) At any time only two switches are on.
1
I
r
1 6
, S S
1 g
v
2
I
r
0
I
r
1
I
r
2
I
r
0
I
r
2 1
, S S
4 1
, S S
1 6
, S S
2 1
, S S
4 1
, S S
1
T
2
T
0
T
6 g
v
5 g
v
4 g
v
3 g
v
2 g
v
s
T
s
T
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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Switching Sequence (Over one cycle)
1 g
v
Sector
106 1 0
6
VI I II III IV V
201 2 0 1 302 3 0 2
w
i
0

2
d
I
... 3 , 2 , 1
I
r
s
T
s
T
) (
6
I
r
2 g
v
3 g
v
4 g
v
5 g
v
6 g
v
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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23
Inverter Output Waveforms (SVM)
w
i
s
i
AB
v
2 4
2 4
f
1
= 60Hz, f
sw
= 540Hz, N
p
= 9 and m
a
= 1
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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Harmonic Spectrum (SVM)
max , 1
/
AB ABn
V V
max , 1
/
s sn
I I
max , 1
/
w wn
I I
f
1
= 60Hz, f
sw
= 540Hz, N
p
= 9 and m
a
= 1
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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25
Harmonic Content (SVM)
9 , Hz 540 (a) = =
p sw
N f
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Space Vector Modulation
EE8407
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Converter Configuration
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Dual Bridge Inverter
EE8407
f
C
1
i
1
L
2
L
2
i
d
v
3
i
4
i
1
S
5
S
3
S
1
S
5
S
3
S
4
S
2
S
6
S
4
S
2
S
6
S
w
i
s
i
14
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Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Space Vector Diagram
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Dual Bridge Inverter
EE8407
1
I
r
7
I
r
2
I
r
8
I
r
9
I
r
10
I
r
17
I
r
16
I
r
15
I
r
18
I
r
11
I
r
12
I
r
3
I
r
4
I
r
5
I
r
6
I
r
14
I
r
13
I
r
0
I
r
ref
I
r

19 vectors and 51 switching states


28
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Dual Bridge Inverter
EE8407
1
i
1
L 2
L
2
i
d
v
3
i
4
i
1
S
5
S
3
S
1
S
5
S
3
S
4
S
2
S
6
S
4
S
2
S
6
S
Current paths with switching state [16;56]
DC Current Balance Control
15
29
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
DC Current Balance Control
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Dual Bridge Inverter
EE8407
Current paths with switching state [16;56]
30
Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Space Vector Diagram
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Dual Bridge Inverter
EE8407
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31
PWM Scheme Comparison
Item SVM TPWM SHE
DC Current Utilization
d w
I I /
max , 1

0.707 0.74 0.73 to 0.78
Dynamic performance High Medium Low
Digital Implementation Real time
Real time or
look-up table
Look-up table
Harmonic Performance Adequate Good Best
dc Current Bypass Operation Yes No Optional

Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
Topic 9 PWM CSI
Summary
EE8407
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Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006
EE8407
Topic 9
PWM Current Source Inverters (CSI)

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