Anglo Saxon Primer

Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet
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Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised
Author: Henry Sweet
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Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet 1
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AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER
With
Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
by
HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D.
Eighth Edition, Revised
Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1905
Printed in England At the Oxford University Press
{v}
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. Vernon's Anglo-Saxon Guide was
an admirable book for its time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my
Anglo-Saxon Reader a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an elementary primer and a manual for
advanced students, but I always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one,
which would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and would at the same time serve as
an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his Book for the beginner in
Anglo-Saxon. But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to
differ so totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We
work on lines which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more.
My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible introduction to the study of Old-English.
Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose pieces I could find. Old-English
original prose is unfortunately limited in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere
and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi} again. But I hope the short
extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the
rest of the selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of
simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where
they will be omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly
from the Gospels, lfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only
those having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an
introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to
the grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the nominative
singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative singulars, and so on.
The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early West-Saxon basis. Injurious as
normalizing is to the advanced student, it is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the
definite results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating spellings which he cannot yet
interpret intelligently. Even for purely scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and
classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, for instance, whether
to put the original of hear under [=e], [=i]e, [=i] or [=y]. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I
should recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and to
the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give lfric in a spelling slightly earlier than
his date is no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke
Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil.
It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I have preferred those forms which seemed
most instructive to the student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. bundon
and the subj. bunden, although the latter is often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the
accentuation I have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are really 'prehistoric'
quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that
Old English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled state.
In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, giving only what is necessary to
enable the beginner to trace the connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have
been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to give inflections without explaining
their use is as absurd as it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining
their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been
based throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible,
been taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which
gives a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading?
Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt
to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding. {viii}
In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in the texts, or else are easily
recognizable by the ordinary English reader.
All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the beginner knows German, the labour of
learning Old English will be lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies
pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern English. To trace the history of
the sounds would be quite out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages
which the beginner cannot have.
The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended mainly for those who study without
a teacher. As a general rule, no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar.
On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without defeating its object. Thus, instead of
simply referring the student from st[e,]nt to standan, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him all
this trouble by putting 'st[e,]nt, 3 sg. pres. of standan, stand,' but the result would be in many cases that he
would not look at the Grammar at all--surely a most undesirable result.
Although I have given everything that I believe to be necessary, every teacher may, of course, at his own
discretion add such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he thinks likely to
instruct or interest his pupils.
My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and encouragement in planning and
carrying out this work, but also for help in correcting the proofs.
In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may prove useful not only to young
beginners, but also to some of our Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom
are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of 'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge
which I believe this book to be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a
more ambitious one.
HENRY SWEET.
HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD, March 31, 1882.
* * * * *
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some time at least) its permanent form,
making such additions and alterations as seemed necessary.
If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have been able to introduce many other
improvements; as it is, I have had to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by
various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial thanks are due to the Rev.
W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam.
HENRY SWEET.
LONDON, October 15, 1884.
{x}
CONTENTS.
Page
GRAMMAR 1
TEXTS 55
NOTES 91
GLOSSARY 97
{1}
GRAMMAR.
The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old English,' which name will be used
throughout in this Book, although the name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.
There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the West-Saxon dialect in its earliest
form.
SOUNDS.
VOWELS.
The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. Long vowels were occasionally
marked by (), short vowels being left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following
are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and
German (G.):--
a as in mann (G.) nama (name). [=a] " father st[=a]n (stone). " man gld (glad). [=] " d[=]d (deed)[1]. e
" t (F.) ic ete[2] (I eat). [=e] " see (G.) h[=e] (he). [e,] " men m[e,]nn (men). {2} i " fini (F.) cwic (alive).
[=i] " sieh (G.) w[=i]n (wine). ie " fin ieldran (ancestors). [=i]e " h[=i]eran (hear). o " beau (F.) god (god).
[=o] " so (G.) g[=o]d (good). u " sou (F.) sunu (son). [=u] " gut (G.) n[=u] (now). y " vcu (F.) synn (sin). [=y]
" grn (G.) br[=y]d (bride). ea = + a eall (all). [=e]a = [=] + a [=e]ast (east). eo = e + o weorc (work).
[=e]o = [=e] + o d[=e]op (deep). e and [e,] are both written e in the MSS.
The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element.
Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate
pronunciation:--
a as in ask (short) nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h). [=a] " father st[=a]n (stahn). " man gld (glad). [=] " there [=]r
(air). e, [e,] " men ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men). [=e] " they h[=e] (hay). i, ie " fin cwic (quick), ieldran
(ildr[)a]hn). [=i], [=i]e " see w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran (heer[)a]hn). o " not god (god). [=o] " note g[=o]d
(goad). u " full full (full). [=u] " fool n[=u] (noo). y " fin synn (zin). [=y] " see br[=y]d (breed). ea = [)e]-[)a]h
eall ([)e]-[)a]hl). [=e]a = ai-[)a]h [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst). {3} eo = [)e]-o weorc (w[)e]-ork). [=e]o = ai-o d[=e]op
(dai-op).
The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in English letters as pronounced in
Southern English.
CONSONANTS.
Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus sunu (son) must be distinguished
from sunne (sun) in the same way as penny is distinguished from penknife. So also in (in) must be
distinguished from inn (house); noting that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables
after a short vowel are long, our in and inn both having the pronunciation of Old English inn, not of O.E. in.
c and g had each a back (guttural) and a front (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written [.c], [.g].
c = k, as in c[=e]ne (bold), cn[=a]wan (know).
[.c] = kj, a k formed in the j (English y) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of sky: [.c]iri[.c]e
(church), sty[.c][.c]e (piece), [e,]n[.c]an (think).
g initially and in the combination ng was pron. as in 'get': g[=o]d (good), lang (long); otherwise (that is,
medially and finally after vowels and l, r) as in German sagen: dagas (days), burg (city), h[=a]lga (saint).
[.g] initially and in the combination n[.g] was pronounced gj (corresponding to kj): [.g][=e] (ye), [.g]eorn
(willing), spr[e,]n[.g]an (scatter); otherwise = j (as in 'you'): d[.g] (day), wr[=e][.g]an (accuse),
h[e,]r[.g]ian (ravage). It is possible that [.g] in [.g]e-boren (born) and other unaccented syllables was already
pronounced j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an (say), hry[.c][.g] (back).
f had the sound of v everywhere where it was possible:--faran (go), of (of), ofer (over); not, of course, in oft
(often), or when doubled, as in offrian (offer). {4}
h initially, as in h[=e] (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German ch
in loch:--h[=e]ah (high), Wealh (Welshman), riht (right). hw, as in hwt (what), hw[=i]l (while), had the
sound of our wh; and hl, hn, hr differed from l, n, r respectively precisely as wh differs from w, that is, they
were these consonants devocalized, hl being nearly the same as Welsh ll:--hl[=a]ford (lord), hl[=u]d (loud);
hnappian (doze), hnutu (nut); hrae (quickly), hr[=e]od (reed).
r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--r[=]ran (to raise), h[=e]r (here), word (word).
s had the sound of z:--s[=e][.c]an (seek), sw[=a] (so), w[=i]s (wise), [=a]r[=i]san (rise); not, of course, in
combination with hard consonants, as in st[=a]n (stone), fst (firm), r[=i][.c]sian (rule), or when double, as
in cyssan (kiss).
had the sound of our th (= dh) in then:--[=u] (thou), ing (thing), s[=o] (true), h[=]en (heathen);
except when in combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our th in thin, as in s[=e][.c] (seeks).
Note hf (has) = hvdh.
w was fully pronounced wherever written:--wr[=i]tan (write), n[=i]we (new), s[=e]ow (sowed pret.).
STRESS.
The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not on the first syllable of a word, by ()
preceding the letter on which the stress begins. Thus for[.g]iefan is pronounced with the same stress as that of
forgive, andswaru with that of answer.
* * * * *
PHONOLOGY.
VOWELS.
Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the most important of which are mutation
(German umlaut) and gradation (G. ablaut). {5}
The following changes are mutations:--
a .. [e,]:--mann, pl. m[e,]nn; wand (wound prt.), w[e,]ndan (to turn).
ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fiel (falls).
[=a] .. [=]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=]w (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound), h[=]lan (heal).
u .. y:--burg (city), pl. byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to strengthen).
o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss).
e .. i:--beran (to bear), bire (beareth); cwean (speak), cwide (speech).
eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut), [.c]ierf (cuts).
u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]ecoren (chosen).
[=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u] (known), c[=y]an (to make known); f[=u]l (foul), [=a]f[=y]lan (defile).
[=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought prt.), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da (food), f[=e]dan (to feed).
[=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ew (hews); t[=e]am (progeny), t[=i]eman (teem).
[=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]estr[=e]on (possession), [.g]estr[=i]enan (gain).
Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations.
a, , ea. In O.E. original a is preserved before nasals, as in mann, lang, nama (name), and before a single
consonant followed by a, u, or o, as in dagas (days), dagum (to days), faran (go), gafol (profit), and in some
words when e follows, as in ic fare (I go), faren (gone). Before r, l, h followed by another consonant, and
before x it becomes ea, as in heard (hard), eall (all), eald (old), eahta (eight), weaxan (to grow). Not in brst
(p. 7). In most other cases it becomes :--d[.g], (day), d[.g]es (of a day), fst (firm), wr (wary). {6}
e before nasals always becomes i: compare bindan (to bind), pret. band, with beran (to bear), pret. br.
e before r (generally followed by a consonant) becomes eo:--eore (earth), heorte (heart). Not in berstan (p.
7). Also in other cases:--seolfor (silver), heofon (heaven).
i before r + cons. becomes ie:--bier (beareth) contr. from bire, hierde (shepherd) from heord (herd), wiersa
(worse).
[e,] before r, or l + cons. often becomes ie:--fierd (army) from faran, bieldo (boldness) from beald, ieldra
(elder) from eald.
By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--
e (i, eo) .. a (, ea) .. u (o):--
bindan (inf.), band (pret.), bundon (they bound). beran (inf.), br (pret.), boren (past partic.). [.c]eorfan (cut),
[.c]earf (pret.), curfon (they cut), corfen (past partic.). b[e,]nd (bond) = mutation of band, byr-en (burden) of
bor-en.
a (, ea) .. [=]:--sprc (spoke), spr[=]con (they spoke), spr[=][.c] (speech).
a .. [=o]:--faran (to go), f[=o]r (pret.), f[=o]r (journey). [.g]ef[=e]ra (companion) mutation of f[=o]r.
[=i] .. [=a] .. i:--wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]ewrit (writing, subst.). (be)l[=i]fan (remain), l[=a]f
(remains), whence by mutation l[=]fan (leave).
[=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--[.c][=e]osan (choose), [.c][=e]as, curon, coren. cys-t (choice). (for)l[=e]osan
(lose), l[=e]as (loose), [=a]l[=i]esan (release), losian (to be lost). b[=u]gan (bend), boga (bow).
We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run
through the whole language, and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E.
etymology.
It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two words. Thus l[e,][.c][.g]an (lay) cannot
be directly referred to li[.c][.g]an (lie), but only to a form *lag-, preserved in the preterite l[.g]. So also
bl[e,]ndan (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the adjective blind through an intermediate *bland-.
Again, the root-vowel of byren {7} (burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive beran (bear), but only by
the past participle [.g]eboren. In the same way hryre (fall sb.) must be referred, not to the infinitive
hr[=e]osan, but to the preterite plural hruron.
The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation (1) feallan, f[=e]oll, &c., are due not to
gradation, but to other causes.
CONSONANTS.
s becomes r in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong verbs, as in curon, [.g]ecoren from
[.c][=e]osan, w[=]ron pl. of ws (was), and in other formations, such as hryre (fall) from hr[=e]osan.
becomes d under the same conditions, as in wurdon, [.g]eworden from weoran (become), cw (quoth),
pl. cw[=]don, cwide (speech) from cwean (infin.).
r is often transposed, as in iernan (run) from original *rinnan (cp. the subst. ryne), berstan (burst) from
*brestan, brst (burst pret.) from brst, hors (horse) from *hross.
The combinations c-, g- become [.c]ea-, [.g]ea-, as in [.c]eaf (chaff) from *cf, s[.c]eal (shall) from
*scl, [.g]eaf (gave) = *gf from [.g]iefan (cp. cw from cwean), [.g]eat (gate)--cp. ft (vessel).
g[=]- often becomes [.g][=e]a-, as in [.g][=e]afon (they gave), with which compare cw[=]don (they
said).
ge- becomes [.g]ie, as in [.g]iefan, [.g]ieldan (pay) from *gefan, *geldan--cp. cwean, delfan. Not in the
prefix [.g]e- and [.g][=e] (ye).
When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes h, as in h[=e] l[=i]eh (he lies) from
l[=e]ogan (mentiri).
h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel being lengthened, thus Wealh
(Welshman) has plural W[=e]alas.
* * * * *
INFLECTIONS.
NOUNS.
Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly
{8} grammatical. By the natural gender names of male beings, such as se mann (the man), are masculine; of
female beings, such as s[=e]o dohtor (the daughter), are feminine; and of young creatures, such as t [.c]ild
(the child), neuter. Note, however, that t w[=i]f (woman) is neuter.
Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other words connected with the noun, and,
to some extent, by its form. Thus all nouns ending in -a, such as se m[=o]na (moon), are masculine, s[=e]o
sunne (sun) being feminine. Those ending in -d[=o]m, -h[=a]d, and -s[.c]ipe are also masculine:--se
w[=i]sd[=o]m (wisdom), se [.c]ildh[=a]d (childhood), se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe (friendship). Those in -nes, -o
(from adjectives) -r[=]den, and -ung are feminine:--s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes (righteousness), s[=e]o bieldo
(boldness) from beald, s[=e]o mann-r[=]den (allegiance), s[=e]o scotung (shooting).
Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in t burg-[.g]eat (city-gate), from s[=e]o burg and
t [.g]eat. Hence also se w[=i]f-mann (woman) is masculine.
The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student should learn each noun with its
proper definite article.
Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with n, such as se m[=o]na, plural
m[=o]nan; s[=e]o sunne, genitive sing. [=]re sunnan. All the others, such as se d[.g], pl. dagas, t
h[=u]s (house), gen. sing. s h[=u]ses, are strong.
Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in
all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never
differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns,
which in neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in -um. {9}
STRONG MASCULINES.
(1) as-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom[3]. st[=a]n (stone). Nom. st[=a]n-as. Dat. st[=a]n-e. Dat. st[=a]n-um. Gen.
st[=a]n-es. Gen. st[=a]n-a.
So also d[=]l (part), cyning (king), [.c]ildh[=a]d (childhood).
d[.g] (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--d[.g], d[.g]e, d[.g]es; dagas, dagum, daga.
Nouns in -e have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--[e,]nde, (end), [e,]nde, [e,]ndes; [e,]ndas, [e,]ndum, [e,]nda.
Nouns in -el, -ol, -um, -en, -on, -er, -or often contract:--[e,]n[.g]el (angel), [e,]n[.g]le, [e,]n[.g]les;
[e,]n[.g]las, [e,]n[.g]lum, [e,]n[.g]la. So also n[.g]el (nail), e[.g]en (thane), ealdor (prince). Others, such
as cer (field), do not contract.
h after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in feorh (life), f[=e]ore, f[=e]ores. So also in Wealh
(Welshman), plur. W[=e]alas.
There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each.
(2) e-plurals.
A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--l[=e]ode (people), l[=e]odum, l[=e]oda. So also several names
of nations:--[E,]n[.g]le (English), D[e,]ne (Danes); Seaxe (Saxons), Mier[.c]e (Mercians), have gen. plur.
Seaxna, Mier[.c]na.
(3) Mutation-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. f[=o]t (foot). Nom. f[=e]t. Dat. f[=e]t. Dat. f[=o]t-um. Gen. f[=o]t-es. Gen.
f[=o]t-a.
So also t[=o] (tooth). Mann (man), m[e,]nn, mannes; m[e,]nn, mannum, manna.
{10}
(4) u-nouns.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sun-u (son). Nom. sun-a. Dat. sun-a. Dat. sun-um. Gen. sun-a. Gen. sun-a.
So also wudu (wood).
(5) r-nouns (including feminines).
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. m[=o]dor (mother). Nom. m[=o]dor. Dat. m[=e]der. Dat. m[=o]dr-um. Gen.
m[=o]dor. Gen. m[=o]dr-a.
So also br[=o]or (brother); fder (father), dohtor (daughter), have dat. sing. fder, dehter.
(6) nd-nouns.
Formed from the present participle of verbs.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. fr[=e]ond (friend). Nom. fr[=i]end. Dat. fr[=i]end. Dat. fr[=e]ond-um. Gen.
fr[=e]ond-es. Gen. fr[=e]ond-a.
So also f[=e]ond (enemy).
Those in -end inflect thus:--b[=u]end (dweller), b[=u]end, b[=u]endes; b[=u]end, b[=u]endum, b[=u]endra.
So also H[=]lend (saviour). The -ra is an adjectival inflection.
STRONG NEUTERS.
(1) u-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. s[.c]ip (ship). Nom. s[.c]ip-u. Dat. s[.c]ip-e. Dat. s[.c]ip-um. Gen. s[.c]ip-es.
Gen. s[.c]ip-a.
So all neuters with short final syllable, such as [.g]ebed (prayer), [.g]ewrit (writing), [.g]eat (gate). {11}
Ft (vessel), fte, ftes; fatu, fatum, fata (p. 5).
R[=i][.c]e (kingdom), r[=i][.c]e, r[=i][.c]es; r[=i][.c]u, r[=i][.c]um, r[=i][.c]a. So also all neuters in e,
except [=e]age and [=e]are (p. 13): [.g]e[=e]ode (language), sty[.c][.c]e (piece).
Those in -ol, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted:--d[=e]ofol (devil), d[=e]ofles, d[=e]oflu. So also
w[=]pen (weapon), mynster (monastery), wundor (wonder).
(2) Unchanged plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. h[=u]s (house). Nom. h[=u]s. Dat. h[=u]s-e. Dat. h[=u]s-um. Gen. h[=u]s-es.
Gen. h[=u]s-a.
So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by more
than one consonant), such as bearn (child), folc (nation), w[=i]f (woman).
Feoh (money) drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo:--feoh, f[=e]o, f[=e]os. So also bleoh (colour).
STRONG FEMININES.
(1) a-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. (a) Nom. [.g]ief-u (gift). Nom. [.g]ief-a. Acc. [.g]ief-e. Acc. [.g]ief-a. Dat. [.g]ief-e.
Dat. [.g]ief-um. Gen. [.g]ief-e. Gen. [.g]ief-ena.
So also lufu (love), scamu (shame). Duru (door) is an u-noun: it has acc. duru, d., g. dura, g. pl. dura. Observe
that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the u is dropped, and the
noun falls under (b). {12}
SINGULAR. PLURAL. (b) Nom. spr[=][.c] (speech). Nom. spr[=][.c]-a. Acc. spr[=][.c]-e. Acc.
spr[=][.c]-a. Dat. spr[=][.c]-e. Dat. spr[=][.c]-um. Gen. spr[=][.c]-e. Gen. spr[=][.c]-a.
So also str[=]t (street), sorg (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as d[=]d, hand,
miht.
Those in -ol, -er, -or, &c. contract:--s[=a]wol (soul), s[=a]wle, s[=a]wla, s[=a]wlum. So also [.c]easter
(city), hl[=]dder (ladder).
Some in -en double the n in inflection:--byren (burden), byrenne. So also those in -r[=]den, such as
hierdr[=]den (guardianship). Those in -nes also double the s in inflection: g[=o]dnes (goodness),
g[=o]dnesse.
(2) Mutation-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. b[=o]c (book). Nom. b[=e][.c]. Dat. b[=e][.c]. Dat. b[=o]c-um. Gen. b[=e][.c].
Gen. b[=o]c-a.
Burg (city), byri[.g], burge; byri[.g], burgum, burga.
(3) Indeclinable.
SINGULAR. Nom. bieldo (boldness). Dat. bieldo. Gen. bieldo.
So also ieldo (age).
For r-nouns, see under Masculines.
WEAK MASCULINES.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. nam-a (name). Nom. nam-an. Acc. nam-an. Acc. nam-an. Dat. nam-an. Dat.
nam-um. Gen. nam-an. Gen. nam-ena.
{13}
So also all nouns in -a:--[.g]ef[=e]ra (companion), guma (man), [.g]el[=e]afa (belief). Ieldran (elders)
occurs only in the plural.
[.G]ef[=e]a (joy) is contracted throughout:--[.g]ef[=e]a, [.g]ef[=e]an.
WEAK NEUTERS.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. [=e]ag-e (eye). Nom. [=e]ag-an. Acc. [=e]ag-e. Acc. [=e]ag-an. Dat. [=e]ag-an.
Dat. [=e]ag-um. Gen. [=e]ag-an. Gen. [=e]ag-ena.
So also [=e]are 'ear.'
WEAK FEMININES.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sunn-e (sun). Nom. sunn-an. Acc. sunn-an. Acc. sunn-an. Dat. sunn-an. Dat.
sunn-um. Gen. sunn-an. Gen. sunn-ena.
So also [.c]iri[.c]e (church), f[=]mne (virgin), heorte (heart).
L[=e]o (lion) has acc., &c. l[=e]on.
PROPER NAMES.
Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--lfred, gen. lfredes, dat. lfrede; [=E]ad-burg
(fem.), gen. [=E]adburge, &c.
Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus Cr[=i]st, Salomon have gen.
Cr[=i]stes, Salomones, dat. Cr[=i]ste, Salomone. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, especially those in
-us, but often with a mixture of English endings, and the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the
accus. ending being often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. C[=y]rus, gen. C[=y]res,
acc. C[=y]rum, dat. C[=y]rum ([=]m cyninge C[=y]rum).
Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those taken from Latin, such as Breten
(Britain), C[e,]nt (Kent), [.G]erm[=a]nia (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with land,
such as [E,]n[.g]la-land (land of the English, England), Israh[=e]la-[=e]od (Israel). In both of these cases
the first element is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as Scot-land, also occur. In other cases the
name of the inhabitants of a country is used for the country itself:--on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum = in East-anglia,
lit. 'among the East-anglians.' So also on Angel-cynne = in England, lit. 'among the English race,' more
accurately expressed by Angelcynnes land.
Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find on C[e,]nt, t[=o]
Hierusal[=e]m.
[.G]erm[=a]nia, Asia, and other foreign names in -a take -e in the oblique cases, thus gen. [.G]erm[=a]nie.
* * * * *
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together
with strong and weak inflection. In the masc. and neut. sing. they have an instrumental case, for which in the
fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used.
STRONG ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take -u in the fem. sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those
with a long one drop it. {15}
SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. (a) Nom. cwic (alive), cwic, cwic-u. Acc. cwic-ne, cwic, cwic-e. Dat.
cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. Gen. cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. Instr. cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre).
PLURAL. Nom. cwic-e, cwic-u, cwic-e. \___________________ ____________/ \/ Dat. cwic-um. Gen.
cwic-ra.
So also sum (some), f[=]rlic (dangerous).
Those with , such as gld (glad), change it to a in dat. gladum, &c.
Those in -e, such as bl[=i]e (glad), drop it in all inflections:--bl[=i]ne, bl[=i]u, bl[=i]re.
Those in -ig, -el, -ol, -en, -er, -or often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel, as in h[=a]li[.g]
(holy), h[=a]lges, h[=a]lgum; mi[.c]el (great), mi[.c]lu, mi[.c]le. Not, of course, before
consonants:--h[=a]li[.g]ne, mi[.c]elne, mi[.c]elra.
Those in -u, such as [.g]earu (ready), change the u into a w before vowels:--[.g]earwes, [.g]earwe.
Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the u of the fem. and neuter:--
Masc. Neut. Fem. (b) Nom. Sing. g[=o]d (good), g[=o]d, g[=o]d. Plur. g[=o]de, g[=o]d, g[=o]de.
F[=e]a (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. f[=e]am, gen. f[=e]ara.
H[=e]ah (high) drops its second h in inflection and contracts:--h[=e]are, nom. pl. h[=e]a, dat. h[=e]am, acc.
sing. masc. h[=e]anne.
Fela (many) is indeclinable. {16}
WEAK ADJECTIVES.
The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:-
SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. g[=o]d-a, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-e. Acc. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-an.
Dat. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. Gen. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. \______________
________________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. g[=o]d-an. Dat. g[=o]d-um. Gen. g[=o]d-ra.
The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension.
COMPARISON.
The comparative is formed by adding -ra, and is declined like a weak adjective:--l[=e]of (dear), l[=e]ofra
masc., l[=e]ofre fem., l[=e]ofran plur., etc.; m[=]re (famous), m[=]rra. The superlative is formed by adding
-ost, and may be either weak or strong:--l[=e]ofost(dearest).
The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in -est (the forms in parentheses are
adverbs):--
eald (old), ieldra, ieldest. lang (long), l[e,]n[.g]ra, l[e,]n[.g]est. n[=e]ah (near), (n[=e]ar), n[=i]ehst.
h[=e]ah (high), h[=i]erra, h[=i]ehst.
The following show different roots:--
g[=o]d (good), b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst. yfel (evil), wiersa, wierrest. mi[.c]el (great), m[=a]ra (m[=a]), m[=]st.
l[=y]tel (little), l[=]ssa (l[=]s), l[=]st.
{17}
The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from adverbs:--
[=]r (formerly), [=]rra ([=]ror), [=]rest. fore (before), . . . forma, fyrmest. [=u]t (out), [=y]terra,
[=y]temest.
NUMERALS.
CARDINAL. ORDINAL. [=a]n, one. forma (first). tw[=a], two. [=o]er. r[=e]o, three. ridda. f[=e]ower,
four. f[=e]ora. f[=i]f, five. f[=i]f-ta. siex, six. siex-ta. seofon, seven. seofoa. eahta, eight. eahtoa. nigon,
nine. nigoa. t[=i]en, ten. t[=e]oa. [e,]ndlufon, eleven. [e,]ndlyf-ta. tw[e,]lf, twelve. tw[=e,]lf-ta.
r[=e]o-t[=i]ene, thirteen. r[=e]o-t[=e]oa. f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene, fourteen. f[=i]f-t[=i]ene, fifteen.
siex-t[=i]ene, sixteen. seofon-t[=i]ene, seventeen. eahta-t[=i]ene, eighteen. nigon-t[=i]ene, nineteen.
tw[e,]n-ti[.g], twenty. ri-ti[.g], thirty. f[=e]ower-ti[.g], forty. f[=i]f-ti[.g], fifty. siex-ti[.g], sixty. {18}
hund-seofon-ti[.g], seventy. hund-eahta-ti[.g], eighty. hund-nigon-ti[.g], ninety. hund } hundred.
hund-t[=e]onti[.g], } hund-[e,]ndlufonti[.g], hundred and ten. hund-tw[e,]lfti[.g], hundred and twenty.
[=u]send, thousand.
[=A]n is declined like other adjectives.
Tw[=a] is declined thus:--
Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. tw[=e][.g]en, tw[=a], tw[=a]. \________________ _________________/ \/ Dat.
tw[=]m. Gen. tw[=e][.g]ra.
So also b[=e][.g]en (both), b[=a], b[=]m, b[=e][.g]ra.
r[=e]o is declined thus:--
Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. r[=i]e, r[=e]o, r[=e]o. \___________ _____________/ \/ Dat. rim. Gen.
r[=e]ora.
The others up to tw[e,]nti[.g] are generally indeclinable. Those in -ti[.g] are sometimes declined like neuter
nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives they govern the
genitive.
Hund and [=u]send are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, always taking a genitive:--eahta hund
m[=i]la (eight hundred miles), f[=e]ower [=u]send wera (four thousand men).
Units are always put before tens:--[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] (twenty-one). {19}
The ordinals are always weak, except [=o]er, which is always strong.
* * * * *
PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL.
SINGULAR. Nom. i[.c] (I), [=u] (thou). Acc. m[=e], [=e]. Dat. m[=e], [=e]. Gen. m[=i]n, [=i]n.
DUAL. Nom. wit (we two), [.g]it (ye two). Acc. unc, inc. Dat. unc, inc. Gen. uncer, incer.
PLURAL. Nom. w[=e] (we), [.g][=e] (ye). Acc. [=u]s, [=e]ow. Dat. [=u]s, [=e]ow. Gen. [=u]re, [=e]ower.
SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. h[=e] (he), hit (it), h[=e]o (she). Acc. hine, hit, h[=i]e. Dat. him, him,
hiere. Gen. his, his, hiere. \_______________ _______________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. h[=i]e (they). Dat. him.
Gen. hiera.
There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal pronouns are used instead:--h[=i]e
[.g]esamnodon h[=i]e (they collected themselves, assembled); h[=i]e [=a]b[=]don him w[=i]f (they asked
for wives for themselves). Self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun:--sw[=a]
sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum(as they wished for themselves).
POSSESSIVE.
M[=i]n (my), [=i]n (thy), [=u]re (our), [=e]ower (your), and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other
adjectives. The genitives his (his, its), hiere (her), hiera (their) are used as indeclinable possessives.
INTERROGATIVE.
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom. hw[=a] (who), hwt (what). Acc. hwone, hwt. Dat. hw[=]m, hw[=]m. Gen.
hws, hws. Instr. hw[=y], hw[=y].
Hwelc (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a noun and an adjective.
DEMONSTRATIVE.
SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. se (that, the), t, s[=e]o. Acc. one, t, [=a]. Dat. [=]m,
[=]m, [=]re. Gen. s, s, [=]re. Instr. [=y], on, [=y], ([=]re). \_____________________
________________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. [=a]. Dat. [=]m. Gen. [=a]ra.
{21}
Se is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a personal pronoun:--h[=e] [.g]eh[=i]er
m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c] [=a](he hears my words, and does them). S[=e] as a demonstrative and pers.
pronoun has its vowel long.
SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. es (this), is, [=e]os. Acc. isne, is, [=a]s. Dat. issum, issum,
isse. Gen. isses, isses, isse. Instr. [=y]s, [=y]s. (isse). \________________ ____________/ \/
PLURAL. Nom. [=a]s. Dat. issum. Gen. issa.
Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are se ilca (same), which is always
weak, swelc (such), which is always strong.
RELATIVE.
The regular relative is the indeclinable e, as in [=]lc [=a]ra e [=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]eh[=i]er (each of
those who hears these my words). It is often combined with s[=e], which is declined:--s[=e] e = who, masc.,
s[=e]o e, fem., &c. S[=e] alone is also used as a relative:--h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as
(here is my servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--h[=e]r [=u] hfst t [=i]n
is (here thou hast that which is thine).
INDEFINITE.
Indefinites are formed with sw[=a] and the interrogative pronouns, thus:--sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a], sw[=a]
hwel[.c] sw[=a] (whoever), sw[=a] hwt sw[=a] (whatever). {22}
[=A]n and sum (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--[=a]n mann, sum mann = 'a certain man,' hence 'a
man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed.
[=]l[.c] (each), [=]ni[.g] (any), n[=]ni[.g] (no, none), are declined like other adjectives.
[=O]er (other) is always strong:--[=a] [=o]re m[e,]nn.
Man, another form of mann, is often used in the indefinite sense of 'one,' French on:--his br[=o]or Horsan
man ofsl[=o]g (they killed his brother Horsa).
* * * * *
VERBS.
There are two classes of verbs in O.E., strong and weak. The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by
means of vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of d (-ode, -ede, -de) to the root-syllable.
The following is the conjugation of the strong verb bindan (bind), which will serve to show the endings which
are common to all verbs:--
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. bind-e, bind-e. 2. bind-est, bintst, bind-e. 3. bind-e, bint,
bind-e. plur. bind-a, bind-en.
Pret. sing. 1. band, bund-e. 2. bund-e, bund-e. 3. band, bund-e. plur. bund-on, bund-en.
Imper. sing. bind; plur. bind-a. Infin. bind-an. Partic. pres. bind-ende; pret. [.g]e-bund-en. Gerund. t[=o]
bind-enne.
For the plural binda, both indicative and imperative, binde is used when the personal pronoun follows
immediately after {23} the verb:--w[=e] binda (we bind), but binde w[=e] (let us bind); so also g[=a]! (go
plur.), but g[=a] [.g][=e]! (go ye).
The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension when used as a noun is given above, p.
10.
The past participle generally prefixes [.g]e-, as in [.g]ebunden, [.g]enumen from niman (take), unless the
other parts of the verbs have it already, as in [.g]eh[=i]eran (hear), [.g]eh[=i]ered. It is sometimes prefixed to
other parts of the verb as well. No [.g]e is added if the verb has another prefix, such as [=a]-, be-, for-; thus
for[.g]iefan (forgive) has the past participle for[.g]iefen. The past participle may be declined like an
adjective.
Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form h[=a]t-te from h[=a]tan (call, name), which is both
present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':--se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo (the monk's name was Abbo).
STRONG VERBS.
In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. (ic band,
w[=e] bundon). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the preterite
plural indicative ([=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden.)
The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the root-vowel, thus:--
a becomes [e,] as in (h[=e]) st[e,]nt from standan (stand). ea " ie " fiel " feallan (fall). e " i " cwi "
cwean (say). eo " ie " wier " weoran (happen). [=a] " [=] " h[=]tt " h[=a]tan (command). [=o] " [=e]
" gr[=e]w " gr[=o]wan (grow). [=e]a " [=i]e " h[=i]ew " h[=e]awan (hew). [=e]o " [=i]e " [.c][=i]est "
[.c][=e]osan (choose). [=u] " [=y] " l[=y]c " l[=u]can (close).
{24}
The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is -e, which is generally contracted, with the following
consonant-changes:--
-te becomes -tt as in l[=]tt from l[=]tan (let). -de " -tt " b[=i]tt " b[=i]dan (wait). -dde " -tt " bitt "
biddan (pray). -e " - " cwi " cwean (say). -se " -st " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (choose). -nde " -nt "
bint " bindan (bind).
Double consonants become single, as in h[=e] fiel from feallan.
Before the -st of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in [=u] cwist from cwean, [=u] [.c][=i]est
from [.c][=e]osan; and dbecomes t, as in [=u] bintst from bindan.
For the changes between s and r, and d, g and h, see p. 7.
Some verbs, such as s[=e]on (see), drop the h and contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel:--ic
s[=e]o, w[=e] s[=e]o, t[=o] s[=e]onne; but h[=e] sih.
There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the different formation of their
preterites. The following lists comprise all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together
with several others of the commoner ones.
I. 'Fall'-conjugation.
The pret. sing. and pl. has [=e]o or [=e], and the past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive. {25}
(a) [=e]o-preterites.
ea:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. feallan (fall) fiel f[=e]oll f[=e]ollon
feallen healdan (hold) hielt h[=e]old h[=e]oldon healden wealdan (wield) wielt w[=e]old w[=e]oldon
wealden weaxan (grow) wiext w[=e]ox w[=e]oxon weaxen
[=a]:-- bl[=a]wan (blow) bl[=]w bl[=e]ow bl[=e]owon bl[=a]wen cn[=a]wan (know) cn[=]w
cn[=e]ow cn[=e]owon cn[=a]wen s[=a]wan (sow) s[=]w s[=e]ow s[=e]owon s[=a]wen
[=e]:-- w[=e]pan (weep) w[=e]p w[=e]op w[=e]opon w[=o]pen
W[=e]pan has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original [=o] re-appearing in the past partic.),
but it makes no difference in the inflection.
[=o]:-- fl[=o]wan (flow) fl[=e]w fl[=e]ow fl[=e]owon fl[=o]wen gr[=o]wan (grow) gr[=e]w gr[=e]ow
gr[=e]owon gr[=o]wen r[=o]wan (row) r[=e]w r[=e]ow r[=e]owon r[=o]wen
[=e]a:-- b[=e]atan (beat) b[=i]ett b[=e]ot b[=e]oton b[=e]aten h[=e]awan (hew) h[=i]ew h[=e]ow
h[=e]owon h[=e]awen hl[=e]apan (leap) hl[=i]ep hl[=e]op hl[=e]opon hl[=e]apen
(b) [=e]-preterites.
[=a]:-- h[=a]tan (command) h[=]tt h[=e]t h[=e]ton h[=a]ten
[=]:-- l[=]tan (let) l[=]tt l[=e]t l[=e]ton l[=]ten
[=o]:-- f[=o]n (seize) f[=e]h f[=e]ng f[=e]ngon fangen h[=o]n (hang) h[=e]h h[=e]ng h[=e]ngon
hangen
{26}
II. 'Shake'-conjugation.
Verbs in a (ea) and [e,] (ie). [=O] in pret. sing, and pl., a() in partic. pret. Standan drops its n in the pret. The
partic. pret. of sw[e,]rian is irregular.
a:--
INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. faran (go) fr f[=o]r f[=o]ron faren
sacan (quarrel) sc s[=o]c s[=o]con sacen scacan (shake) scc sc[=o]c sc[=o]con scacen standan (stand)
st[e,]nt st[=o]d st[=o]don standen
The following shows contraction of original ea:--
sl[=e]an (strike) slieh sl[=o]g sl[=o]gon sl[.g]en
[e,]:--
h[e,]bban (lift) h[e,]f h[=o]f h[=o]fon hafen s[.c]ieppan (create) s[.c]iep sc[=o]p sc[=o]pon scapen
sw[e,]rian (swear) sw[e,]re sw[=o]r sw[=o]ron sworen
The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative sing. is h[e,]fe and sw[e,]re, like that of
w[e,]nian (p. 32). Sw[e,]rian has indic. sw[e,]rige, sw[e,]rest, like w[e,]nian; h[e,]bban has h[e,]bbe, h[e,]fst,
&c. like h[=i]eran (p. 30).
III. 'Bind'-conjugation.
I (ie, e, eo) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (l, r) or nasal (m, n) in
the infin., a(, ea) in pret. sing., u in pret. pl., u (o) in ptc. pret. Findan has a weak preterite.
i:--
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET.SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. bindan (bind) bint band bundon bunden
drincan (drink) drinc dranc druncon druncen findan (find) fint funde fundon funden [.g]ieldan (pay) [.g]ielt
[.g]eald guldon golden (on)[.g]innan (begin) -[.g]in -gann -gunnon -gunnen {27} grindan (grind) grint
grand grundon grunden iernan (run) [p. 7] iern arn urnon urnen [.g]e-limpan (happen) -limp -lamp
-lumpon -lumpen scrincan (shrink) scrinc scranc scruncon scruncen springan (spring) spring sprang
sprungon sprungen swincan (toil) swinc swanc swuncon swuncen windan (wind) wint wand wundon wunden
winnan (fight) win wann wunnon wunnen
e:--
berstan (burst) bierst brst burston borsten bre[.g]dan (pull) ... br[.g]d brugdon brogden delfan (dig) dilf
dealf dulfon dolfen sweltan (die) swilt swealt swulton swolten
eo:--
beorgan (protect) bierh bearg burgon borgen beornan (burn)[p. 7] biern barn burnon burnen [.c]eorfan
(cut) [.c]ierf [.c]earf curfon corfen feohtan (fight) fieht feaht fuhton fohten weorpan (throw) wierp wearp
wurpon worpen weoran (become) wier wear wurdon worden
IV. 'Bear'-conjugation.
Verbs in e (i), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or nasal; in brecan the liquid precedes the
vowel. A () in pret. sing., [=] ([=a]) in pret. pl., o (u) in ptc. pret. Cuman is irregular.
i:--
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. niman (take) nim nam n[=a]mon numen
e:--
beran (bear) bier br b[=]ron boren brecan (break) bric brc br[=]con brocen s[.c]eran (shear)
s[.c]ier s[.c]ear s[.c][=e]aron scoren stelan (steal) stil stl st[=]lon stolen teran (tear) .. tr t[=]ron
toren
{28}
u:--
cuman (come) cym c[=o]m c[=o]mon cumen
V. 'Give'-conjugation.
Verbs in e (i, eo, ie) followed by single consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the
last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive.
e:--
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. cwean (say) cwi cw cw[=]don
cweden etan (eat) itt [=]t [=]ton eten sprecan (speak) spric sprc spr[=]con sprecen wrecan (avenge)
wric wrc wr[=]con wrecen
i:--
biddan (pray) bitt bd b[=]don beden li[.c][.g]an (lie) l[=i] l[.g] l[=]gon le[.g]en sittan (sit) sitt st
s[=]ton seten i[.c][.g]an (receive) i[.g]e eah [=]gon e[.g]en
All these have weak presents:--imper. bide, li[.g]e, site, i[.g]e. Their is are mutations of the e which appears
in their past partic.
ie:--
[.g]iefan (give) [.g]ief [.g]eaf [.g][=e]afon [.g]iefen (on)[.g]ietan (understand) -[.g]iett -[.g]eat
-[.g][=e]aton -[.g]ieten
The following is contracted in most forms:--
s[=e]on (see) sih seah s[=a]won sewen
VI. 'Shine'-conjugation.
Verbs in [=i], with pret. sing, in [=a], pl. i, ptc. pret. i.
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. b[=i]dan (wait) b[=i]tt b[=a]d bidon
biden b[=i]tan (bite) b[=i]tt b[=a]t biton biten dr[=i]fan (drive) dr[=i]f dr[=a]f drifon drifen {29}
(be)l[=i]fan (remain) -l[=i]f -l[=a]f -lifon -lifen r[=i]dan (ride) r[=i]tt r[=a]d ridon riden r[=i]pan (reap)
r[=i]p r[=a]p ripon ripen ([=a])r[=i]san (rise) -r[=i]st -r[=a]s -rison -risen s[.c][=i]nan (shine)
s[.c][=i]n sc[=a]n s[.c]inon s[.c]inen sn[=i]an (cut) sn[=i] sn[=a] snidon sniden st[=i]gan (ascend)
st[=i][.g] st[=a]g stigon sti[.g]en (be)sw[=i]can (deceive) -sw[=i]c -sw[=a]c -swicon -swicen
[.g]ew[=i]tan (depart) -w[=i]tt w[=a]t -witon -witen wr[=i]tan (write) wr[=i]tt wr[=a]t writon writen
VII. 'Choose'-conjugation.
Verbs in [=e]o and [=u], with pret. sing. [=e]a, pl. u, ptc. pret. o. Fl[=e]on and t[=e]on contract.
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. b[=e]odan (offer) b[=i]ett b[=e]ad budon
boden br[=e]otan (break) br[=i]ett br[=e]at bruton broten [.c][=e]osan (choose) [.c][=i]est [.c][=e]as
curon coren fl[=e]ogan (fly) fl[=i]eh fl[=e]ag flugon flogen fl[=e]on (flee) fl[=i]eh fl[=e]ah flugon flogen
fl[=e]otan (float) fl[=i]ett fl[=e]at fluton floten hr[=e]osan (fall) hr[=i]est hr[=e]as hruron hroren
hr[=e]owan (rue) hr[=i]ew hr[=e]aw hruwon hrowen forl[=e]osan (lose) -l[=i]est -l[=e]as -luron -loren
s[.c][=e]otan (shoot) s[.c][=i]ett s[.c][=e]at scuton scoten sm[=e]ocan (smoke) sm[=i]ec sm[=e]ac
smucon smocen t[=e]on (pull) t[=i]eh t[=e]ah tugon togen [=a]-r[=e]otan (fail) -r[=i]ett -r[=e]at
-ruton -roten
[=u]:--
br[=u]can (enjoy) br[=y]c br[=e]ac brucon brocen b[=u]gan (bow) b[=y]h b[=e]ag bugon bogen
l[=u]can (lock) l[=y]c l[=e]ac lucon locen l[=u]tan (bow) l[=y]tt l[=e]at luton loten sc[=u]fan (push)
sc[=y]f s[.c][=e]af scufon scofen
{30}
WEAK VERBS.
There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in -an, pret. -de(h[=i]eran, h[=i]erde, 'hear'); (2) in -ian, pret.
-ede(w[e,]nian, w[e,]nede, 'wean'); (3) in -ian, pret. -ode (lufian, lufode, 'love'). The verbs of the first two
conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third
conjugation very seldom have.
I. an-verbs.
This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except in the pret. and past partic., which
are formed by adding -de and -edrespectively, with the following consonant changes.
-ndde becomes -nde as in s[e,]nde from s[e,]ndan (send). -llde " -lde " fylde " fyllan (fill). -tde " -tte "
m[=e]tte " m[=e]tan (find). -pde " -pte " dypte " dyppan (dip). -cde " -hte " t[=]hte " t[=][.c]an (show).
The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--s[e,]nd, m[=e]tt, t[=]ht, but some of them often
retain the uncontracted forms:--fylled, dypped. When declined like adjectives they drop their e where
practicable:--fylled, plur. fylde; h[=i]ered, h[=i]erde.
The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs.
(a) 'Hear'-class.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. h[=i]er-e (hear), h[=i]er-e. 2. h[=i]er-st, h[=i]er-e. 3.
h[=i]er-, h[=i]er-e. plur. h[=i]er-a, h[=i]er-en. {31}
Pret. sing. 1. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. 2. h[=i]er-dest, h[=i]er-de. 3. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. plur. h[=i]er-don,
h[=i]er-den.
Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-a. Infin. h[=i]er-an. Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed. Gerund.
t[=o] h[=i]er-enne.
Further examples of this class are:--
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. t[=i]ewan (show) -[=i]ew -[=i]ewde -[=i]ewed.
c[=y]an (make known) c[=y] c[=y]de c[=y]ed, c[=y]dd fyllan (fill) fyl fylde fylled
(n[=e]a)l[=][.c]an (approach) -l[=][.c] -l[=]hte -l[=]ht l[=]dan (lead) l[]tt l[=]dde l[=]dd
l[e,][.c][.g]an (lay) l[e,][.g] l[e,][.g]de l[e,][.g]d [.g]el[=i]efan (believe) -l[=i]ef -l[=i]efde -l[=i]efed
n[e,]mnan (name) n[e,]mne n[e,]mnde n[e,]mned s[e,]ndan (send) s[e,]nt s[e,]nde s[e,]nd s[e,]ttan (set)
s[e,]tt s[e,]tte s[e,]tt sm[=e]an (consider) sm[=e]a sm[=e]ade sm[=e]ad t[=][.c]an (show) t[=][.c]
t[=]hte t[=]ht w[e,]ndan (turn) w[e,]nt w[e,]nde w[e,]nd
(b) 'Seek'-class.
In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and past partic., besides undergoing other
changes in some verbs.
Those in double consonants (and [.c][.g]) simplify them in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres.
indic.:--s[e,]lle, s[e,]lst, s[e,]l; s[e,][.c][,g]e, s[e,][.g]st, s[e,][.g]; also in the imperative, which is formed as
in Conj. II:--s[e,]le, s[e,][.g]e, by[.g]e, &c. {32}
[e,]:--
INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET.
cw[e,]llan (kill) cw[e,]l cwealde cweald r[e,][.c][.c]an (tell) r[e,][.c] reahte reaht s[e,][.c][.g]an (say)
s[e,][.g] s[.g]de s[.g]d s[e,]llan (give) s[e,]l sealde seald w[e,][.c][.c]an (wake) w[e,][.c] weahte
weaht [e,]n[.c]an (think) [e,]n[.c] [=o]hte [=o]ht
i:--
bringan (bring) bring br[=o]hte br[=o]ht
y:--
by[.c][.g]an (buy) by[.g] bohte boht yn[.c]an (appear) yn[.c] [=u]hte -uht wyr[.c]an (work) wyr[.c]
worhte worht
[=e]:--
r[=e][.c]an (care) r[=e][.c] r[=o]hte r[=o]ht s[=e][.c]an (seek) s[=e][.c] s[=o]hte s[=o]ht
II. 'Wean'-conjugation.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. w[e,]n-i[.g]e (wean), w[e,]n-i[.g]e. 2. w[e,]n-est, w[e,]n-i[.g]e.
3. w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. plur. w[e,]n-ia, w[e,]n-ien.
Pret. sing. 1. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. 2. w[e,]n-edest, w[e,]n-ede. 3. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. plur.
w[e,]n-edon, w[e,]n-eden.
Imper. w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-ia. Infin. w[e,]n-ian. Partic. pres. w[e,]n-iende; pret. w[e,]n-ed. Gerund. t[=o]
w[e,]n-ienne.
{33}
So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such as f[e,]rian (carry), w[e,]rian
(defend), [.g]ebyrian (befit). There are not many of them.
III. 'Love'-conjugation.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. luf-i[.g]e (love), luf-i[.g]e. 2. luf-ast, luf-i[.g]e. 3. luf-a,
luf-i[.g]e. plur. luf-ia, luf-ien.
Pret. sing. 1. luf-ode, luf-ode. 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. 3. luf-ode, luf-ode. plur. luf-odon, luf-oden.
Imper. luf-a, luf-ia. Infin. luf-ian. Partic. pres. luf-iende: pret. luf-od. Gerund. t[=o] luf-ienne.
So also [=a]scian (ask), macian (make), weorian (honour), and many others.
Irregularities.
Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are habban (have) and libban (live).
Habban has pres. indic. hbbe, hfst, hf; habba, subj. hbbe, hbben, pret. hfde, imper. hafa, habba,
particc. habbende, hfd.
Libban has pres. libbe, leofast, leofa; libba, subj. libbe, pret. leofode, imper. leofa, libba, particc.
libbende, lifiende; leofod.
F[e,]tian (fetch) has pret. f[e,]tte.
STRONG-WEAK VERBS.
The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from which new weak preterites are
formed. Note the occasional second person sing. in t. {34}
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. w[=a]t (know), wite. 2. w[=a]st, wite. 3. w[=a]t, wite. plur.
witon, witen.
Pret. wiste.
Imper. wite, wita. Infin. witan. Partic. pres. witende; pret. witen.
The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and 2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur.
indic., in the pret., in the infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not exist.
[=A]h (possess), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (only as adjective)[4].
Cann (know) canst, cunnon; c[=u]e; cunnan; c[=u] (only as adjective.)
Dearr (dare), durre, durron; dorste.
[.G]eman (remember), -manst; -munde; -munan.
M[.g] (can), miht, magon, m[.g]e (subj.); mihte.
M[=o]t (may), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste.
S[.c]eal (shall), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (subj.); scolde.
earf (need), urfon, yrfe (subj.); orfte; urfan.
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
(1) Willan (will) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. sing.:--
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. wile, wile. 2. wilt, wile. 3. wile, wile. plur. willa, willen.
Pret. wolde, etc.
{35}
Similarly nyllan (will not):--
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. nyle, nyle. 2. nylt, nyle. 3. nyle, nyle. plur. nylla, nyllen.
Pret. nolde, etc.
(2) Wesan (be).
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. eom; b[=e]o, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. 2. eart; bist, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. 3. is;
bi, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. plur. sind; b[=e]o, s[=i]en; b[=e]on.
Pret. sing. 1. ws, w[=]re. 2. w[=]re, w[=]re. 3. ws, w[=]re. plur. w[=]ron, w[=]ren.
Imper. wes, wesa; b[=e]o, b[=e]o. Infin. wesan; b[=e]on. Partic. pres. wesende.
The contracted negative forms are:--neom, neart, nis; ns, n[=]re, n[=]ron; n[=]re, n[=]ren.
(3) D[=o]n (do).
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. d[=o], d[=o]. 2. d[=e]st, d[=o]. 3. d[=e], d[=o]. plur.
d[=o], d[=o]n.
Pret. dyde, etc.
Imper. d[=o], d[=o]. Infin. d[=o]n. Partic. pres. d[=o]nde; pret. [.g]ed[=o]n.
{36}
(4) G[=a]n (go).
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. g[=a], g[=a]. 2. g[=]st, g[=a]. 3. g[=], g[=a]. plur.
g[=a], g[=a]n.
Pret. [=e]ode, [=e]ode.
Imper. g[=a], g[=a]. Infin. g[=a]n. Partic. pres. gangende; pret. [.g]eg[=a]n.
* * * * *
DERIVATION.
PREFIXES.
The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are verbal, being confined to verbs and words
formed directly from them; some nominal, being confined to nouns and adjectives.
[=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in [=a]r[=i]san, 'rise forth,' 'arise'; [=a]faran, 'go away,''depart'; but
generally only intensive, as in [=a]cw[e,]llan (kill), [=a]hr[=e]osan (fall).
(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, as in [=a]-hw[=]r (anywhere),
[=a]-wiht (anything).
[=][.g]- from [=a]-[.g]e-, the [=a] being mutated and the e dropped, has a similar meaning, as in
[=][.g]-hwelc (each), [=][.g]er = [=][.g]-hwer (either).
be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition be), (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in
bes[e,]ttan (beset, surround), bes[.c]ieran (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in
be[e,]n[.c]an (consider) from [e,]n[.c]an (think); (3) gives a privative meaning, as in beh[=e]afdian
(behead). In some words, such as becuman (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37}
for- (which is distinct from the preposition for) generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in
ford[=o]n (destroy), forweoran(perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has this
meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in forbr[=e]otan(break up, break), forscrincan (shrink up). It
also modifies in a bad sense generally, as in fors[=e]on (despise), or negatives, as in forb[=e]odan (forbid).
[.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in [.g]ef[=e]ra(fellow-traveller, companion) from f[=e]ran (travel). With
verbs it often signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in [.g]eg[=a]n (conquer), originally
'go over,' or 'reach,' [.g]ewinnan(win) from winnan (fight). Hence generally prefixed to h[=i]eran and
s[=e]on, [.g]eh[=i]eran and [.g]es[=e]on strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed
to past participles (p. 23), where it originally gave the meaning of completion--[.g]elufod = 'completely
loved.'
mis- = 'mis,' as in mis-d[=]d (misdeed).
n- = ne (not), as in n[=a] (not), literally 'never,' n[=]fre(never), ns (was not) = ne ws.
on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition on. It properly signifies 'separation,' as in
onl[=u]can (open) from l[=u]can(lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in on[.g]innan(begin).
or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in orsorg (unconcerned) from sorg (sorrow).
t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition t[=o](which occurs in t[=o]gdre, 'together,'
&c.), but signifies 'separation,' as in t[=o]berstan (burst asunder), t[=o]bre[.g]dan(shake off), and hence
'destruction,' as in t[=o]cw[=i]esan (crush to pieces, bruise).
un- negatives, as in un-[.g]es[=]li[.g] (unhappy). {38}
ENDINGS.
(a) NOUNS.
Personal.
-end, from the present participle -ende, = '-er':--H[=]lend (healer, Saviour), b[=u]end (dweller).
-ere = '-er':--s[=a]were (sower), mynetere (money-changer, minter) from mynet (coin).
-ing, patronymic, eling (son of a noble, prince) from ele (noble).
Abstract.
-nes, fem. from adjectives:--g[=o]d-nes (goodness), rihtw[=i]snes(righteousness).
-u, -o, fem., generally from adjectives:--[.g][=e]ogu (youth), str[e,]n[.g]o (strength) from strang.
-ung, fem. from verbs:--scotung (shooting, shot), h[e,]rgung(ravaging), from scotian, h[e,]rgian.
The following are also independent words:--
-d[=o]m, masc.:--w[=i]s-d[=o]m (wisdom), [=e]ow-d[=o]m (servitude).
-h[=a]d, masc.:--[.c]ild-h[=a]d (childhood).
-r[=]den, fem.:--[.g]ecwid-r[=]den (agreement) from cwide (speech); mann-r[=]den (allegiance).
-s[.c]ipe, masc.:--fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe (friendship). Concrete in wter-s[.c]ipe (piece of water, water).
(b) ADJECTIVES.
-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--gylden (golden), st[=]nen (of stone), h[=]en
(heathen) from h[=] (heath). In seolcen (silken) there is no mutation.
-feald = '-fold':--hund-feald (hundred-fold).
-i[.g]:--miht-i[.g] (mighty); h[=a]l-i[.g] (holy) from h[=a]l(whole). {39}
-isc, with mutation:--[E,]n[.g]lisc (English) from Angel; m[e,]nn-isc(human) from mann.
-ol:--swic-ol (deceitful).
-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--st[=]n-iht (stony).
-sum = 'some':--h[=i]er-sum (obedient).
The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:--
-fst:--s[=o]-fst (truthful).
-full:--sorg-full (sorrowful), [.g]el[=e]af-full (believing, pious).
-l[=e]as = '-less':--[=a]r-l[=e]as (dishonoured, wicked).
-lic (cp. [.g]el[=i]c) = '-ly':--folc-lic (popular), heofon-lic(heavenly).
-weard = '-ward':--s[=u]an-weard (southward).
VERBS.
-l[=][.c]an:--[=a]n-l[=][.c]an (unite), [.g]ew[=]r-l[=][.c]an(agree).
ADVERBS.
-e, the regular adverb-termination:--lange (long), [.g]el[=i]ce(similarly) from lang, [.g]el[=i]c. Sometimes
-l[=i]ce (from -lic) is used to form adverbs, as bl[=i]e-l[=i]ce (gladly) from bl[=i]e.
DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES.
Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive sense) and past participles (often
in an active sense):--
-nes:--for[.g]iefen-nes (forgiveness), [.g]er[e,][.c]ed-nes(narrative), welwillend-nes (benevolence).
-lic:--un[=a]r[=i]med-lic (innumerable).
-l[=i]ce:--welwillend-l[=i]ce (benevolently).
* * * * * {40}
SYNTAX.
GENDER.
When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or pronoun, the adjective or
pronoun is put in the neuter:--h[=i]e [.g]esamnodon h[=i]e, ealle [=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce
w[=i]f-menn ... and [=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]ost w[=]ron ... (they gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also
women ... and when they were most merry ...). Here bl[=i]ost is in the neuter plur.
CASES.
Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with l[=]ran (teach), take two
accusatives, one of the person, and another of the thing:--h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=]ni[.g] ing [=a]scian
(they durst not ask him anything); w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=]d [.g]el[=]ran (we can teach you a plan).
The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne d[.g]
[=i]dle? (why stand ye here all the day idle?)
Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and (2) the instrumental dative,
interchanging with the regular instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two.
(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is frequently used with verbs, together with
an accusative (generally of the thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with verbs of
giving, &c., as in h[=e] sealde [=]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning (he gave each a penny); addressing, as in ic
[=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e (I say to you), h[=e] ancode his Dryhtne (he thanked his Lord); but also with many
verbs of benefiting, influencing, &c., as in ne d[=o] ic [=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan (I do thee no injury), h[=i]e
noldon him l[=i]efan(they would not allow {41} them to do so); [=]m r[=e]um st[=i]erde(restrained the
cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in
by[.c][.g]a [=e]ow ele(buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: h[=i]e [.g]es[=o]hton
Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains--to help them); h[=e] clipode
Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume (he called Christ to his help).
The dative is also used with adjectives of nearness, likeness, &c.:--[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop
e him [.g]eh[e,]ndost ws (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); heofona
r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [=]m mangere e s[=o]hte t g[=o]de m[e,]regrot (the kingdom of the heavens is
like the merchant who sought the good pearl).
(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the instrument and mannerof an action: h[=e] [.g]e[e,]ndode
yflum d[=e]ae (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in
s[.c][=e]afm[=]lum(sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--rim [.g][=e]arum [=]r [=]m e h[=e]
forf[=e]rde (three years before he died), which is also expressed by the instrumental itself:--s[=e]o wolde
[e,]fsian [=]lce [.g][=e]are one sanct (she used to cut the saint's hair every year); [=y] f[=e]oran
[.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es (in the fourth year of his reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental
dative is used like the ablative absolute in Latin: Hubba bel[=a]f on Norhymbra-lande, [.g]ewunnenum
si[.g]e mid wlhr[=e]ownesse (H. remained in Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty).
Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--his f[=e]onda sum (one of his enemies); hiera f[=i]f
w[=]ron dysi[.g]e (five of them were foolish). Hence it is generally used with fela, as in fela wundra(many
miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18).
The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of various emotions and mental states, such
as {42} joy, desire, remembering:--h[=i]e s f[.g]nodon sw[=i]e (they rejoiced at it greatly); m[=e]
l[=e]ofre w[=]re t ic on [.g]efeohte f[=e]olle wi [=]m e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can
(it would be pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) their country); ic s
[.g]ewilni[.g]e (I desire that); [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte (if he cared about his life); h[=e] ws s
H[=]lendes [.g]emyndi[.g] (he was mindful of--he remembered the Saviour).
Some of these verbs, such as biddan (ask), take an accusative of the person and a genitive of the thing:--h[=e]
hine hl[=a]fes bitt (he asks him for bread).
Verbs of depriving, restraining, &c., have the same construction:--nis Angel-cynn bed[=]led Dryhtnes
h[=a]lgena (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints).
Some verbs of giving, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of the person:--him ws oftogen [=]lces
f[=o]dan (they were deprived of all food).
The genitive is often used to define an adjective or noun:--[=u] eart wiere sl[e,][.g]es (thou art worthy of
death); on [=]m [.g][=e]are e lfred eling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara ws (in the year when
Prince Alfred was twenty-one).
CONCORD.
Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de m[e,]nn), but also when the
adjective follows the noun, either predicatively or in apposition:--[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de; h[=e] [.g]eseah
[=o]re [=i]dle standan (he saw others standing idle); h[=i]e c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum
(they came with long ships, not many).
APPOSITION.
In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put in the genitive, but the two are simply
put in {43} apposition, both being declined separately:--Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene ([=]m)
[=i]e[.g]lande. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the same way:--lfred eling (prince
Alfred); on elredes cyninges d[.g]e (in the days of king elred).
There is a similar apposition with the adjective sum followed by a noun or pronoun, as in sume [=a] m[e,]nn
(some of the men); [=a] [=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi we[.g] (while he sowed, some of
them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in [=a] b[=]don h[=i]e sume t
Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for
them).
Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we have an adjective agreeing with a
following noun, and denoting a part of it:--h[=i]e [.g]es[=]ton s[=u]anwearde Bretene [=]rest (they
occupied the south of Britain first); s[=u]anweard hit (= t land) hfdon Peohtas (the Picts had the south
part of it).
ADJECTIVES.
The weak forms are used:
(1) after the definite article:--se ela cyning (the noble king); s elan cyninges, t g[=o]de
m[e,]regrot, [=a] g[=o]dan m[e,]regrotu.
(2) after is:--[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode (these poor people, pl.); es h[=a]lga cyning (this holy king), isses
h[=a]lgan cyninges.
(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and often after possessive
pronouns:--[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas (thy hidden treasures).
(4) in the vocative:--[=u] yfla [=e]ow and sl[=a]wa! (thou bad and slothful servant); [=e]al[=a] [=u]
l[=e]ofa cyning! (oh, thou dear king).
Note that [=o]er always keeps the strong form: [=a] [=o]ru d[=e]or(the other wild beasts). So also do the
possessive pronouns: {44} [=a]s m[=i]n word (these my words). [=A]n in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong
form to distinguish it from the weak [=a]na = 'alone': t [=a]n d[=e]orwiere m[e,]regrot (the one precious
pearl).
ARTICLES.
The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as God, and also before Dryhten (the
Lord), D[=e]ofol (the Devil), although se D[=e]ofol also occurs, and names of nations:--Bretta cyning(king of
the Britons).
It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where it is omitted in Modern English also,
as in si[.g]efst on s[=] and on lande (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: [.g]ew[e,]nde
t[=o] wuda on[.g][=e]an (went back to the wood); se floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe (the army of pirates
went back to their ships); h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e (he took the government--came to the throne).
The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would not be in Modern E., as in se mann =
'man' (men in general).
The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--t dyde unhold mann (an enemy did that); h[=e]
bestealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf(he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by sum: on [=]m
lande ws sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]eh[=a]ten (in that country was a man called L.). Or by [=a]n, as in
Modern English:--[=a]n wulf wear [=a]s[e,]nd t[=o] bew[e,]rienne t h[=e]afod wi [=a] [=o]ru
d[=e]or(a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).
PRONOUNS.
Hwt is used interrogatively of persons where we should use 'who':--h[=e] nyste hwt h[=i]e w[=]ron (he
did not know who they were). {45}
VERBS.
NUMBER.
After [=]lc [=a]ra e (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., agreeing not with [=a]ra e but with
[=]lc:--[=]lc [=a]ra e [=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]eh[=i]er (each of those who hear these my words).
When t or is is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the
plural:--t w[=]ron [=a] [=]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna e Angel-cynnes land
[.g]es[=o]hton(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race).
Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a genitive of the thing.
Others, such as yn[.c]an (appear), take a dative of the person:--ws him [.g]e[=u]ht t h[=i]e
beh[=y]dden t h[=e]afod (they thought they (the Danes) had hidden the head).
TENSES.
There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used instead:--ne [=a]b[=y]h n[=]fre E[=a]dmund
Hinguare (Edmund will never submit to H.); g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow
t riht bi (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a
tendency to use b[=e]on in a future sense. Another example is [.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]ebunden mid seofon
r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]ewield (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The
future is sometimes expressed by will and shall, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of
volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the
preterites wolde and scolde:--
H[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on e hine [=a]b[=i]tan wolde (he seized a lion {46} that was going to
devour him); h[=i]e w[=e]ndon t h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re onf[=o]n (they expected to receive more).
The preterite has the meaning of the modern
(1) Preterite and imperfect:--se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne, and [=a] [=a] h[=e]
s[=e]ow ... (the sower went out to sow his seed, and while he was sowing ...).
(2) Perfect:--h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as (here is my servant, whom I have chosen);--[=u]re
cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] lande (our king has just landed here).
(3) Pluperfect:--[=a] [=a] [.g]ec[=o]mon e ymb [=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d c[=o]mon (when those came who
had come at the eleventh hour).
Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by hbbe and hfde with the past participles,
and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in n[=u] ic hbbe
[.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]ru tw[=a] pund (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has
the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was
declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by habban: h[=i]e hfdon
hiera cyning [=a]worpenne (they had deposed their king).
The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb [=]r (before):--his sw[=e]ora, e [=]r
ws forsl[.g]en (his neck, which had been cut through).
The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with wesan:--sian h[=i]e [=a]farene w[=]ron
(after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is
connected.
The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of duration, &c.:--[=a]n mann ws
eardiende on Israh[=e]la [=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]eh[=a]ten (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47}
PASSIVE.
The passive is formed with wesan or weoran with the past participle. These forms are very vague in
meaning, and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but wesan appears to indicate
a state, weoran an action.
wear [.g]elufod is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: [=a]n wulf wear [=a]s[e,]nd (a wolf was
sent); m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe e[.g]nas, e on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon ofsl[.g]ene (my beloved thanes, who have
been killed in their beds).
ws [.g]elufod, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in meaning:--se [=]rendraca s[.g]de his
hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]eandwyrd ws (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered).
SUBJUNCTIVE.
The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but merely as an object of thought. Hence
it is used to express wish, conditions, doubt, &c.
A. In principal sentences.
Wish and command (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--s him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan
[e,]nde (therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end); ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=]fre
oe w[=i]n (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).
B. In dependent sentences.
The chief cases are the following:--
(1) In indirect narrative and question: s[=e]o cw[=e]n s[.g]de t hiere n[=]re be healfum d[=]le
[.g]es[.g]d be Salomones m[=]ro (the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by
half); ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e (I ask where the offering is); m[e,]nn woldon
s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=][.g]e (men {48} wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect
narration is perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is put in the
indicative:--h[=e] hiere s[.g]de on hw[=]m his miht ws (he told her what his strength consisted in).
(2) After verbs of desiring and commanding:--
s ic [.g]ewilni[.g]e and [.g]ewys[.c]e mid m[=o]de t ic [=a]na ne bel[=i]fe fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum
e[.g]num (that I desire and wish with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes).
(3) To express purpose:--[=y] l[=]s [.g][=e] one hw[=]te [=a]wyrtwalien (lest ye root up the
wheat);--Dryhten [=a]st[=a]g nier, t[=o] b[=]m t h[=e] [.g]es[=a]we [=a] burg (the Lord descended, in
order that he might see the city).
(4) To express result:--[=u] nfst [=a] mihte t [=u] m[.g]e him wistandan (thou hast not the power
that thou canst withstand him).
(5) To express hypothetical comparison (as if):--se wulf folgode for mid [=]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e]
tam w[=]re (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); h[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and
t[=o]br[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o]t[=]re ti[.c][.c]en (he seized a lion and tore her
to pieces, as if he were rending a kid).
(6) In conditional clauses, generally with [.g]if or b[=u]tan, and in concessive clauses with [=e]ah, [=e]ah
e:--God w[=a]t t ic nyle [=a]b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic (God knows
that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); [=a]s flotm[e,]nn cuma, and [=e]
cwicne [.g]ebinda, b[=u]tan [=u] mid fl[=e]ame [=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]ebeorge (these pirates will come
and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); God hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman o
one mi[.c]lan d[.g], [=e]ah e h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole
until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from
the context:--clipia t[=o] issum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]em[=e]ten (summon to this
wedding whomsoever ye meet, = if ye meet any one); h[=i]e beh[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wi [=]m e
h[=e]o beswice Samson (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she
would...).
When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as in the above instances, both
clauses are put in the subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also,
where if I were ... implies I am not.... The modern distinction between if I were and if I had been, the former
corresponding to the present indicative I am not, the latter to the preterite I was not, is not made in Old
English, which uses gif ic w[=]re in both instances. Sometimes the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in
thought:--m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=]re t ic on [.g]efeohte f[=e]olle wi [=]m e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera
eardes br[=u]can (I would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), where we must
supply some such clause as [.g]if hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte (if it might be so--if it were possible to save my
people by my death).
(7) In clauses dependant on a negative sentence:--nis n[=a]n ing e his mihte wistande (there is nothing
that resists his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as in se h[=a]lga is
m[=]rra onne m[e,]nn m[.g]en [=a]sm[=e]an (the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive = the
saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it).
(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: [=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]ew[=i]tt fram [=e], o t [=u]
wite t God [.g]ewielt manna r[=i][.c]a (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God
rules the kingdoms of men); uton {50} weorian [=u]rne naman, [=]r [=]m e w[=e] s[=i]en
t[=o]d[=]lde [.g]eond ealle eoran! (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth).
The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by should and would with an infinitive, as in Modern English.
Scolde is used after verbs of desiring, requesting and commanding:--biddende one lmihtigan t h[=e]
him [=a]rian scolde(praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of
commanding is understood from the noun [=]rende:--h[=e] s[e,]nde t[=o] m cyninge b[=e]otlic
[=]rende, t h[=e] [=a]b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mannr[=]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte (he
sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared about his life).
Wolde is used after verbs of purpose:--se cyning [=e]ode inn t he wolde [.g]es[=e]on [=a] e [=]r
s[=]ton (the king went in to see those who were sitting there).
INFINITIVE.
After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense:--h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan
m[=a]ran fultum (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing,
&c.:--t m[=]ste wl e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon (the greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In
such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.
GERUND.
The gerund is used--
(1) to express purpose:--[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne (the sower went forth to sow
his seed).
(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): hit is scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne (it is
shameful to speak of such things). {51}
PREPOSITIONS.
Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as urh (through), ymbe(about); some the dative (and
instrumental), such as fter (after), [=]r (before), t (at), be (by), binnan (within), b[=u]tan(without), for
(for), fram (from), of (of), t[=o] (to).
Some govern both accusative and dative, such as ofer (over), on (on, in), under (under). The general rule is
that when motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus on with the
accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find the
accusative used with verbs of rest, as in h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]etimbrode ofer st[=a]n (he built his house on a
rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=]nihte (they fell on
stony ground).
As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that in is very seldom used, its place
being supplied by on, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by ofer, as in the passage just quoted.
When a thing is referred to, [=]r is substituted for hit, the preposition being joined on to the [=]r, so that,
for instance, [=]r-t[=o] corresponds to t[=o] him; h[=i]e l[=]ddon one cyning t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe,
and t[=i]e[.g]don hine [=]r-t[=o] (they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also h[=e]r-be[=e]astan
is equivalent to 'east of this (country).'
Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, sometimes with other words
intervening: h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him t[=o] (they shot at him with missiles); h[=i]e cw[=]don him
betw[=e]onan (they said among themselves); [=]m lmihtigan t[=o] lofe, e h[=i]e on [.g]el[=i]efdon (to
the praise of the Almighty, in whom they believed), where on {52} refers to the indeclinable e. So also in t
h[=u]s e h[=e] inne wunode (the house he dwelt in).
Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the preposition becomes an adverb: se
cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and fordyde [=a] mannslagan (the king sent his army to the place, and
destroyed the murderers).
NEGATION.
The negative particle is ne, which drops its e before some common verbs and pronouns, as in nis = ne is,
n[=a]n = ne [=a]n. The negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words
besides which admit the contracted forms:--t[=o]cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne forbr[=i]ett (he breaks not the
bruised reed), hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll (it did not fall); n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n ing (no man knew anything).
So also with ne ... ne = 'neither ... nor': ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]em (he neither disputes nor cries
out).
CORRELATION.
Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as in [=a] [=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon,
[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum = 'when the men slept, then came one of his enemies.' In [=a] [=a] =
'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--[=a] [=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e
f[=e]ollon wi we[.g] = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the
conjunction t is correlative with the pronoun t:--s ic [.g]ewilni[.g]e t ic [=a]na ne bel[=i]fe fter
m[=i]num l[=e]ofum e[.g]num--'that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes
a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--h[=e] [.g]ebr[=o]hte hine [=]r
h[=e] hine [=]r [.g]enam (he brought him to the place where he took him from). {53}
WORD-ORDER.
The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, though it is not so strict, thus:--
The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group, or when
the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence:--[=a] cw se cyning (then said the king); [=]rest
w[=]ron b[=u]end isses landes Brettas (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); on his
dagum c[=o]mon [=]rest r[=e]o s[.c]ipu (in his days three ships first came); t b[=]ron olfendas (camels
carried it); m[=]re is se God e Dani[=e]l on bel[=i]ef (great is the God that Daniel believes in).
The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=]d [.g]el[=]ran (we can teach
you a plan).
The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary verb often coming after an
infinitive or participle; t w[=]ron [=a] [=]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna e Angel-cynnes land
[.g]es[=o]hton(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); t
m[=]ste wl e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon o isne andweardan d[.g] (the greatest slaughter that we
have heard tell of up to this present day); t h[=i]e one Godes mann [=a]bitan scolden(in order that they
should devour the man of God).
There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, or, at least, to bring it near the end:
hiene man ofsl[=o]g (they killed him); h[=i]e [=]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon (they got the victory there).
* * * * *
{54}
GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.
NOUNS. STRONG. WEAK. M. N. F. M. N. F. Sg. N. -- -- -(u) -a -e -e A. -- -- -(e) -an -e -an D. -e -e -e -an -an
-an G. -es -es -e -an -an -an \____ ____/ \/ Pl. N. -as -(u) -a -an D. -um -um -um -um G. -a -a -(en)a -ena
ADJECTIVES. Sg. N. -- -- -(u) -a -e -e A. -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an D. -um -um -re -an -an -an G. -es -es -re -an
-an -an I. -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) Pl. N. -e -(u) -e \____ ____/ \____ ____/ \/ \/ -an D. -um -um G. -ra -ra
VERBS. PRESENT. PRETERITE. Indic. Subj. Indic. Subj. Sg. 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de 2. -(e)st;
-ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de 3. -(e); -a -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de Pl. -a; -ia -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den Imper.
sg. -(a); pl. -(i)a. Infin. -(i)an. Partic. pres. -(i)ende; pret. -en, -ed, -od. Ger. (i)enne.
* * * * *
{55}
TEXTS.
I.
SENTENCES.
[=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra inga, t is God l-mihti[.g]. Se [.g]el[=e]afa e bi b[=u]tan g[=o]dum
weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; is sind [=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde
s[e,]l his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A]l[=i]esend is se g[=o]da hierde, and w[=e]
cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his 5 leoht ne s[e,]l, and steorran of heofone fealla.
Sw[=a] sw[=a] wter [=a]dw[=]s[.c] f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a]dw[=]s[.c] s[=e]o lmesse synna.
Ealle [.g]es[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan, steorran and eoran, eall n[=i]etenu
and ealle fuglas, s[=] and ealle fiscas God [.g]esc[=o]p and [.g]eworhte on siex dagum; and 10 on
[=]m seofoan d[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e] beh[=e]old [=a] eall his weorc e
h[=e] [.g]eworhte, and h[=i]e w[=]ron eall sw[=i]e g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land,
bodiende Godes [.g]el[=e]afan. H[=e] forl[=e]t eall woruld-ing. Se cyning beb[=e]ad t man scolde
ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15 and hiera ws sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=]fre [=]r ne ws on
n[=a]nes cyninges d[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an ealle [=a] D[e,]niscan m[e,]nn e on Angel-cynne
w[=]ron.
[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n ing
m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20 {56} on [=a] burg ealne d[.g], and [=o]hton t h[=i]e h[=i]e
scolden [=a]brecan. Se eorl [.g]ew[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and ws [=]r ealne one winter.
elred cyning and lfred his br[=o]or fuhton wi ealne one h[e,]re on sces-d[=u]ne.
Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=]le, t is, on [=]re s[=a]wle; 25 h[=e]o ne [.g]e[e,]nda
n[=]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e] be his [=a]gnum willan, and wile bindan one un-scyldigan, and one
scyldigan [=a]l[=i]esan, onne forl[=i]est h[=e] [=a] miht e him God for[.g]eaf. [=e]od win
on[.g][=e]an [=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e on[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e. Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatia for
m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]eworhte 30 fela wundra binnan [=]m fierste e h[=e] biscop ws. H[=e]
[.g]eh[=]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum wtre. Se cyning wear ofsl[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On
[=]m ilcan [.g][=e]are ws se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se msse-pr[=e]ost [=a]sca t
[.c]ild, and cwi: 'Wiscst [=u] d[=e]ofle?' onne andwyrt 35 se god-fder, and cwi: 'Ic wisace
d[=e]ofle.' God lmihtiga, [.g]emiltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! elred cyning c[=o]m h[=a]m t[=o] his
[=a]genre [=e]ode, and h[=e] gldl[=i]ce fram him eallum onfangen wear.
Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, beb[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum t 40 h[=i]e scolden t[=][.c]an eallum
[=e]odum [=a] ing [=a] h[=e] self him t[=]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for[.g]iefa mannum hiera synna,
onne forgief [=e]ower se heofonlica Fder [=e]owre synna. Ne m[.g] n[=a]n mann tw[=]m
hl[=a]fordum [=e]owian: oe h[=e] [=a]nne hata and [=o]erne lufa, oe h[=e] bi [=a]num
[.g]eh[=i]ersum and [=o]rum un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45
Se cyning nam s eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande. M[e,]nn beh[=o]fia g[=o]dre l[=a]re on
issum t[=i]man, e is [.g]e[e,]ndung isse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, e is [=]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af,
andb[=i]da s mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and [=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste formolsnod, 50 {57} God
hine [=a]r[=]r, and [.g]ebring t[=o]gdre s[=a]wle and l[=i]chaman t[=o] [=]m [=e][.c]an
l[=i]fe. Hwelc fder wile s[e,]llan his [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A][.g]iefa [=]m
c[=a]sere [=a] ing e s c[=a]seres sind, and Gode [=a] ing e Godes sind. S[=e]o s[=a]wol
and-b[=i]da s [=e][.c]an [=]ristes. 55
H[=e] ws cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God lmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning,
and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford. D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and [=a] yflan
m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]a is yfel and earmlic, for [=]m e h[=i]e fara of issum
scortan l[=i]fe t[=o] [=e][.c]um 60 w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa hbbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a
fisca. Ne [.g]ewilna [=u] [=o]res mannes [=]hta!
On [=]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=]r [=]m e h[=i]e hider on land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton
on [=a] burg ealne d[.g], ac h[=i]e ne mihton h[=i]e [=a]brecan. [=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera
s[.c]ipum. [=]r 65 b[=e]o sw[=i]e mani[.g]e byri[.g] on [=]m lande, and on [=]lcre byri[.g] bi
cyning.
God cw t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile ford[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid wtre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile
[.g]ehealdan [=e], and [=i]n w[=i]f, and [=i]ne r[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann hfde tw[=e][.g]en suna;
[=a] 70 cw h[=e] t[=o] [=]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o]d[.g] on m[=i]num
w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' [=a] cw h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode [=e]ah sian t[=o] [=]m w[=i]n[.g]earde.
H[=e] dyde his fder willan. Se pr[=e]ost cw t[=o] [=]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman
s Fder, s Suna, and s H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra [=i]num fder and 75 [=i]nre m[=e]der!
Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and bd for hiere dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wear [.g]eh[=]led urh
[.g]el[=e]afan [=]re m[=o]dor.
B[=e]o [.g]emyndi[.g]e [=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda e Dryhten cw on {58} his god-spelle! H[=e]
cw: 'For[.g]iefa, and [=e]ow bi for[.g]iefen; 80 s[e,]lla, and [=e]ow bi [.g]eseald.'
Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o] [.g]ebiddenne. lfred cyning f[=o]r
mid rim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=], and [.g]efeaht wi f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlstas D[e,]niscra manna, and
[=a]ra s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]enam, and [=a] m[e,]nn ofsl[.g]ene w[=]ron e 85 [=]r-on w[=]ron.
[=a] c[=o]mon r[=e]o s[.c]ipu. [=a] [.g]ef[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=a]ra r[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and
-a m[e,]nn ofsl[=o]gon, ealle b[=u]tan f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a]wr[=a]t be [=]m f[=e]ower
n[=i]etenum e him t[=i]ewdu w[=]ron, t h[=i]e hfden [=e]agan him on [=]lce healfe. [=A]n
[=a]ra n[=i]etena ws on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him t[=i]ewed, 90 [=o]er on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene,
ridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]ore on earnes.
God one [=]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]esc[=o]p, and eall mann-cynn mid him. lfred
elwulfing ws cyning ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan [=]m d[=]le e under D[e,]na onwealde ws.
[=]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bier g[=o]de wstmas, and [=]lc 95 yfel tr[=e]ow bier yfle wstmas; ne
m[.g] t g[=o]de tr[=e]ow beran yfle wstmas, ne t yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de wstmas. [=E]adigu sind
[=e]owru [=e]agan, for [=]m e h[=i]e [.g]es[=e]o, and [=e]owru [=e]aran, for [=]m e h[=i]e
[.g]eh[=i]era. Sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a] s[e,]l [=a]num urstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald wter on m[=i]num
naman, ne 100 forl[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=]enra manna we[.g]e! G[=o]d
mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bring g[=o]d for; and yfel mann of yflum goldhorde bring yfel for.
Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]ecweden [E,]n[.g]liscre [=e]ode apostol. [=a]
h[=e] [.g]eseah t se m[=]sta d[=]l [=]re [=e]ode 105 his l[=a]re fors[=a]won, [=a] forl[=e]t
h[=e] h[=i]e, and [.g]e[.c][=e]as [=a] h[=]nan l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=]tt, h[=i]e
fealla b[=e][.g]en on [=a]nne pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa s Fder and s Suna; and
h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]el[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o s[=a]wol onne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se
l[=i]chama onne his scr[=u]d. 110 {59} S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofa.
Behealda [=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, e ne s[=a]wa ne ne r[=i]pa, ac se heofonlica Fder h[=i]e
[=a]f[=e]tt. H[=e] cw, 'Ic neom [=o]rum mannum [.g]el[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=]de, 'Ic [=a]na
eom rihtw[=i]s, and [=a] [=o]re sind synn-fulle.' 115
[=a] se H[=]lend anon f[=o]r, [=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en blinde, cweende: '[.G]emiltsa unc,
Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cw t[=o] him: '[.G]el[=i]efe [.g]it t ic inc m[.g]e [.g]ehlan?' H[=e]
cw: 'S[=i]e inc fter incrum [.g]el[=e]afan.' elst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r inn on Scot-land, [=][.g]er
[.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120 and his mi[.c]el oferh[e,]rgode. Se mann e God
for[.g]iett, God for[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Fara, and l[=]ra ealle [=e]oda! L[=]ra h[=i]e t h[=i]e
healden eall [=a] ing e ic [=e]ow beb[=e]ad! Sume m[e,]nn s[.g]don be him t h[=e] w[=]re
lfredes sunu cyninges. Se H[=]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]a 125 m[e,]nn
t s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwt s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] t ic s[=i]e? [=u] eart s libbendan Godes sunu.
Cr[=i]st cw be his Fder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]a t h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and [.g][=e] hine ne
oncn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e one h[=a]lgan Fder oncn[=e]owen, onne underf[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid
[.g]el[=e]afan his Sunu, e h[=e] [=a]s[e,]nde 130 t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]e nearu
and sticol s[=e] e l[=]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]e br[=a]d and sm[=e]e s[=e]
e l[=]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] bi se we[.g]-f[=e]renda mann s[=e] e nim one sm[=e]an
we[.g] e h[=i]ne mis-l[=]tt, and forl[=]tt one sticolan e hine [.g]ebring t[=o] [=]re byri[.g].
t 135 ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on [=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]a hit on leohte; and t [.g][=e] on [=e]are
[.g]eh[=i]era, bodia uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e scufon [=u]t hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]ew[e,]ndon him
be[.g]eondan s[=].
Healda and d[=o] sw[=a] hwt sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]a; and ne d[=o] [.g][=e] n[=a], fter hiera
weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]a, and ne d[=o]. Eall 140 hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o] t m[e,]nn h[=i]e
[.g]es[=e]on. H[=i]e lufia t {60} man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e]
n[=]ddran and n[=]ddrena cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me?
W[=e] sind ealle cuman on issum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind
h[=e]r swelce we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145 m[e,]nn: [=a]n cym, [=o]er fr. Hwelc mann s[e,]l his bearne
n[=]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=]lc [=a]ra e bitt, h[=e] onf[=e]h; and s[=e] e s[=e][.c], h[=e]
hit fint. Ne g[=] [=]lc [=a]ra on heofona r[=i][.c]e e cwi t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac
s[=e] e wyr[.c] m[=i]nes Fder willan e on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=] on heofona 150 r[=i][.c]e. Nis
hit n[=a] g[=o]d [=]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and hundum weorpe. Ic hbbe e[.g]nas under m[=e]:
and ic cwee t[=o] issum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=]; and t[=o] [=o]rum, 'cum,' and h[=e] cym, and
t[=o] m[=i]num [=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] is,' and h[=e] wyr[.c].
Se H[=]lend [.g]enam [=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and t[=o]brc, 155 and t[=o]d[=]lde
betwix [=]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce [=e]ac [=a] fiscas t[=o]d[=]lde; and h[=i]e ealle
[.g]en[=o]g hfdon. [=a] e [=]r [=]ton w[=]ron f[=e]ower [=u]send manna, b[=u]tan [.c]ildum
and w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=]don, and us cw[=]don:
'S[=o]l[=i]ce [=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] t 160 ic c[=o]me sibbe on eoran to
s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o] s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] beb[=e]ad t h[=i]e s[=]ten ofer
[=]re eoran. H[=e] s[.g]de t Nor-manna land w[=]re sw[=i]e lang and sw[=i]e sml.
H[=i]e ealle on one cyning w[=]ron feohtende, o t h[=i]e 165 hine ofsl[.g]enne hfdon. [=]lc
mann e [=o]re m[e,]nn forsih bi fram Gode forsewen. S[=e] e [=e]aran hbbe t[=o]
[.g]ehi[=e]renne, [.g]eh[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne.
God cw t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] ws Ionas [.g]eh[=a]ten: 'Far t[=o] [=]re byri[.g], and
boda [=]r [=a] word e ic [=e] s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170 {61} Lufia [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o] wel
[=]m e [=e]ow yfel d[=o]. Lufa Dryhten [=i]nne God on ealre [=i]nre heortan, and on ealre
[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum [=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] e ne lufa his br[=o]or, one e h[=e]
[.g]esih, h[=u] m[.g] h[=e] lufian God, one e h[=e] ne [.g]esih l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s
hwonne [=a]s 175 ing [.g]eweoren, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e [=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and worulde
[.g]e[e,]ndunge.
Se H[=]lend cw t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] ws h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=]m
magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f issum folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwt h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e]
wiste 180 t Philippus t nyste. God m[.g] d[=o]n eall ing; w[=e] sculon wundrian his mihte, and
[=e]ac [.g]el[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st [=a]r[=]rde Lazarum of d[=e]ae, and cw t[=o] his
leornung-cnihtum: 'T[=o]l[=i]esa his b[e,]ndas, t h[=e] g[=a]n m[.g]e.' God is lmihti[.g], and
m[.g] d[=o]n eall t h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre t[=i]de 185 [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile.
For [=]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; for [=]m e mannes Sunu wile cuman on [=]re t[=i]de e
[.g][=e] nyton. Se H[=]lend cw be his Fder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic s[e,][.c][.g]e t ic hine ne
cunne, onne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow [.g]el[=i]c.'
Se d[=e]ofol cw t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if [=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, cwe 190 t[=o] issum st[=a]num t
h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a]w[e,]nde t[=o] hl[=a]fum.' [=a] and-wyrde se H[=]lend, and cw: 'Hit is
[=a]writen, "ne leofa se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofa be eallum [=]m wordum e
g[=a] of Godes m[=u]e."' Se H[=]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him, [=]r h[=i]e w[=]ron [.g]egadrode, and
cw: 'S[=i]e sibb betwix 195 [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a]fyrhte.' Fder [=u]re,
[=u] e eart on heofonum, s[=i]e [=i]n nama [.g]eh[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon, w[=e] dydon
un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for[.g]iefnesse: hwt sculon w[=e] d[=o]n?
{62}
II.
FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.
VII. 24-7.
[=]lc [=a]ra e [=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]eh[=i]er, and [=a] wyr[.c], bi [.g]el[=i]c [=]m
w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n [.g]etimbrode. [=a] c[=o]m [=]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el
fl[=o]d, and [=]r bl[=e]owon windas, and [=a]hruron on t h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll:
s[=o]l[=i]ce hit ws ofer st[=a]n [.g]etimbrod. 5
And [=]lc [=a]ra e [.g]eh[=i]er [=a]s m[=i]n word, and [=a] ne wyr[.c], s[=e] bi [.g]el[=i]c
[=]m dysigan m[e,]nn, e [.g]etimbrode his h[=u]s ofer sand-[.c]eosol. [=a] r[=i]nde hit, and [=]r
c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and bl[=e]owon windas, and [=a]hruron on [=]t h[=u]s, and t h[=u]s f[=e]oll; and
his hryre ws mi[.c]el. 10
XII. 18-21.
H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]ecorena, on [=]m wel [.g]el[=i]code
m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a]s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st ofer hine, and d[=o]m h[=e] boda [=e]odum. Ne
fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne hriem, ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]eh[=i]er his stefne on str[=]tum.
T[=o]cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne forbr[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne [=a]dw[=]sc, 15
[=]r [=]m e h[=e] [=a]weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his naman [=e]oda [.g]ehyhta.
XIII. 3-8.
S[=o]l[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. And [=a] [=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow,
sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi we[.g], and fuglas c[=o]mon and [=]ton [=a]. S[=o]l[=i]ce sumu
f[=e]ollon on st[=]nihte, [=]r hit 20 {63} nfde mi[.c]le eoran, and hrdl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for
[=]m e h[=i]e nfdon p[=]re eoran d[=i]epan; s[=o]l[=i]ce, [=u]p sprungenre sunnan, h[=i]e
[=a]dr[=u]godon and forscruncon, for [=]m e h[=i]e nfdon wyrtruman. S[=o]l[=i]ce sumu
f[=e]ollon on ornas, and [=a] ornas w[=e]oxon, and forrysmdon [=a]. Sumu s[=o]l[=i]ce 25
f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eoran, and sealdon wstm, sum hund-fealdne, sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum
riti[.g]-fealdn[e,].
XIII. 24-30.
Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]eworden [=]m m[e,]nn [.g]el[=i]c e s[=e]ow g[=o]d s[=]d on his cere.
S[=o]l[=i]ce, [=a] [=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, [=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum, and ofers[=e]ow hit mid
coccele onmiddan [=]m 30 hw[=]te, and f[=e]rde anon. S[=o]l[=i]ce, [=a] s[=e]o wyrt w[=e]ox,
and one wstm br[=o]hte, [=a] t[=i]ewde se coccel hine. [=a] [=e]odon s hl[=a]fordes [=e]owas
and cw[=]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne s[=e]owe [=u] g[=o]d s[=]d on [=i]num cere? hwanon hfde
h[=e] coccel?' [=a] cw h[=e]: 't dyde unhold mann.' [=a] cw[=]don [=a] 35 [=e]owas: 'Wilt
[=u], w[=e] g[=a] and gadria h[=i]e?' [=a] cwp h[=e]: 'Nese: [=y] l[=]s [.g][=e] one
hw[=]te [=a]wyrtwalien, onne [.g][=e] one coccel gadria. L[=]ta [=][.g]er weaxan o
r[=i]p-t[=i]man; and on p[=]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e [=]m r[=i]perum: "gadria [=]rest
one coccel, and binda s[.c][=e]af-m[=]lum t[=o] forbrnenne; 40 and gadria one hw[=]te int[=o]
m[=i]num b[e,]rne."'
XIII. 44-8.
Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [.g]eh[=y]ddum gold-horde on [=]m cere. one beh[=y]tt se mann
e hine fint, and for his blisse g[=], and s[e,]l eall t h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]eby[.g] one cer.
Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]el[=i]c [=]m mangere e s[=o]hte t g[=o]de 45 m[e,]re-grot. [=a]
h[=e] funde t [=a]n d[=e]or-wiere m[e,]regrot, [=a] [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall t h[=e]
[=a]hte, and bohte t m[e,]regrot. {64}
Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]el[=i]c [=a]s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on [=a] s[=], and of [=]lcum fisc-cynne
gadriendum. [=a] h[=i]e [=a] t n[e,]tt [=u]p 50 [=a]tugon, and s[=]ton be [=]m strande, [=a]
[.g]ecuron h[=i]e [=a] g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and [=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a]wurpon [=u]t.
XVIII. 12-14.
[.G]if hwelc mann hf hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losa [=a]n of [=]m, h[=u], ne forl[=]tt h[=e]
[=a] nigon and hundnigonti[.g] on [=]m muntum, and g[=], and s[=e][.c] t [=a]n e forwear?
And [.g]if 55 hit [.g]elimp t h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]l[=i]ce ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e t h[=e] sw[=i]or
[.g]eblissa for [=]m [=a]num onne for [=]m nigon and hundnigontigum e n[=a] ne losodon.
XX. 1-16.
Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [=]m h[=i]redes ealdre, e on [=]rnemer[.g]en [=u]t [=e]ode
[=a]h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard. [.G]ewordenre 60 [.g]ecwid-r[=]denne [=]m wyrhtum,
h[=e] sealde [=]lcum [=a]nne [e,]ning wi his d[.g]es weorce, and [=a]s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his
w[=i]n[.g]eard. And [=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]eseah ore on str[=]te
[=i]dle standan. [=a] cw h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow
t riht bi.' And h[=i]e [=a] 65 f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe [=a] siextan and nigoan
t[=i]d, and dyde [=]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. [=a] ymbe [=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode,
and funde [=o]re standende, and [=a] s[.g]de h[=e]: 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g]
[=i]dle?' [=a] cw[=]don h[=i]e: 'For [=]m e [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' [=a] cw h[=e]:
'And 70 g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.'
S[=o]l[=i]ce [=a] hit ws [=]fen [.g]eworden, [=a] s[.g]de se w[=i]n[.g]eardes hl[=a]ford his
[.g]er[=e]fan: 'Clipa [=a] wyrhtan, and [=a][.g]ief him hiera m[=e]de; on[.g]inn fram [=]m
[=y]temestan o one fyrmestan.' Eornostl[=i]ce [=a] [=a] [.g]ec[=o]mon e ymbe [=a] [e,]ndlyftan
75 t[=i]d c[=o]mon, [=a] onf[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=]lc his p[e,]ning. And [=a] e {65} [=]r [=]rest
c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon t h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re onf[=o]n; [=a] onf[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e
[e,]ningas. a ongunnon h[=i]e murcnian on[.g][=e]an one h[=i]redes ealdor, and us cw[=]don:
'[=a]s [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and [=u] dydest h[=i]e [.g]el[=i]ce [=u]s, 80 e b[=]ron
byrenna on isses d[.g]es h[=]tan.' [=a] cw h[=e] and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a]
[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic [=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me [=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o]
wyr[.c]enne wi [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim t [=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile issum [=y]temestum s[e,]llan
eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] [=e]. Oe ne m[=o]t ic 85 d[=o]n t ic wile? Hwer e [=i]n [=e]age
m[=a]nfull is for [=]m e ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]o a fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and [=a]
[=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]l[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]eclipode, and f[=e]a [.g]ecorene.'
XXII. 2-14.
Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [=]m cyninge e macode his suna 90 [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his
[=e]owas, and clipode [=a] [.g]elaodan t[=o] [=]m [.g]ieftum. [=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. [=a]
s[e,]nde h[=e] eft [=o]re [=e]owas, and s[.g]de [=]m [.g]elaodum: 'N[=u] ic [.g]e[.g]earwode
m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind ofsl[.g]ene, and eall m[=i]n ing sind [.g]earu;
cuma t[=o] [=]m [.g]ieftum.' [=a] 95 forg[=i]emdon h[=i]e t, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his
t[=u]ne, sum t[=o] his mangunge. And [=a] [=o]re n[=a]mon his [=e]owas, and mid t[=e]onan
[.g]esw[e,]n[.c]ton, and ofsl[=o]gon. [=a] se cyning t [.g]ehierde, [=a] ws h[=e] ierre, and
s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and fordyde [=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg forbrnde. 100
[=a] cw h[=e] t[=o] his [=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce [=a]s [.g]iefta sind [.g]earwe, ac [=a] e
[.g]elaode w[=]ron ne sind wiere. G[=a] n[=u] t[=o] wega [.g]el[=]tum, and clipia t[=o] issum
[.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]em[=e]ten.' [=a] [=e]odon [=a] [=e]owas [=u]t on
[=a] wegas, and [.g]egadrodon ealle [=a] e h[=i]e [.g]em[=e]tton, g[=o]de and yfle; 105 [=a]
w[=]ron [=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu.
[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, t h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on [=a] e [=]r {66} s[=]ton, and [=a]
[.g]eseah h[=e] [=]r [=a]nne mann e ns mid [.g]ieftlicum r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. [=a] cw
h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, h[=u]meta [=e]odest [=u] inn, and nfdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' a sw[=i]gode
h[=e]. 110 And se cyning cw t[=o] his e[.g]num: '[.G]ebinda his handa and his f[=e]t, and weorpa
hine on [=a] [=y]terran [=e]ostru; [=]r bi w[=o]p and t[=o]a gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce
mani[.g]e sind [.g]elaode, and f[=e]a [.g]ecorene.
XXV. 1-13.
onne bi heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]el[=i]c [=]m t[=i]en f[=]mnum, e [=a] 115 leoht-fatu n[=a]mon,
and f[=e]rdon on[.g][=e]an one br[=y]d-guman and [=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=]ron dysi[.g]e, and
f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. And [=a] f[=i]f dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him;
[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid [=]m leohtfatum. [=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde,
[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and sl[=e]pon. 120 Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and
cw: 'N[=u] se br[=y]dguma cym, fara him t[=o][.g][=e]anes.' [=a] [=a]rison ealle [=a]
f[=]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. [=a] cw[=]don [=a] dysigan to p[=]m w[=i]sum:
'S[e,]lla [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for [=]m [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a]cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' [=a]
andswarodon [=a] gl[=e]awan, 125 and cw[=]don: 'Nese; [=y] l[=]s e w[=e] and [.g][=e] nbben
[.g]en[=o]g: g[=a] t[=o] [=]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]a [=e]ow ele.' Witodl[=i]ce, [=a]
h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, [=a] c[=o]m se br[=y]dguma; and [=a] e [.g]earwe
w[=]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] [=]m [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru ws belocen. [=a] t
n[=i]ehstan c[=o]mon 130 a [=o]re f[=]mnan, and cw[=]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=]t [=u]s inn.'
[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cw: 'S[=o] ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.'
Witodl[=i]ce, wacia, for [=]m e [.g][=e] nyton ne one d[.g] ne [=a] t[=i]d.
XXV. 14-30.
Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]l[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135 {67} [=e]owas, and bet[=]hte him his
[=]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=][.g]hwelcum be his
[=a]gnum m[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na.
[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] e [=a] f[=i]f pund underf[=e]ng, and [.g]estr[=i]ende [=o]ru f[=i]f. And
eall-sw[=a] s[=e] e [=a] tw[=a] underfeng, [.g]estr[=i]ende 140 [=o]ru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e]
e t [=a]n underf[=e]ng, f[=e]rde, and bedealf hit on eoran, and beh[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh.
Witodl[=i]ce fter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m [=a]ra [=e]owa hl[=a]ford, and dihte him [.g]erad. [=a]
c[=o]m s[=e] e [=a] f[=i]f pund underf[=e]ng, and br[=o]hte [=o]ru f[=i]f, and cw: 'Hl[=a]ford,
f[=i]f pund [=u] sealdest 145 m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]estr[=i]ende [=o]ru f[=i]f.' [=a] cwp his
hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]e, [=u] g[=o]da [=e]ow and [.g]etr[=e]owa: for [=]m e
[=u] w[=]re [.g]etr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu ing, ic [.]ges[e,]tte [=e] ofer mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o]
[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' [=a] c[=o]m s[=e] e [=a] tw[=a] pund underf[=e]ng, and cw:
'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund [=u] 150 m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic hbbe [.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]ru tw[=a].'
[=a] cw his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]eblissa, [=u] g[=o]da [=e]ow and [.g]etr[=e]owa: for
[=]m e [=u] w[=]re [.g]etr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela ic [=e] [.g]es[e,]tte; g[=a] on [=i]nes
hl[=a]fordes [.g]ef[=e]an.' [=a] c[=o]m s[=e] e t [=a]n pund underf[=e]ng, and cw: 'Hl[=a]ford,
ic w[=a]t t 155 [=u] eart heard mann: [=u] r[=i]pst [=]r [=u] ne s[=e]owe, and gaderast [=]r
[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde ofdr[=]dd, and beh[=y]dde [=i]n pund on eoran; h[=e]r
[=u] hfst t [=i]n is.' [=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cw: '[=u] yfla [=e]ow and
sl[=a]wa, [=u] wistest t ic r[=i]pe [=]r ic ne s[=e]owe, 160 and ic gadri[.g]e [=]r ic ne
str[=e]dde: hit [.g]ebyrede t [=u] befste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, onne ic c[=o]me,
t m[=i]n is, mid [=]m gafole. [=A]nima t pund t him, and s[e,]lla [=]m e m[=e] [=a]
t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce [=]lcum [=a]ra e hf man s[e,]l, and h[=e] hf [.g]en[=o]g;
[=]m e nf, 165 t him yn[.c] t h[=e] hbbe, t him bi tbrogden. And weorpa one
unnyttan [=e]ow on [=a] [=y]terran [=e]ostru; [=]r bi w[=o]p and t[=o]a gristb[=i]tung.'
{68}
III.
OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.
I.
fter [=]m s[=o]l[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=]con [=a]ne spr[=][.c]e. [=a] [=a] h[=i]e
f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld on Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon
[=]r-on.
[=a] cw[=]don h[=i]e him betw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s ti[.g]elan, and [=]lan h[=i]e on
f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e hfdon ti[.g]elan for 5 st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e
cw[=]don: 'Uton timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel o heofon h[=e]anne! uton weorian [=u]rne
naman, [=]r []m e w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]d[=]lde [.g]eond ealle eoran!'
Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a]st[=a]g nier, t[=o] [=]m t h[=e] [.g]es[=a]we 10 [=a] burg and one
st[=i]epel, e Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]etimbrodon. And h[=e] cw: 'is is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e
spreca [=a]n lden, and h[=i]e begunnon is t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]esw[=i]ca h[=i]e [=]r
[=]m e hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]l[=i]ce uton cuman and t[=o]d[=]lan hiera spr[=][.c]e!' 15
Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o]d[=]lde of [=]re st[=o]we [.g]eond ealle eoran. And for [=]m man
n[e,]mnde [=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for [=]m e [=]r w[=]ron t[=o]d[=]lde ealle spr[=][.c]a.
II.
God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]eh[=i]ersumnesse, and clipode his naman, and cw him us
t[=o]: 'Nim [=i]nne 20 [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, e [=u] lufast, and far t[=o] [=]m {69}
lande Visionis hrae, and [.g]eoffra hine [=]r uppan [=a]nre d[=u]ne.'
Abrah[=a]m [=a] [=a]r[=a]s on [=]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid tw[=]m cnapum t[=o] [=]m
fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25 on assum r[=i]dende.
[=a] on [=]m riddan d[.g]e, [=a] h[=i]e [=a] d[=u]ne [.g]es[=a]won, [=]r [=]r h[=i]e
t[=o] scoldon t[=o] ofsl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, [=a] cw Abrah[=a]m t[=o] [=]m tw[=]m cnapum us:
'Andb[=i]dia [=e]ow h[=e]r mid [=]m assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and [=]t [.c]ild g[=a] unc t[=o]
[.g]ebiddenne, 30 and wit sian cuma s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.'
Abrah[=a]m [=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran one wudu t[=o] [=]re st[=o]we, and h[=e] self br his
sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c a [=a]scode Abrah[=a]m his fder: 'Fder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=]r
s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e; h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se fder: 'God fores[.c][=e]awa, 35
m[=i]n sunu, him self [=a] offrunge.'
H[=i]e c[=o]mon [=a] t[=o] [=]re st[=o]we e him [.g]esweotolode God; and h[=e] [=]r weofod
[=a]r[=]rde on [=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and one wudu [.g]el[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde
habban t[=o] his suna brnette, sian h[=e] ofsl[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]eband [=a] his 40 sunu, and
his sweord [=a]t[=e]ah, t h[=e] hine [.g]eoffrode on [=a] ealdan w[=i]san.
Mid [=]m e h[=e] wolde [=]t weorc be[.g]innan, [=a] clipode Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of
heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cw t[=o]: 'Ne [=a]cw[e,]le [=u]
45 t [.c]ild, ne [=i]ne hand ne [=a]str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran! N[=u] ic oncn[=e]ow
s[=o]l[=i]ce t p[=u] ondr[=]tst sw[=i]e God, n[=u] p[=u] p[=i]nne [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu
woldest ofsl[=e]an for him.'
[=a] beseah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under bc, and [.g]eseah [=]r [=a]nne ramm betwix [=]m
br[=e]mlum be [=]m hornum [.g]ehftne, 50 and h[=e] hfde one ramm t[=o] [=]re offrunge, and
hine [=]r ofsn[=a] Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t [=a] st[=o]we Dominus
videt, t is 'God [.g]esih,' and [.g]iet is [.g]es[.g]d sw[=a], In monte Dominus videbit, t is, 'God
[.g]esih on d[=u]ne.' {70}
Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cw: 'Ic s[.g]de 55 urh m[=e] selfne, s[.g]de se lmihtiga,
n[=u] [=u] noldest [=a]rian [=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac [=e] ws m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re
onne his l[=i]f, ic [=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and [=i]nne of-spring gemani[.g]-fielde sw[=a] sw[=a]
steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol on s[=]; [=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera
f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. And on 60 [=i]num s[=]de b[=e]o ealle [=e]oda [.g]ebl[=e]tsode, for [=]m e
[=u] [.g]eh[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=]se us.'
Abrah[=a]m [=a] [.g]e[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon him h[=a]m s[=o]na mid
heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge.
III.
Sum cw[=e]n ws on s[=u]-d[=]le, Saba [.g]eh[=a]ten, snotor and 65 w[=i]s. [=a] [.g]eh[=i]erde
h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m fram [=]m s[=u]ernum [.g]em[=]rum to Salomone binnan
Hierusal[=e]m mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=]ron s[=u]erne wyrta, and d[=e]or-wiere
[.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o cw[=e]n [=a] hfde spr[=][.c]e wi Salomon, and
s[.g]de him sw[=a] hwt 70 sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e[=o]hte. Salomon [=a] h[=i]e
l[=]rde, and hiere s[.g]de ealra [=a]ra worda and[.g]iet e h[=e]o hine [=a]scode. [=a] [.g]eseah
s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and t m[=]re tempel e h[=e] [.g]etimbrod hfde, and
[=a] l[=a]c e man Gode offrode, and s cyninges mani[.g]-fealde e[.g]nunga, and ws 75 t[=o]
[=]m sw[=i]e ofwundrod t h[=e]o nfde furor n[=a]nne g[=a]st, for [=]m e h[=e]o ne mihte
n[=a] furor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cw [=a] t[=o] [=]m cyninge: 'S[=o] is t word e ic
[.g]eh[=i]erde on m[=i]num earde be [=e] and be [=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde [.g]el[=i]efan
[=]r [=]m e ic self hit [.g]es[=a]we. N[=u] hbbe ic [=a]fandod 80 t m[=e] ns be healfum
d[=]le [=i]n m[=]ro [.g]ec[=y]ped. M[=a]re is [=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and [=i]n weorc onne se
hl[=i]sa w[=]re e ic [.g]eh[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind [=i]ne e[.g]nas and [=i]ne [=e]owas, e simle
tforan [=e] standa, and [=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]eh[=i]era. [.G]ebl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se lmihtiga
God, e [=e] [.g]e[.c][=e]as and [.g]es[e,]tte 85 {71} ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, t [=u] d[=o]mas
s[e,]tte and riht-w[=i]snesse,' H[=e]o for[.g]eaf [=]em cyninge [=a] hundtw[e,]lfti[.g] punda goldes,
and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierra wyrta and d[=e]orwierra [.g]immst[=a]na. Salomon [=e]ac for[.g]eaf
[=]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hws sw[=a] h[=e]o [.g]iernde t him; and h[=e]o [.g]ew[e,]nde
on[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]le mid hiere 90 e[.g]num. Salomon [=a] ws [.g]em[=]rsod ofer eallum
eorlicum cyningum, and ealle [=e]oda [.g]ewilnodon t h[=i]e hine [.g]es[=a]wen, and his
w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]eh[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald l[=a]c br[=o]hton.
S[=e]o cw[=e]n hfde [.g]et[=a]cnunge [=]re h[=a]lgan [.g]elaunge ealles 95 cr[=i]stenes folces, e
c[=o]m t[=o] [=]m [.g]esibbsuman Cr[=i]ste t[=o] [.g]eh[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and [=a]
god-spellican l[=a]re a h[=e] [=a]stealde, and be onliehtunge s s[=o]an [.g]el[=e]afan, and be
[=]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, and be hyhte and wuldre s
[.g]em[=]nelican [=]ristes. 100
S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde and on d[=e]orwierum
[.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=]um; and t b[=]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]el[=e]affulle [.g]elaung,
e cym of [=]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bring him [=a]s fore-s[.g]dan l[=a]c fter g[=a]stlicum
and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offra him gold urh s[=o]ne 105 [.g]el[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=]as urh [.g]ebedu,
and d[=e]orwiere [.g]immas urh f[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra [=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra m[.g]na. Be isse
[.g]elaunge cw se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: Adstitit regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata
varietate, t is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt t [=i]nre sw[=i]ran, on ofergyldum 110 [.g]ierlan,
ymbscr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]elaung, is
[.g]egl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierre frtwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and
mihta.
H[=e]o s[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115 [.g]elaung [.g]eopena Cr[=i]ste
hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and a d[=i]eglan [.g]e[=o]htas on s[=o]re andetnesse.
Olfendas b[=]ron [=a] d[=e]orwieran l[=a]c mid [=]re cw[=e]ne {72} int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for
[=]m e [=a] h[=]nan, e [=]r w[=]ron [.g]ehoferode urh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice urh
leahtras, b[=]ron, 120 urh hiera [.g]e[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]el[=e]afan, [=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c
t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum.
S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his [.g]etimbrunga, and e[.g]nunga; and
s[=e]o [.g]elaung wundra Cr[=i]stes w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for [=]m e h[=e] is s[=o] w[=i]sd[=o]m,
and eall w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125 of him. H[=e] [.g]etimbrode [=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne
middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]esceafta [.g]es[e,]tte on rim ingum, in mensura, et pondere, et numero, t
is, on [.g]emete, and on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]etele. Cr[=i]stes e[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=]lo and folca
[=a]l[=i]esednes, and [=a] sind [.g]es[=]li[.g]e e him e[.g]nia t[=o] 130 [.g]ecw[=e]mednesse on
[=]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]er[=y]num.
S[=e]o cw[=e]n s[.g]de t hiere n[=]re be healfum d[=]le [.g]es[.g]d be Salomones m[=]ro, and
s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]elaung, oe [.g]ehwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, onne h[=e]o cym
t[=o] [=]re heofonlican Hierusal[=e]m, onne [.g]esih h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=]ro 135 and
wuldor onne hiere [=]r on l[=i]fe urh w[=i]tegan oe apostolas [.g]ec[=y]dd w[=]re. Ne m[.g]
n[=a]n [=e]age on issum l[=i]fe [.g]es[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]eh[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes
heorte [=a]sm[=e]an [=a] ing e God [.g]earca [=]m e hine lufia. [=a] ing w[=e] magon
be[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a]sm[=e]an, 140 ne [=u]s n[=]fre ne [=a]r[=i]ett [=a]ra
g[=o]da [.g]enyhtsumnes.
Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle [=e]oda woldon [.g]es[=e]on one
[.g]esibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]eh[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton,
sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u] of eallum [=e]odum [.g]ewilnia m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]es[=e]onne one
[.g]e-sibbsuman 145 Cr[=i]st urh [.g]el[=e]afan, and one godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]eh[=i]eran,
and h[=i]e him d[.g]-hw[=]ml[=i]ce [=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c [.g]eoffria on mani[.g]fealdum
[.g]emetum.
IV.
On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don [=a] Babil[=o]niscan one {73} w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for
[=]m e h[=e] t[=o]wearp hiera d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150 and cw[=]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o]
[=]m fore-s[.g]dan cyninge C[=y]rum: 'Bet[=][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, e [=u]rne god B[=e]l
t[=o]wearp, and one dracan [=a]cwealde e w[=e] on bel[=i]efdon; [.g]if [=u] hine forst[e,]ntst,
w[=e] fordilgia [=e] and [=i]nne h[=i]red.'
[=a] [.g]eseah se cyning t h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=]ron, and n[=i]edunga 155 one w[=i]tegan
him t[=o] handum [=a]s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e [=a] hine [=a]wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]ae, on
[=]m w[=]ron seofon l[=e]on, [=]m man sealde d[.g]hw[=]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]eru and
tw[=a] s[.c][=e]ap, ac him ws [=a] oftogen [=]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, t h[=i]e one Godes mann
[=a]b[=i]tan scolden. 160
On [=]re t[=i]de ws sum [=o]er w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, his nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] br
his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] cere. [=a] c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cw: 'Abacuc, ber one
m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] e sitt on [=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]ae.' Abacuc
andwyrde [=]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne [.g]eseah 165 ic n[=]fre [=a] burg, ne ic one s[=e]a
n[=a]t.'
[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]el[=]hte hine be [=]m feaxe, and hine br t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte
bufan [=]m s[=e]ae. [=a] clipode se Abacuc: '[=u] Godes [=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim [=a]s l[=a]c e
[=e] God s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cw: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=]lend, s[=i]e [=e] lof 170 and weor-mynd
t [=u] m[=e] [.g]emundest.' And h[=e] [=a] [=]re sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el
[=]r-rihte mid swiftum flyhte [.g]ebr[=o]hte one disc-e[.g]n, Abacuc, [=]r h[=e] hine [=]r
[.g]enam.
Se cyning [=a] C[=y]rus on [=]m seofoan d[.g]e [=e]ode dr[=e]ori[.g] 175 t[=o] [=a]ra l[=e]ona
s[=e]ae, and inn beseah, and efne [=a] Dani[=e]l sittende ws [.g]esundfull onmiddan [=]m
l[=e]onum. [=a] clipode se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=]re is se God e Dani[=e]l on bel[=i]ef.'
And h[=e] [=a] mid [=]m worde hine [=a]t[=e]ah of [=]m scrfe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan [=a] e
hine [=]r ford[=o]n woldon. 180 s cyninges h[=]s wear hrdl[=i]ce [.g]efr[e,]mmed, and s
w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a]scofene betwix [=a] l[=e]on, and h[=i]e {74} [=]r-rihte mid
gr[=]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o]t[=]ron. [=a] cw se cyning: 'Forhtien and ondr[=]den
ealle eor-b[=u]end Dani[=e]les God, for [=]m e h[=e] is [=A]l[=i]esend and H[=]lend, 185
wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eoran.'
V.
Nabochodonosor, se h[=]ena cyning, [.g]eh[e,]rgode on Godes folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for
hiera m[=a]n-d[=]dum God t [.g]eafode. [=a] [.g]enam h[=e] [=a] m[=a]m-fatu, gyldenu and
silfrenu, binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190 [.g]el[=]dde. Hit [.g]elamp eft sian t
h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne [.g]esihe be him selfum [.g]eseah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him sian [=a][=e]ode.
fter issum ymb twelf m[=o]na, [=e]ode se cyning binnan his healle mid orm[=]tre
[=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc and his miht, and cw: 'H[=u], ne is is s[=e]o mi[.c]le
Babil[=o]n, 195 e ic self [.g]etimbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] rymme, m[=e] selfum to wlite and
wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum m[.g]ne and str[e,]n[.g]o?' Ac him clipode [=]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]e
[e,][.g]eslic stefn of heofonum, us cweende: '[=u] Nabochodonosor, [=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]ew[=i]tt fram
[=e], and [=u] bist fram mannum [=a]worpen, 200 and [=i]n wunung bi mid wild[=e]orum, and [=u]
itst grs, sw[=a] sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, o t [=u] wite t se h[=e]alica God [.g]ewielt manna
r[=i][.c]a, and t h[=e] for[.g]ief r[=i][.c]e [=]m e h[=e] wile.'
Witodl[=i]ce on [=]re ilcan t[=i]de ws [=e]os spr[=][.c] [.g]efylled 205 ofer Nabochodonosor, and
h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid wild[=e]orum, leofode be grse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, o t
his feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his n[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a] earnes clawa.
Eft sian him for[.g]eaf se lmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]ewitt, 210 and h[=e] cw: 'Ic Nabochodonosor
[=a]h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p t[=o] heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wear for[.g]iefen, and
ic [=a] bl[=e]tsode one h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode {75} one e leofa on
[=e][.c]nesse, for [=]m e his miht is [=e][.c]e, and his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=][.g]e and on
m[=][.g]e. Ealle eor-b[=u]end 215 sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]etealde on his wimetennesse. fter his
willan h[=e] d[=e] [=][.g]er [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eoran, and nis n[=a]n ing e his mihte
wistande, oe him t[=o] cwee 'hw[=y] d[=e]st [=u] sw[=a]?' On [=]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet
[.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e], and ic bec[=o]m t[=o] weor-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n
220 m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] bec[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and m[=i]n m[=]ro wear
[.g]e[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=]rsi[.g]e and wuldri[.g]e one heofonlican cyning, for
[=]m e eall his weorc sind s[=o], and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] m[.g]
[.g]e[=e]a-m[=e]dan [=a] e on m[=o]di[.g]nesse fara.' 225
us [.g]e[=e]am[=e]dde se lmihtiga God one m[=o]digan cyning Nabochodonosor.
{76}
IV.
SAMSON.
[=A]n mann ws eardiende on Israh[=e]la [=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]eh[=a]ten, of [=]re m[=][.g]e
Dan; his w[=i]f ws un-t[=i]emend, and h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m [=a] gangende
t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cw t h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him [.g]em[=]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne
drince n[=]fre oe w[=i]n, ne n[=a]ht 5 f[=u]les ne i[.c][.g]e; s[=e] bi Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his
[.c]ildh[=a]de; and man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oe bes[.c]ieran, for [=]m e h[=e] on[.g]in t[=o]
[=a]l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la [=e]ode, of Philist[=e]a [=e]owte.'
H[=e]o [=a]c[e,]nde [=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere s[.g]de se [e,]n[.g]el, and 10 h[=e]t hine Samson;
and h[=e] sw[=i]e w[=e]ox; and God hine bl[=e]tsode, and Godes g[=a]st ws on him. H[=e] wear
[=a] mihti[.g] on mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]o, sw[=a] t h[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on be we[.g]e, e
hine [=a]b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o]br[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce he t[=o]t[=]re sum
[=e]aelic ti[.c][.c]en. 15
H[=e] begann [=a] t[=o] winnenne wi [=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera fela ofsl[=o]g and t[=o] scame
t[=u]code, [=e]ah e h[=i]e onweald hfden ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. [=a] f[=e]rdon [=a] Philist[=e]i
for fter Samsone, and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode t h[=i]e hine [=a][.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera onwealde, t
h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=]denne mid tintregum 20 on him. H[=i]e [=a] hine [.g]ebundon
mid tw[=]m bstenum r[=a]pum and hine [.g]el[=]ddon t[=o] [=]m folce. And [=a]
Philist[=e]iscan s f[.g]nodon sw[=i]e; urnon him t[=o][.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende; woldon hine
tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=]denne. [=a] t[=o]br[.g]d Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, t [=a]
r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston e h[=e] mid 25 {77} [.g]ebunden ws. And h[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [= a] s[=o]na
sumes assan [.c]inn-b[=a]n e h[=e] [=]r funde, and [.g]efeaht wi h[=i]e, and ofsl[=o][.g] [=a]n
[=u]send mid s assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wear [=a] sw[=i]e ofyrst for [=]m wundorlican
sl[e,][.g]e, and bd one heofonlican God t h[=e] him [=a]s[e,]nde drincan, for [=]m e on [=]re
30 n[=e]awiste ns n[=a]n wters[.c]ipe. [=a] arn of [=]n [.c]innb[=a]ne of [=a]num t[=e] wter;
and Samson [=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne ancode.
fter issum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre byri[.g] on hiera onwealde, Gaza
[.g]eh[=a]ten. And h[=i]e s f[.g]nodon; 35 bes[e,]tton [=a] [=]t h[=u]s e h[=e] inne wunode;
woldon hine [.g]eniman mid [=]m e h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=]rne-mer[.g]en, and hine ofsl[=e]an.
Hwt [=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under[.g]eat; and [=a]r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o]middes his
f[=e]ondum, and [.g]enam [=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]ebr on his hry[.c][.g]e mid [=]m postum, 40
sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne t[=o] ufeweardum [=]m
cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]esihum.
Hine besw[=a]c sw[=a][=e]ah sian [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila [.g]eh[=a]ten, of [=]m h[=]nan folce,
sw[=a] t h[=e] hiere s[.g]de, urh hiere sw[=i]cd[=o]m 45 bep[=]ht, on hw[=]m his str[e,]n[.g]o
ws and his wundorlicu miht. [=a] h[=]nan Philist[=e]i beh[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wi [=]m e
h[=e]o beswice Samson one strangan. [=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o hine [.g]eorne mid hiere
[=o]l[=][.c]unge on hw[=]m his miht w[=]re; and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o
[.g]ebunden mid seofon 50 r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]ewield.' t swicole
w[=i]f [=a] be[.g]eat [=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] urh sierwunge sw[=a] wear [.g]ebunden. And
him man c[=y]de t [=]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; [=a] t[=o]brc h[=e] s[=o]na [=a] r[=a]pas,
sw[=a] sw[=a] h[e,]fel-r[=]das; and t w[=i]f nyste on hw[=]m his miht 55 ws. H[=e] wear eft
[.g]ebunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and h[=e] [=a] t[=o]brc, sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a] [=o]re.
H[=e]o besw[=a]c hine sw[=a][=e]ah, t h[=e] hiere s[.g]de t {78} n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode
[.g]eh[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de; and ic ns n[=]fre [.g]e[e,]fsod, ne n[=]fre bescoren;
and [.g]if ic b[=e]o 60 bescoren, onne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]rum mannum [.g]el[=i]c;' and h[=e]o
l[=e]t [=a] sw[=a].
H[=e]o [=a] on sumum d[.g]e, [=a] [=a] h[=e] on sl[=]pe l[.g], for[.c]earf his seofon loccas, and
[=a]weahte hine sian; [=a] ws h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]re m[e,]nn. And [=a]
Philist[=e]i 65 [.g]ef[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine bel[=]wde, and
[.g]el[=]ddon hine onwe[.g]; and h[=e]o hfde one s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a] him [.g]ewear.
H[=i]e [=a] hine [=a]bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]ebundenne l[=]ddon on heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m
t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne 70 belucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan t hiera
hand-cweorne. [=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht eft on him. And [=a] Philist[=e]i fullbl[=i]e
w[=]ron: ancodon hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e urh his fultum hiera f[=e]ond
[.g]ewielden. 75
[=a] Philist[=e]i [=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]eworhton, and [.g]esamnodon h[=i]e on sumre
[=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle [=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, r[=e]o [=u]send
manna on mi[.c]elre blisse. And [=a] [=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]ost w[=]ron, [=a] b[=]don h[=i]e sume
t Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na 80 [.g]ef[e,]tte mid sw[=i]licre
w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan betwix tw[=]m st[=]nenum sw[=e]orum. On [=]m tw[=]m
sw[=e]orum st[=o]d t h[=u]s eall [.g]eworht. And Samson [=a] plegode sw[=i]e him tforan; and
[.g]el[=]hte [=a] sw[=e]oras mid sw[=i]licre mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o]gdre t h[=i]e
s[=o]na t[=o]burston; and 85 t h[=u]s [=a] [=a]f[=e]oll eall, [=]m folce t[=o] d[=e]ae, and
Samson for mid, sw[=a] t h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]ae [=a]cwealde onne h[=e] [=]r cwic
dyde.
{79}
V.
FROM THE CHRONICLE.
Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on
[=]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f [.g]e[=e]odu: [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-lden.
[=]rest w[=]ron b[=u]end isses landes Brettas. [=a] c[=o]mon of Armenia, and [.g]es[=]ton
s[=u]an-wearde Bretene [=]rest. [=a] 5 [.g]elamp hit t Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]an of Scithian mid
langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and [=a] c[=o]mon [=]rest on Nor-ibernian [=u]p; and [=]r
b[=]don Scottas t h[=i]e [=]r m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for [=]m e
h[=i]e cw[=]don t h[=i]e ne mihten ealle tgdre [.g]ewunian [=]r. 10 And [=a] cw[=]don
[=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hwre r[=]d [.g]el[=]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]er [=i]e[.g]land
h[=e]r-be[=e]astan; [=]r [.g][=e] magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willa; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow
wist[e,]nt, w[=e] [=e]ow fultumia t [.g][=e] hit m[.g]en [.g]eg[=a]n.'
[=a] f[=e]rdon [=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon is land noran-weard; 15 s[=u]an-weard hit hfdon
Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=]r cw[=]don. And [=a] Peohtas him [=a]b[=]don w[=i]f t
Scottum on [=a] [.g]er[=a]d t h[=i]e [.g]ecuren hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on [=a] w[=i]f-healfe. t
h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange sian.
And [=a] [.g]elamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne t Scotta sum d[=]l 20 [.g]ew[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene,
and s landes sumne d[=]l [.g]e[=e]odon; and ws hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]eh[=a]ten: fram
m h[=i]e sind [.g]en[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi. {80}
Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus onf[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e, and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon
winter. 25
And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]elaode, Bretta cyninge,
[.g]es[=o]hton Bretene on [=]m st[e,]de e is [.g]en[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=]rest Brettum t[=o]
fultume, ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton.
Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a] 30 dydon, and si[.g]e hfdon
sw[=a] hw[=]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon.
H[=i]e [=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum; and h[=e]ton him
s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and s landes cysta. H[=i]e [=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran
fultum. [=a] c[=o]mon [=a] m[e,]nn of rim m[=][.g]um [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of 35
[E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum.
Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--t is s[=e]o m[=][.g] e n[=u] earda on Wiht--and
t cynn on West-seaxum e man n[=u][.g]iet h[=]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum c[=o]mon
[=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]-seaxe, and West-seaxe. 40 Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] sian st[=o]d
w[=e]ste betwix [=I]otum and Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle
Norhymbre.
455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton wi Wyrt[.g]eorne [=]m cyninge in [=]re st[=o]we e is
[.g]ecweden [.g]les-rep; 45 and his br[=o]or Horsan man ofsl[=o]g. And fter [=]m H[e,]n[.g]est
f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and sc his sunu.
457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and sc fuhton wi Brettas in [=]re st[=o]we e is [.g]ecweden
Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and [=]r ofsl[=o]gon f[=e]ower [=u]send wera. And [=a] Brettas [=a]
forl[=e]ton C[e,]nt-land, 50 and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g].
473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and sc [.g]efuhton wi W[=e]alas, and [.g]en[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu
h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and [=a] W[=e]alas flugon [=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r.
787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge. 55 And on his dagum c[=o]mon
[=]rest r[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and [=a] se {81} [.g]er[=e]fa [=]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde
dr[=i]fan t[=o] s cyninges t[=u]ne, [=y] h[=e] nyste hwt h[=i]e w[=]ron; and hine man ofsl[=o]g.
t w[=]ron [=a] [=]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna e Angel-cynnes land [.g]es[=o]hton. 60
851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]efeaht wi h[=]ne m[e,]nn mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re t
Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and [=]r mi[.c]el wl [.g]esl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon.
And [=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are elst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux mi[.c]elne h[e,]re ofsl[=o]gon t
Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon 65 s[.c]ipu [.g]ef[=e]ngon, and [=a] [=o]ru [.g]efl[=i]emdon; and
h[=]ne m[e,]nn [=]rest ofer winter s[=]ton.
And [=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]ore healf hund s[.c]ipa on T[e,]mese-m[=u]an, and br[=]con
Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg, and [.g]efl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his 70 fierde;
and f[=e]rdon [=a] s[=u] ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]ri[.g]e; and him [.g]efeaht wi elwulf cyning and
elbeald his sunu t [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and [=]r t m[=]ste wl [.g]esl[=o]gon
on h[=]num h[e,]re e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon o isne andweardan d[.g], and [=]r si[.g]e
n[=a]mon. 75
867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer Humbre-m[=u]an t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre
on Nor-hymbre. And [=]r ws mi[.c]el un-[.g]ew[=]rnes [=]re [=e]ode betwix him selfum, and
h[=i]e hfdon hiera cyning [=a]worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne cyning underf[=e]ngon llan.
And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] [=]m 80 [.g]e[.c]ierdon t h[=i]e wi one h[e,]re winnende
w[=]ron; and h[=i]e [=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]egadrodon, and one h[e,]re s[=o]hton t
Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on [=a] [.c]eastre br[=]con, and h[=i]e sume inne wurdon; and [=]r ws
un-[.g]emetlic wl gesl[.g]en Noranhymbra, sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and [=a] cyningas 85
b[=e][.g]en ofsl[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f wi one h[e,]re fri nam.
{82}
VI.
KING EDMUND.
Sum sw[=i]e [.g]el[=]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]an ofer s[=] fram sancte Benedictes st[=o]we, on
elredes cyninges d[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne r[.c]e-biscope, rim [.g][=e]arum [=]r [=]m e
h[=e] forf[=e]rde, and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. [=a] wurdon h[=i]e t spr[=][.c]e, o t
D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a] [=E]admundes 5 sweord-bora hit reahte
elst[=a]ne cyninge, [=a] [=a] D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann ws, and se sweord-bora ws
forealdod mann. [=a] [.g]es[e,]tte se munuc ealle [=a], [.g]er[e,][.c]ednesse on [=a]nre b[=e]c, and
eft, [=a] [=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s, binnan f[=e]am [.g][=e]arum, [=a] [=a]w[e,]ndon
w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit h[=e]rfter 10 st[e,]nt. Se munuc [=a] Abbo binnan
tw[=]m [.g][=e]arum [.g]ew[e,]nde h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wear s[=o]na t[=o] abbode
[.g]es[e,]tt on [=]m ilcan mynstre.
[=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, ws snotor and weorfull, and weorode simle mid
elum [=e]awum one 15 lmihtigan God. H[=e] ws [=e]a-m[=o]d and [.g]eungen, and sw[=a]
[=a]n-r[=]d urhwunode t h[=e] nolde [=a]b[=u]gan t[=o] bismerfullum leahtrum, ne on n[=a]wre
healfe h[=e] ne [=a]hielde his [=e]awas, ac ws simle [.g]emyndi[.g] [=]re s[=o]an l[=a]re: '[.G]if
[=u] eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]es[e,]tt, ne [=a]h[e,]fe [=u] [=e], ac b[=e]o betwix 20 mannum
sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] ws cysti[.g] w[=]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] fder,
and mid wel-willendnesse [.g]ewissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse, and [=]m r[=e]um
st[=i]erde, and [.g]es[=]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode on s[=o]um [.g]el[=e]afan. 25 {83}
Hit [.g]elamp [=a] t n[=i]ehstan t [=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode f[=e]rdon mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re,
h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiera [.g]ewuna is. On [=]m flotan
w[=]ron [=a] fyrmestan h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e[=a]nl[=]hte urh d[=e]ofol,
and h[=i]e on Norhymbra-lande [.g]el[e,]ndon mid scum, and 30 [=a]w[=e]ston t land, and [=a]
l[=e]ode ofsl[=o]gon. [=a] [.g]ew[e,]nde Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba bel[=a]f on
Norhymbra-lande, [.g]ewunnenum si[.g]e mid wl-hr[=e]ownesse. Hinguar [=a] bec[=o]m t[=o]
[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on [=]m [.g][=e]are e lfred eling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g]
[.g][=e]ara ws, s[=e] e West-seaxna 35 cyning sian wear m[=]re. And se fore-s[.g]da Hinguar
f[=]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande bestealcode, and [=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f,
and [=a] un[.g]ewittigan [.c][=i]ld, and to bismere t[=u]code [=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e]
s[e,]nde [=a] sian s[=o]na t[=o] [=]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=]rende, t h[=e] 40 [=a]b[=u]gan
scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte. Se [=]rend-raca c[=o]m [=a]
t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares [=]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a]b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re
cyning, c[=e]ne and si[.g]efst on s[=] and on lande, hf fela [=e]oda [.g]eweald, and c[=o]m n[=u]
mid fierde f[=]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, t 45 h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode hbbe. N[=u]
h[=]tt h[=e] [=e] d[=]lan [=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and [=i]nra ieldrena [.g]estr[=e]on
arodl[=i]ce wi hine, and [=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if [=u] cwic b[=e]on wilt, for [=]m e
[=u] nfst [=a] miht t [=u] m[.g]e him wistandan.' 50
Hwt [=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop e him [=a] [.g]eh[e,]ndost ws, and wi hine
sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] [=]m r[=e]an Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. [=a] forhtode se biscop for
[=]m f[=]rlican [.g]elimpe, and for s cyninges l[=i]fe, and cw t him r[=]d [=u]hte t
h[=e] t[=o] [=]m [.g]ebuge e 55 him b[=e]ad Hinguar. [=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and beseah t[=o]
[=]re eoran, and cw [=a] t n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] [=u] biscop, t[=o]
bismere sind [.g]et[=a]wode [=a]s earman {84} land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=]re t
ic on [.g]efeohte f[=e]olle wi [=]m e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' 60 And se biscop
cw: '[=E]al[=a] [=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, [=i]n folc l[=i] ofsl[.g]en, and [=u] nfst one fultum t
[=u] feohtan m[.g]e, and [=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cuma, and [=e] cwicne [.g]ebinda, b[=u]tan [=u] mid
fl[=e]ame [=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]ebeorge, oe [=u] [=e] sw[=a] [.g]ebeorge t [=u] b[=u]ge t[=o]
him.' [=a] cw [=E]admund cyning, 65 sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] fullc[=e]ne ws: 's ic [.g]ewilni[.g]e
and [.g]ew[=y]s[.c]e mid m[=o]de t ic [=a]na ne bel[=i]fe fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum e[.g]num, e on
hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=]rl[=i]ce ofsl[.g]ene fram issum flot-mannum.
Ns m[=e] n[=]fre [.g]ewunelic t ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]or sweltan, 70 [.g]if ic
orfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se lmihtiga God w[=a]t t ic nyle [=a]b[=u]gan fram his
b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=]fre, ne fram his s[=o]re lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'
fter issum wordum h[=e] [.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] [=]m [=]rend-racan e Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde,
and s[.g]de him unforht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 [=u] w[=]re n[=u] wiere sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle
[=a]f[=y]lan on [=i]num f[=u]lum bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=]nan handa, for [=]m e ic Cr[=i]ste
folgi[.g]e, e [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]eb[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]el[=i]ce wile b[=e]on ofsl[.g]en urh [=e]ow,
[.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awa. Far n[=u] sw[=i]e hrae, and s[e,][.g]e [=i]num r[=e]an
hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a]b[=y]h n[=]fre [=E]admund 80 Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=]num h[e,]re-togan,
b[=u]tan h[=e] to H[=]lende Cr[=i]ste [=]rest mid [.g]el[=e]afan on issum lande [.g]eb[=u]ge."'
[=a] [.g]ew[e,]nde se [=]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce onwe[.g], and [.g]em[=e]tte be we[.g]e one
wl-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and s[.g]de [=]m [=a]rleasan
h[=u] him [.g]eandwyrd 85 ws. Hinguar beb[=e]ad [=a] mid bieldo [=]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re t h[=i]e
s cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, e his h[=]se forseah, and hine s[=o]na bindan.
Hwt [=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid [=]m e Hinguar c[=o]m, st[=o]d innan his healle, s
H[=]lendes [.g]emyndi[.g], and [=a]wearp 90 his w[=]pnu: wolde [.g]eefenl[=][.c]an Cr[=i]stes
[.g]eb[=y]snungum, e {85} forb[=e]ad Petre mid w[=]pnum t[=o] winnenne wi [=a] wlhr[=e]owan
I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwt [=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan [=a] [=E]admund [.g]ebundon, and [.g]ebismrodon
huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] sian l[=]ddon one [.g]el[=e]affullan cyning
t[=o] [=a]num eor-faestan 95 tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine [=]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum,
and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] simle clipode betwix [=]m swinglum mid
s[=o]um [.g]el[=e]afan t[=o] H[=]lende Cr[=i]ste; and [=a] h[=]nan [=a] for his [.g]el[=e]afan
wurdon w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for [=]m e h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume: 100 h[=i]e scuton
[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, o t h[=e] eall ws bes[e,]tt mid hiera
scotungum, swelce [=i]les byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus ws. [=a] [.g]eseah Hinguar, se
[=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, t se ela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste wisacan, ac mid [=a]nr[=]dum
[.g]el[=e]afan hine [=]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine [=a] 105 beh[=e]afdian, and [=a] h[=]nan sw[=a]
dydon. Betwix [=]m e h[=e] clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste [=a][.g]iet, [=a] tugon [=a] h[=]nan one
h[=a]lgan t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of t h[=e]afod, and his
s[=a]wol s[=i]ode [.g]es[=]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. [=]r ws sum mann [.g]eh[e,]nde [.g]ehealden,
urh God beh[=y]dd [=]m h[=]num, 110 e is [.g]eh[=i]erde eall, and hit eft s[.g]de, sw[=a]
sw[=a] w[=e] hit s[e,][.c][.g]a h[=e]r.
Hwt [=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and beh[=y]ddon t h[=e]afod s h[=a]lgan
[=E]admundes on [=]m i[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum, t hit bebyr[.g]ed ne wurde. [=a] fter fierste
sian h[=i]e 115 [=a]farene w[=]ron, c[=o]m t land-folc t[=o], e [=]r t[=o] l[=a]fe ws,
[=]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c l[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon swie s[=a]ri[.g]e for his
sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru t h[=i]e nfden t h[=e]afod t[=o] [=]m bodi[.g]e. [=a]
s[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere e hit [=]r [.g]eseah, t [=a] flotm[e,]nn hfden t h[=e]afod mid him;
and 120 ws him [.g]e[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit ws fulls[=o], t h[=i]e beh[=y]dden t h[=e]afod
on [=]m holte forhwega.
H[=i]e [=e]odon [=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] [=]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende [.g]ehw[=]r, [.g]eond
[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=]r mihten {86} [.g]em[=e]tan t h[=e]afod. Ws
[=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor t [=a]n wulf 125 wear [=a]s[e,]nd, urh Godes wissunge, t[=o] bew[e,]rienne
t h[=e]afod wi [=a] [=o]ru d[=e]or ofer d[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon [=a] s[=e][.c]ende and
simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]ewunelic is [=]m e on wuda g[=a] oft, 'hw[=]r eart [=u]
n[=u], [.g]ef[=e]ra?' And him andwyrde t h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a]
[.g]el[=o]me 130 clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=]ni[.g] clipode, o t
h[=i]e ealle bec[=o]mon urh [=a] clipunge him t[=o]. [=a] l[.g] se gr[=]ga wulf e bewiste t
h[=e]afod, and mid his tw[=]m f[=o]tum hfde t h[=e]afod beclypped, gr[=]di[.g] and hungri[.g],
and for Gode ne dorste s h[=e]afdes onbyr[.g]an, ac 135 h[=e]old hit wi d[=e]or. [=a] wurdon h[=i]e
ofwundrode s wulfes hierd-r[=]denne, and t h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon mid him,
anciende [=]m lmihtigan ealra his wundra. Ac se wulf folgode for mid [=]m h[=e]afde, o t
h[=i]e t[=o] t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam wre, and [.g]ew[e,]nde eft sian 140 t[=o] wuda
on[.g][=e]an.
[=a] land-l[=e]ode [=a] sian l[e,][.g]don t h[=e]afod t[=o] [=]m h[=a]lgan bodi[.g]e, and
bebyri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre hrdunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a]r[=]rdon
s[=o]na him onuppan. Eft [=a] on fierste, fter fela [.g][=e]arum, [=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung
[.g]esw[=a]c, 145 and sibb wear for[.g]iefen [=]m [.g]esw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, [=a] f[=e]ngon h[=i]e
t[=o]gdre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorl[=i]ce [=]m h[=a]lgan, for [=]m e gel[=o]me
wundru wurdon t his byr[.g]enne, t [=]m [.g]ebed-h[=u]se [=]r h[=e] bebyr[.g]ed ws. H[=i]e
woldon [=a] f[e,]rian mid folclicre weormynde one h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 l[e,][.c][.g]an
innan [=]re [.c]iri[.c]an. [=a] ws mi[.c]el wundor t h[=e] ws eall sw[=a] [.g]eh[=a]l swelce
h[=e] cwic w[=]re, mid cl[=]num l[=i]chaman, and his sw[=e]ora ws [.g]eh[=]led, e [=]r ws
forsl[.g]en, and ws swelce [=a]n seolcen r[=]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] sweotolunge
h[=u] h[=e] ofsl[.g]en ws. [=E]ac swelce [=a] wunda, 155 e [=a] wlhr[=e]owan h[=]nan mid
[.g]el[=o]mum scotungum on his l[=i]ce macodon, w[=]ron [.g]eh[=]lde urh one heofonlican God;
{87} and h[=e]; l[=i] sw[=a] onsund o isne and-weardan d[.g], and-b[=i]diende [=]ristes and s
[=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s c[=y], e l[=i] un-formolsnod, t h[=e] b[=u]tan
forli[.g]re h[=e]r on 160 worulde leofode, and mid cl[=]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]ode.
Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]eh[=a]ten, t s h[=a]lgan byr[.g]enne, on [.g]ebedum and
fstennum manigu [.g][=e]ar sian. S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=]lce [.g][=e]are one sanct, and his
n[.g]las [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 on
weofode. a weorode t land-folc mid [.g]el[=e]afan one sanct, and [=e]odred biscop earle mid
[.g]iefum on golde and on seolfre, [=]m sancte t[=o] weormynde.
[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=]l un-[.g]es[=]lige [=e]ofas eahta on [=a]nre nihte t[=o] [=]m
[=a]r-weoran h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan [=a] 170 m[=a]mas e m[e,]nn ider br[=o]hton, and
cunnodon mid crfte h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]e [=a]
hspan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac underdealf [=a] duru mid spadan,
sum hiera mid hl[=]ddre wolde onl[=u]can [=]t [=e]ag-[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and
earml[=i]ce 175 f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] t se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]eband, [=]lcne sw[=a]
h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, t hiera n[=a]n ne mihte t mor [.g]efr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e
anon [=a]styrian; ac st[=o]don sw[=a] o mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn [=a] s wundrodon, h[=u] [=a]
weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]edelfe, 180 and [=]lc on his weorce ws
fste [.g]ebunden. H[=i]e wurdon [=a] [.g]ebr[=o]hte t[=o] [=]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t
h[=i]e [=a]h[=o]n on h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] ns n[=a] [.g]emyndi[.g] h[=u] se mildheorta
God clipode urh his w[=i]tegan [=a]s word e h[=e]r standa: Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne
cesses, '[=a] e man l[=]tt 185 t[=o] d[=e]ae [=a]l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac [=a]
h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes b[=e]c [.g]eh[=a]dodum forb[=e]oda [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum t[=o]
b[=e]onne ymbe [=e]ofas, for [=]m e hit ne [.g]ebyre [=]m e b[=e]op [.g]ecorene Gode to
e[.g]nienne t h[=i]e [.g]ew[=]rl[=][.c]an scylen on [=]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]ae, [.g]if h[=i]e
b[=e]o Dryhtnes 190 {88} e[.g]nas. Eft [=a] [=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e]
sian behr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge t h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]ne d[=o]m s[e,]tte [=]m
un[.g]es[=]ligum [=e]ofum, and hit bes[=a]rgode [=]fre o his l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and [=a] l[=e]ode
bd [.g]eorne t h[=i]e him mid fsten full[=i]ce r[=i]e dagas, biddende one lmihtigan t h[=e] him
195 [=a]rian scolde.
On [=]m lande ws sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]eh[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g]
for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] [=]m h[=a]lgan mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]e, and h[=e]t him t[=i]ewan
orgell[=i]ce sw[=i]e one h[=a]lgan sanct, hwer h[=e] [.g]esund w[=]re; ac sw[=a] hrae 200
sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]eseah s sanctes l[=i]chaman, [=a] [=a]w[=e]dde h[=e] s[=o]na, and
wl-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]ae. is is [=]m
[.g]el[=i]c e se [.g]el[=e]affulla p[=a]pa Greg[=o]rius s[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be [=]m
h[=a]lgan Laurentie, e l[=i] on R[=o]me-byri[.g], t m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e]
l[=][.g]e [.g]e 205 g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]estilde sw[=a] t [=]r swulton on [=]re
s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn tgdre; [=a] [.g]eswicon [=a] [=o]re t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne one
martyr mid m[e,]nniscum [.g]edwylde.
Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]eh[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=][.c]e be [=]m 210 h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, e
w[=e] h[=e]r nylla on [.g]ewrite s[e,]ttan, ac h[=i]e w[=a]t [.g]ehw[=a]. On issum h[=a]lgan is
sweotol, and on swelcum [=o]rum, t God lmihti[.g] m[.g] one mann [=a]r[=]ran eft on d[=o]mes
d[.g]e onsundne of eoran, s[=e] e hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman o one m[=i][.c]lan
d[.g], [=e]ah e h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me. 215 Wiere w[=]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for [=]m
weorfullan h[=a]lgan t h[=i]e man weorode and wel [.g]el[=o]gode mid cl[=]num Godes
[=e]owum t[=o] Cr[=i]stes [=e]owd[=o]me; for [=]m e se h[=a]lga is m[=]rra onne m[e,]nn
m[.g]en [=a]sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn bed[=]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena, onne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande
li[.c][.g]a swelce h[=a]lgan swelce 220 es h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]berht se [=e]adiga and sancte
elr[=y] on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on l[=i]chaman, [.g]el[=e]afan t[=o]
trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]re on {89} Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, e fela wundra wyr[.c]a, sw[=a]
sw[=a] hit w[=i]de is c[=u], [=]m lmihtigan t[=o] lofe, e h[=i]e on [.g]el[=i]efdon. 225 Cr[=i]st
[.g]esweotola mannum urh his m[=]re h[=a]lgan t h[=e] is lmihti[.g] God e wyr[.c] swelc
wundru, [=e]ah e [=a] earman I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga wis[=o]cen, for [=]m e h[=i]e sind
[=a]wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne b[=e]o n[=a]n wundru [.g]eworht
t hiera byr[.g]ennum, for [=]m e h[=i]e ne 230 [.g]el[=i]efa on one lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st
[.g]esweotola mannum hw[=]r se g[=o]da [.g]el[=e]afa is, onne h[=e] swelc wundru wyr[.c] urh his
h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond [=a]s eoran, s him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Fder
and [=]m H[=a]lgan G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235
{91}
NOTES.
The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are
to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar.
I. SENTENCES.
Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1.
is sind. Gr. 45. 2.
l. 6. s[e,]l. Gr. 45. 5.
l. 7. s[=e]o lmesse. Gr. 44. 3.
l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3).
l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3.
n[=]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. ne ws is usually contracted into ns; the full form is used here
because the ws is emphatic.
l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4.
l. 23. elred cyning. Gr. 42. 6.
l. 24. sces-d[=u]n, sf. Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.'
l. 27. wile here denotes repetition, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52.
l. 28. onne is correlative with gif (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3.
l. 37. lmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4).
l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Fder. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and
an adjective is frequent.
l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6).
l. 52. t[=o], for.
l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18.
l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1.
l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2).
l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3.
l. 63. p[=]m, those.
hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.
l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is bledsian. It is a derivative of bl[=o]d, like r[=i][.c]sian from
r[=i][.c]e, with mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and hence, in
heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.
l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably g[=o]dspell= 'good tidings,' a literal translation
of the Greek euagglion. {92} Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant-group,
or else god was directly substituted for g[=o]d, as giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the
word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic (guspiall) and Old
High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries.
bi. Gr. 45. 5.
l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19.
l. 89. him on [=]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on every side (of themselves).
l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5.
l. 93. elwulf-ing. Gr. 38.
l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7.
l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other
languages.
l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=]tt. [.g]if here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the
case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wist[e,]nt) is assumed as certain,
and VI. 19.
l. 114. cw[=]de. Gr. 48. (5).
l. 118. m[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1).
l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A).
l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79
below.
l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3.
l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2).
l. 124. w[=]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1).
l. 132. s[=e] e. Gr. 21.
l. 135. t. Gr. 21; 52. 3.
l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2.
l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is
often added to verbs of motion.
l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22.
l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8).
l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.'
l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7).
l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare m[.g]e, l. 118 above.
l. 166. ofsl[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5.
l. 176. [.g]eweoran. Gr. 47. (B. 1.)
l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5.
l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93}
II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.
l. 1. [=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8.
l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8).
l. 20. hit refers back to s[=]d, l. 18.
l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2.
l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin factum est.
l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19.
l. 40. t[=o] forbrnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive
'in order that it may be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1).
l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137.
l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=]enne [=]m wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of
the original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' [=]m wyrhtum is to be taken as a dative of the
person affected (Gr. 41).
l. 67. dyde [=]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like
his former proceeding), the sw[=a] being pleonastic.
l. 86. t. Gr. 21.
l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.'
l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. h[=u]s must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural h[=u]s
is regularly used to denote the group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the
kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called eldh[=u]s (fire-house).
l. 107. t h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two constructions, (1) h[=e] wolde
[.g]es[=e]on, (2) t (in order that) h[=e] [.g]es[=a]we.
III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.
The first two pieces are taken from lfric's translation of the Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his
Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his Bibliothek der angelschsischen Prosa--Genesis xi.
and xxii. The other three are from lfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.
l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5.
l. 13. lden. This word is the Latin latina (= lingua latina) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of
language generally. {94}
l. 17. for [=]m ... for [=]m e, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative.
l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of s[.c]eal with a verb of motion understood is very common.
l. 36. him self. him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to God--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for
him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern himself, themselves.
ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second n[=u] being almost causal (since).
l. 51. hfde ... t[=o], took ... for.
l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1).
l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.'
m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.'
l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57.
l. 82. w[=]re. Gr. 49. (7).
l. 89. hws is governed by [.g]iernde, by 'attraction.'
l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb.
l. 137. w[=]re. Gr, 49. (7).
l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for [.g]el[=i]efan.
l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above.
l. 174. [=]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6.
l. 200. fram mannum. fram here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions.
l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8).
IV. SAMSON.
From lfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch.
l. 8. on[.g]in t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, on[.g]innan is often used pleonastically in this way.
l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with [.g]eh[=a]ten is put in apposition to another noun it is
left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6).
l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=]ron, locked as they were.
ufeweardum [=]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2.
l. 46. ws, consisted.
l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect [.g]eworhtum (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the
construction with a relative clause--e of sinum [.g]eworhte sind. {95}
l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground that'--'because (as they said).'
l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106.
l. 87. for is often used pleonastically in this way with mid.
V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.
l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. h[=e]r is here used analogously to [=]r, as in II. 3 and the modern E. there
are. Cp. also l. 12 below.
[.g]e[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living
language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church
History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle.
l. 5. Armenia is an error for Armorica.
l. 6. Scithie, Scythia.
l. 8. Noribernie, North of Ireland.
l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle.
l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *Wurtigernfrom the British Vortigern.
l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet.
l. 45. [.g]lesrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford.
l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford.
l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem.
l. 61. h[=]ne m[e,]nn, Danes.
l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'
l. 64. dux is here written instead of ealdormann. So also we find rexfor cyning.
l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich.
l. 68. f[=e]ore healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the regular way of expressing fractional
numbers, as in the German viertehalb.
l. 71. S[=u]ri[.g]e, Surrey.
l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley.
l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. h[e,]re got a bad sense, through its association with h[e,]rgian (to harry),
and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws h[e,]re is defined as {96} a
gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called fierd, l. 71, 3
above.
Humbrem[=u]a, mouth of the Humber.
l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of Eboracum.
l. 84. inne wurdon, got in.
l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51.
VI. KING EDMUND.
From lfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The
present life has been printed only by Thorpe, in his Analecta Anglosaxonica from a very late MS. It is here
given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7.
It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but
without its metrical form. The alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m s[=u]an ofer s[=] fram sancte
Benedictes st[=o]we; d[.g]e, t[=o] D[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c.
l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive sancti.
l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, sanct having been made into a substantive.
l. 39. bilew[=i]t = *bile-hw[=i]t (with the regular change of hw into w between vowels) literally 'white
(=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of
'gentle,' 'simple.'
l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent.
l. 76. w[=]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6).
l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably f[=u]sne, but the plural f[=u]se may be taken to refer to
Hinguar and his men collectively.
l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh bettws, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E.
form nearly unchanged.
l. 176. sw[=a] t does not denote result here, but is explanatory--'namely by being bound....'
l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive.
l. 179. s ... h[=u], correlative.
l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui
ducuntur ad mortem.'
l. 200. hwer, (that he might see) whether ...
l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining.
l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = [=]l-[=i]eg 'eel-island.' {97}
GLOSSARY.
The order is strictly alphabetical ( following t) except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the
letter that follows the ge(gebed under b, &c.).
The following abbreviations are used :--
sm., sn., sf. masc., neut., fem. substantive. sv. strong verb. wv. weak verb. swv. strong-weak verb
(preterito-present).
The others require no explanation.
The numbers after sv. refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar.
Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The latter are only referred to when
the connection can be proved by the phonetic laws given in the grammar.
[=A], av. ever, always. abbod, sm. abbot [Latin abbatem]. [=a]-b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. (offer), announce.
[=a]-biddan, sv. 5, ask for, demand. [=a]-b[=i]tan, sv. 6, devour. [=a]-bl[e,]ndan, wv. blind [blind].
[=a]-brecan, sv. 4, break into, take (city). [=a]-b[=u]gan, sv. 7, bend; swerve, turn. ac, cj. but.
[=a]-c[e,]nnan, wv. bring forth, bear (child). [=a]-cw[e,]llan, wv. kill. [=a]-cw[e,]n[.c]an, wv. extinguish.
[=a]-dr[=u]gian, wv. dry up, intr. [dr[=y][.g]e]. [=a]-dw[=]s[.c]an, wv. extinguish. cer, sm. field.
ele, aj. noble, excellent. eling, sm. prince. [=]fen, sm. evening. [=]fre, av. ever, always. fter, av.,
prep. w. dat. after--fter [=]em, after that, afterwards; according to, by. [=][.g]-hwelc, prn. each.
[=][.g]er, prn. either, each--cj. [=][.g]er [.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and [ = [=][.g] hwer]. [=]ht, sf.
property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan]. [=]lan, wv. burn. [=]l[.c], aj. each. lmesse, sf. alms, charity [Greek
ele[=e]mosn[=e]]. l-mihti[g.], aj. almighty. [=]ni[.g], aj. any [[=a]n]. [=]r, prep. w. dat. before (of
time), [=]r [=]m e, cj. before. [=]r, av. formerly, before; superl. [=]rest, adj. and adv., first.
r[.c]e-biscop, sm. archbishop [Latin archiepiscopus]. [=]rende, sn. errand, message. {98}
[=]rend-raca, sm. messenger. [=]-rist, sfm. (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san].
[=]rne-mergen, sm. early morning. sc, sm. (ash-tree); war-ship. t, prp. w. dat. at; deprivation, from;
origin, source--[=a]b[=]don w[=i]f t him, 'asked for wives from them;' specification, defining--wurdon t
spr[=][.c]e, 'fell into conversation.' t-bre[.g]dan, sv. 3 (snatch away), deprive of. t-foran, prp. w. dat.
before. t-gdre, av. together. t-[=i]ewan, wv. w. dat. show. [=]ton, see etan. [=a]-fandian, wv.
experience, find out [findan]. [=a]-faran, sv. 2, go away, depart. [=a]-feallan, sv. 1, fall. [=a]-f[=e]dan,
wv. feed. [=a]-f[=y]lan, wv. defile [f[=u]l]. [=a]-fyrht, aj. frightened [past partic. of [=a]fyrhtan from
forht]. [=a]gan, swv. possess. [=a]-g[=a]n, sv. happen. [=a]gen, aj. own [originally past partic. of
[=a]gan]. [=a]-[.g]iefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, render. [=a]h, see [=a]gan. [=a]-h[e,]bban, sv. 2, raise, exalt.
[=a]-hieldan, wv. incline. [=a]-h[=o]n, sv. 1, hang, trans. [=a]-hr[=e]osan, sv. 7, fall. [=a]hte, see
[=a]gan. [=a]-hw[=]r, av. anywhere. [=a]-h[=y]ran, wv. hire. [=a]-l[=i]esan, wv. (loosen), release;
redeem [l[=e]as]. [=a]-l[=i]esed-nes, sf. redemption. [=a]-l[=i]esend, sm. redeemer. [=a]n, aj. one
(always strong); a certain one, certain; alone (generally weak); gen. pl. [=a]nra in [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c],
'each one.' [=a]n-c[e,]nned, aj. (past partic.) (only-born), only (child). and, cj. and. and-b[=i]dian, wv. w.
gen. wait, expect [b[=i]dan]. andet-nes, sf. confession. andettan, wv. confess. and-[.g]iet, sn. sense, meaning;
understanding, intelligence. and-swarian, wv. w. dat. answer [andswaru]. and-swaru, sf. answer
[sw[e,]rian]. and-weard, aj. present. and-wyrdan, wv. w. dat. answer [word]. Angel, sm. Anglen (a district in
Slesvig). Angel-cynn, sn. English nation, England. [=a]-niman, sv. 4, take away. [=a]n-l[=][.c]an, wv.
unite. [=a]n-m[=o]d, aj. unanimous. [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, av. unanimously. [=a]n-r[=]d, aj. (of one
counsel) constant, firm, resolute. apostol, sm. apostle. [=a]r, sf. mercy; honour. [=a]-r[=]ran, wv. raise,
build [[=a]r[=i]san]. [=a]rian, wv. w. dat. honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r]. [=a]-r[=i]san, sv. 6,
arise. [=a]r-l[=e]as, aj. wicked. arn, see iernan. arod, aj. quick, bold. arod-l[=i]ce, av. quickly, readily,
boldly. [=a]r-weor, adj. worthy of honour, venerable. [=a]scian, wv. ask. [=a]-sc[=u]fan, sv. 7, thrust.
[=a]-s[e,]ndan, wv. send. [=a]-s[e,]ttan, wv. set, place. [=a]-sm[=e]an, wv. consider, think of, conceive.
assa, sm. ass. [=a]-st[e,]llan, wv. institute. [=a]-st[=i]gan, sv. 6, ascend, descend. [=a]-str[e,][.c][.c]an,
wv. stretch out, extend. [=a]-styrian, wv. stir, move. [=a]-t[=e]on, sv. 7, draw out, draw, take. atol-lic, aj.
deformed. [=a]-r[=e]otan, sv. 7, fail, run short. {99} [=a]-w[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. awake, arouse [wacian].
[=a]-w[=e]dan, wv. go mad [w[=o]d]. [=a]-w[e,]ndan, wv. turn; translate. [=a]-weorpan, sv. 3, throw,
throw away; depose (king). [=a]-w[=e]stan, wv. lay waste, ravage. [=a]-wier[.g]ed, aj. cursed, accursed,
[past. partic. of [=a]wier[.g]an, from wearg]. [=a]-wiht, prn. aught, anything. [=a]-wr[=i]tan, sv. 6, write.
[=a]-wyrtwalian, wv. root up.
B.
Bc, sn. back--under bc, behind. bd, see biddan. b[=]don, see biddan. brnan, wv. burn, trans.
[beornan]. brnett, sn. burning. b[=]ron, see beran. bst, sm. bast. bsten, aj. of bast. be, prep. w. dat. by;
about, concerning. beald, aj. bold. bearn, sn. child [beran]. b[=e]atan, sv. 1, beat. be-b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w.
dat. bid, command. be-byr[.g]an, wv. bury. b[=e][.c], see b[=o]c. be-clyppan, wv. embrace, encompass,
hold. be-cuman, sv. 4, come. [.g]ebed, sn. prayer [biddan]. be-d[=]lan, wv. w. gen. deprive of [d[=]l].
b[e,]dd, sn. bed. be-delfan, sv. 3; (hide by digging), bury. [.g]ebed-h[=u]s, sn. oratory, chapel. be-fstan,
wv. (make fast); w. dat. commit, entrust to. be-foran, prp. w. dat. before. b[=e][.g]en, prn. both.
be-[.g]eondan, prp. w. acc. beyond. be-[.g]ietan, sv. 5, get, obtain. be-[.g]innan, sv. 3, begin. be-h[=a]tan,
sv. 1, w. dat. promise. be-h[=e]afdian, wv. behead [h[=e]afod]. be-healdan, sv. 1, behold. be-h[=o]fian,
wv. w. gen. require. be-hr[=e]owsian, wv. repent [hr[=e]owan]. be-h[=y]dan, wv. hide. be-l[=]wan, wv.
betray. be-l[=i]efan, wv. believe. be-l[=i]fan, sv. 6, remain [l[=a]f]. be-l[=u]can, sv. 7, lock, close.
b[e,]nd, smfn. bond [bindan]. b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. offer. b[=e]on, v. be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with.
beorg, sm. hill, mountain. [.g]ebeorgan, sv. 3, w. dat. save, protect. beornan, sv. 3, burn, intrans. b[=e]ot-lic,
aj. boastful. be-p[=][.c]an, wv. deceive. beran, sv. 4, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth). b[e,]rn, sn.
barn. berstan, sv. 3, burst. be-s[=a]rgian, wv. lament [s[=a]ri[.g]]. be-s[.c]ieran, sv. 4, shear, cut hair.
be-s[=e]on, sv. 5, see, look. be-s[e,]ttan, wv. set about, surround, cover. be-stealcian, wv. go stealthily,
steal. be-sw[=i]can, sv. 6, deceive, circumvent, betray. be-t[=][.c]an, wv. commit, entrust, give up.
b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, see g[=o]d. betw[=e]onan, prp. w. dat. between, among. be-twix, prep. w. acc. and dat.
between, among; of time, during--betwix [=]m e, cj. while. be-w[e,]rian, wv. defend. be-witan, swv.
watch over, have charge of. b[=i]dan, sv. 6, wait. biddan, sv. 5, ask, beg. [.g]ebiddan, sv. 5, refl. pray. {100}
bieldo, sf. (boldness), arrogance [beald]. b[=i]-g[e,]ng, sm. worship [bi, by, and g[e,]n[.g] from g[=a]n].
bile-w[=i]t, aj. simple, innocent. bindan, sv. 3, bind. binnan, av. inside; prp. w. dat. within, in [ = be-innan].
biscop, sm. bishop [Latin episcopus]. bi-smer, snm. insult, ignominy. bismer-full, aj. ignominious, shameful.
bismerian, wv. treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. b[=i]tan, sv. 6, bite. bi, see b[=e]on. bl[=a]wan, sv. 1,
blow. bleoh, sn. colour. bl[=e]ow, see bl[=a]wan. bl[=e]tsian, wv. bless. blind, aj. blind. bliss, sf. merriment,
joy. blissian, wv. rejoice. bl[=i]e, aj. glad, merry. bl[=i]e-l[=i]ce, av. gladly. bl[=o]d, sn. blood. b[=o]c,
sf. book, scripture. B[=o]c-lden, sn. book Latin, Latin. bodian, wv. announce, preach [b[=e]odan].
bodi[.g], sm. body. bohte, see by[.c][.g]an. br[=a]d, aj. broad. br[=], sm. vapour, odour. brecan, sv. 4,
break; take (city). bre[.g]dan, sv. 3, pull. br[=e]mel, sm. bramble. Breten, sf. Britain. Brettas, smpl. the
British. Brettisc, aj. British [Brettas]. bringan, wv. bring. br[=o]hte, see bringan. br[=o]or, sm. brother.
br[=u]can, sv. 7, w. gen. enjoy, partake of. br[=y]d, sf. bride. br[=y]d-guma, sm. bridegroom [literally
bride-man]. b[=u]an, wv. dwell. b[=u]end, smpl. dwellers [pres. partic. of b[=u]an]. bufan, prp. w. dat. and
acc. over, above, on. b[=u]gan, sv. 7, bend, incline. bundon, see bindan. burg, sf. city. burg-[.g]eat, sn.
city-gate. b[=u]tan, av. outs[=i]de; prp. w. dat. without, except, besides [ = be-[=u]tan]. b[=u]tan, cj.
unless, except. by[.c][.g]an, wv. buy. byren, sf. burden [beran]. byr[.g]en, sf. tomb [bebyr[.g]an].
[.g]ebyrian, wf. be due, befit. byri[.g], see burg. byrst, sf. bristle. [.g]eb[=y]snian, wv. give example,
illustrate. [.g]eb[=y]snung, sf. example.
C.
Cann, see cunnan. can[=o]n, sm. canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books. Cantwara-burg, sf.
Canterbury [Cantwara, gen. of Cantware]. Cant-ware, pl. Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [Lat. Cantia and
ware]. c[=a]sere, sm. emperor [Latin Caesar]. [.c]eaflas, smpl. jaws. [.c]eald, aj. cold. [.c]ealf, sn. calf.
[.c][=e]ap, sn. purchase. [.c][=e]as, see [.c][=e]osan. [.c]easter, sf. city [Latin castra]. c[=e]ne, aj. brave,
bold. c[e,]nnan, wv. bring forth, bear child. C[e,]nt, sf. Kent [Cantia]. C[e,]nt-land, sn. Kent. [.c]eorfan, sv.
3, cut. [.c][=e]osan, sv. 7, choose. c[=e]pan, wv. w. gen. attend, look out for. [.c][=i]epan, wv. trade, sell
[[.c][=e]ap]. [.c][=i]epend, sm. seller [pres. partic. of [.c][=i]epan]. [.c]ierr, sm. turn. {101} [.c]ierran, wv.
turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to. [.g]e[.c]ierred-nes, sf. conversion. [.c]ild, sn. child. [.c]ild-h[=a]d,
sm. childhood. [.c]inn-b[=a]n, sn. jawbone. [.c]iri[.c]e, sf. church. cl[=]ne, aj. clean, pure. clawu, sf. claw.
clipian, wv. call, summon. clipung, sf. calling. clyppan, wv. clip, embrace. cnapa, sm. (boy, youth), servant.
cnoll, sm. top, summit. coccel, sm. corn-cockle. c[=o]m, see cuman. coren, see [.c][=e]osan. crft, sm. skill,
cunning. cr[=i]sten, aj. Christian. cuma, sm. stranger [cuman]. cuman, sv. 4, come; cuman [=u]p, land.
cunnan, swv. know. cunnian, wv. try [cunnan]. curon, see [.c][=e]osan. c[=u], aj. known [originally past
partic. of cunnan]. cw[=]don, see cwean. cwae, see cwean. cweartern, sn. prison. cw[=e]man, wv.
please, gratify. [.g]ecw[=e]mednes, sf. pleasing. cw[=e]n, sf. queen. cwean, sv. 5, say, speak; name, call.
cwic, aj. alive. cwide, sm. speech, address [cwean]. [.g]ecw[=i]d-r[=]den, sf. agreement. cwi, see
cwean. cym, see cuman. cyne-cynn, sn. royal family. cyne-l[=i]c, aj. royal. cyne-l[=i]ce, av. like a king,
royally. cyne-st[=o]l, sm. throne. cyning, sm. king. cynn, sn. race, kind. cyst, sf. excellence [[.c][=e]osan].
cysti[.g], aj. (excellent), charitable. c[=y]an, wv. make known, tell [c[=u]].
D.
D[=]d, sf. deed. d[.g], sm. day. d[.g]-hw[=]m-l[=i]ce, av. daily. d[=]l, sm. part--be healfum
d[=]le, by half. d[=]lan, wv. divide, share. d[=e]ad, aj. dead. d[=e]a, sm. death. Defena-s[.c][=i]r, sf.
Devonshire [Devonia]. dehter, see dohtor. [.g]edelf, sn. digging. delfan, sv. 3, dig. D[e,]ne, smpl. Danes.
D[e,]nisc, aj. Danish. d[=e]ofol, sum. devil [Latin diabolus]. d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, sn. idol. d[=e]op, aj. deep.
d[=e]or, sn. wild beast. d[=e]ore, aj. dear, precious. d[=e]or-wiere, aj. precious. d[=i]egol, aj. hidden,
secret. d[=i]egol-nes, sf. secret. d[=i]epe, sf. depth [d[=e]op]. dihtan, wv. appoint [Latin dictare].
disc-e[.g]n, sm. (dish-thane), waiter. dohtor, sf. daughter. d[=o]m, sm. doom, judgment, sentence. d[=o]n,
sv. do, act. dorste, see durran. draca, sm. dragon. dranc, see drincan. dr[=e]ori[.g], aj. sad. dr[=i]fan, sv. 6,
drive. drinca, sm. drink. drincan, sv. 3, drink. drohtnian, wv. live, continue, behave. drohtnung, sf. conduct.
dr[=y][.g]e, aj. dry. Dryhten, sm. Lord, d[=u]n, sf. hill, down. durran, swv. dare. duru, sf. door. d[=u]st, sn.
dust. [.g]edwyld, sn. error. dyde, see d[=o]n. dyppan, wv. dip. dysi[.g], aj. foolish.
{102} E.
[=E]ac, av. also; [=e]ac swelce, also. [=e]acnian, wv. increase. [=e]adi[.g], aj. (prosperous), blessed.
[=e]age, sn. eye. [=e]ag-[=y]rel, sn. (eye-hole), window. eahta, num. eight. [=e]a-l[=a], interj. oh! eald, aj.
old--cp. ieldra. Eald-seaxe, smpl. Old Saxons. ealdor, sm. chief, master. ealdor-mann, sm. chief, officer. eall,
aj. all. eall, av. quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as. eall-n[=i]we, aj. quite new. eallunga,
av. entirely. ealu, sn. ale. eard, sm. country, native land. eardian, wv. dwell. [=e]are, sn. ear. earm, sm. arm.
earm, aj. poor, wretched, despicable. earm-lic, aj. miserable. earm-l[=i]ce, av. miserably, wretchedly. earn,
sm. eagle. eart, see wesan. [=e]ast, av. eastwards. [=e]ast-d[=]l, sm. east part, the East.
[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, smpl. East-Anglians. [=E]ast-seaxe, smpl. East-Saxons. [=e]ae-lic, aj. insignificant,
weak. [=e]a-m[=e]dan, wv. humble [[=e]am[=o]d]. [=e]a-m[=o]d, aj. humble. [=e][.c]e, aj. eternal.
[=e][.c]-nes, sf. eternity. efen, aj. even. [.g]eefen-l[=][.c]an, wv. imitate. efne, av. behold, lo! [efen].
[e,]fsian, wv. clip, shear. eft, av. again; afterwards, then; back. [e,][.g]e, sm. fear. [e,][.g]esa, sm. fear
[e[.g]e]. [e,][.g]es-lic, aj. fearful, awful. [=e]htere, sm. persecutor. ele, sm. oil. [e,]l-[=e]odi[.g]-nes, sf.
foreign land. [e,]nde, sm. end. [e,]ndemes, av. together. [.g]e[e,]ndian, wv. end; die. [e,]ndlufon, num.
eleven. [e,]ndlyfta, aj. eleventh. [.g]e[e,]ndung, sf. ending, end. [e,]n[.g]el, sm. angel [Latin angelus].
[E,]n[.g]la-land, sn. England [[E,]n[.g]la gen. pl. of [E,]n[.g]le]. [E,]n[.g]le, smpl. the English [Angel].
[E,]n[.g]lisc, aj. English--sn. English language [[E,]n[.g]le]. [=e]ode, see g[=a]n. eom, see wesan. eorl, sm.
earl. eor-b[=u]end, sm. earth-dweller. eore, sf. earth. eor-fst, aj. firm in the earth. eor-lic, aj. earthly.
eornost, sf. earnest. eornost-l[=i]ce, av. in truth, indeed. [=e]ow, see [=u]. etan, sv. 5, eat. [=e]el, sm.
country, native land.
F.
Fder, sm. father. f[.g]en, aj. glad. f[.g]er, aj. fair. f[.g]er-nes, sf. fairness, beauty. f[.g]nian, wv. w.
gen. rejoice. f[=]mne, sf. virgin. f[=]r, sf. danger. f[=]r-lic, aj. sudden. f[=]r-l[=i]ce, av. suddenly.
fst, aj. fast, firm. fstan, wv. fast. fsten, sf. fasting. ft, sn. vessel. f[=a]g-nes, sf. variegation, various
colours. fandian, wv. w. gen. try, test, tempt [findan]. faran, sv. 2, go. faru, sf. procession, retinue, pomp.
f[=e]a, aj. pl. few. [.g]ef[=e]a, sm. joy. feallan, sv. 1, fall. fearr, sm. bull; ox. feax, sn. hair of head. {103}
f[=e]dan, wv. feed [f[=o]da]. fela, aj. pl. w. gen. many. feld, sm. field. feoh, sn. money, property. [.g]efeoht,
sn. fight. feohtan, sv. 3, fight. f[=e]ole, sf. file. f[=e]olian, wv. file. f[=e]oll, see feallan. f[=e]ond, sm. enemy.
feorh, snm. life. feorm, sf. (food); feast, banquet. feorr, av. far. f[=e]ora, num. fourth. f[=e]ower, num. four.
[.g]ef[=e]ra, sm. companion [f[=o]r]. f[=e]ran, wv. go, fare [f[=o]r]. [.g]ef[=e]ran, wv. (go over), take
possession of. f[e,]rian, wv. carry [faran]. f[=e]t, see f[=o]t. f[e,]tian, wv. fetch--pret. [.g]ef[e,]tte.
[.g]ef[e,]tte, see f[e,]tian. f[=i]end, see f[=e]ond. fierd, sf. army [faran]. fierlen, aj. distant [feorr]. fierst, sm.
period, time. f[=i]f, num. five. findan, sv. 3 (pret. funde), find. fisc, sm. fish. fisc-cynn, sn. fish-kind. fl[=e]am,
sm. flight [fl[=e]on]. fleax, sn. flax. fl[=e]ogan, sv. 7, fly. fl[=e]on, sv. 7, flee. fl[=e]otan, sv. 7, float.
fl[=i]tan, sv. 6, quarrel, dispute. [.g]efl[=i]eman, wv. put to flight [fl[=e]am]. fl[=o]d, sm. flood. flota, sm.
fleet [fl[=e]otan]. flot-h[e,]re, sm. naval army, army of pirates. flot-mann, sm. sailor, pirate. fl[=o]wan, sv.
1, flow. flugon, see fl[=e]on. flyht, sm. flight [fl[=e]ogan]. f[=o]da, sm. food. folc, sn. people, nation. folc-lic,
aj. popular. folgian, wv. w. dat. follow; obey. f[=o]n, sv. 1, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e,
came to the throne; t[=o]gdre f[=e]ngon, joined together. for, prep. w. dat. before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde,
in the eyes of the world; causal, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God--for
[=]m, therefore, for [=]em (e), because; w. acc., instead of, for. f[=o]r, sf. journey [faran]. f[=o]r, see
faran. for-brnan, wv. burn up, burn, trans. for-b[=e]odan, sv. 7, forbid. for-br[=e]otan, sv. 7, break.
for-[.c]eorfan, sv. 3, cut off. for-dilgian, wv. destroy. for-d[=o]n, sv. destroy. for-ealdod, aj. aged [past
partic. of forealdian, grow old]. fore-s[.c][=e]awian, wv. pre-ordain, decree, appoint. fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an,
wv. say before--se fores[.g]da, the aforesaid. for-[.g]iefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, grant; forgive.
for-[.g]ief-nes, sf. forgiveness. for-[.g][=i]eman, wv. neglect. for-[.g]ietan, sv. forget. forht, aj. afraid.
forhtian, wv. be afraid. for-hwega, av. somewhere. for-l[=]tan, sv. 1, leave, abandon. for-l[=e]osan, sv. 7,
lose. for-li[.g]er, sn. wantonness, immorality. forma, aj. first--superl. fyrmest, first. for-molsnian, wv.
crumble, decay. for-scrincan, sv. 3, shrink up. for-s[=e]on, sv. 5, despise. for-sl[=e]an, sv. 2, cut through.
for-standan, sv. 2, (stand before), protect. for, av. forth, forwards, on. for-f[=e]ran, wv. depart, die.
for-rysman, wv. suffocate, choke. {104} for-weoran, sv. 3, perish. f[=o]t, sm. foot. frtwian, wv. adorn.
frtwung, sf. ornament. fram, prep. w. dat. from; agent. w. pass. h[=i]e w[=]ron fram Wyrt[.g]eorne
[.g]elaode, invited by. fr[e,]mman, wv. perform, do. fr[=e]ond, sm. friend. fri, sm. peace--fri niman, make
peace. fugol, sm. bird. fuhton, see feohtan. f[=u]l, aj. foul, impure. full, aj. full. full-bl[=i]e, aj. very glad.
full-c[=e]ne, aj. very brave. ful-l[=i]ce, av. fully. full-s[=o], aj. very true. fultum, sm. help; forces, troops.
fultumian, wv. w. dat. help. funde, see findan. furor, av. further, more [for]. f[=u]s, aj. hastening. fyllan,
wv. fill, fulfil [full]. f[=y]r, sn. fire. fyrmest, see forma.
G.
Gadrian, wv. gather. grs, sn. grass. gafeloc, sm. missile, spear. gafol, sn. interest, profit. gamen, sn. sport.
g[=a]n, sv. go. [.g]eg[=a]n, sv. gain, conquer. gangende, see g[=a]n. g[=a]st, sm. spirit; se h[=a]lga
g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost. g[=a]st-lic, aj. spiritual. [.g]e, cj. and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and. [.g][=e], see
[=u]. [.g]ealga, sm. gallows. [.g][=e]ar, sn. year. [.g]earcian, wv. prepare [[.g]earo]. [.g]eard, sm. yard,
court. [.g]earu, aj. ready. [.g]earwian, wv. prepare. [.g]eat, sn. gate. [.g][=e]ogu, sf. youth.
[.g][=e]omrung, sf. lamentation. [.g]eond, prp. w. acc. through, throughout. [.g][=e]ong, aj. young. [.g]eorn,
aj. eager. [.g]eorne, av. eagerly, earnestly. [.g]iefan, sv. 5, give. [.g]iefta, sfpl. marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan].
[.g]ieft-h[=u]s, sn. wedding-hall. [.g]ieft-lic, aj. wedding. [.g]iefu, sf. gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan].
[.g]ierla, sm. dress [[.g]earu]. [.g]iernan, wv. w. gen. yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn]. [.g]iet, av. yet; further,
besides. [.g]if, cj. if. [.g]imm, sm. gem, jewel [Latin gemma]. [.g]imm-st[=a]n, sm. gem, jewel. [.g]it, see
[=u]. [.g][=i]tsian, wv. covet. [.g][=i]tsung, sf. covetousness, avarice. gld, aj. glad. gld-l[=i]ce, av.
gladly. gl[=e]aw, aj. prudent, wise. gl[e,]n[.g]an, wv. adorn; trim (lamp). god, sm. God. god-fder, sm.
godfather. god-spell, sn. gospel. godspel-lic, aj. evangelical. g[=o]d, aj. good--compar. b[e,]tera. superl.
b[e,]tst. g[=o]d, sn. good thing, good. gold, sn. gold. gold-hord, sn. treasure. gr[=]di[.g]. aj. greedy.
gr[=][.g], aj. grey. gr[=e]tan, wv. greet, salute. grindan, sv. 3, grind. gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, sf. gnashing of
teeth. grymetian, wv. grunt, roar. gyldan, wv. gild [gold]. gylden, aj. golden [gold].
H.
Habban, wv. have; take. {105} h[=a]d, sm. rank, condition. [.g]eh[=a]dod, aj. ordained, in orders, clerical
[past partic. of h[=a]dian, ordain]. hfde, hf, see habban. hftan, wv. hold fast, hold [habban]. h[=]lan,
wv. heal [h[=a]l]. h[=]lend, sm. Saviour [pres. partic. of h[=]lan]. h[=]lo, sf. salvation [h[=a]l].
h[=]s, sf. command. hspe, sf. hasp. h[=]te, sf. heat [h[=a]t]. h[=], sf. heath. h[=]en, aj. heathen
[h[=]]. h[=a]l, aj. whole, sound. [.g]eh[=a]l, aj. whole, uninjured. h[=a]lga, sm. saint. h[=a]l[.g]ian,
wv. hallow, consecrate. h[=a]li[.g], aj. holy. h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, sm. holy object, relic. h[=a]m, av.
homewards, home. hand, sf. hand. hand-cweorn, sf. hand-mill. hangian, wv. hang, intr. [h[=o]n]. h[=a]t, aj.
hot. h[=a]tan, sv. 1, command, ask--w. inf. in passive sense, h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ;
name--passive, h[=a]tte. hatian, wv. hate. h[=a]tte, see h[=a]tan. h[=e], prn. he. h[=e]afod, sn. head.
h[=e]afod-mann, sm. head-man, ruler, chief. h[=e]ah, aj. high--superl. h[=i]ehst. healdan, sv. 1, hold, keep;
guard; preserve; observe, keep. healf, aj. half. healf, sf. side. h[=e]a-lic, aj. lofty [h[=e]ah]. heall, sf. hall.
heard, aj. hard ; strong; severe. h[e,]bban, sv. 2, raise. h[e,]fel-r[=]d, sm. web-thread, thread. h[e,]fe, sm.
weight [h[e,]bban]. h[e,]fi[.g], aj. heavy [h[e,]fe]. h[e,]ll, sf. hell. [.g]eh[e,]nde, aj. w. dat. near [hand].
h[=e]o, see h[=e]. heofon, sm. heaven--often in plur., heofona r[=i][.c]e. heofon-lic, aj. heavenly. h[=e]old,
see healdan. heord, sf. herd. heorte, sf. heart. h[=e]r, av. here; hither--h[=e]rfter, &c., hereafter.
h[=e]r-be-[=e]astan, av. east of this. h[e,]re, sm. army. h[e,]re-r[=e]af, sn. spoil. h[e,]re-toga, sm.
army-leader, general, chief [toga from t[=e]on]. h[e,]rgian, wv. ravage, make war [h[e,]re]. h[e,]rgung, sf.
(ravaging), warfare, war. h[e,]rian, wv. praise. h[=e]t, see h[=a]tan. hider, av. hither. h[=i]e, see h[=e].
h[=i]ehst, see h[=e]ah. hiera, see h[=e]. [.g]eh[=i]eran, wv. hear. hierde, sm. shepherd [heord].
hierd-r[=]den, sf. guardianship. hiere, see h[=e]. [.g]eh[=i]er-sum, aj. w. dat. obedient [h[=i]eran].
[.g]eh[=i]ersum-nes, sf. obedience. him, hine, see h[=e]. h[=i]red, snm. family, household. his, see h[=e].
hit, see h[=e]. h[=i]w, sn. hue, form. hl[=]dder, sf. ladder. hlst, sm. load. hl[=a]f, sm. bread, loaf of
bread. hl[=a]ford, sm. lord. hl[=i]sa, sm. fame. hl[=u]d, aj. loud. hl[=y]dan, wv. make a noise, shout
[hl[=u]d]. hnappian, wv. doze. [.g]ehoferod, aj. (past partic.), hump-backed. holt, sn. wood. {106} h[=o]n,
sv. 1, hang [hangian]. horn, sm. horn. hrd-l[=i]ce, av. quickly. hrdung, sf. hurry. hrae, av.
quickly--sw[=a] hrae sw[=a], as soon as. hr[=e]od, sn. reed. hr[=e]owan, sv. 7, rue, repent. hr[=i]eman,
wv. cry, call. hr[=i]er, sn. ox. hr[=o]f, sn. roof. hry[.c][.g], sm. back. hryre, sm. fall [hr[=e]osan]. h[=u],
av. how. h[=u]-meta, av. how. hund, sn. w. gen. hundred. hund, sm. dog. hund-feald, aj. hundredfold.
hund-nigonti[.g], num. ninety. hund-tw[e,]lfti[.g], num. hundred and twenty. hungor, sm. hunger; famine.
hungri[.g], aj. hungry. h[=u]ru, av. especially. h[=u]s, sn. house. hux-l[=i]ce, av. ignominiously. hw[=a],
prn. who. [.g]ehw[=a], prn. every one. hw[=]m, see hw[=a]. hw[=]r, av. where--sw[=a] hw[=]r
sw[=a], wherever. [.g]ehw[=]r, av. everywhere. hws, hwt, see hw[=a]. hwt, interj. what! lo! well.
hw[=]te, sm. wheat. hwer, av. cj. whether--hwer e, to introduce a direct question. hwre, av.
however. hwanon, av. whence. hwel[.c], prn. which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever.
[.g]ehwel[.c], prn. any, any one. hw[=i]l, sf. while, time. hwone, see hw[=a]. hwonne, av. when. hw[=y], av.
why. h[=y]dan, wv. hide. hyht, sf. hope. [.g]ehyhtan, wv. hope. h[=y]ran, wv. hire.
I.
I[.c], prn. I. [=i]del, aj. idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain. [=i]e[.g]-land, sn. island. ieldan, wv. delay
[eald]. ieldra, see eald. ieldran, smpl. ancestors [originally compar. of eald]. iernan, sv. 3, run; flow. ierre,
aj. angry. [=i]l, sm. hedgehog. ilca, prn. same (always weak, and with the definite article). in, prp. w. dat. and
acc. in, into. inc, see [=u]. inn, av. in (of motion). innan, prp. w. dat. (av.) within. inne, av. within, inside.
inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, sn. inner thoughts, mind. in-t[=o], prp. w. dat. into. [=I]otan, smpl. Jutes. [=I]r-land, sn.
Ireland. I[=u]d[=e]isc, aj. Jewish--[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews.
L.
L[=a], interj. lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir! l[=a]c, sn. gift; offering, sacrifice. [.g]el[=][.c]an, wv. seize.
l[=]dan, wv. lead; carry, bring, take. lden, sn. Latin; language. l[.g], see li[.c][.g]an. l[=]ran, wv. w.
double acc. teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r]. [.g]el[=]red, aj. learned [past partic. of l[=]ran]. l[=]s, av.
less--[=y] l[=]s (e), cj. w. subj. lest. l[=]tan, sv. 1, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t [=a] sw[=a], she let the
matter rest there. [.g]el[=]te, sn.--wega [.g]el[=]tu, pl. meetings of the roads. l[=a]f, sf. remains--t[=o]
l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left [(be)l[=i]fan]. {107} [.g]elamp, see [.g]elimpan. land, sn. land,
country. land-folc, sn. people of the country. land-h[e,]re, sm. land-army. land-l[=e]ode, smpl. people of the
country. lang, aj. long. lange, av. for a long time, long. lang-l[=i]ce, av. for a long time, long. l[=a]r, sf.
teaching, doctrine. late, av. slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year. [.g]elaian, wv. invite.
[.g]elaung, sf. congregation. l[=e]af, sf. leave. [.g]el[=e]afa, sm. belief, faith. [.g]el[=e]af-full, aj.
believing, pious. leahtor, sm. crime, vice. l[=e]as, aj. without (expers), in compos.--less; false. l[=e]at, see
l[=u]tan. l[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. lay [li[.c][.g]an]. [.g]el[e,]ndan, wv. land [land]. l[=e]o, smf. lion. l[=e]ode,
smpl. people. l[=e]of, aj. dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=]re l[=e]ofre, I would rather--[lufu]. leofode,
see libban. leoht, sn. light. leoht-ft, sn. (light-vessel), lamp. leornian, wv. learn. leornung-cniht, sm. disciple.
l[=e]t, see l[=]tan. libban, wv. live. l[=i]c, sn. body, corpse. [.g]el[=i]c, aj. w. dat. like. [.g]el[=i]ce, av. in
like manner, alike, equally. li[.c][.g]an, sv. 5, lie. l[=i]c-hama, sm. body. l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, av. bodily.
[.g]el[=i]cian, wv. w. dat. please. l[=i]efan, wv. w. dat. allow [l[=e]af]. [.g]el[=i]efan, wv. believe
[gel[=e]afa]. l[=i]f, sn. l[=i]fe. lifiend, see libban. lim, sn. limb, member. [.g]elimp, sn. event, emergency,
calamity. [.g]elimpan, sv. 3, happen. l[=i], see li[.c][.g]an. locc, sm. lock of hair. lof, sn. praise; glory.
[.g]el[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish. [.g]el[=o]m, aj. frequent, repeated. [.g]el[=o]me, av. often,
repeatedly. losian, wv. w. dat. be lost--him losa, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan]. l[=u]can, sv. 7, close. lufian, wv.
love. lufu, sf. love [l[=e]of]. Lunden-burg, sf. London [Lundonia]. l[=u]tan, sv. 7, stoop. l[=y]tel, aj. little.
M.
M[=a], see micel. macian, wv. make. m[.g], swv. can, be able. m[.g]en, sn. strength, capacity; virtue
[m[.g]]. m[=][.g], sf. family; tribe, nation; generation. [.g]em[=]ne, aj. common. [.g]em[=]nelic, aj.
common, general. m[=]re, aj. famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). [.g]em[=]re, sn. boundary,
territory. m[=]rsian, wv. extol, celebrate [m[=]re]. m[=]ro, sf. glory [m[=]re]. msse, sf. mass
[Latin missa]. msse-pr[=e]ost, sm. mass-priest. m[=]st, see mi[.c]el. magon, see m[.g]. man, indef. one
[mann]. m[=a]n, sn. wickedness. m[=a]n-d[=]d, sf. wicked deed. m[=a]n-full, aj. wicked. mangere, sm.
merchant. mangung, sf. trade, business. mani[.g], aj. many. man[=i][.g]-feald, aj. manifold. mani[.g]-fieldan,
wv. multiply [mani[.g]feald]. mann, sm. man; person. mann-cynn, sn. mankind. {108} mann-r[=]den, sf.
allegiance. mann-slaga, sm. manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e]. m[=a]re, see mi[.c]el. martyr, sm.
martyr. m[=a]m, sm. treasure. m[=a]m-ft, sn. precious vessel. m[=e], see ic. mearc, sf. boundary.
m[=e]d, sf. reward, pay. m[=e]der, see m[=o]dor. m[e,]nn, see mann. m[e,]nnisc, aj. human [mann].
m[e,]re-grot, sr. pearl [margarita]. mer[.g]en, sm. morning [morgen]. [.g]emet, sn. measure; manner, way.
metan, sv. 5, measure. [.g]em[=e]tan, wv. meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t]. m[e,]te, sm. food--pl. m[e,]ttas.
mi[.c]el, aj. great, much--comp. m[=a]re, m[=a] (adv., sn., aj.), sup. m[=]st. mi[.c]le, av. greatly, much.
mid, prp. w. dat. (instr.) with--mid [=]m e, cj. when. middan-[.g]eard, sm. world [literally middle
enclosure]. midde, aj. mid, middle (only of time). middel, sn. middle. Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, smpl. Middle-Angles.
Mier[.c]e, smpl. Mercians [mearc]. miht, sf. might, strength; virtue [m[.g]]. mihte, see m[.g]. mihti[.g], aj.
mighty, strong. m[=i]l, sf. mile [Latin milia (passuum)]. mild-heort, aj. mild-hearted, merciful. [.g]emiltsian,
wv. w. dat. have mercy on, pity [milde]. m[=i]n, see ic. mis-l[=]dan, wv. mislead, lead astray. mis-lic, aj.
various. m[=o]d, sn. heart, mind. m[=o]dig, aj. proud. m[=o]di[.g]-nes, sf. pride. m[=o]dor, sf. mother.
molde, sf. mould, earth. m[=o]na, sm. moon. m[=o]na, sm. month--pl. m[=o]na [m[=o]na]. morgen, sm.
morning. mor, sn. (murder), crime. m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan. [.g]em[=o]t, sn. meeting. m[=o]tan, swv. may;
ne m[=o]t, must not. [.g]emunan, swv. remember. munt, sm. mountain, hill [Latin montem]. munuc, sm.
monk [Latin monachus]. murcnian, wv. grumble, complain. m[=u], sm. mouth. m[=u]a, sm. mouth of a
river [m[=u]]. [.g]emynd, sf. memory, mind [[.g]emunan]. [.g]emyndi[.g], aj. w. gen. mindful. mynet, sf.
coin [Latin moneta]. mynetere, sm. money-changer. mynster, sn. monastery [Latin monasterium].
N.
N[=a], av. not, no [ = ne [=a]]. nabban = ne habban. n[=]ddre, sf. snake. nfde, nfst, = ne hfde, ne
hfst. n[=]fre, av. never [ = ne [=]fre]. n[.g]el, sm. nail. ns = ne ws. n[=a]ht, prn. w. gen. naught,
nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht]. n[=a]ht-nes, sf. worthlessness, cowardice. nam, see niman. nama, sm. name.
n[=a]mon, see niman. n[=a]n, prn. none, no [ = ne [=a]n]. n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t. n[=a]wer, prn. neither [ =
ne [=a]hwer (either)]. ne, av. not--ne ... ne, neither ... not. {109} n[=e]ah, av. near; superl. n[=i]ehst--t
n[=i]ehstan, next, immediately, afterwards. nearu, aj. narrow. n[=e]a-wist, sfm. neighbourhood [wesan].
n[e,]mnan, wv. name [nama]. neom = ne eom. nese, av. no. n[e,]tt, sn. net. n[=i]ed, sf. need. n[=i]edunga,
av. needs, by necessity. n[=i]ehst, see n[=e]ah. n[=i]eten, sn. animal. nigon, num. nine. nigoa, aj. ninth.
niht, sf. night. niman, sv. 4, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. nis = ne is. nier, av. down. n[=i]we, aj.
new. [.g]en[=o]g, aj. enough. nolde = ne wolde. nor, av. north. Norhymbra-land, sn. Northumberland.
Nor-hymbre, smpl. Northumbrians [Humbra]. noran-weard, aj. northward. Nor-m[e,]nn, pl. Norwegians.
n[=u], av. now, just now; cj. causal, now that, since. n[=u][.g]iet, av. still. [.g]enyht-sum-nes, sf. sufficience,
abundance. nyle, = ne wile. nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon.
O.
Of, prp. w. dat. of, from of place, origin, privation, release, &c.; partitive, s[e,]lla [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele,
some of your oil. of-dr[=]dd, aj. afraid [past partic. of ofdr[=]dan, dread]. ofer, prp. w. dat. and acc.
over; on; of time, during, throughout, over. ofer-gyld, aj. (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold.
ofer-h[e,]rgian, wv. ravage, over-run. ofer-s[=a]wan, sv. 2, sow over. offrian, wv. offer, sacrifice [Latin
offerre]. offrung, sf. offering, sacrifice. of-sl[=e]an, sv. 2, slay. of-sn[=i]an, sv. 6, kill [sn[=i]an, cut].
of-spring, sm. offspring [springan]. oft, av. often. of-t[=e]on, sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, deprive.
of-yrst, aj. thirsty [past partic. of ofyrstan, from urst]. of-wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder.
[=o]-l[=][.c]ung, sf. flattery. olfend, sm. camel [Latin elephas]. on, prp. w. dat. and acc. on; in; hostility,
against, on h[=i]e fuhton; of time, in. on-byr[.g]an, wv. taste. on-cn[=a]wan, sv. 1, know, recognize.
ondr[=]dan, sv. 1, wv. dread, fear. on-f[=o]n, sv. 1, receive. on-[.g][=e]an, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards;
hostility, against. on-[.g][=e]an, av. back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned. on-[.g]inn, sn. beginning.
on-[.g]innan, sv. 3, begin. on-liehtan, wv. illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. onliehtung, sf. illumination, light.
on-l[=u]can, sv. 7, unlock. on-middan, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. on-s[=i]en, sf. appearance, form.
on-sund, aj. sound, whole. on-uppan, prp. w. dat. upon. on-weald, sm. rule, authority, power; territory.
on-we[.g], av. away. open, aj. open. openian, wv. open, reveal, disclose. orgel-l[=i]ce, av. proudly. {110}
or-m[=]te, aj. immense, boundless [metan]. or-sorg, aj. unconcerned, careless. o, prp. w. acc. until--o
t, cj. until; up to, as far as. [=o]er, prn. (always strong), second; other. oe, cj. or--oe ... oe, either
... or. oxa, sm. ox.
P.
P[=a]pa, sm. pope [Latin papa]. p[e,]ning, sm. penny. Peohtas, smpl. Picts. Philist[=e]isc, aj. Philistine.
Pihtisc, aj. Pictish [Peohtas]. plegian, wv. play. post, sm. post [Latin postis]. pr[=e]ost, sm. priest [Latin
presbyter]. pund, sn. pound [Latin pondus]. pytt, sm. pit [Latin puteus].
R.
Racent[=e]ag, sf. chains. r[=a]d, see r[=i]dan. [.g]er[=a]d, sn. reckoning, account; on [=a] [.g]er[=a]d
t, on condition that. r[=]d, sm. advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=]d [=u]hte, it seemed
advisable to him. ramm, sm. ram. r[=a]p, sm. rope. r[=e]af, sn. robe, dress. reahte, see re[.c][.c]an.
r[=e][.c]an, wv. w. gen. reck, care. r[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. tell, narrate. [.g]er[e,][.c]ednes, sf. narrative.
[.g]er[=e]fa, sm. officer, reeve, bailiff. re[.g]en, sm. rain. r[=e]e, aj. fierce, cruel. r[=i][.c]e, aj. powerful,
of high rank. r[=i][.c]e, sn. kingdom, sovereignty, government. r[=i][.c]etere, sn. (ambition), pomp.
r[=i][.c]sian, wv. rule. r[=i]dan, sv. 6, ride. riftere, sm. reaper. riht, aj. right; righteous. riht-l[=i]ce, av.
rightly, correctly. riht-w[=i]s, aj. righteous. riht-w[=i]snes, sf. righteousness. r[=i]m, sm. number. r[=i]man,
wv. count. r[=i]nan, wv. rain [re[.g]en]. r[=i]pan, sv. 6, reap. r[=i]pere, sm. reaper. r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, sm.
reaping-time, harvest. r[=o]hte, see r[=e][.c]an. R[=o]me-burg, sf. city of Rome. r[=o]wan, sv. 1, row. ryne,
sm. course. [.g]er[=y]ne, sn. mystery.
S.
S[=], sf. sea--dat. s[=]. s[=]d, sn. seed. s[.g]de, see s[e,][.c][.g]an. s[=]l, sm. time, occasion.
[.g]es[=]li[.g], aj. happy, blessed. [.g]es[=]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, av. happily, blessedly. st, s[=]ton, see
sittan. sagol, sm. rod, staff. [.g]esamnian, wv. collect, assemble. samod, av. together, with. sanct, sm. saint
[Latin sanctus]. sand, sf. dish of food [s[e,]ndan]. sand-[.c]eosol, sm. sand (literally sand-gravel). s[=a]r, sn.
grief. s[=a]r, aj. grievous. s[=a]ri[.g], aj. sorry, sad. s[=a]wan, sv. 1, sow. s[=a]were, sm. sower. s[=a]wol,
sf. soul. scamu, sf. shame. scand, sf. disgrace. scand-lic, aj. shameful. s[.c][=e]af, sm. sheaf [sc[=u]fan].
s[.c][=e]af-m[=]lum, av. sheafwise. [.g]es[.c]eaft, sf. creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, swv. ought to, must;
shall. s[.c][=e]ap, sn. sheep. s[.c]eatt, sm. (tribute); money. s[.c][=e]awere, sm. spy, witness.
s[.c][=e]awian, wv. see; examine; read. s[.c][=e]awung, sf. seeing, examination. s[.c][=e]otan, sv. 7, shoot.
{111} s[.c]ieppan, sv. 2, create. s[.c]ieran, sv. 4, shear. s[.c]ip, sn. ship. s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, sm. fleet.
s[.c]ip-hlst, sm. (shipload), crew. s[.c][=i]r, sf. shire. scolde, see sceal. sc[=o]p, see s[.c]ieppan. scort, aj.
short. scotian, wv. shoot [s[.c][=e]otan]. Scot-land, sn. Ireland. Scottas, smpl. the Irish. scotung, sf. shot.
scrf, sn. cave. scr[=i]n, sn. shrine [Latin scrinium]. scrincan, sv. 3, shrink. scr[=u]d, sn. dress. scr[=y]dan,
wv. clothe [scr[=u]d]. sc[=u]fan, sv. 7, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship). sculon, see s[.c]eal. scuton,
see s[.c][=e]otan. scyld, sf. guilt [sculon, sceal]. scyldig, aj. guilty. scylen, see sceal. Scyttisc, aj. Scotch
[Scottas]. se, s[=e], prn. that; the; he; who. [.g]eseah, see [.g]es[=e]on. sealde, see s[e,]llan. s[=e]a, sm.
pit. Seaxe, smpl. Saxons. s[=e][.c]an, wv. seek; visit, come to; attack. s[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. say. self, prn. self.
s[e,]llan, wv. give; sell. s[=e]lest, av. superl. best. s[e,]ndan, wv. send, send message [sand]. s[=e]o, see se.
seofon, num. seven. seofoa, aj. seventh. seolc, sf. silk. seolcen, aj. silken. seolfor, sn. silver. [.g]es[=e]on, sv.
5, see. s[=e]ow, see s[=a]wan. [.g]es[e,]tnes, sf. narrative [s[e,]ttan]. s[e,]ttan, wv. set; appoint,
institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan w. dat. pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. sibb, sf. peace.
[.g]esibb-sum, aj. peaceful. s[=i]e, see wesan. s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, av. purely. s[=i]efre, aj. pure. sierwung, sf.
stratagem. siex, num. six. siexta, aj. sixth. siexti[.g], num. sixty. siexti[.g]-feald, aj. sixtyfold. si[.g]e, sm.
victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory. si[.g]e-fst, aj. victorious. [.g]esih, sf. sight; vision, dream
[[.g]es[=e]on]. sifren, aj. silver. simle, av. always. sind, see wesan. sinu, sf, sinew. sittan, sv. 5, sit; settle,
stay. [.g]esittan, sv. 5, take possession of. s[=i], sm. journey. s[=i]ian, wv. journey, go. sian, av. since,
afterwards; cj. when. sl[=]p, sm. sleep. sl[=]pan, sv. 1, sleep, slaga, sm. slayer. [sl[=e]an, past. partic.
[.g]esl[.g]en]. sl[=a]w, aj. slow, slothful, dull. sl[=e]an, sv. 2, strike; slay, kill. sl[e,][.c][.g], sm. hammer
[slaga, sl[=e]an]. sl[e,][.g]e, sm. killing [slaga, sl[=e]an]. sl[=e]p, see sl[=]pan. sl[=o]g, see sl[=e]an.
sml, aj. narrow. sm[=e]an, wv. consider, think; consult. sm[=e]ocan, sv. 7, smoke. sm[=e]e, aj. smooth.
snotor, aj. wise, prudent. s[=o]na, av. soon; then. sorg, sf. sorrow. s[=o], aj. true. s[=o], sn. truth.
s[=o]-l[=i]ce, av. truly, indeed. spade, wf. spade [Latin spatha]. {112} spr[=][.c], sf. speech, language;
conversation [sprecan]. sprecan, sv. 5, speak. spr[e,]n[.g]an, wv. (scatter); sow [springan]. springan, sv. 3,
spring. sprungen, see springan. st[=]nen, aj. of stone [st[=a]n]. st[=]niht, sn. stony ground [originally
adj. 'stony,' from st[=a]n]. st[=a]n, sm. stone; brick. standan, sv. 2, stand. st[=e]ap, aj. steep. st[e,]de, sm.
place. stefn, sf. voice. stelan, sv. 4, steal. st[e,]nt, see standan. st[=e]or, sf. steering, rudder. steorra, sm. star.
sticol, aj. rough. st[=i]epel, sm. steeple [st[=e]ap]. st[=i]eran, wv. w. dat. restrain [st[=e]or]. [.g]estillan,
wv. stop, prevent. stille, aj. still, quiet. st[=o]d, see standan. st[=o]l, sm. seat. st[=o]w, sf. place. str[=]t, sf.
street, road [Latin strata via]. strand, sm. shore. strang, aj. strong. str[=e]dan, wv. (scatter), sow.
str[e,]n[.g]o, sf. strength [strang]. [.g]estr[=e]on, sn. possession. [.g]estr[=i]enan, wv. gain
[[.g]estr[=e]on]. str[=u]tian, wv. strut. sty[.c][.c]e, sn. piece. sum, prn. some, a certain (one), one; a.
[.g]esund, aj. sound, healthy. [.g]esund-full. aj. safe and sound. sundor, av. apart. sunne, sf. sun. sunu, sm.
son. s[=u], av. south, southwards. s[=u]an, av. from the south. s[=u]an-weard, aj. southward.
s[=u]-d[=]l, sm. the South. s[=u]erne, aj. southern. S[=u]-seaxe, smpl. South-Saxons. sw[=a], av. so;
sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as. sw[=a]c, see sw[=i]can. sw[=a]-[=e]ah, av.
however. swefn, sn. sleep; dream. swel[.c], prn. such. swel[.c]e, av. as if, as it were, as, like. sweltan, sv. 3,
die. sw[e,]n[.c]an, wv. afflict, molest [swincan]. sw[e,]n[.g], sm. stroke, blow [swingan]. sw[=e]or, sm.
pillar. sw[=e]ora, sm. neck. sweord, sn. sword. sweord-bora, sm. sword-bearer [beran]. sweotol, aj. clear,
evident. sweotolian, wv. display, show, indicate. sweotolung, sf. manifestation, sign. sw[e,]rian, sv. 2, swear.
sw[=i]c, sm. deceit. [.g]esw[=i]can, sv. 6 (fail, fall short); cease (betray). sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, sm. deceit
[sw[=i]can]. swicol, aj. deceitful, treacherous. swicon, see sw[=i]can. swift, aj. swift. sw[=i]gian, wv. be
silent. swincan, sv. 3, labour, toil. swingan, sv. 3, beat. swingle, sf. stroke [swingan]. swipe, sm. whip.
sw[=i]e, av. very, much, greatly, violently--cp. sw[=i]or, rather, more. sw[=i]-lic, aj. excessive, great.
sw[=i]re, sf. right hand [cp. of sw[=i]e with hand understood]. swulton, see sweltan. swuncon, see
swincan. swungon, see swingan. syndri[.g], aj. separate [sundor]. syn-full, aj. sinful. syngian, wv. sin. synn,
sf. sin.
{113} T.
T[=a]cen, sn. sign, token; miracle. t[=a]cnian, wv. signify. [.g]et[=a]cnung, sf. signification, type.
t[=][.c]an, wv. w. dat. show; teach. talu, sf. number [getel]. tam, aj. tame. t[=a]wian, wv. ill-treat.
t[=e]am, sm. progeny [t[=e]on]. [.g]etel, sn. number. t[e,]llan, wv. count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte,
count as naught [talu]. T[e,]mes, sf. Thames [Tamisia]. tempel, sn. temple [Latin templum]. t[=e]on, sv. 7,
pull, drag. t[=e]ona, sm. injury, insult. t[=e]on-r[=]den, sf. humiliation. t[=e], see t[=o]. ti[.c][.c]en, sn.
kid. t[=i]d, sf. time; hour. t[=i]e[.g]an, wv. tie. t[=i]eman, wv. teem, bring forth [t[=e]am]. t[=i]en, num.
ten. tierwe, sf. tar. ti[.g]ele, wf. tile [Latin tegula]. t[=i]ma, sm. time. timbrian, wv. build. [.g]etimbrung, sf.
building. tintre[.g], sn. torture. tintregian, wv. torture. t[=o], prp. w. dat. (av.) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt,
made abbot; time, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; adverbial, t[=o] scande, ignominiously; fitness,
purpose, for--[=]m folce (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]ae, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed;
t[=o] [=]m t, cj. in order that--t[=o] m (sw[=i]e) ... t, so (greatly) ... that. t[=o], av. too.
t[=o]-berstan, sv. 3, burst, break asunder. t[=o]-brecan, sv. 4, break in pieces, break through.
t[=o]-bre[.g]dan, sv. 3, tear asunder. t[=o]-cw[=i]esan, wv. crush, bruise. t[=o]-cyme, sm. coming
[cuman]. t[=o]-d[.g], av. to-day. t[=o]-d[=]lan, wv. disperse; separate, divide. t[=o]-gdre, av.
together. t[=o]-[.g][=e]anes, prp. w. dat. towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to meet him. t[=o]l, sn. tool.
t[=o]-l[=i]esan, wv. loosen [l[=e]as]. t[=o]-middes, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. t[=o]-teran, sv. 4, tear to
pieces. t[=o], sm. tooth. t[=o]-weard, aj. future. t[=o]-weorpan, sv. 3, overthrow, destroy. tr[=e]ow, sn.
tree. [.g]etr[=e]owe, aj. true, faithful. trum, aj. strong. trymman, wv. strengthen [trum]. trymmung, sf.
strengthening, encouragement. t[=u]cian, wv. ill-treat. tugon, see t[=e]on. t[=u]n, sm. village, town. tw[=a],
tw[=]m, see tw[=e][.g]en. tw[=e][.g]en, num. two. tw[e,]lf, num. twelve. tw[e,]nti[.g], num. w. gen.
twenty.
.
[=a], av. cj. then; when--[=a] [=a], when, while--correlative [=a] ... [=a], when ... (then). [=a],
[=]m, &c., see se. [=]r, av. there--[=]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--[=]r [=]r, correl.
where. [=]re, see se. [=]r-rihte, av. immediately. s, av. therefore; wherefore. s, t, see se. t,
cj. that. [.g]eafian, wv. allow, permit. [=a]-[.g]iet, av. still, yet. anc, sm. thought; thanks. ancian, wv.
w. gen. of thing and dat. of person, thank. {114} anon, av. thence, away. [=a]s, see is. e, rel. prn.
who--s[=e] e, who; av. when. [=e], see [=u]. [=e]ah, av. cj. though, yet, however--[=e]ah e,
although. earf, swv. need. earle, av. very, greatly. [=e]aw, sm. custom, habit; [=e]awas, virtues,
morality. e[.g]en, sm. thane; servant. e[.g]nian, wv. w. dat. serve. e[.g]nung, sf. service, retinue.
[e,]n[.c]an, wv. think, expect [anc]. [=e]od, sf. people, nation. [.g]e[=e]ode, sn. language. [=e]of, sm.
thief. [=e]os, see es. [=e]ostru, spl. darkness. [=e]ow, sm. servant. [=e]ow-d[=o]m, sm. service.
[=e]owian, wv. w. dat. serve. [=e]owot, sn. servitude. es, prn. this. i[.c][.c]e, aj. thick. i[.c][.g]an, sv.
5, take, receive; eat, drink. [=i]n, see [=u]. ing, sn. thing. is, issum, &c., see es. [.g]ep[=o]ht, sm.
thought. [=o]hte, see [e,]n[.c]an. one, see se. onne, av. cj. then; when; because. onne, av. than. orfte,
see earf. orn, sm. thorn. r[=]d, sm. thread. r[=e]o, see r[=i]e. ridda, aj. third. r[=i]e, num. three.
rim, see r[=i]e. riti[.g], num. thirty. riti[.g]-feald, aj. thirtyfold. rymm, sm. glory. [=u], prn. thou.
[=u]hte, see yn[.c]an. [.g]eungen, aj. excellent, distinguished. urh, prp. w. acc. through; causal, through,
by. urh-wunian, wv. continue. urst, sm. thirst. ursti[.g], aj. thirsty. us, av. thus. [=u]send, sn. thousand.
[.g]ew[=]r-l[=][.c]an, wv. agree. [=y], instr. of se; av. because. [=y]fel, sm. bush. [=y]l[=]s, cj.
lest. yn[.c]an, wv. impers. w. dat. m[=e] yn[.c], methinks [[e,]n[.c]an]. [=y]rel, sn. hole [urh].
U.
Ufe-weard, aj. upward, at the top of. un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, aj. innumerable. unc, see ic. un-[.g]ecynd, aj.
strange, of alien family. un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, sf. immortality. under, prp. w. dat. and acc. under. under-cyning,
sm. under-king. under-delfan, sv. dig under. under-f[=o]n, sv. 1, receive, take. under-[.g]ietan, sv. 5,
understand. undern-t[=i]d, sf. morning-time. un-forht, aj. dauntless. un-for-molsnod, aj. (past partic.)
undecayed. un-[.g]eh[=i]ersum, aj. w. dat. disobedient. un-hold, aj. hostile. un-[.g]emetlic, aj. immense.
un-mihti[.g], aj. weak. un-nytt, aj. useless. un-rihtl[=i]ce, av. wrongly. un-rihtw[=i]s, aj. unrighteous.
un-[.g]er[=i]m, sn. countless number or quantity. un-[.g]er[=i]m, aj. countless. un-[.g]es[=]li[.g], aj.
unhappy, accursed. un-scyldi[.g], aj. innocent. un-t[=i]emend, aj. barren [from pres. partic. of t[=i]eman].
{115} un-[.g]ew[=]r-nes, sf. discord. un-[.g]ewitti[.g], aj. foolish. [=u]p, av. up. [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, sf.
conceit, arrogance. [=u]p-fl[=o]r, sf. (dat. sing. -a) upper floor, upper story. uppan, prp. w. dat. on, upon.
urnon, see iernan. [=u]s, see ic. [=u]t, av. out. [=u]tan, av. outside. uton, defect. verb, w. infin. let us--uton
g[=a]n, let us go!
W.
Wacian, wv. be awake, watch. w[=]dla, sm. poor man. wl, sn. slaughter--wl [.g]esl[=e]an, make a
slaughter. wl-hr[=e]ow, aj. cruel. wlhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, av. cruelly, savagely. wlhr[=e]ownes, sf. cruelty.
w[=]pen, sn. weapon. wr, aj. wary. w[=]ron, ws, see wesan. wstm, sm. (growth); fruit. wter, sn.
water. wter-s[.c]ipe, sm. piece of water, water. w[=a]fung, sf. (spectacle), display. -ware, pl. (only in
composition) dwellers, inhabitants [originally defenders, cp. w[e,]rian]. w[=a]t, see witan. [.g]ew[=a]t, see
[.g]ew[=i]tan. w[=e], see ic. [.g]eweald, sn. power, command. wealdan, sv. 1, w. gen. rule. Wealh, sm. (pl.
W[=e]alas), sm. Welshman, Briton (originally foreigner). weall, sm. wall. weall-l[=i]m, sm. (wall-lime),
cement, mortar. wearg, sm. felon, criminal [originally wolf, then proscribed man, outlaw]. weaxan, sv. 1,
grow, increase. we[.g], sm. way, road. we[.g]-f[=e]rende, aj. (pres. partic.) way-faring. wel, av. well.
wel-willend-nes, sf. benevolence. w[=e]nan, wv. expect, think. [.g]ew[e,]ndan, wv. turn; go [windan].
w[e,]nian, wv. accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna]. weofod, sn. altar. weorc, sn. work. weorpan, sv. 3, throw. weor,
sn. worth. weor, aj. worth, worthy. weoran, sv. 3, happen; become--w. t spr[=][.c]e, enter into
conversation. [.g]eweoran, sv. 3, impers. w. dat.--him [.g]ewear, they agreed on. weor-full, aj. worthy.
weorian, wv. honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. weor-l[=i]ce, aj. honourably. weor-mynd, sf.
honour. w[=e]ox, see weaxan. w[=e]pan, sv. 1, weep. wer, sm. man. w[e,]rian, wv. defend [wr]. werod, sn.
troop, army. wesan, sv. be. west, av. west. West-seaxe, smpl. West-saxons. w[=e]ste, aj. waste, desolate.
w[=i]d, aj. wide. w[=i]de, av. widely, far and wide. widewe, sf. widow. [.g]ewieldan, wv. overpower,
conquer [wealdan]. wiere, aj. w. gen. worthy [weor]. w[=i]f, sn. woman; wife. w[=i]f-healf, sf. female
side. w[=i]f-mann, sm. woman. wiht, sf. wight, creature, thing. Wiht, sf. Isle of Wight [Vectis]. Wiht-ware, pl.
Wight-dwellers. wilde, aj. wild. wild[=e]or, sn. wild beast. willa, sm. will. {116} willan, swv. will, wish; of
repetition, be used to. [.g]ewilnian, wv. w. gen. desire. w[=i]n, sn. wine. wind, sm. wind. windan, sv. 3, wind.
w[=i]n-[.g]eard, sm. vineyard. winnan, sv. 3, fight. [.g]ewinnan, sv. 3, win, gain. winter, (pl. winter), sm.
winter; in reckoning = year. winter-setl, sn. winter-quarters. w[=i]s, aj. wise. w[=i]s-d[=o]m, sm. wisdom.
w[=i]se, sf. (wise), way. [.g]ewiss, aj. certain. [.g]ewissian, wv. guide, direct. [.g]ewissung, sf. guidance,
direction. wiste, see witan. wit, see ic. wita, sm. councillor, sage. witan, swv. know. [.g]ew[=i]tan, sv. 6,
depart. w[=i]te, sn. punishment; torment. w[=i]tega, sm. prophet. witod-l[=i]ce, av. truly, indeed, and
[witan]. [.g]ewitt, sn. wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. wi, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; along--wi
we[.g], by the road; hostility, against--fuhton wi Brettas, fought with the Britons; association, sharing, &c.,
with; defence, against; exchange, price, for--wi [=]m e, in consideration of, provided that.
wi-meten-nes, sf. comparison. wi-sacan, sv. 2, w. dat. deny. wi-standan, sv. 2, w. dat. withstand, resist.
wlite, sm. beauty. w[=o]d, aj. mad. w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, av. madly. wolde, see willan. w[=o]p, sm. weeping
[w[=e]pan]. word, sn. word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. [.g]eworden, see weoran.
worhte, see wyr[.c]an. woruld, sf. world. woruld-ing, sn. worldly thing. wrecan, sv. 5, avenge. wr[=e][.g]an,
wv. accuse. [.g]ewrit, sn. writing [wr[=i]tan]. wr[=i]tan, sv. 6, write. wudu, sm. wood. wuldor, sn. glory.
wuldrian, wv. glorify, extol. wulf, sm. wolf. [.g]ewuna, sm. habit, custom [wunian]. wund, sf. wound. wundor,
sn. wonder; miracle. wundor-lic, aj. wonderful, wondrous. wundor-l[=i]ce, av. wonderfully, wondrously.
wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. [.g]ewunelic, aj. customary. wunian, wv. dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna].
wunung, sf. dwelling. [.g]ewunnen, see [.g]ewinnan. wyr[.c]an, wv. work, make; build; do, perform [weorc].
wyrhta, sm. worker. wyrt, sf. herb, spice; crop. wyrt-br[=], sm. spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. wyrtruma,
sm. root. w[=y]s[.c]an, wv. wish.
Y.
Yfel, aj. evil, bad. yfel, sn. evil. ymbe, prp. w. acc. around; of time, about, at. ymb-scr[=y]dan, wv. clothe,
array. ymb-[=u]tan, av. round about. [=y]terra, aj. comp. outer; superl. [=y]temest, outermost, last [[=u]t].
* * * * *
Notes
[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short
one, only lengthened.
[2] Both vowels.
[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom.
[4] So also n[=a]h = ne (not) [=a]h_.
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