Here is the link the to the Note sheet I created and will be using.

Feel free to look at it,

use it, download it, edit it, etc. (MCH)
https://docs.google.com/a/g.clemson.edu/file/d/0B_m_gE3Qpi3-
Y1BadjFxRHh2VVE/edit?usp=sharing

b* If you have equations to any of the problems that do not have them listed, please add the
formulas.

(Someone can delete this if it isnt helpful) There is a pdf on the ECE Support Group page
of facebook that is pretty helpful. It is on the files tab, then Link to ECE Dropbox, then ECE
371, and finally Final Study Guide Copy. Ive only looked at the first 5 or so pages, but it
has a bunch of questions answered and parts of his slides where the answers are and such.

I emailed Dr. Reid, and he said that you can put anything you want on your notesheet.
Anything goes. Incase someone didnt know. (CL)


















HW Test 1: Intro

1. An embedded system is an electronic system controlled by one or more
computers/microprocessors that are internal to the system. That is, the system is not
thought of as a computer, but something else.

2. An example of a system that needs to be a real-time system and what the
functionality of it is in real time: Air traffic control system, the current location.
Another Example(similar idea)
A personal GPS system would have to be real-time to update the location of the
person or object with the installed system.

3. A microcontroller is a computer on a chip

4. Who makes the processor discussed in this class? There are two answers: freescale
or motorola.

5. A real-time system must insure that a task is completed within a certain time span.

6. Name five things discussed in class which must be considered when designing an
embedded system:
Real-Time Execution
Physical Size and Environment
Power Consumption
User Interface
Multi-rate Operation
Cost
Memory Needs
Hardware versus Software


________________________________________________________________________

HW Test 1: HC12

1. The HC12 has two 8-bit accumulators, A and B, which can be ganged together
.
2. The HC12 has two 8-bit accumulators which can be ganged together.

3. The HC12 has at most 128kB of flash on board.

4. What is the size of the registers in (in bits) of the HC12 processor? i.e. "The HC12 is a
___-bit machine." Answer: 16

5. The HC12 has a maximum 8 -MHz bus clock.

6. The HC12 has a 16-bit stack pointer.

7. The program counter in the HC12 is 16 bits.

8. The HC9S12 was an improvement on the HC12 and has a maximum 25-MHz Clock.

9. The HC9S12 has at most 512-kB of flash on board.

10. The HC12 has two [a]-bit registers, X and Y. 16

________________________________________________________________________
_

HW Test 1: HC12 Pinout


1. How many SPI ports does the 9S12 have? 3

2. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 7 of Port S on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 96. (96 is PS7/SS0)

3. If we wanted to connect a wire to the VDDA line, we would solder a wire to pin number
83. (83 is VDDA)

4. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 4 of Port B on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 28. (28 is ADDR4/DATA4/PB4)

5. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 1 of Port T on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 10. (10 is IOC1/PT1)

6. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 0 of Port S on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 89. (89 is PS0/RXD0)
7. On the 9S12, the external address lines are tied to ports A, B, and K. (Alphabetical
order).

8. If we wanted to connect a wire to the A to D line 12, we would solder a wire to pin
number 76. (76 is PAD12/AN12)

9. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 5 of Port M on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 100. (100 is PM5/TXCAN2/TXCAN0/TXCAN4/SCK0)

10. If we wanted to connect a signal line to the Background Debugger pin on the 9S12,
we would solder a line to pin number 23. (BKGD is background debugger) (23 is
MODC/TAGHI/BKGD) (TAGHI has above it)

11. If we wanted to connect a wire to the A to D line 15, we would solder a wire to pin
number 82. (82 is PAD15/AN15/ETRIG1)

12. On the 9S12, what port are the Enhanced Capture Timer channels tied to? Answer:
Port T

13. If we wanted to connect a signal line to VSS1 on the 9S12, we would solder a line to
pin number 14. (14 is VSS1)

14. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 1 of the external data bus on the 9S12, we
would solder a line to pin number 25. (25 is ADDR1/DATA1/PB1)

15. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 4 of the external data bus on the 9S12, we
would solder a line to pin number 28. (28 is ADDR4/DATA4/PB4) (See 4, different problem
but same answer)

16. If we wanted to connect a wire to the XFC signal on the 9S12, we would solder a wire
to pin number 44. (44 is XFC)

17. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 4 of Port P on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 112. (112 is PP4/KWP4/PWM4/MISO2)

18. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 1 of Port B on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 25. (25 is ADDR1/DATA1/PB1) (See 14, different problem but same
answer)

19. If we wanted to connect a wire to the VDD2 line on the 9S12, we would solder a wire
to pin number 65. (65 is VDD2)

20. If we wanted to connect a wire from A to D line 6, we would solder a wire to pin #79.
(79 is PAD06/AN06)

21. On the 9S12, what port are the SCI channels tied to? S or port S

22. If we wanted to connect a signal line to bit 7 of Port J on the 9S12, we would solder a
line to pin number 98. (98 is PJ7/KWJ7/TXCAN4/SCL)

23. On the 9S12 shown, there are [a] KB of internal EEPROM available. Answer: 4

24. If we wanted to connect a wire to the A to D line 14, we would solder a wire to pin
number 80. (80 is PAD14/AN14)

25. On the 9S12, the CAN ports are tied to ports [a] and [b]. (List alphabetically)
Answer: a: J, b: M

26. On the 9S12 shown, you could address at most [a] KB of external RAM (without using
the expanded address bits of port K). Answer = 64

27. If we wanted to connect a signal line to the expanded address line 14 on the 9S12, we
would solder a line to pin number [a]. Answer = 8

_________________________________________________________________________
_____

HW Test 1: EnergyCalc-Amps
Since we are given the amps/hr we convert that to amps/day then to amps/month -B.D.
Answer seems to round to 3 decimal places.

1. Consider an embedded system which uses a batter with a 25.4-mApm-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the batter to last 8 months without being replaced? Assume
a month is 30 days.
4.410 microAmps =(0.0254/(240*24))*10^6, so convert hours to days, and then days to
months to get the amps per month, then divide by number of months.

2. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 83-mAmp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded processor
can have if you want the battery to last 6 months without being replaced? (Assume a month
is 30 days.) 19.213 microAmps

3. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 29.4-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded processor
can have if you want the battery to last 34 years without being replaced? 98.7 microAmps
hours->days=1/24, days->years=1/365, /number of year

4. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 37.6-mAmp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 19 years without being replaced? 0.226

5. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 10.4-mAmp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 39 years without being replaced? 0.30
microAmps

6. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 23.1-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 39 years without being replaced? 67.6
microAmps

7. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 40.3-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 23 years without being replaced? 200
microAmps

8. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 8.2-mAmp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 41 years without being replaced? 0.023
microAmps

9. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 43.3-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 12 years without being replaced? 412
microAmps

10. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 54.2-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in mA) that your embedded processor can
have if you want the battery to last 4 months without being replaced? (Assume a month is
30 days.) 18.819 mA

11. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 80.9-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 36 years without being replaced? 256.53
uA

12. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 95.8-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 44 years without being replaced? .2485
uA

13. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 6.3-mAmp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 5 years without being replaced? .1438 uA

14. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 83-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in mA) that your embedded processor can
have if you want the battery to last 6 months without being replaced? (Assume a month is
30 days.) 19.213 mA

15. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 54.2-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in mA) that your embedded processor can
have if you want the battery to last 4 months without being replaced? (Assume a month is
30 days.) 18.819 mA

16. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 10.4-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 39 years without being replaced? .030 uA

17. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 47.7-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 5 years without being replaced? 1.089 uA

18. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 36.2-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 3 years without being replaced? 1377.47
uA

19. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 21.6-Amp-Hour capacity.
What is the maximum average current draw (in mA) that your embedded processor can
have if you want the battery to last 34 months without being replaced? (Assume a month is
30 days.) .882 mA

20. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 65.4-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 43 months without being replaced?
(Assume a month is 30 days.) 2.112 uA

21. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 52.4-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your
embedded processor can have if you want the battery to last 6 months without being
replaced? (Assume a month is 30 days.) 12.129uA

22. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 94.3-Amp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in mA) that your embedded
processor can have if you want the battery to last 13 months without being replaced?
(Assume a month is 30 days.) 10.075 mA

23. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 5.9-Amp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your
embedded processor can have if you want the battery to last 37 years without being
replaced? 18+-1%
24. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 53.5-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your
embedded processor can have if you want the battery to last 50 months without being
replaced? (Assume a month is 30 days.) 1.486uA
25. Consider an embedded system which uses a battery with a 50.3-mAmp-Hour
capacity. What is the maximum average current draw (in micro Amps) that your
embedded processor can have if you want the battery to last 31 months without being
replaced? (Assume a month is 30 days.) 2.254uA

_________________________________________________________________________
_____

HW Test 1: EnergyCalc
So the formula is this: ((%run time as a decimal)*(Current draw))+((%Wait as
decimal)*(Wait current draw))+((%Pseudo stop(RTI & COP enabled) as a decimal)*(P.S.
(R&C enabled) current draw))= Current per hour. Make sure to convert all units to Amps, it
saves time later. From the current per hour it then depends on what we are trying to find. If
given batteries, take the battery divided by the current per hour we found to solve for the
time the batteries last, for finding the size of a battery from the current per hour find how
much current would be generated over the time period
((current/hour)*(24hours/1day)*(365days/1year)*(#of years) -B.D.

Posted Sams version of the formula down below.

(% of run in decimal * current Max in Amperes)+(% of wait in decimal * current max in
Amperes) + for stop or pseudo stop((1-(% of run in decimal + % of wait in decimal)*(TYP
current of whatever that is left for instance like stop or pseudo stop) = Current. Then
multiply by the time and it should be current-years. Do the necessary dimensional analysis
for the required answer.

Remember to check the units on the side of the chart! Note that usually the Stop and
Pseudo-Stop currents are in MicroAmps and Run and Wait are in MilliAmps.

Actual answer is accurate to nearest whole number with 1% tolerance, but answering in
decimal form is probably safer if the actual answer would be less than 100.

1. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 4% of the time and
"Stop" mode the rest of the time, what size battery (in Amp-Hours) would you need to use
the processor for 13 years without changing the battery in typical operation? (Assume 27
deg. C operation.) 299 Amp-hours

2. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 1.8% of the time,
"Wait" mode 2.8 % of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP disabled)
the rest of the time, what size battery (in Amp-Hours) would you need to use the processor
for 6 years without changing the battery in typical operation? (Assume 27 deg. C
operation.) 140 Amp-hours
((0.018*65e-3)+(0.028*40e-3)+((1-(0.018+0.028))*(400e-6)))*6years *365 days*24 hours =
140.419296

3. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 4% of the time, "Wait"
mode 4% of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP disabled) the rest of
the time, how many years could your system run typically on 2 batteries of 95.8 Amp-Hours
each. (Assume 140 deg. C operation.) 4.124 yrs

4. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 2.6% of the time,
"Wait" mode 2.7 % of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP enabled)
the rest of the time, how many years could your system run typically on 2 batteries of 53.7
Amp-Hours each. (Assume 105 deg. C operation.) 3.429

5. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 3.9% of the time,
"Wait" mode 4.6 % of the time, and "Stop" mode the rest of the time, what size battery (in
Amp-Hours) would you need to use the processor for 9 years without changing the battery
in typical operation? (Assume 140 deg. C operation.) 388

6. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 1.3% of the time,
"Wait" mode 2.9 % of the time, and "Stop" mode the rest of the time, what size battery (in
Amp-Hours) would you need to use the processor for 20 years without changing the battery
in typical operation? (Assume 140 deg. C operation.) 451.981

7. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system.
Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 4.9% of the time,
"Wait" mode 4.1 % of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP disabled)
the rest of the time, what size battery (in Amp-Hours) would you need to use the processor
for 4 years without changing the battery in typical operation? (Assume 105 deg. C
operation.) 189.79

8. Consider using a HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system. Using the
table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 3% of the time, "Wait" mode 1.8
% of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP disabled) the rest of the
time, how many years could your system run typically on 5 batteries of 9.9 Amp-Hours
each. (Assume 105 deg. C operation.) 1.718
(Tip: calculate the average current draw per hour, then the average current draw per
year. Then divide the total energy you have (5*9.9) by the average current draw per year.)

9. Consider using an HC9S12 in single-chip mode in an embedded system. Using the
table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 3.9% of the time, "Wait" mode
2.6 % of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP disabled) the rest of the
time, what size battery (in Amp-Hours) would you need to use the processor for 5 years
without changing the battery in typical operation? (Assume 105 deg. C operation.) 183
Amp-Hours

10. Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 5% of the
time, "Wait" mode 2.2 % of the time, and "Stop" mode the rest of the time, how many
years could your system run in typical operation with 1 batteries of 30 Amp-Hours
each. (Assume 105 deg. C operation.) .794 years

11. Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 1.9% of the
time, "Wait" mode 1.3 % of the time, and "Pseudo Stop" mode (with the RTI and COP
enabled) the rest of the time, what size battery (in Amp-Hours) would you need to use
the processor for 13 years without changing the battery in typical operation? (Assume
140 deg. C operation.) 365

12. Using the table below, and assuming the processor is in "Run" mode 1.7% of the
time, "Wait" mode 1.7 % of the time, and "Stop" mode the rest of the time, what size
battery (in Amp-Hours) would you need to use the processor for 15 years without
changing the battery in typical operation? (Assume 27 deg. C operation.) 237.72
_________________________________________________________________________
_____

HW Test 2: Address Decoding

1. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order
Chip 0: 64 KB
Chip 1: 32 KB
Chip 2: 32 KB
Chip 3: 32 KB
Chip 4: 32 KB
Chip 5: 64 KB
Chip 6: 128 KB
Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).
Give the starting address of each chip below and the number of critical address lines each
has.
Chip 1: [64] K, critical lines = [4]
Chip 2: [96] K, critical lines = [4]
Chip 3: [128] K, critical lines = [3]
Chip 4: [160] K, critical lines = [3]
Chip 5: [192] K, critical lines = [2]

2. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 64 KB
Chip 1: 32 KB
Chip 2: 32 KB
Chip 3: 128 KB
Chip 4: 256 KB
Chip 5: 64 KB
Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).
Give the starting address of each chip below and the number of critical address lines each
has.
Chip 1: [64] K, critical lines = [3]
Chip 2: [96] K, critical lines = [3]
Chip 3: [128] K, critical lines = [1]
Chip 4: [256] K, critical lines = [1]
Chip 5: [512] K, critical lines = [1]

3. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 256 KB
Chip 1: 128 KB
Chip 2: 128 KB
Chip 3: 256 KB
Chip 4: 128 KB
Chip 5: 8 KB
Chip 6: 8 KB

Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).

a. The starting address of Chip 6 is then [904] K.

b. Give the the following Address Line values for Chip 5 and put an asterisk (*) by the bits
which are critical.
(Answers should be one of the following: 0, 1, 0*, 1*, or X with no space between bit and
asterisk.)

A19 = [1*]
A18 = [1*]
A17 = [1*]
A16 = [0]
A15 = [0]
A14 = [0]
A13 = [0*]

c. There will be a total of [21] critical address lines for all chips.

4. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order
Chip 0: 256 KB
Chip 1: 256 KB
Chip 2: 64 KB
Chip 3: 16 KB
Chip 4: 16 KB
Chip 5: 8 KB
Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).
The starting address of Chip 5 is 608

A19 = [1*]
A18 = [0]
A17 = [0]
A16 = [1*]
A15 = [1*]
A14 = [0]
A13 = [0]
There are a total of 14 critical address lines for all chips.

5. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 128 KB
Chip 1: 128 KB
Chip 2: 64 KB
Chip 3: 32 KB
Chip 4: 16 KB

Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).

a. The starting address of Chip 4 is then 552 K.
b. Give the the following Address Line values for Chip 4 and put an asterisk (*) by the bits
which are critical.
(Answers should be one of the following: 0, 1, 0*, 1*, or X with no space between bit and
asterisk.)

A19 = 0
A18 = 1*
A17 = 0
A16 = 1*
A15 = 1*
A14 = 0
A13 = X

c. There will be a total of 11 critical address lines for all chips.

6. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 128 KB
Chip 1: 128 KB
Chip 2: 256 KB
Chip 3: 32 KB
Chip 4: 16 KB

Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).

a. The starting address of Chip 4 is then 544 K.
b. Give the the following Address Line values for Chip 4 and put an asterisk (*) by the bits
which are critical.
(Answers should be one of the following: 0, 1, 0*, 1*, or X with no space between bit and
asterisk.)

A19 = 1*
A18 = 0
A17 = 0
A16 = 0
A15 = 1*
A14 = 0
A13 = X

c. There will be a total of 10 critical address lines for all chips.

7.
_________________________________________________________________________
_____

HW Test 2: Address Decoding-Gaps

1. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 8 KB
Chip 1: 256 KB
Chip 2: 16 KB
Chip 3: 8 KB
Chip 4: 8 KB
Chip 5: 64 KB
Chip 6: 128 KB

Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).

a. The starting address of Chip 6 is then [640] K.
b. Give the the following Address Line values for Chip 3 and put an asterisk (*) by the bits
which are critical.
(Answers should be one of the following: 0, 1, 0*, 1*, or X with no space between bit and
asterisk.)

A19 = [1*]
A18 = [0]
A17 = [0*]
A16 = [0*]
A15 = [0]
A14 = [1*]
A13 = [0*]

c. There will be a total of [22] critical address lines for all chips.

2. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 128 KB
Chip 1: 32 KB
Chip 2: 128 KB
Chip 3: 128 KB
Chip 4: 32 KB
Chip 5: 64 KB

Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).

a. The starting address of Chip 5 is then 576 K.
b. Give the the following Address Line values for Chip 4 and put an asterisk (*) by the bits
which are critical.
(Answers should be one of the following: 0, 1, 0*, 1*, or X with no space between bit and
asterisk.)

A19 = 1*
A18 = 0
A17 = 0
A16 = 0*
A15 = 0
A14 = X
A13 = X

c. There will be a total of 13 critical address lines for all chips.

3. Consider a 20-bit address space which is to address the following chips in the given
order

Chip 0: 32 KB
Chip 1: 128 KB
Chip 2: 32 KB
Chip 3: 128 KB
Chip 4: 64 KB

Assume Chip 0 starts at address 0 and that chips are placed as close together as possible
(i.e. you leave no empty addresses between chips if possible).

a. The starting address of Chip 4 is then 512 K.
b. Give the the following Address Line values for Chip 2 and put an asterisk (*) by the bits
which are critical.
(Answers should be one of the following: 0, 1, 0*, 1*, or X with no space between bit and
asterisk.)

A19 = 0
A18 = 1*
A17 = 0*
A16 = 0
A15 = 0
A14 = X
A13 = X

c. There will be a total of 10 critical address lines for all chips
Starting Address
Chip 0: 32 KB 0
Chip 1: 256 KB 32 KB -> 256 KB
Chip 2: 256 KB 512 KB
Chip 3: 16 KB 768 KB
Chip 4: 64 KB 784KB -> 832 KB
Chip 5: 16 KB 896 KB

hahaha there is a reason I do this on paper
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
*0 *0 0 0 0 X X X X X
*0 *1 X X X X X X X X
*1 *0 X X X X X X X X
*1 *1 *0 *0 0 0 X X X X
*1 *1 0 *1 X X X X X X
*1 *1 *1 0 0 0 X X X X
^^^^^^^^ 10000 hours in paint


4

_________________________________________________________________________
_
____





HW Test 2: Decoder
Solution Algorithm: Understand/Memorize the following table (Note that chip select must be
1 (one) for all in order to turn anything on):

A2 A1 A0 /Y0 /Y1 /Y2 /Y3 /Y4 /Y5 /Y6 /Y7
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1. Which output will be zero for the decoder below given the following inputs?

A0 = 0
A1 = 1
A2 = 0
CS1 = 1
CS2 = 0
CS3 = 1
No Outputs

2. Given the following inputs:
A0 = 0
A1 = 1
A2 = 1

CS1 = 1
CS2 = 0
CS3 = 0
Answer - Y6

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HW Test 2: DecodeGate

All right guys. First step: look at the gate youre given and determine what your outputs
need to be in order to activate the chip select. In the case of the NAND gate below (problem
1), all inputs would need to be 1s. In the case of the OR gate (problem 2), all inputs would
need to be 0s. In the case of the AND gate (problem 3), all would need to be 1s.
Second step: Write out A19-A12 and fill them in according to what they would need to be as
determined above. If a line isnt given, it gets an X.
Third step: You now should have two sets of 4 bits. Convert to hexadecimal. These will be
the first two options that need to be satisfied to turn on the chip. Wherever they are both
satisfied in the answer choices given in the problem is where the chip will be addressed.
(Note: An X indicates more than one option is viable. Convert accordingly.) - Baghdady

1. Assume the following gate is connected to the LOW-active chip select line of a 8-KB
memory chip used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit addresses. Which of the
following system addresses would address this chip?

0xBDC9A
0X9DE8B
0xBC48C
2. Assume the following gate is connected to the LOW-active chip select line of a 8-KB
memory chip used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit addresses. Which of the
following system addresses would address this chip?

0xE46A3
0xC5E94
0xC5EB1
0xD569C

3. Assume the following gate is connected to the high-active chip select line of a 8-KB
memory chip used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit addresses. Which of the
following system addresses would address this chip?

0x91D59
0x10027
0xB12ED

4. Assume the following gate is connected to the LOW-active chip select line of a 8-KB
memory chip used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit addresses. Which of the
following system addresses would address this chip?

0xC9D3F
0xD9C21
0xC9594

5. Assume the following gate is connected to the high-active chip select line of a 8-KB
memory chip used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit addresses. Which of the
following system addresses would address this chip?

0x2D89B
0x0EDD6

6. Assume the following gate is connected to the high-active chip select line of a 8-KB
memory chip used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit addresses. Which of the
following system addresses would address this chip?

0xB45DB
0x9004F

7. Assume the following gate is connected to the
high-active chip select line of a 8-KB memory chip
used in a byte-addressable system with 20-bit
addresses. Which of the following system addresses
would address this chip?

0xFAA33
0xFA94B
0xFA9C8
0xF8C7E
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HW Test 3: Memory General

1. How is SRAM generally used in a system? Lvl1 cache, Lvl 2 cache, NVRAM

2. What type of Memory is used to store variables in a(n) (embedded) system? RAM,
Volatile, SRAM, DRAM (System & embedded system have same answers)

3. What is the advantage of using DRAM over SRAM? Lower power at use, Higher
Density, Less expensive.

4. What type of memory is made out of transistors? SRAM

5. Which of the following is volatile?
SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM

6. What type of memory is used to store the Stack in an embedded system?
RAM, Volatile, SRAM,DRAM (Any one of)

7. Which type of memory is generally used to store system states in an embedded
system? ROM, Non-Volatile, PROM, EPROM, or EEPROM

8. What type of memory is generally used to store Program Instructions in an embedded
system?
ROM, Non-Volatile, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

9. What type of memory is generally used to store Tables or Images in an embedded
system?
ROM, Non-Volatile, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

10. What is the advantage of using SRAM over DRAM? (Check all that apply.)
Lower power consumption (at rest), Simpler to implement, Faster, Can be placed on
same die as processor logic

11. Which type of RAM is the following memory cell found in?
DRAM
12. What type of memory is generally used to store User Settings in an embedded
system? ROM or Non-Volatile or PROM or EPROM or EEPROM

13. Which of the following are non-volatile? EEPROM, EPROM, NVRAM, OTP ROM,
Flash, Masked ROM, PROM.

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_____

HW Test 3: EPROM Programming


1. In the EEPROM Programming Flowchart, how many times does the programmer try to
program a difficult cell before it quits? 10

2. In the EPROM Programming timing diagram shown below (see image with problem),
how long must programmer wait to insure the DATA is valid after the EPROM is told to
output the cell data written to it? tDV

3. In the EPROM programming flow chart shown below, how does the programmer
program the EPROM? Programs all cells then checks each one for validity.

4. In the EPROM programming timing diagram shown below,
at what point in time does the EPROM programmer read the DATA to be verified from the
bus?
The second rising edge of CE#

5. In the EPROM programming timing diagram shown below,
how long must the DATA be stable before the EPROM latches the data into memory?
tDS

5. In the EPROM programming timing diagram shown below,
how long must the ADDRESS be stable before the EPROM latches the data into memory?
tAS

6. In the EPROM programming timing diagram shown below, what signal tells the EPROM
to output the cell data which was written to it? CE

7. In the EPROM programming timing diagram shown below, at what point in time does the
EPROM read the DATA it is to program into its cell? The first rising edge of CE#
Using the figure Programming Waveform from above to answer 8-9 questions:
8. What signal determines whether input data or output data is on the data bus?
OE or OE# or OE#/Vpp or OE/Vpp
9. At what point in time does the EPROM read the DATA it is to program into its cell? The
first rising edge of CE#



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____

HW Test 4: Development Tools

1. Name four different things that you generally find on a micro-controller project board.
Reset Switch
Com Ports
LCD Display
7-Segment Display
LEDs
Keypad/Switches
Amplifiers/Op Amps
Opto-Isolators
Relays
SCRs/Triacs
Buzzers
Potentiometers
DACs
Dip Swiches
Thermometers
Breadboards
Expansion Ports/Slots/Connectors

2. Whats the name of an electro-mechanical device that is used to switch higher-voltage
and/or higher-current devices? Relay/SCR/Triac (any one of)

3. What field does the 0038 reside in the s-record shown below?

Address
To catch all similar problems, the key is as follows:
S = Start Code, 1 = Record Type, 11 = Byte Count, 0038 = Address, [4-2] = Data, 42 =
Checksum

4. What does DPDT on a relay stand for?
Double Pole Double Throw

5. What is circuitry that is used to interface two different chips together called?
glue logic
6. What kind of IC is used to isolate a low-voltage microprocessor circuit from a higher-
voltage motor circuit? opto-isolator
7. What is the name for a program which takes C code written on a computer and
creates code for a microprocontroller? That is, it creates for a processor other than the
one it runs on. Cross Compiler

8. What is the name for software and/or hardware which allows you to start and stop
execution and examine the state of the processor while it is executing your code?
Debugger

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_____

HW Test 5: Addressing
For these take PORTB and convert to binary, and the rightmost bit is the value of
ADDR[]. If ECLK is 0 it is preparing, if it is a 1 it is doing the action. Pay attention to the
table, as it will tell you about what size is being used.

1.LSTRB# = 1
R/W # = 0
PORTA = 0xA9
PortB = 0xB8
ECLK = 0
Answer - Preparing to write 8 bits to an even address

2. LSTRB# = 0
R/W# = 0
PORTA = 0xF7
PORTB = 0xE8
ECLK = 1
Answer - Writing 16 bits to an even address

3. LSTRB# = 1
R/W# = 0
PORTA = 0x9A
PORTB = 0x8B
ECLK = 0
write 16bits to odd address

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______

HW Test 5: General

1. The "256" in the part number MC9S12DP256B refers to the amount of [memory]
contained in the chip.

2. The term glue logic refers to the added circuitry necessary to interface two or more
chips together.

3. The flash memory in the chip is used to hold code instructions for the chip.

4. What signal from the MC9S12 is used in conjunction with the R/W# line to determine
whether or not 8- or 16-bit data is being read? LSTRB
5. Which of the following is/are not found on the MC9S12? Piezo Electric Buzzer,
Digital to Analog Converter, Temperature Sensor

6. In the glue logic below the signal A is [a] and the signal B is [b]
[a] = ECLK
[b] = R/W#


7. What type of data/information is stored at the upper end of the MC9S12 memory map?
Interrupt Vector Table

8. In the glue logic below the signal A is [a] and the signal B is [b]
[a]=WE#
[b]=OE#
9. The [a] memory in the chip is used to hold code instructions for the chip. Flash

10. What signal is shown at the top of this timing diagram? (As indicated by a '?') ECLK


11. What is a compiler called which generates code for a process other than the one it is
running on? Cross Compiler
12. What signal from the MC9S12 is used to determine whether or nor a memory chip is
being read from or written to? RW or R/W or R/W#
13. What type of memory is located at the very beginning (lowest addresses) of the
MC9S12 Memory Map by default? registers or control registers
_________________________________________________________________________

HW Test 5: Memory Interfacing
Formula:
Chip 0 is an [a]-K B Memory Chip.
Chip 0 contains the [b]-order Bytes of 16-bit integers
The starting address of the memory system is 0x[c].
The ending address the memory system is 0x[d].
The configuration is [e] Endian.
o [a] = 2^(AX - A1 - 10) (difference of indices for D,C ie X - 1) D is always the same (1
byte out), its the address lines that tell you how many bytes are addressed in the chip
o [b] look at spread of FG and KL to see which chip has high and low order (low order chip
starts at D0 (D0 to D7 usually))
o [c] Take a 20-digit binary number. All positions are 0 except at A bit and B bit, where
they are 1s. Convert this number to hex and thats the answer. Should be 5 digits when
done.
o [d] Take binary number from [c]. Make every bit from A0 to A equal to 1. Convert to hex.
Should be 5 digits
o [e] big endian if LSTRB goes into low-order chip

1. Consider the following diagram where we are interfacing two memory chips to a
MC9S12. Given that the pins are connected as follows:



A = A19
B = A17
C = A1 F = D8
D = A15 G = D15
E = A0
H = A1 K = D0
I = A15 L = D7
J = LSTRB

o Correct Answers for: a 32
Correct Answers for: b high
Correct Answers for: c A0000
512K 256K 128K 64K 32K 16K 8K 4K...
1 0 1 0 X X X X

So then change all the Xs to 1s and that should give you the answer
1010 1111 1111 1111 1111 = AFFFF

Correct Answers for: d AFFFF
Correct Answers for: e Big

2. Consider the following diagram where we are interfacing two memory chips to a
MC9S12. Given that the pins are connected as follows:

A = A19
B = A15

C = A1 F = D0
D = A14 G = D7
E = LSTRB

H = A1 K = D8
I = A14 L = D15
J = A0

A = 16
B = low
C = 88000
D =8FFFF
E = Big

3. Consider the following diagram where we are interfacing two memory chips to a
MC9S12. Given that the pins are connected as follows:


A = A19
B = A17

C = A1 F = D8
D = A14 G = D15
E = LSTRB

H = A1 K = D0
I = A14 L = D7
J = A0

A = 16
B = high
C = A0000
D = A9FFF
E = little

4. Consider the following diagram where we are interfacing two memory chips to a
MC9S12. Given that the pins are connected as follows:

A = A18
B = A17

C = A1 F = D8
D = A14 G = D15
E = A0

H = A1 K = D0
I = A14 L = D7
J = LSTRB

16
high
60000
67FFF
Big

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HW Test 5: Memory Interfacing To Label
Solution Algorithm: Use the formulas from the previous problem in reverse to solve.
Note: C and H seem to always be A1, and the opposite of LSTRB is A0

(^^^ I did not find that D/I seem to be B - 2. See example number 3 and 4 that I posted
below. This also affects the size of the chip because it is changing the address lines.

I think I figured out the reason why. Look at the starting and the ending addresses and
break them down so you can look at the bits. Figure out which bit is the first that changes
and then that bit is the answer for D/I.is seems to work with every example so I think it is
true)

Quick way of figuring out the inputs: subtract the beginning from the end address and add 1.
This is the combined size of the 2 chips, and you can say 2^n = (end - beginning)/2, with n
being the highest number input used (e.g. 16384/2 = 2^13, so inputs are A1 to A13).

OPTION 2: D0-D7 will be D0&D7 if chip is low-order
D0-D7 will be D8&D15 if chip is high-order
If big-endian LSTRB will go to low-order chip
A0 will go to high-order chip
If little-endian LSTRB will go to high-order chip
A0 will go to low-order chip
Regardless of big or little, LSTRB always goes to the odd address/byte
A0-A_: to find the _, equation is log_2((end_address-start_address)/2)
1. Given that A = A18, B = A17
Chip 0 contains the high-order Bytes of 16-bit integers. The starting address of the memory
system is 0x60000. The ending address of the memory system is 0x6FFFF. The
configuration is Big Endian.
C = A1, D = A15, G = D15, E = A0, H = A1, K = D0, I = A15, L = D7, J = LSTRB. (32-K)
2. Given that A = A10, B = A15
Chip 0 contains the low-order Bytes of 16-bit integers. The starting address of the memory
system is 0x88000. The ending address of the memory system is 0x8BFFF.
The configuration is Big Endian.
C =A1, D =A13, G =D7, E =LSTRB, H = A1, K = D8, I = A13, L = D15, J = A0. (8-K)

3. Consider the following diagram where we are interfacing two memory chips to a
MC9S12.
A = A19
B = A15
Chip 0 contains the high order Bytes of 16 bit integers
The starting address of the memory system is 0x88000
The ending address of the memory system is 0x8FFFF.
The configuration is Big Endian.
Complete the following:
C = [A1]
D = [A14] G = [D15]
E = [A0]

H = [A1] K = [D0]
I = [A14] L = [D7]
J = [LSTRB]

Chip 0 is a [16]-k B memory chip

4. Consider the following diagram where we are interfacing two memory chips to a
MC9S12.
A = A18
B = A15
Chip 0 contains the low order Bytes of 16 bit integers
The starting address of the memory system is 0x48000
The ending address of the memory system is 0x49FFF.
The configuration is Big Endian.
Complete the following:
C = [A1]
D = [A12] G = [D7]
E = [LSTRB]

H = [A1] K = [D8]
I = [A12] L = [D15]
J = [A0]

Chip 0 is a [4] - KB memory chip

5.
A = A18
B = A17
Chip 0 contains the low-order Bytes of 16-bit integers
The starting address of the memory system is 0x60000.
The ending address the memory system is 0x63FFF.
The configuration is Big Endian.
Complete the following:
C = A1
D = A13 G = D7
E = LSTRB
H = A1 K = D8
I = A13 L = D15
J = A0
Chip 0 is an 8-K B Memory Chip.

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HW Test 5: Reset Modes

1. In Expanded Wide mode,
the MSB of the Address is located on Port [A],
the LSB of the Address is located on Port [B],
the MSB of the Data is located on Port [A],
and the LSB of the Data is located on Port [B].

2. Give the necessary values for the Mode Pins to set up the MC9S12 to use an 8-bit
external memory bus with emulation. (Valid answers are 0, 1, or X.)
MODA = [a]
MODB = [b]
MODC = [c]

a = 1
b = 0
c = 0

3. In Expanded Narrow mode,
The MSB of the Address is located on Port A, the LSB of the Address is located on Port B,
and the data is located on Port A.

4. What does setting the ROMON bit to 1 do?
Makes the internal flash usable.

5. What does setting the ROMON bit to 0 do?
Makes the internal Flash unusable.

6. What does setting the ROMCTL bit to 1 at reset do?
Allows for the ROMON bit in the MISC register to be set.

7. Give the necessary values for the Mode Pins to set up the MC9S12 to use a 16-bit
external memory bus in regular mode.

MODA = [1]
MODB = [1]
MODC = [1]

8. Give the necessary values for the Mode Pins to set up the MC9S12 to use a 16-bit
external memory bus in emulation mode. (Valid answers are 0, 1, or X.)
MODA = 1
MODB = 1
MODC = 0
9. Give the necessary values for the Mode Pins to set up the MC9S12 to not use expanded
memory. (Valid answers are 0, 1, or X.)
MODA = [0]
MODB = [0]
MODC = [X]

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HW Test 6: General

1. What is the purpose/function of a pull-down resistor?
Answer: Pulls an input down to a zero by latching it to ground.

2. Give an advantage and disadvantage of using isolated(port-based) I/O.
Pro - simultaneous memory and I/O. Cons - Additional pins needed for address, data,
controls; additional instructions needed to access the I/O bus.

3. What latch chip was used in class to write to I/O devices? 74374

4. What does volatile mean in the following line of C code?

#define PTH *(volatile unsigned char *)0x260

Answer: Variable can be changed from outside the program (external device can
drive high/low)

5. Give an advantage and disadvantage of using memory-mapped I/O.
Advantage includes many operations, and a disadvantage is I/O error on a memory
map cannot caught and results in program crashes.

6. Give an advantage and disadvantage of using linear select addressing of I/O.
CHECK me up on this guys - seems legit
Advantage: simple selection logic and one port per addressline
disadvantage: wastefull addressing

7. What does the following line of C instruct the compiler to do? What does it allow the
programmer to do?
#define PTH *(volatile unsigned char *)0x260
(essay style question)

8. Why is a latch needed to store the address from the 9S12 when communicating with an
I/O device? (essay style question)
A: Bus is multiplexed so address must stored while data is put on the bus

9. Why is the 373 Latch's G input connected to 5 Volts?
(essay style question)
The latches G input is not-ed so it has to connect to 5 volts to make it a zero.

10. What is the difference between the 74-373 and the 74-374? (essay style)

74373 uses an enable, while 74374 latches values on the rising edge of a clock (VERIFY)

11. Give an advantage and disadvantage of using memory-mapped I/O.
Pros. No addition pins or instructions necessary.
Cons. Less memory can be addressed.
12. What latch chip was used in class to read from I/O devices? 74373
13. Everything done in the CPU is done in parallel (not serial). Why?
Answer: Everything is done in parallel because there are plenty of jobs that computer has to
do and most all of them are perform individually. Therefore, parallelism makes everything
WAY faster and other programs does not have for another to complete before it executes.

14. What is a typical size/value of a pull-up resistor?
Answer: R is typically 4.7 KOhm 10 KOhm
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HW Test 6: PAL Decoding

1. Write out the starting and ending addresses in Binary, then see where they start to
differ. This is your answer. If they start to differ before the 10th digit than put an X in the
space.

The upper address lines of a 20-bit address are to be connected to the inputs of a 10-input
PAL to decode memory-mapped I/O addresses in a system.

The PAL is to generate a low signal when an address in the range
0x82000 - 0x827FF
is selected.

10000010000000000000
10000010011111111111
What do the input values of the PAL need to be for it to output a low?
(1, 0, or type in X if input address not used.) The highest order inputs of the PAL should be
used first and the lower ones not connected if not needed. i.e. D9 is connected to A19, D8
to A18, etc... )

D9 = 1
D8 = 0
D7 = 0
D6 = 0
D5 = 0
D4 = 0
D3 = 1
D2 = 0
D1 = 0
D0 = X

2. (Same as above, but range is 0xD4000 - 0xD5FFF)
Answer - D9 = 1, D8 = 1, D7 = 0, D6 = 1, D5 = 0, D4 = 1, D3 = 0, D2 = X, D1 = X, D0 = X

3. 0x58000 - 0x5BFFF
D9 = 0, D8 = 1, D7 = 0, D6 = 1, D5 = 1, D4 = 1, D3 = X, D2 = X, D1 = X, D0 = X

4. 0x90400 - 0x907FF
D9 = 1, D8 = 0, D7 = 0, D6 = 1, D5 = 0, D4 = 0, D3 = 0, D2 = 0, D1 = 0, D0 = 1

_________________________________________________________________________
_____

HW Test 6: PIM

1. An open drain output allows for wired-ORing or pins. TRUE

2. This register can be used to detect overloads or shorts at port pins. PTIn

3. This register can be used to internally connect a resistor to from a port pin to either Vcc
or Vdd if the corresponding pin is set to input. PERn

4. In order to know which pin an interrupt has occurred on, this register must be read. PIFn

5. A [a] resistor is generally used to make an input pin's default value 1. Pull up

6. This register can determine whether the pull resistor is pull-up or pull-down PPSn

7. This register can determine whether the an interrupt is detected on either the rising edge
or falling edge of a signal. PPSn

8. Which register is written to in order to change the values of a certain port's pins? PTn

9. What Port only has 4 pins instead of 8? J

10. Which register needs to be configured before ever outputing a value to a certain port
pin? DDRn

11. This register determines whether or not a transition on a port pin will produce an
interrupt.
PIEn

12. The ISA level directly supports serial instructions. False

13. Which register determines if port pins will be used as input or output? DDRn

14. Which register determines if port pins will act as an OR gate when its pins are tied
together, or not? WOMn

15. This register reads the state of the register buffer if reading a pin is set to output. PTn

_________________________________________________________________________
_____



HW Test 6: PIM Initialization
Solution Algorithm: Convert the required data using the following Register key:
DDR(p) - Data Direction Port p, 1 - output, 0 - input
PER(p) - Port Pull Device Enable Register, 1 - enable if input, 0 - disable if input
PIE(p) - Port Interrupt Enable Register, 1 - enable/unmask interrupt, 0 - disable/mask
interrupt
PPS(p) - Port Polarity Select Register, 1 - Enable Pull Down, 0 - Enable Pull Up
(NOTE: PPS carries 1 - Rising Edge, 0 Falling Edge sets Interrupt Flag for P, H, J.)
Basically, PPS(p) = 1 for the bits next to Pull Down and Rising Edge, 0 for every other bit
RDRH - Port Reduced Drive Register, 1 - one-third full output drive, 0 - full output drive
1.Given the following desired initialization settings for Port H of the HC9S12, give the
hexadecimal value for each register shown below.
(Do not put a 0x in front of each number. Assume pins that aren't input are output, and
vice versa. Make each bit that doesn't matter a 0.)
Output: bit(s) 6 7
Reduced Drive: bit(s) 6 7
Pull Device Enabled: bit(s) 1 2
Interrupt Enabled: bit(s) 0 5
Falling Edge Triggered Interrupts: bit(s) 5
Rising Edge Triggered Interrupts: bit(s) 0
Pull Up: bit(s) 1
Pull Down: bit(s) 2
Answer: DDRH = C0, PERH = 06, PIEH = 21, PPSH = 05, RDRH = C0

2. Given the following desired initialization settings for Port H of the HC9S12, give the
hexadecimal value for each register shown below.
(Do not put a 0x in front of each number. Assume pins that aren't input are output, and vice
versa. Make each bit that doesn't matter a 0.)

Input: bit(s) 0 1 2 3 4 7
Reduced Drive: bit(s) 5 6
Pull Device Enabled: bit(s) 1 7
Interrupt Enabled: bit(s) 0 2
Falling Edge Triggered Interrupts: bit(s) 2
Rising Edge Triggered Interrupts: bit(s) 0
Pull Up: bit(s)
Pull Down: bit(s) 1 7

DDRH = [60]
PERH = [82]
PIEH = [05]
PPSH = [83]
RDRH = [60]

3. Given the following desired initialization settings for Port H of the HC9S12, give the
hexadecimal value for each register shown below.
(Do not put a 0x in front of each number. Assume pins that aren't input are output, and vice
versa. Make each bit that doesn't matter a 0.)

Input: bit(s) 0 6 7
Reduced Drive: bit(s) 1 2 4
Pull Device Enabled: bit(s) 0
Interrupt Enabled: bit(s) 6
Falling Edge Triggered Interrupts: bit(s) 6
Rising Edge Triggered Interrupts: bit(s)
Pull Up: bit(s) 0
Pull Down: bit(s)

DDRH= 3E
PERH= 01
PIEH= 40
PPSH= 00
RDRH= 16
_________________________________________________________________________
_____

HW Test 6: IO Calculation
Solution Algorithm: Voltage after drop over LEDs/current through LEDs = Resistance of R
If 2 voltages sources are hooked in parallel, remember that the voltage heading towards the
resistors is equal to just ONE of those sources, but the current going towards the resistors
is all of the currents coming from all of those sources (and going through the LEDs)
combined. Just remember for parallel: VTotal = V1 = V2 = V3, ATotal = A1 + A2 + A3.

1. Consider the I/O interface of the circuit below. What is the value of R given that the
LEDs need to operate at 14.6 mA with a voltage drop of 1.2 Volts given that Vcc is 3.4
Volts?
Answer - 151

2. Consider the I/O interface of the circuit below. What is the value of R given that the LEDs
need to operate at 11.2 mA with a voltage drop of 1.1 Volts for LED1 and 0.8 Volts for
LED2 given that Vcc is 3.4 Volts?
Answer - 134

3. Consider the I/O interface of the circuit below. What is the value of R given that the LED
needs to operate at 10.8 mA with a voltage drop of 0.9 Volts given that Vcc is 4.5 Volts?
(Answer should be rounded to nearest integer.)

This answer actually requires the calculation of (Vcc - .9V)/(.0054 A) = 667 because the
current is split between the 2 resistors evenly
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Solution Algorithm: Current = Voltage after drop through LEDs / Resistance R

HW Test 6: IO Calculation 2

1. Consider the I/O interface of the circuit below. What is the current (in mA to the nearest
integer) through one of the LEDs given that the value of R is 119 ohms, the LEDs need to
operate with a voltage drop of 1.1 Volts, and that Vcc is 4.9 Volts?

Answer - 32

2. Consider the I/O interface of the circuit below. How much current (in mA to the nearest
integer) must the port pin be able to sink given that the value of R is 314 ohms, the LED
needs to operate with a voltage drop of 1.1 Volts, and Vcc is 4.5 Volts?

Answer - 11

3. Consider the I/O interface of the circuit below. What is the current (in mA to the
nearest integer) through one of the LEDs given that the value of R is 233 ohms, the
LEDs need to operate with a voltage drops of 1.2 Volts for LED1 and 0.9 Volts for
LED2, and that Vcc is 4.6 Volts?


Answer - 21
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HW Test 7: Bit Masking
Solution Algorithm: Take bits mentioned (they are 1s, with the not mentioned bits 0s) and
convert to Hex. If the problem states set, OR this result with PTH, if it states clear, AND
PTH with the inverse of the result.

1. How would you set the following pins of Port H without affecting any other pins?
Set bit(s) 0 1 2 4 6 7
Answer: PTH | 0xD7

2. How would you set the following pins of Port H without affecting any other pins?
Set bit(s) 1 2 4 5 6
Answer: PTH | 0x76
7654 3210
0111 0110 = 76 = 0x76
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HW Test 7: Bit Masking AND
Solution Algorithm: Same as above. Note: This problem may or may not be bugged, and
can be answered in two separate ways, with the NOT of the section that should remain, or
with the section that should be cleared.

To clear, AND it with the hex of the inverted pins given. i.e. clear bit 7 = PTH & 0111 1111
1.How would you clear the following pins of Port H without affecting any other pins?
Clear bit(s) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Answer: PTH & 0x81 or PTH ~& 0x7E

2. How would you clear the following pins of Port H without affecting any other pins?
Clear bits 0 1 4 6
Answer: PTH & 0xAC or PTH & ~0x53

3. How would you CLEAR bits 0 4 5 of Port H without affecting any other pins?
Answer: PTH & ~ 0x31
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HW Test 7: Bit Masking While
Solution Algorithm: Determine what bits of Port H are being checked, and determine when
these bits are tripped in order to exit the while loop. Note: Remember that 0 constitutes
false, and all other values constitute true if no logical test occurs.
1.Given the following code, when must the program drop out of the while loop and execute
the instruction PTJ = 0?
while ((PTH & 0x02) ==0);
PTJ = 0;
Answer: When PortH[1] = 1;

2. Given the following code, when must the program drop out of the while loop and execute
the instruction PTJ = 0?
while(PTH & 0xBF);
PTJ=0;

Answer: No possible solution with these choices
Why? Because everything inside the while() would have to be 0. Aka, the only two options
would be PTH=0x40 or PTH=0x00.

3. Given the following code, when must the program drop out of the while loop and execute the
instruction PTJ = 0?
while (PTH & 0xFD);
PTJ = 0;

Answer: no possible solution with these choices
Why? Because everything inside the while() would have to be 0. Aka, the only two options
would be PTH=0x02 or PTH=0x00.

4.

Given the following code, when must the program drop out of the while loop and excute the
instruction PTJ = 0?
while ((PTH & 0x7F) == 0);
PTJ = 0;
Answer: When PortH[0] = 1


When PortH[1] = 1


When PortH[2] = 1


When PortH[3] = 1


When PortH[4] = 1


When PortH[5] = 1


When PortH[6] = 1

5. Given the following code, when must the program drop out of the while loop and excute the
instruction PTJ = 0?
while ((PTH & 0x0F) == 0);

PTJ = 0;

Answer: When PortH[0] = 1


When PortH[1] = 1


When PortH[2] = 1


When PortH[3] = 1

6. Given the following code, when must the program drop out of the while loop and excute the
instruction PTJ = 0?

while (PTH & 0x02);

PTJ = 0;

Answer: When PortH[1] = 0

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HW Test 7: Bit Masking XOR
Solution Algorithm: Convert the hex code to binary. Follow the required operations. Note:
Xor Operator produces a 1 if the two input bits are different, or a 0 if they are the same
(difference function);
1.What is the value of ChangedSw (in hex) after this code is run?
unsigned char OldSw = 0x1F;
unsigned char NewSw = 0xDA;
unsgined char ChangedSw; (Well done, Dr. Reid)

ChangedSw = (~OldSw ^ NewSw) & OldSw;

Answer = 0x1A;

2. What is the value of ChangedSw (in hex) after this code is run?

unsigned char OldSw = 0xE1;
unsigned char NewSw = 0x6C;
unsgined char ChangedSw;

ChangedSw = (OldSw^NewSw) & NewSw;

Answer = 0x0C

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HW Test 7: Bit Masking XOR Code
Note: A problem to this effect was discussed in class. If you missed said discussion, it
would be prudent to assign a random value to OldSw, then change it in NewSw and view
the result. (Test Cases of OldSw = 0x6A and NewSw = 0xA6 seem to work decently)
1. What does the following C code look for? (i.e. What kind of change does this C code
detect?)
/* ... */

unsigned char OldSw, NewSw, ChangedSw;

while (OldSw == NewSw) NewSw = PTH;

ChangedSw = (NewSw ^ ~OldSw) & ~NewSw;

OldSw = NewSw;

/* ... */

Answer: ChangedSW bit values are 1 only where switches remained a 0 after switching.

2. What does the following C code look for?
/* ... */

unsigned char OldSw, NewSw, ChangedSw;

while (OldSw == NewSw) NewSw = PTH;

ChangedSw = (~OldSw ^ ~NewSw);

OldSw = NewSw;

/* ... */
Answer: ChangedSW is a 1 for any values that have been changed.

3. What does the following C code "look for?" (i.e. What kind of change does this C code
detect?)

/* ... */

unsigned char OldSw, NewSw, ChangedSw;

while (OldSw == NewSw) NewSw = PTH;

ChangedSw = (~NewSw ^ OldSw) & ~NewSw;

OldSw = NewSw;

/* ... */

Answer: ChangedSW is a 1 only where switches remained a 0.

4. What does the following C code "look for?" (i.e. What kind of change does this C code
detect?)

/* ... */

unsigned char OldSw, NewSw, ChangedSw;

while (OldSw == NewSw) NewSw = PTH;

ChangedSw = (~NewSw ^ OldSw) & ~OldSw;

OldSw = NewSw;

/* ... */

Answer: ChangedSW is a 1 only where switches remained
a 0.

5. /* ... */

unsigned char OldSw, NewSw, ChangedSw;

while (OldSw == NewSw) NewSw = PTH;

ChangedSw = NewSw & (OldSw ^ ~NewSw);

OldSw = NewSw;

/* ... */

Answer: ChangedSW is a 1 only where switches never
changed from a 1.

6. /* ... */

unsigned char OldSw, NewSw, ChangedSw;

while (OldSw == NewSw) NewSw = PTH;

ChangedSw = OldSw & (~OldSw ^ NewSw);

OldSw = NewSw;

/* ... */

Answer: ChangedSW is a 1 only where switches remained 1.


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HW Test 7: Keyboard

Hey guys I figured this out. Ill start typing my general solution below then commenting the
code to show what is going on.

Solution Algorithm: For the second type, work backwards through the grid like so, with a 0
meaning a press:
16 15 14 13
12 11 10 9
8 7 6 5
4 3 2 1
Convert this from 1->16 to hex (4 chars), and that should be the answer. The exception to
this is if the return is ~, which can be easily accounted for.

Seems to me that at least for problems using the for loop and rows only, the answer follows
a pretty simple pattern. (Though why the code works that way I have no clue). Your answer
will be in hex form and consist of four numerals. i.e. 0x####. Going from left to right, the first
numeral represents the bottom row of the keypad. Any key pressed on that row constitutes
a 0, and all unpressed keys a 1. So, if no keys are pressed, the first numeral is F (1111). If
the C and D keys have been pressed (may help to see actual keypad), then the
first numeral will be C (1100). The pattern continues from there where the next numeral
corresponds to the second to bottom row, etc You can look at problems 3 and 4 to see
keys pressed and the corresponding answer. Problem 2 follows this pattern as well. The
only difference is that the return is not-ed, so you simply not the answer you get following
the process I just explained. As for problem 1, I have no idea whats going on there. I hope
this explanation at least helps yall get the right answer on the HW, even if I cant say how
the code works.
(Lemme know if this explanation is unclear, and Ill try to revise it if it is)
Its a little rough, and Ill work on coming up with a better explanation, but you nailed it. Get
yourself a cookie.

Alright so heres how to do these (although I haven't tested it on all of them). Ill show a
keypad thing below for reference. And since he always seems to set the values to the same
things I will just show those as well.

bit 0 0 1 2 3
bit 1 4 5 6 7
bit 2 8 9 A B
bit 3 C D E F
bit 4 bit 5 bit 6 bit 7
DDRH = 0x0F; // This means bits 0 through 3 of port H are input, bits 4 through 7 are output
RDRH = 0x00; // doesn't really matter
PERH = 0x00; // ditto
PIEH = 0x00; // don't need interrupts
PTH = 0x0F; // set initial values for it.

Alright, so for all of these bits 4 through 7 are output, BUT 0 through 3 are INPUT! This is
important. Generally he just has a for loop where he will set the PTH to a value that
changes each time it goes through the loop (the KeyMask and RowMask values). The rows
are set to a certain value, in all actuality the column value we just set does not matter
because it is about to be overwritten because it is set to input. So then you take the 4 row
bits and whichever row is on, or 0, you check each column to see if that value is on on
the row you are checking. Then the column bits, 4 through 7, are written in PTH. You then
do whatever you are supposed to do with this output to solve the problem. Ill go through a
few and comment through them.

^ Green hurt my eyes too much - Changed to purple.

1. Given the following code and keypad layout (see slides or actual problem), what will the
function GetKey () return when it is run while keys A and B are pressed?
DDRH = 0x0F; // Bits 0 through 3 are output (1), bits 4 through 7 are input (0)
RDRH = 0x00;
PERH = 0x00; // The rest of this doesnt really matter. It wont change anyways.
PIEH = 0x00;
PTH = 0x0F;

unsigned char GetKey(void)
{ unsigned char KeyMask[16] =
{ 0xEE, 0xDE, 0xBE, 0x7E,
0XED, 0xDD, 0xBD, 0x7D,
0xEB, 0xDB, 0xBB, 0x7B,
0xE7, 0xD7, 0xB7, 0x77
};
int i;
char Key;
for (Key=0, i=0; i<16; i++) // Key is set to 0, and we are going to loop through and
//check everything
{ PTH = KeyMask[i]; // Set PTH to the keymask. This gets the rows and then
// the keypad gets the new column bits.
if (PTH == KeyMask[i]) // Check to see if the column bits match the entry
// we are checking. If they do then we set a new
// value for Key
{ if (i<10) Key = 0 + i;
else Key = A+ i - 10;
}
}
PTH = 0x0F;
return (Key);
}
For this problem
0 1 2 3 // When this row is tested the column bits are 0000
4 5 6 7 // When this row is tested the column bits are 0000
8 9 A B // This is the row we are concerned about. The column bits are
// 0011, but that doesnt give any matches
C D E F // When this row is tested the column bits are 0000

Because it doesnt give any matches the Key is never changed. Recall it was set to 0, thus
this is the output.

Answer: 0
2. Given the following code and keypad layout, give the hexadecimal value that GetKey()
will return when it is run while keys 4 and 9 are pressed.
DDRH = 0x0F; // Rows are being checked
RDRH = 0x00;
PERH = 0x00;
PIEH = 0x00;
PTH = 0x0F;

unsigned char GetKey(void)
{
unsigned char RowMask[4] = {0x0E, 0x0D, 0x0B, 0x07}; // Set each value to a different row
char row;
unsigned char input;
unsigned int KeyMask = 0;

for (row=0; row<ROWS; row++) // For each row, grab the input of PTH
{
PTH = RowMask[row];
input = (PTH & 0xF0) >> 4; // For row 1, sinced 4 is pressed, input = 1110 (0xE);
KeyMask |= input << (4 * row); // Move it over based on which row it is Row3 |
Row2|Row1|Row0
}

PTH = 0x0F;

return (~KeyMask); // Return the inverse
}
Answer: 0x0210 // Inverse of 1111 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 ( 0000 | 0010 | 0001 | 0000)

3. Given the following code and keypad layout, give the hexadecimal value that GetKey()
will return when it is run while keys 0 and 5 are pressed.

DDRH = 0x0F;
RDRH = 0x00;
PERH = 0x00;
PIEH = 0x00;
PTH = 0x0F;

unsigned char GetKey(void)
{
unsigned char RowMask[4] = {0x0E, 0x0D, 0x0B, 0x07};
char row;
unsigned char input;
unsigned int KeyMask = 0;

for (row=0; row<ROWS; row++)
{
PTH = RowMask[row];
input = (PTH & 0xF0) >> 4;
KeyMask |= input << (4 * row);
}

PTH = 0x0F;

return (KeyMask);
}

Answer: 0xFFDE

4. Given the following code and keypad layout, give the hexadecimal value that GetKey()
will return when it is run while keys 2, 3, 7, B, E, and F are pressed.
DDRH = 0x0F;
RDRH = 0x00;
PERH = 0x00;
PIEH = 0x00;
PTH = 0x0F;

unsigned char GetKey(void)
{
unsigned char RowMask[4] = {0x0E, 0x0D, 0x0B, 0x07};
char row;
unsigned char input;
unsigned int KeyMask = 0;

for (row=0; row<ROWS; row++)
{
PTH = RowMask[row];
input = (PTH & 0xF0) >> 4;
KeyMask |= input << (4 * row);
}

PTH = 0x0F;

return (KeyMask);``
}

Answer: 0x3773

5. This is a 16 Key code problem. Im leaving out the code but its listed above
Given the following code and keypad layout, what will the function GetKey() return when it is
run while keys 1, 4, 6, 9 and D are pressed?

ANS = D

6. 16 Key code Problem
Given the following code and keypad layout, what will the function GetKey() return when it is
run while keys 4, 5, A and B are pressed?
ANS = 0

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HW Test 7: Pull Ups
Solution Algorithm: Determine the default value of the port without the switch being pressed,
and then examine if that changes one the switch is flipped. Note: Port H will be a one if no
path to ground can be found (and Port H has a complete connection to VCC).
It is believed that there are four versions of this problem, and the (currently missing one) is
the only case where a 1 is produced upon pressing the switch. If you have this problem,
please upload it as soon as possible to verify this conclusion. This case is where the switch
defaults to connected, but pressing it opens it, and port H is on the side connected to Vcc
rather than the side connected to Ground.

I WAS RIGHT!

1. Given the following circuit,
When the switch is pressed, the input to Port H is (0 or 1 or unknown).
Answer: 0
or
The default state of the input to Port H is [a] ('0' or '1' or 'unknown').
Answer: 1

2. Given the following circuit,
When the switch is pressed, the input to Port H is (0 or 1 or unknown).
Answer: 0
Theres an alternate version to this problem where its the exact same graph but the answer
is 1. 1 is obviously the wrong answer. If you get this version of the problem, chalk it up as a
glitch, move on, and dont get too confused.

3. Given the following circuit


The default state of the input to Port H is [0].
4.
When the switch is pressed, the input to Port H is [a] ('0' or '1' or 'unknown').
Answer: 1

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HW Test 8: Fanout
Solution Algorithm: The formulas are Fanout(h) = I(OH)/I(IH), Fanout(l) = I(OL)/I(IL), Fanout
= min [Fanout(h),Fanout(l)]. This leads to the more direct formulas of IOH(driver)/IIH(driven)
and IOL(driver)/IIL(driven) (round both these down to the lowest valued integer), then take
the minimum of these two values. The result will be chip [driver] outputs driving chip [driven]
inputs.

1. Consider two chip technologies, A and B, which have the following electrical input and
output characteristics:

VIH(A) = 3.03 V VIH(B) = 3.64 V
VIL(A) = 4.30 V VIL(B) = 3.07 V
VOH(A) = 3.28 V VOH(B) = 3.95 V
VOL(A) = 3.31 V VOL(B) = 3.28 V

IIH(A) = 21.15 mA IIH(B) = 93.92 mA
IIL(A) = 10.00 mA IIL(B) = 72.25 mA
IOH(A) = 74.65 mA IOH(B) = 43.82 mA
IOL(A) = 84.31 mA IOL(B) = 38.28 mA

The fanout for chip A outputs driving chip B inputs is [a]. (Type '0' if chip A cannot drive chip
B.)

The fanout for chip B outputs driving chip A inputs is [b]. (Type '0' if chip B cannot drive chip
A.)
Answer: A = 0, B = 2

2. Consider two chip technologies, A and B, which have the following electrical input and
output characteristics:

VIH(A) = 3.53 V VIH(B) = 3.74 V
VIL(A) = 3.24 V VIL(B) = 3.22 V
VOH(A) = 4.54 V VOH(B) = 4.68 V
VOL(A) = 4.10 V VOL(B) = 3.18 V

IIH(A) = 22.61 mA IIH(B) = 77.39 mA
IIL(A) = 0.43 mA IIL(B) = 98.31 mA
IOH(A) = 10.21 mA IOH(B) = 63.49 mA
IOL(A) = 69.27 mA IOL(B) = 54.77 mA

The fanout for chip A outputs driving chip B inputs is [a]. (Type '0' if chip A cannot drive chip
B.)

The fanout for chip B outputs driving chip A inputs is [b]. (Type '0' if chip B cannot drive chip
A.)
Answer: A = 0, B = 2

3. Consider two chip technologies, A and B, which have the following electrical input and output
characteristics:

VIH(A) = 3.05 V VIH(B) = 3.23 V
VIL(A) = 4.40 V VIL(B) = 3.85 V
VOH(A) = 4.11 V VOH(B) = 4.56 V
VOL(A) = 4.04 V VOL(B) = 3.16 V

IIH(A) = 8.09 mA IIH(B) = 2.68 mA
IIL(A) = 5.60 mA IIL(B) = 87.74 mA
IOH(A) = 36.99 mA IOH(B) = 72.86 mA
IOL(A) = 87.61 mA IOL(B) = 11.34 mA

The fanout for chip A outputs driving chip B inputs is [a]. (Type '0' if chip A cannot drive chip
B.)

The fanout for chip B outputs driving chip A inputs is [b]. (Type '0' if chip B cannot drive chip
A.)

a = 0, b = 2

4. Consider two chip technologies, A and B, which have the following electrical input and output
characteristics:

VIH(A) = 3.39 V VIH(B) = 3.38 V
VIL(A) = 4.58 V VIL(B) = 3.23 V
VOH(A) = 4.22 V VOH(B) = 4.18 V
VOL(A) = 4.04 V VOL(B) = 3.66 V

IIH(A) = 49.07 mA IIH(B) = 58.81 mA
IIL(A) = 1.13 mA IIL(B) = 6.29 mA
IOH(A) = 27.87 mA IOH(B) = 72.18 mA
IOL(A) = 56.09 mA IOL(B) = 1.45 mA
The fanout for chip A outputs driving chip B inputs is [a]. (Type '0' if chip A cannot drive chip
B.)
The fanout for chip B outputs driving chip A inputs is [b]. (Type '0' if chip B cannot drive chip
A.)
a - 2 b - 0
5. Consider two chip technologies, A and B, which have the following electrical input and output
characteristics:

VIH(A) = 3.39 V VIH(B) = 3.38 V
VIL(A) = 4.58 V VIL(B) = 3.23 V
VOH(A) = 4.22 V VOH(B) = 4.18 V
VOL(A) = 4.04 V VOL(B) = 3.66 V

IIH(A) = 49.07 mA IIH(B) = 58.81 mA
IIL(A) = 1.13 mA IIL(B) = 6.29 mA
IOH(A) = 27.87 mA IOH(B) = 72.18 mA
IOL(A) = 56.09 mA IOL(B) = 1.45 mA

The fanout for chip A outputs driving chip B inputs is [a]. (Type '0' if chip A cannot drive chip
B.)
The fanout for chip B outputs driving chip A inputs is [b]. (Type '0' if chip B cannot drive chip
A.)
a - 0 b - 1