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Sowa Rigpa: The Science of Healing
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Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association
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Shri. Justice VS Khokje, (Governer of HP) lighting lamp for
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ln the chair left to right- Shri Thupstan Chhewang,
Ven. Tsona Rinpoche & others dignitary scholars
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Foreward
Part I (Seminar Introduction)
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Sowa Rigpa Seminar's Theme
Amchi/ Schotars Group's Suggestion
i) Atreya Group
ii) Padma Sambhava Group
iii) Vagbhata Group
iv) Nagarjuna Group
v) Chandra Nand Group
.
Recommendation
Report of the National Seminar .
Part II (Bhoti Section)
1
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Part IV (English Section)
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1. The Historical Perspective of Sowa Rigpa
(Science of Healing)
s5 l 176 Dr. sManla T. Phuntsok 224
Cl'
2. Historical Evolution of Ti betan Science of
Healing Sowa Rigpa (A Case Study)
182
Dr. Pema Dorjee 228
i
3. A Briefon Tibetan Medical (Sowa Rigpa)
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I
l l Phermacology
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Menrampa Kartsang Tenzin Deche 233
4, gSo-ba-Rig-pa (Sowa Rigpa) Medical System
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4
National Seminar on Scope of Sowa Rigpa
(Science of Healing) Medical System &
Medicinal Plants in Himalayan Region
Theme : History & Practice
1. Historical perspective of Sowa Rigpa (Science of
Healing)
2. The origin and development of Sowa Rigpa Medical
system in
3. Contribution oflndian scholars/ analysts in development
of Sowa Rigpa literature.
4. Development and practice ofSowa Rigpa medical system
in Himalayan region.
5. Theory and principle of the medical system.
Theme : Cultivation & conservation of Medicinal plants
and Sowa Rigpa Medical System
1. Present situation ofthe medical systemindifferent parts
of Himalayan region.
2; Preservation and promotion of the medical system.
3. Potentially of the medical system.
4. New avenues ofresearch and development
5. Scope ofmedicinalplants in the Himalayan region.
6. Cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants in the
Himalayan region.
7. Pharmacology.
Theme : Policy and Recognition
1. Nomenclature and recognition of Sowa Rigpa medical
system.
2. Conditions laid down for recognition and inclusion in
the Indian systems of Medicine :-
a) The system should have its own fundatmental
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principles ofhealth and disease, with a comprehensive
system of health care and not restricted to a few
diseases only.
b) It should have substantial Iiterature on concepts,
aetiology, diagnosis and management of diseases like
textbooks, including pharmacopia and formularies.
c) lt should be recognized in the country of its origin or
in any other country, where it was currently practiced.
d) lt should be have documented information on the
uniquences of modalities of treatment may it be drug,
devices or any other method such as diet, massage,
nd exercise, and it should have standardized methods
of preparation of drug I devices, with clearcut quality
control procedures.
6
Suggestion by the Group of a Member During the
Ist National Seminar on
Sowa-Rigpa Medical System (Science ofHealing)
6th-8th Feb,2004
ATREYA GROUP
Chairperson Dr. Tashi Y angphel Tashigang
We like to put forward the following suggestions :-
1. We are glad that Ist-seminar on Sowa Rigf)a Medical
System has been conducted for the firsttime at a NationalleveL
We are thankful and honoured that an effort has been made to
organize a colloquium where all of us may express and share
our views on Sowa Rigpa medical system. It is a beginning for
all of us that we may pursue with constant endeavor that seminar
may be conducted on regular basis, till our goal for the
recognition are met.Issues ranging from recognition, regional
co-ordination with local research office and facilities and various
other relevant subjects on resource preservation and
mislellaneous would be addressed.
2. Educational institutions associated with hospitals research
facilities to be built at various places along the Himalayan
Region. We need active participation offrom all the physicians,
scholars and patronage from state government and general
public. A small set up may be adequate for a beginning, which
may be accessible to regional population.
3. Representation from all the region may be constituted
and consolidated and organize meeting on regular basis submit
reports, recommendation for proper implementation. We may
have to create awareness among general population and
respective state govemments to gather support for the recognition
of medical system.
7
Padma Sambhawa
Chairperson Dr. Padma Gurmet
Th.e Padma Sambhawa Group members have unanimously
agreed upon the points and recommend the following :-
1. It has been unanimousely agreed that the nomendature
of the system should be called as Sowa Rigpa.
2. It has agreed that the system should be recognised as an
irtdependent medical system that it shuld be addressed
unanimously as Sowa Rigpa.
3. It is recommended that for the support of recognation a
proper documentation of evidences should be maintianed by
every practioners of Sowa Rigpa. If possible major institution
ofSowa Rigpa shoul conduct collaborative research with modern
scientific institutions.
4. That there should be common sysllabus for Sowa Rigpa
studies or various courses.
5. Since the nomendature is changed therefore BTMS
degree given by certian institutions be now renamed as BSMS
(Bachelor of Sowa Rigpa Medical Science) equivalant to
Kachupa.
6. That there should be government institutions for
education and research for Sowa Rigpa at the centre and state
Ievel.
7. That these should be a separate pharmocopia of Sowa
Rigpa weil recognised by the centrat and state govemment.
8. Last but not least that there should be a co-ordination
'
committe with representatives of all the Himayayan regions to
persue its recognation case, preservation and promotion or
development of Sowa Rigpa.
8
Vagbhata Group
Chairperson Prof. Geshe N gawang Samten
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I
Recommendations j
107 delegates ofthe First National Seminar on Sowa-Rigpa
Medical System representing Scholars, Exports and Practitioners
of Sowa- Rigpa Medical System from different parts of country
. particularly from the Himalayan Region, held in Delhi from 6th-
8th Febuary 2004 hereby resolved the following unanimously.
1. That the nomenclature henceforth used will be Sowa Rigpa
Medical System.
2. Since the system has a rich historical background and a
rich collection of Iiterature and fulfills all the required
conditions for its official recognition, it was resolved
unanimously to press for its urgent recognition by the
Government as an independent medical system as Sowa
. Rigpa Medical System.
3. lt was unanimously resolved to appeal to the Govt. oflndia
to encourage opening offull-fledged Sowa Rigpa Medical
Institutions in different parts of Himalayan region.
4. lt was unanimously resolved that all Sowa Rigpa Centres
and Institutions in Himalayan region will maintain co-
hesive relation with the Tibetan Medical and Astrological
Institute (Men-Tsee-Khang) for its promotion and
developllient.
5. To address the issues for conservation, protection,
propagation and development ofthese medicinal plants by
identifying the endangered and threatened species in the
high altitude belt of Himalayas.
6. To encourage the progressive farmers for commercial
cultivation of medicinal plants.
7. Anational Core Group tobe formed underthe convenership
ofVen. Lama Chosphel Zotpa, President, Himalayan
Buddhist Cultural Association, Delhi, for better Co-
ordination and continued effort for its recognition with the
following members representing different Himalayan
reg10n.
18
Sowa- Rigpa Medicine Preservation &
Development Society
(Science of Healing)
Advisory Council
H. E. T.K. Lochen Rinpoche
Ven. Tsona Rinpoche
Spiti, Himachal Pradesh
ArunachalPradesh
Uttranchal Ven. Negi Lama Rinpoche
Ven. Throgawa Rinpoche
Ven. Chusang Rinpoche
Shri Thupten Chhewang
Shri Nangzey Dorjee
Shri Dr. Pema Dorjee
Darjeeling
Kalimpong
Leh,Ladakh
Gangtok, Sikkim
Dharamsala
Convenor Lama Chosphel Zotpa
General Secretary
Shri Maling Gombu
Shri Jamyang Dorjee
Shri Dr. Tashi Y angphel
Executive Members
Shri Samdup Lhatse
Dr. Pedma Gurmet ""'
Dr. Karma
Shri Hirn Pal Gang Negi
Dr.S.T.Phuntsok
Shri Tashi Tsering
Dr. Tsondue
Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh
Leh,Ladakh
Manali, Himachal Pradesh
DU., Delhi
Leh,Ladakh
Zanskar, Ladakh, J & K.
Gangtok, Sikkim
19
Report ofNational Seminar
On
"Scope of Sowa-Rigpa (Science of Healing)
Medical system & Medicinal plants in
Himalayan Region"
(6-8th February 2004, New Delhi)
A new chapter was initiated in the history of preservation,
conservation and promotion ofHimalayas rieb heritage with the
First Himalayan Three Day National Seminar on ofSowa
Rigpa (Science of Healing) Medical system and Medicinal
Plants in the Himalayan region" being inaugurated on 6th
February,2004 by Justice Shri V.S. Kokje{GovemorofHimachal
Pradesh). Highlighting the purpose of National Seminar,
President ofHimalayan Buddhist Cultural Association and Vice-
Chairman of National Commission for Schedule Caste &
Schedule Tribe Ven. Lama Chosphel Zotpa said that the modern
health services is not able to fulfill the feit needs of the people
of Himalaya. Our people are suffering from various problems
due to our neglect of health policy, ignorance of media and
inaccessibility ofthe region by people to remote which are
the features ofthe region. Purpose ofthis Seminar is to draw the
attention of Govt. of India towards the need to preserve and
promote this unique Indiansystem ofScience ofHealing and to
preserve the cultivation of medicinal plants.
Every society has its own way ofhealing system detennined
by social, cultural, religious, economic and political factors.
Himalayan region has its own unique medical system called sowa
rigpa (science ofhealing) medical system, which has influence
of Buddhism, and it's healing detennined by the culture of
Himalayas.
the importance of the need to develop and
integrate the medicinal plants sector, the Himaiayan region of
20
our country for ages have been developing and practicing the
indigenous and local healing practices developed by the local
communities and which is commonly known sowa rigpa system
of medicine. The ingredients used for the preparation of the
medicine prescribed by this system of medicine are cent percent
herbal plans. This system of medicine is today practiced very
widely in different parts of our country and in other countries
also. It has given wonderful results and it is proved that this
system of medicine has no side affects in long run.
Seminar was participated by scholars Ayurveda doctors and
Amchi from Leh-Ladakh (J & K), Spiti, Shimla, Men-Tse-
Khang, J?haramsala (H.P), Tawang, (Arunachal Pradesh),
Gangtok, (Sikkim), Kalimpong, Darjeeling, (West Bengal),
Dehradun (Uttranchal), & Delhi.
Spiritualleader ofHimalaya, Rev. Lochen Tulku Rinpoche,
chaired the inaugural session. Others dignitries address the
session was Dr. Bhagawan Dash (Senior & Renowned
Consultant of Ayurveda Medicine), Dr. Devendra Triguna
(President, All lndia Ayurveda Congress), Ven. T.G. Rinpoche
(Hon'ble Minister of Tourism & Culture, Govt. of Arunachal
Pradesh), Dr. R.B.S. Rawat, (ChiefExecutive Officer, National
Medicinal Plants Board), Ven. Kirti Rinpoche (Former Minister,
Tibetan Govt. in-exile) and H.E. Tai Situ Rinpoche. In sum up,
all of them have emphasized the need of get recognition from
Govt. oflndia to protect and preserve these unique traditions of
Healing Science of Himalayan Culture.
An exhibition on Sowa Rigpa (Science ofHealing) and free
consultancy (6-lOth February) has inaugurated by Dr. R.B.S.
Rawat (ChiefExecutive Officer, National Medicinal Plant Board)
at Gandhi Smriti ( 5, Tees January Marg).
Introduction and Historical Background
"Sowa Rigpa" commonly known as Amchi medicine is one
of the oldest surviving and weil documented medical system is
21
some parts of China, Nepal, Himalayan regions of Irrdia and
few parts of former Soviet Union etc. If we give a close Iook,
the majority oftheory and practice of Sowa-Rigpa is similar to
Indian medical System "Ayurveda" followed by few Chinese
principals and then prevailing Tibetan flklore.
Sowa-Rigpa is popularly known as Amchi medicine in most
part oflndian Himalayas. Derived from the Mangolian word of
"Am-r Jay" means superior of all, the practitioner of this
medicine are known as Amchis. Till early 1960s Amchi
used to be the only health care facility for the people of these
regions and even after the introduction of modern medicine with
all Government support it cannot replace Amchi system in many
parts of Himalayan Buddhist society due to its strong socio-
back ground. Amchis have not only social repect but
also spiritual respect as the of Sangyas-s Manla
(Medicine Buddha) and their services for ailing beings are
priceless.
Every major Village and hamlet has been having an Amchi
of their learned and resourceful persans of the village. It was
therefore being an Amchi has been matter of great dignity in the
Ladakhi society. It takes several years to become a skillful
Amchi; which required hard theoretical and practical trainings.
In most of Himalayan regions, Amchis are trained through
rGudpa (lineage) system in families (Father to son etc.) After
finishing their training, the new Amchi has to give an exam in
front of entire community in presence of few expert Amchis in
ceremony to enroll there self as an Amchi of the Village. The
relation Between Amchi and patients is always cordial due to
strong religious background and social systems, were Amchis
never use to ask for cost for their medicine and services, whatever
the patient wish or afford they can offer and even most of the
time it goes without any price.
The fundamental textbook rGyud-bzi of Sowa-Rigpa is
believed to be taught by Buddha; therefore, it is closely linked
. 22
<>
with Buddhist philosophy. Wherein we believe that whether we
are physically healthy or not, all of us are sick till we attain
Nirvana even though disease might not be manifested, it is always
present in dormant form until we give up root cause of sickness-
Ignorance. Ignorance gives ries rise to three basic root of sickness
Nespa-gsum (Tri-dosha) i.e. Dod-chags ( desire/lust) root cause
ofrlung (Air, Vata), Zes sdang (anger) root cause ofmkris-pa
(Bile, Pitta) and Ti-mug (mental darkbness) root cause ofpad-
kan (Phlegm, Kapha).
It is mentioned in rGud-bzi that when Buddha taught these
text in manifestation of Tang Srong-rigpai-yeshes, physicians
offqur different medical systems were present; i.e. Gods, Reshis,
Buddhist and non-Buddhist and all of then understood his
teaching as their own system. Another text mentions that when
Bhrama remembered medical science for the first time, he
recalled the medical teaching ofBuddha Kashyapa in an earlier
aeon, thus it seems that Buddha Kayashapa is the medical teacher
ofBhrama.
The basic concept of Sowa Rigpa and how does it deals with
illness the whole aspect of the health. Although there are
many books on Sowa Ripa medicine written by many scholars
and great physicians but the most authentic one is the rGyudshi,
the four tantras that are (i) the Root Tantra, (ii) the Explanatory
Tantra, (iii) the Quintessence Tantra and (iv) the Complimentary
Tantra
The Root Tantra: It is the basicfundamental tantra like the
soul of a body and has six chapters. All the other three tantras
attributed their origin to it.
The Explanatory Tantra: It represents the body of a soul
that explains in detail or clarifies what the root tantra does mean.
It has thirty-one chapters .
The Quintessence Tantra: This tantra deals with knowledge
the real knowledge of Tibetan Medicine and has ninety-two
23
!
chapters. It represents the real quality of all the tantras and
clarifies each and every word of all the tantras.
The Complementary Tantra: This tantra has twenty-seven
chapters and it deals with the practice of all the tantras. It is the
panacea fr all illness.
The Sowa Rigpa deals with illness from the whole aspect of
human body. The concept and practice of Sowa Rigpa isthat
human body is composed of five natural elements and so is the
illness too. Therefore, the healing has to be found in the five
natural elements. Human body requires for its growth and
sustenance a virtual balance in all its three principle energies
roughly explained in English as wind, bile and phlegm. Balance
in acquired amount of seven bodily constituents. Balance in diet
and Iifestyle and regular disposal ofthree excretions ofthe human
body. The Sowa Rigpa deals with middle way approach and
gives up extremes ofimbalance in three principle energies, excess
ad inadequacy in diet and inappropriateness in Iifestyle. While
a proper balance of any one ofthese aspects makes human body
healthy and any disturbance in balance ofany one ofthese aspects
makes human body unhealthy. The four tantras of Sowa Rigpa
or the Science of Healing deals in the most subtle Ievel of all
these aspects ofhuman body right from womb to grave keeping
in view all other aspects of life like seasons, geographical
location, climate and spiritual aspect.
The Four Medical Tantras in its 156 chapters deals with the
following subjects:
I. The body (including embryology, anatomy, physiology,
pathology, Pharmacology, etc.)
2. Pediatrics.
3. Gynecology
4. Disorders due to evil spirits.
5. Wounds inflicted by trauma
24
6. Toxicology
7. Aphrodisiacs
The Methods of Diagnosis: there are three methods of
diagnosis-visual diagnosis, diagnosis by a tough and
interrogating methods.
Visual Diagnosis: in the visual diagnosis, generally urine
and tongue of a patient is examined by looking at its color, texture
and smell and bubbles of the urine.
Diagnosis by a Tough: diagnosis by a tough means apart
from examine all the vital points ofthe body by hands, the reading
of pulse beats is the most effective one.
Diagnosis by Interrogation: the patient is asked questions
to get information about relevant signs and symptoms
characterized by his illness.
All these three methods diagnosis are deal and in all its
variations by the four medical tantras. The urine and pulse beats
of the human body are in enormous variations, each depending
on imbalance of either one or the other two or in combination of
the two in three principle energies conditioned by either excess
or inadequacy in diet and inappropriateness in Iifestyle and
behavior as weil as the prevailing season and climate during the
illness. The Tibetan Medicine Iooks to the illness as having an
immediate cause and -a relative cause.
Sowa-Rigpa (Science ofHealing) is based on the principles
of JungLna (English five elements, Sanskrit-Panch-mhabhuta)
and inanimate phenomena oftbis universe is composed of Jung-
wa-Lan; namely sa, Chu Maim rlung and Nam mkha (Roughly
translated as earth, water, fire, air and space
7
Sanskrit-Dharti,
Jal, Agni, Vayyu and Akash). The science of physiology,
pathology and Pharmacology of these five Cosmo physical
elements of Jung-wa-Lana; when the retion of these treatment
of disorders arealso composed of the same :five basic elements.
25
In the body these elements are present in the form of Nes pa
sum (Three humoors) Luszung-Ldun (English-seven Tri mala).
In drug, diet and drinks they exist in the form of Ro-tug {Six
tastes) Nuspa (Potencies) Yontan (quality) and Zu-rjes (post
digestive taste). It is in context of this theory that a physician
would use his knowledge, skills and experence in treating a
patient, using the theory of similarity dissimilarity of five
elements.
A physician of Sowa-Rigpa employs three m$ tools for
diagnosing a patient i.e. visual diagnosis by touch
and diagnosis by questioning, visual diagnosis comprises oftwo
main methods of tongue examination and Urinalysis. Various
diseases can be diagnosed in three different stages of fresh
while it is cooling down and when it is cold by looking at its
color, speed of discoloring, vapor, odor, bubbles, sediments etc.
Diagnosis by touch is represented by the advanced technique
of pulse examination fllowed by tonehing the body for
temperature etc. Pulseis the most important and major diagnostic
tool in Sowa-Rigpa which is explained under thirteen general
topics like preparatory conduct, proper time for examination,
pressure of finger technique, constitutional pulse,
astanishing pulse, generaland specific pulse, death pulse etc.
Questioning is another mode of diagnosing a patient; history of
case, present condition, family background and Changes in body
etc. are main question to be asked
Based on the theory of Jung-wa lna pharmacology of Sowa-
Rigpa believes that every substance on the earth has medicinal
value and therapeutic efficacy. Medicinal substance are classified
into eight major categories i.e. Rinpoche sman (priced metal
and stone ), sa saman ( drugs from mud and earth ), rdo sman
( stones ), shing samn ( drugs from tress ), rtsi sman ( essence and
exudates medicines ), thang sman (Plant sman ( animal parts ).
The ingredients of medicine are used in both and compound
from compound medicine is ba:sed on two major permutation
26
and combination that is ro (taste) based combination and nus pa
(potencies) based combination. There are about seventeen
different categories of medicinal preparation out of which some
important prepartation are decoction, powder, pills lincutus,
medicated ghee, Bhasmas, medicated wine, paste, medicated
bath etc.
The element composition of a drug has to determine on the
basis of the six major tastes i.e. sweet, sour, saline pungent,
astringgent and pitter. Out of which element compositiop of
sweettaste is predominate by sa ( earth) and chu (water) elements;
sourtaste is predominate by mai (fire) and sa (earth); saline is
predominate by chu (water) and mai (fire ); bitter is predominated
by chu (water) and rlung (air); astringent taste alleviates rlung
nespa (Arihumour), which is dominated by rlung (ari) element.
Bitter sweet and astringent alleviate nespa mkr is pa (bile
humour), which is dominated by mai (frre) elements. Pungent
sour and saline taste alleviate nespa pad kan (phlegm humour)
which is dominated by sa composition and action are Zu zes
sum (tbree post digestive taste) nuspa _rgyad ( eight potency) and
no bo (specific action) of praticular drug etc. The therapeutic
effi.cacy of drugs is also dependent on the above factors.
The contribution of Indian Schalars and Achariyas in
development of gSo ba Rig pa Iiterature are ATREY A (6th
century BC),NAGARJUNA (1st century AD),VAGBHATA I
(Ist century AD), BI-BYI DGA-BYED AND, BI-LHA
DGA-MDZES (3ro century AD), V AGBHA TA II (7th century
.AD), CANDRANANDANA (8th century AD), P ADMA-
SAMBHA VA (8th century), VIMALAMITRA (8th century AD),
G'YU-TIIOG YON-TAN-GON-PO, RNIN-MA (8th century
AD), DWAGS-PO LHA-RJE (1079- 1153 AD), LO-TSA-BA
RIN-CHEN BZAN-PO (lllh century AD), PHYAG-RDUM-
MAM-SKYES-BU ME-LHA (12th century AD), G'YU-
THOG YON-TAN-GON-PO, GSAR-MA (12th century AD),
DPAL-LDAN-'TSHO-BYED, BRANG-TI (13th century AD),
27
I !
L
RANG- 'BYUNG-RDO-RJE, KARMA-PA III (1284-1339 AD),
RNAM-RGY AL-GRAGS-BZANG, BY ANG-BDAG ( 1394-
1475 AD), MNAM-NID-RDO-RJE, ZUR-MKHAR (1439-1475
AD), DKON-MCHOG-BDE-LEGS, GONG-SMAN (15th
century AD), DKON-MCHOG-PHAN-'DAR, GONG-SMAN
(16th century AD), CHOS-KYI-GRAGS-PA, BRI-GUNG RIG-
'DZIN ( 1595-1659 AD), BLO-BZANG-CHOS-GRAGS, DAR-
MO SMAN-RAMS-PA (17th century AD), SANGS-RGYAS-
RGYA-MTSHO, SDE-SRID (1653-1705 AD), BSTAN-'DZIN
PHUN-TSHOGS, DIL-DMAR DGE-BSHES ( J&thcentury AD),
'JU MI-PHAM-RGYA-MTSHO, 'JAM-MGON 'JU {1846-
1912AD) and KHYEN-RAB-NOR-BU (1883-1962AD)
Development and Practice of Sowa Rigpa
Medical System in Himalayan Region
In the Indian Himalayas, physicians who have studied the
subject of medicine oftbis tradition have been active in providing
treatment to the patients without any interruption. Although they
practiced medical profession continuously, we do not find any
famous physician who wrote on this subject. In fact in the past
only very eminent physicians were expected to make original
writing on medicine or any other subject. Most ofthe physicians
were satisfied by whatever knowledge they had on the theory
and practice of medicine. In Ladakh, the tradition became so
strong that it held the field until 1950 and even later. Although
there was a dispensary at Leh (Ladakh) where a doctor and an
assistant were working, very few people were going there to
takemodern medicine. Now in the beginning ofthe 21st century,
the situation at Leh is quite different. The S. N. M. hospital has
become a highly reputed modern hospital.
In spite of the increasing popularity of modern medicine,
the Gso ba rig pa tradition is continuing even today. What is not
cured by the allopathic system is cured by the Gso ba rig pa
28
system. An alternative method is always there for the public.
The Gso ba rig pa tradition works with the cooperative endeavour
of the physicians called Amchis and the public. The financial
help provided by the state govemment of J ammu and Kashmir
to the Amchi physicians is not adequate.
Today there are number of scholars and doctors who are
practicing this system of medicine and the profession is so weil
developed and established that it has elaborate course of study
for this system of medicine like any other field of study. lt has
very strong influence of Buddhism on its method of practice
and preparation of medicine.
Although the tradition has served the Himalayan people so
far, it is still serving them but not any teaching institute has
been established any where in the Himalayan region. Perhaps,
wehavenot been able to present our case with due ability to the
authorities in the govemment of India.
The Tibetan govemment in exile has, however, under the
enlightened leadership of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
established a medical school at Dharamsala where a course of
six years is given to the students. Some students from Ladakh
have been going there to study the traditional medicine. lt is
high time that such medical institutes be started at Leh, Manali,
Gangtok and Tawang or any suitable place in Arunachal Pradesh
with research facilities.
In Tibet itself, the Chinese authorities have recognized the
Gso ba rig pa medical system and granted funds for the
development ofinfrastructure and University. May be they have
realized that Gso ba rig pa medical system would widen the
scope of effective treatment.
As the pace of development in our country is increasing
rapidly, it is time that some effective steps should be taken to
develop the Gso ba rig pa tradition quickly. At a later stage, we
can link it with Ayurveda in such a way that each tradition helps
29
one another to make this a competitive system to allopathic
system.
Medicinal plants and its scope for cultivation in Himalayan
Region:
Today medicinal plants arenot only the source ofhealth care
but due to its increasing need it has the potentiality of economic
development of our people and this has been proved from the
fact that medicinal plants related trade in India is ofthe order of
US $ 62 billion which is further increasing day by day. Also it is
interesting to note that the international market ofherbal products
is estimated tobe US $ 62 billion whereas India's share in the
international market of scope of development of medicinal plants
in India, the Government oflndia has taken initiative to promote
and develop the medicinal plants sector. In this direction, the
Govemment has set up aNational Ievel body, the National
Medicinal Plants Board for the growth and development of
medicinal plants sector in the country. The Board is formed with
an object to streamline and strengthen the medicinal plants sector
to promote integrated development by co-coordinating,
stimulating production, processing, marketing ad for establishing
strong infrastructure in this sector in the country.
The Indian Himalayas stretches from Jammu and Kashmir
in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east covering an area of
about 4,19,873 km2. The enormous variation in the altitude,
latitude and longitude of the Himalayas has added to the
multiplicity ofhabitats and provides diverse microclimates and
ecological niches for aU life inhabiting the region. Mountain
areas are important sources of water, energy and biological
diversity, while also providing resources such as agricultural
and forestry products, minerals and recreational sites. The
Himalayan region alone supports about 18,440 species of
Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes,
Lichens and Fungi. Of these, about 25.3% of the species are
endemic to the Himalayas.
30
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The Historical Perspective of Sowa Rigpa
(Science of Healing)
Dr. sManla T. Phuntsok*
Introduction
History ofBuddhist medicine is as old as the Buddhism. More
than 2500 years ago, while the Buddha of medicine sat for meditation
in the forest for four years, a discussion.took place between him and
the other Jinas ofhis manifestation on the topic of art of healing and
maintaining good health. Emanating from that discussion the four
basic medical texts rgyud-bzhi have been formed as the fundamental
texts of Buddhist medicine. Henceforth, a tradition of Buddhist
medicine continued to flourish in India throuth Kumarajiva,Acharya
Nagarjuna, Ashva Gosha and Chandranandana, etc.
In the 8th centuryAD, galaxies oflndian and Tibetan scholars
were engaged in translation ofBuddhist texts from Sanskrit to Tibetan
language. Acharya Chandranandana and Lotsava Vairochana
translated rgyud-bzhi in Ti betan. In order to popUlarize these ancient
texts; needless to say, it was from the time of senior Yuthog Gonpo
that the Tibetan physicians started writing commentaries on rgyud-
bzhi.
About nine hundred year ago, during the reign of King
Lhalama Yeshe Od, the learning ofBuddhist medicine was introduced
in the province of Kuge and neighbouring areas in the Western
Himalayas. In that period the mtho-gling monastry played an
important role in transhiting the later Buddhist medical texts from
Sanskrit to Tibetan under the supervision of the great translator
Rinchen bZanpo. This translator ofthe western Himalayas,
communicated the medical knowledge of his four prominent
disciples namely Myang-adas Senga Grag, Shang Kripa Yeshe
* Director, Mahabodhi Karuna Charitable Hospital, Leh, Ladakh.
224
Jungnas, Y ong Sman anmey and Mangpo Mangbtum. These were
recognized and earned the names of four great medical masters of
the western Tibet. The pious King Jungehup Od offered one hundred
gold coins to Pandita Janadarna of Kashmir who in collaboration
with Rinchen bZanpo system of Medicine, which has become very
popular in Ladakh and adjoining areas, is known to have been drawn
from the Y anlag brgyad Pai sNingpo (Astangahrdaya).
Through the ages, the medical men of the Himalayas have
enriched this system of Buddhist medicine by introducing more and
ntore herbal drugs. Their major contributions are the recipes in the
field of Bud<.fuist mediCine practice is unique and is followed by the
Amchis of this region.
Philosophy, metaphysics, arts, culture and medicine devel-
oped in Tibet in isolation. Not much is known to the rest ofthe world
about the traditional system of medicine due to Iack of means of
communication."During the last few decades considerable enthusi-
asm and interest is evinced in the herbal therapy, traditional medi-
cine and more so in the Tibetan system ofMedicine, when more and
more people of outside world became conscious ofthe unwholesome
effects of the modern medicines. Therapeutics knows no bounds of
geography ,race or culture. It is accepted everywhere as efficacious
to the ailing masses. The experimental assessment ofthe afficacy of
drugs is not merely restricted to the sophisticated laboritories. In fact,
the final court of appeal is the bed side of the patient. The Tibetan
medical formulations or Amchi formulations are the products of the
Indian Medical practice and the science ofSowa Rigpa ( the Art of
Healing) has accumulated experience ofthe centuries of observation
and adaptation. Drugs have not been discovery of scientists alone.
The spiritual institution, personal experiences and constant use also
considerably add to thedevelopment, proliferation and evolution of
drugs. Many people believe that the Tibetan system (Amchi System)
. .
ofmedicineis merely and empirical and symptomatic treatment. But
225
it unfolds its own rational and scientific basis to someone who deals
deep into it. It lays more emphasis on the unit of man's nature that
i.e., (zuks) physique and (sems) mind. The physical ailments are
treated by medico- surgical methods whereas; the mentaland spiri-
tual disorders are relieved by meditation and incantation with the
observation with the observation of strict moral code, i.e. Boddhicitta.
The Art of Sowa Rigpa is named differently depending upon
the geographical situation like ancient Buddhist medicine in India.
Tibetan medical system in Tibet and Amchi system in Ladakh and
Abbasystem in Kargil and Skardu. This science ofhealing is popu-
larly practiced in Tibet,Bhutan, Mongolia, Russia, Nepal and many
trans- Himalayan states of India. Like ayurveda system, the Sowa-
Rigpa also is founded in Tridosa concept called rLung, Khripa and
Badkan. The entire physical, physiological and metabolic activities
are operated by these three humeral systems. There state
is responsible for perfect health, while disrturbance of this balance
produced pathological state in the body. Within the body there is
vast areas of invisible forces, energy current constantly working for
functioning ofthe body and mind. Just as electric current is invisible
in the electri wke, so does the nerve energy is constantly flowing
within the white channel, which we grossly called ruling, which too
depend on another two dynamic forces khripa and bakkan respon-
sible for supply of secretion, hormones through the vaious metabolic
processes.
Sowa- Rigpa has rich literature, books and manuscripts de-
scribing all essential knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pharma-
cology and toxicology etc. and there are three hundred and seventy
drugs, which are commonly used either alone or by compound for-
mulations.
Adoption of health planning and extension of community
health service depend upon the topographic accessibility, indigenous
availibility ofmedicinal flora and fauna and socia-economic condi-
226
tion and cultural and tradition of place. Ladakh being high altitude
it has many natural challenges like ratified atmosphere, extremes
temperature and climatic conditions and inaccessible remote places
with difficult terrain. These factors moulded the age-old style of the
The people are economically backward but having a rich
tradition in which the Amchi system of medicine was the
agent of primary health care over the centuries. Though, allo-
institutions are existing in rural areas, they are ill equipped
not sufficient to cater to the need of the people.
Thus, the Amchi system is still popular in Ladakh, because it
safe, inexpensive and beneficial and also serves as an alternative
tcommunity health care. The richness of indigenous herbal and min-
medicine has made this system harmonious with the environ-
But due to Iack of patronage of both the State and Central
this system has been left behind like an emaciated child which
rejuvenation. lt would be right occasion if Irequestall con-
to give a positive thought to revitalize the system and give
recognition as in case of Ayurveda.
227
Historical Evolution of Tibetan Science of
Healing called the Sowa Rigpa- A case study
Dr.Pema Dorjee
Orallineage of Sowa Rigpa:- Ever since the evolution ofhu-
man beings in Tibet surrounded by snow capped moutains, people of
Tibet have been in close relation with elements oftheir ennironment.
This relationship with the natural elements made them perceive ex-
istence of the two opposite effects of the natural element by a logic
that if there is a poison then there must be medicine. According to
the medical treatise, 'in an encounter to the cause of something, there
isanatural intention to chose an opposite quality.' Human body seeks
to acquire an adverse quality of natural elements to encounter with
the imbalance ofTripa or hot element by seeking diet or behavior of
Badkhen or cool in quality. In this way we adapt ourselves to the
qualities of sun and moon, fire and water as force of encounter to
each other. By an experience of reseatch on wounded birds and ani-
mals we knowledge of surgery and physical therapies. There
would always be something wrong either with excess or with inad-
equacy of diet and inappropriateness of behaviour of Iifestyle. It is
therefore that the parents bound their children to the Iimit of food
they eat and themselves with their own mentaljudgement. Thus, the
Science ofHealing or Sowa Rigpa bad originated with a concept that
diet and behaviour or Iifestyle are the pnmary cause of all times and
that if there is poison then there must be medicine.
Sowa-Rigpa as in Tibetan Me<fical Treatise during the reign
of Tibet's 8th King Lha Tho-Thori-Nyentsen (374-492 AD), two
eminent physiCians from India called Bela Gajey and Biji Gajey re-
ceived royal treatment from the king for their art and practice ofheal-
* Fonner General Secretary and present Research officer, Tibetan Medical
Astrological Institute (Men-tsee-Khang), Dharamsala, Hirnachat Pradesh,
lndia.
228
ing. The king offered to one of them his own daughter as bride and
their son Thongki Thorchok bad mastered in pulse reading, dietary
technique, pharmacology, and techniques of therapeutics and sur-
gery which had contributed in the development of Ti betan Medical
Treatise.
During the reign ofTibet's King Songtsen Gampo (617 AD)
one of his ministers called Thonmi Sambhota visited India to study
Indian scripts and composed Tibetan scripts. He bad then translated
many books on medicine from Indian language into Ti betan language
and thus the medical treatise continued in Tibet. The king has invited
physicians from India, China, Rome and bad got translated their art
of healing into Ti betan language. Thus, there came into being three
systems of the Art of Healing.
In 742 AD Tibet's king Trisong Deutsen invited nine emi-
nent physicians from the neighbouring countries of Tibet. The art
and practice of their healings were translated into Tibetan language
and a synthesised art of healing was created out of their different
systems. This systhesised art ofhealing was then taught to nine bright
students called from all provinces of Tibet.
In 708 AD Yathog Y onten Gonpo the elder, one of the nine
eminent physicians of Tibet and the personal physicians of the king
visited India thrice and founded the first ever medical school of
Tibet in Konpo where thousands of physicians bad graduated. He
instituted different degrees of physicians and had Written the four
tantras, the Science of Healing.
In 1120 AD, Yuthog Yonten Gonpo the youngest had refined
the four tantras, the science of healing by adding in it lessons on
healing from. the teachings of Lord Buddha and !.ade it simpler to
comprehend that it is known as the four tantras ofTibetan Science of
Healing to the Contemporary World.
In 1916, His Holiness the XIII Dalai Lama established the
Lhasa Men-Tse-Khang (Medical and Astrological School) in Tibet:
229
Men-Tse-Khang, Dharamsala was established in 1961 by His Holi-
ness the XIV Dalai Lama on seeking political asylum in India. Hun-
dreds of physicians has been graduated from this institute and are
practising in forty-five different clinics ofthe insititute all over India
and Nepal and many of them are also practising Ti betan Medicine
privately in lndia and abroad. Almostall the physicians ofthe Indian
Himalayan region practising in their own places are those graduated
from this institute.
The basic concept of Tibetan Science of Healing or Sowa
Rigpa and how does it deals with illness from the whole aspect ofthe
health. Although there are many books on Tibetan medicine written
by many scholars and great physicians but the most authentic one is
the rGyudshi, the four tautras that are (i) the Root Tantra, (ii) the
Explanatory Tantra, (iii) the Quintessence Tantra and (iv) the Com-
plimentary Tantra
The Root Tantra: lt is the basicfundamental tantra like the
soul of a body and has six chapters. All the other three tautras attrib-
uted their origin to it.
The Explanatory Tantra: It represents the body of a soul that
explains in detail or clarifies what the root tantra does mean. It has
thirty-one chapters.
The Quintessence Tantra: This tautra deals with knowledge
the real knowledge of Tibetau Medicine and has ninety-two chap-
ters. It represents the real quality of all the tautras and clarifies each
and every word of all the tautras.
The Complementary Tantra: This tantra has twenty-seven
chapters and it deals with the practice of all the tantras. lt is the pana-
cea for all illness.
The Sowa Rigpa deals with illness from the whole aspect of
human body. The concept and practice of Sowa Rigpa isthat human
body is composed of five natural elerrients and so is the illness too.
Therefore, the healing has to be found in the fi ve natural elements .
Human body requires for its growth and sustenance a virtual balance
230
get infom1ation about relevant signs and symptoms charactirised by
his illness.
All these three methods diagnosis are deal and in all its varia-
tions by the four medical tantras. The urine and pulse beats of the
human body are in enormous Variations, each depending on imbal-
ance of either one or the other two or in combination of the two in
threc principle energies conditioned by either excess or inadequacy
in diet and inappropriateness in lifestyle and behaviour as weil as the
prevailing season and climate during the illness. The Tibetan Medi-
cine Iooks to the illness as having an immediate eause and a relative
cause.
The Therapeutie:- Having defined the illness aeeurately the
treatment follows with a ehange of behaviour of lifestyle,dietary
modifications, medication and aeessory therapies. The four medieal
tantras deal with every aspeet of the therapeutic teehnique in detail
leaving no room for ambiguity and speeulation . There are ehapters
on diet and Iifestyle or behavior keeping into aeeount their tastes and
other eharaeteristies like roughness, heaviness, lightness, oily and
non-oily. Then there are chapters dealing with medieines in every
kind, herbs, minerals, fruits, stones, their tastes and uses and also
chapters on aceessory therapies like massage, moxabation, golden
needle therapy and surgery.
232
ABrief on Tibetan Medical (Sowa Rigpa)
Pharmacology
Menrampa Kartsang Tenzin Deche*
Any medieal system either it is Ayurvedi System or Hornea-
pathie System or Unani System or Chinese System or Ti betan Medi-
cal System or Western System, every system has its own way of
healing but the goal of all the system is eommon and that is to eure
his -patient.
As far as Tibetan medicine is concemed, many Tibetan Medi-
cal Institutions and Tibetan Seholars, other individuals including many
Asians and Westemers have done much work in the past in promot-
ing Tibetan medicine. Today it is receiving wide interest from the
international eommunity and being practieed throughout the Hima-
layan region. In countries like Mongolia, Russia etc. it is becoming a
popular alternative health care system. It is one of the oldest living
medical traditions ofthe world.
However, despite its antiquity and current popularity, the
strength ofTibetan medicine has not yet been weil understood by the
world's scientifie eommunity, as eompared to other systems ofmedi-
cine. lt needs more series study by the scientists , scholars and stu-
dents.
According to the So-Rig rGurd-bZhi (The four tantras), all
sentient beings are created by the five elements, so as alt the diseases
and their antidotes are five elements in origin and eompostition re-
speetively. Therefore, all three are inter-related for having common
origin i.e. the five elements (Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Spaee).As
per So-Rig rGyud-bZhi there is nothing on the earth that has no me-
dicinal value.
The fundamental philosophy of pharmology in Ti betan medi-
* Doctor of Sowa-Rigpa Medical System, Unit of Tibetan Medical and Astro-
logical Institute, Dharamshaia at Nizzamudin East, New Delhi.
233
eine is as such based on the theory of Byung-ba-Inga or the Cosm
physical elements. These elements are not in their actual- state, b
concepts dealing more with their inherent qualities i.e.
Earth: heavy, stable, blunt, smooth, oily and dry.
Water: fluit, cool, dry, coarse, light, oily, flexible.
Fire: hot, sharp, dry, coarse, light, oily, mobile.
Air: light,mobile, cold, coarse, non-oily, dry.
These subtle qualities are not only responsible for the mate
rial aspects ofrLung (wind), mKhris-pa(bile) and Bad-kan(phlem)1
. but also for the six tastes and the three post-digestive tastes, fro
... which the composition, properties, and various actions of a specifi
. rnedicine are inferred.
::-:
Tibetan pharrnacology is not simply an art but also a refine
which has been passed down by the Buddha Sakyamuni ove
. two thousand five hundred years ago. This science involves a knowl
J:.
ofhistory, identification, cultivation, cllection, selection, prepa
preservatiort etc.
..
. of Drugs:
, , It is very crucial to follow the seven Limb Procerlure sets ou
Seed Storage
Definitions
The collection of seed
samples at one location
Ex-situ conservation
In vitro storage
and their transfer to a gene
bank for storage. The
samples are usually dried to
a suitably low moisture
content and then kept at
sub-zero temperatures.
The collection and
maintenance of explants
(tissue samples) in a sterile,
pathogen free environment.
Plantation The collecting of seed or
living material from one
location and its transfer and
planting at a second site.
Large numbers of
accessions of a few species
are usually conserved.
Herb orphanages The collection of seed or
living material from one
location and its transfer and
maintenance at a second
295
ln-situ conservation
Zoning Reserves
Inter-situ
Rangeland
Management
Focus on Ex Situ Consenration
location as living plant
collections of species in a
garden.
The management and
monitodng of genetic
diversity in natural wild
populations within defined
areas designated for active,
long-term conservation.
The sustainable
management of genetic
resources of locally
developed traditional crop
varieties with associated
wild and weedy species or
forms by the farmers within
the traditional or agri-
silvicultural cultivation
systems.
Rangelands provides
habitat for a wealth ofthese
endangered herbs.
lt'sthe management ofthe
nomadic tribes and their
livestock to reduce the
impact on the bio-diversity
of grasslands.
An appropriate mix ofboth In-situ and Ex-situ need to
be formalized to stem the current depletion rate of these rare herbs.
S..:nce medicinal plants arevital to the economy ofthe people settled
in the high altitude Himalayan belt, these plants can be domesticated
296
so that in due course of time they can serve as cash crops for the
,, fanners and in turn ease the pressure on the natural population;
Cultivation Practices/ Agro-Tecbniques
The Pragya project on conserving the herbal wealth of the
Himalayan cold deserts is aimed at the conservation and sustainable
utilizatiort of the medicinal plant wealth of these regions. This is be-
ing done by the ex-situ conservation technique of establishing com-
mercial cultivation ofthese precious herbs. Pragya agri-experts have
been working on developing cultivation packages of these herbs and
are involved in training farmers on appropriate cultivation techniques.
Though the thrust of research is mainly on seed based and cutting
based mass multiplication of the medicinal plahts, studies on yield
capacities of different landforms; soil kinds and cultural practices
are also on. Several plantations have been set up in every target
bioregion and are being constantly monitored for maintenance and
research purposes. The researches have shown that, these herbs cari
be cultivated through scientific methods in fields with appropriate
technology.
Of the numerous species that grow in this region, four critically
endangered, high value, high demand species - viz. Aconitum
heterophyllum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Nardostachys jatamansi
and Picroorhiza kurooa. - were selected for the first round of research
and development, and based on the experiments and field experiences
ofPragya, cultivation packages have been developed for these species.
Multiplication from seed
(i) Aconitum heterophyllum
Opinions are yet divided regarding the dormancy and germ in-
ability ofthe seeds. At lower altitudes below 3500 m, seeds sown in
February-March show good germination. But in Pragya's experience,
in the high altitudes above 3500 m, seed sowing in October-Novem-
ber, before the onset of snowfall, has been successful. Seeds are sown
297
I I '
',\II.
in the raised beds 30cm in height. The optimum depth of sowing is
0.5 to 0. 7 cm. As mentioned earlier, seeds are sown during Oct-Nov,
just before snowfalL At lower altitudes, Feh-March sowing has shown
best results.
Seed germination: The seeds sown during October-Novem-
_ber germinate in the commencing spring season because of the long
dormancy period. Germination is best at I 0-20C. To protect seed-
lings against frost damage, the beds can be mulched with straw with
proper moisture -content.
Transplanting: After germination, the seedlings remain in a
cotyledonous leaf stage throughout the first year. But they can be
easily transplanted at this stage. Transplanting should be donein lines
30 cm apart and 30 cm between plants. Care should be taken while
transplanting suchthat injury is not inflicted on the tender saplings.
Prior to transplanting, beds are prepared and the soil is mixed prop-
erly with EYM and jungle manure. Intercropping can be done along
with Dactylorhiza hatagirea for viable economic retums.
(ii) Podophyllum hexandrum
Scarification of the seeds is essential to enhance germination.
After washing with sterilized water, the seeds are scarified with a
sharp teasing needle removing of the seed coat, with two to
three incisions given around the hilum region. Again, they are
thoroughly washed with sterilized distilled water and then maintained
under dark conditions at room temperature. Soaking in sulphuric acid
for long hours also helps in bringing down the dormancy period to
some extent. The optimum depth for sowing is 0.5 to 0.7cm. The
sowing is done just before snowfalL Prior to sowing the beds should
be. prepared.
Seed germination: As for germination, in P. hexandrum it takes
45-60 days with scarification treatment. Seeds sown with fruit pulp
germinate in 9 to I 0 months.
298
Transplanting: Seedlings in the two-leaf stage can be easily
transplanted. It should be done in lines 90cm apart and 90cm between
plants. Transplanting should be done in beds rich in humus.
(iii) Nardostachys jatamansi
The jatamansi seeds being very small and covered witha thin
endocarp, care should be taken at the time of sowing. The seeds should
be sown at 0.5 cm depth in the soiL
Seed Seeds are sown in styrofoam seedling trays
in coarse sandy loam soil containing organic humus or litter. Generally
it takes 5-7 days for germination in laboratory conditions and 7-10
days in polyhouses at nursery sites. Seedlings are transplanted after
6-8 weeks at two-leaf stage when aerial parts whither but root system
remains weil developed and viable. Space between two seedlings
should be About44,000 plants are planted in one acre of
land.After germination the seedlings in a cotyledonous leaf stage can
easily be transplanted.
Transplanting: Transplanting should be donein lines 30 cm
apart with 30 cm between plants. Care should be taken while
transplanting such that injury is not inflicted on the tender saplings.
Prior to transplanting beds are prepared and the soil is mixed properly
with FYM and jungle manure.
(iv) Picrorhiza kurooa.
For raising the crop from seeds, fresh seeds can be sown in
polythene bags of size 22.5 cms x 10 cms (150 gauge). The bags
must have holes punched at the bottom for draining of excess water.
Altematively, trays containing a of farmyard mant.lre and
garden soil in a 1 :2 ratio can be used for sowing the seeds. Such soil
tends to retain a high percentage of the moisture and this helps en-
hance the germination percentage. The optimum temperature for the
germination of the seeds lies between 20C and 25C and March is
therefore the best season for seed sowing under field conditions.
299
Seed germination & Transplanting: On completion of
germination after 3 weeks, the seedlings should be transferred to the
beds. Transplanting should be done in lines 30 centimeters apart.
Intercropping with plants like potato, barley, Foeniculum vulgare
(saunt), can be done successfully at relatively lower altitudes of 1800
-2200m.
Vegetative Propagation
Raising the crop ftom seeds is a: lengthy process; but for quick
economic returns the vegetative means seems to be advantageous.
Not only does it eliminate the difficulties associated with seed ger-
mination and seedling survival, it also reduces the length of the cul-
tivation cycle.
a. Land preparation: The land should be prepared thoroughly,
ploughing it 3-4 times till a fine tilth is obtained. Farmyard
manure or forest litter should be added to the soil at the time of
soil preparation. Each hectare of land would require about 25
quintals ofFYM to be mixed with thesoil. This will improve the
germination rate and yield.
b. Method of planting: Planting of one year old seedlings or tuber
segments should be done in furrows with 30cm depth: The tubers/
rhizome/stolons are planted Sem below the soillevel. Earthing
up is done after a month for the rapid multiplication and higher
yield of these species.
c. Weeding: The presence of jungle manure enhances the conditions
for growth ofweeds. Hence regular weeding is necessary during
the spring especially in the seedbeds. Care should be taken that
the young saplings are not removed along with the weeds. Weeds
also harbour pests, which may cause extensive darnage to the
crop
300
Economics of Cultivation
The average yield of all the four species increases with the ma-
turity ofthe plants. The current market rates ofthe above species are
given as under
Species
Aconitum heterophyllum
Podophyllum hexandrum
Picrorhiza kurrooa.
Nardostachys jatamansi
Market Rate (subject to jluctuation)/Kg
of dried roots/tubers
Rs. 1800- 2200
Rs 40-50
Rs. 225-275
Rs. 100-125
For instance taking into consideration the production of Aconi-
tum heterophyllum, and Picrorhiza kurrooa as per existing rates per
hectare, returns from these species could be worked out as:
Species Estimated Current market rate Total Income /ha
Yield (kg/ha) (Rs/kg) (Rs)
-Dry wt.
Aconitum
heterophyl/um 1100 1800
19,80,000
Picrorhiza
kurrooa 1100 225
2,47,500
Density being 1, 10, 000 plants /hectare.
On the basis ofthe above analysis, it may be concluded that the
cultivation of these species can not only provide good economic re
tums to the farmers growing them, but also serve in the conservatio11
of these species in the natural habitat.
301
l
I I .
'I: .
I . ,
Scope of Medicinal Plants in Himalayan Region
ShaliniSahay*
The Indian Himalaya stretches from J ammu and Kashmir in the
west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east covering an area of about
4,19,873 km. The enormous variation in the altitude, latitude and
longitude of the Himalayas has added to the multiplicity of habitats
and provides diverse microclimates and ecological niches for alllife
inhabiting the region. Mountain areas are important sources of wa-
ter, energy and biological diversity, while also providing resources
such as agricultural ad forestry products, minerals and recreational
sites. The Himalayan region alone supports about 18,440 species of
Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes, Lichens
and Fungi. Ofthese, about 25.3% ofthe species are endemic to the
Himalayas.
The Value of Himalayan Medicinal Plants
A total of 1748 species ofHimalayan plants have been reported
as medicinal and 675 species as wild edibles (Pande and Samant,
200 1 ). Since time immemorial, these medicinal plants have been
exploited, earlier only for local use and now for sale as well. The
indigenous system of medicine of the region- the "Ayurveda", the
Tibetan and Unani systems - go pack a long way and are highly
relevant and effective in the eure of serious ailments and health prob-
Ieins even today. These systems are primarily dependent on the spe-
cies availal:He in 'the region for preparation of their medicines. The
Himalayan medidnal plants have tremendous potential for the prepa-
ration of a variety ofherbal drugs and several phannaceutical formu-
lations. The manufacture of drugs for serious ailments such as heart
* Author is an MSc., M.Phil. in Botany from the University ofDelhi. She has
been working with Pragya as apart ofthe Natural Resource Management
team and has been extensively involved in the conservation and sustainable
utilization ofmedicinaf and aromatic p/ants ofthe Himalayas.
302
problems, cancer, leukaemia, diabetes and AIDS are being sought
from plant products chiefly ofHimalayan origin. At present, the herbal
industry itself stands at a staggering 65 billion dollar and derives
more than 95% of its demand from the Himalayans.
Medicinal Plant Resources
Some of the species worth mentioning are: Atis roots, Indian
napellus, Himalayan spikenard, Salep, Kutki, Rhubarb of Sikkim,
Himalayan rhubarb, Pakhanbhed., Ephedra, Henbane, Indian bella-
donna, Mishim teeta, Podophyllum, Kuth roots, etc. are some ofthe
examples ofthe rieb medicinal floraofthe Himalayas that being
exploited commercially. In addition to the above, there are some other
well recognized traditional medicinal plants which include Arnebia
euchroma, Gentiana tibetica, Jurinea macrocepha/a, Se/inum
tenuifolium, Thymus serpyllum, Plantaga depressa, etc. A brief de-
scription of four select species reported from the Indian Himalayas
are as follows:
(i) Aconitum heterophyllum:
The herb grows well at an altitude range of 3300- 5000m. The
presence of the herb has also been recorded from altitudes as low
as 2400m. The herb thrives weil in elevated situations and can be
found growing naturally on steep slopes. The plant is common in
the temperate to alpine zone of the Himalayas. The herb is erect
up to 1m tall, having tuberous roots, which are biennial and paired.
On the basis of colour, A. hetrophyllum is classified as white,
yellow, red and black. The leaves are glabrous and heteromor-
phous, flowers are blue to yellowish blue in colour and the seeds
are dark brown in colour. The root contains many alkaloids chief
among which is atisine. It is used antiperiodic, aphrodisiac and
tonic. It is also used in combating debility, diahorrea, dysentry,
acute inflammatory affections and as an antidote against snake
and scorpion bite.
303
.I II.
(ii) Podophyllum hexandrum:
The plant is found in the temperate to alpine Himalaya (2400-
4500m) at the foot ofthe slopes, in the crevices ofrocks, on stones
and boulders, particularlyin sites that offer deep soil and a steady
water supply. The plant is a 35-60cmtall,erect, distinctive peren-
nial herb with a shiny, unbranched stem beari,ng two large
(6- 20 x 4 - 15 cm) altemate leaves. The three-lobed fully
incised leafgrows on a long petiole arising either from the collar
of the root or from the stem,encircling a solitary white or light
pink flower (2 -5 cm dia.). The rhizome isabout 2-5 cm long
and 1-2 cm thick, noticeably rough and slightly horizontally
. growing with many fibrous lateral roots. The rhizome and roots
are consideredhepatic, stimulant, cholagogue, purgative and bit-
ter tonic. The major chemical constituents are podophyllin and
podophyllotoxin. Podophyllin is a drastic purgative and has also
been tried against various diseases such as warty lesions of the
skin and neoplasms of the body parts. Recently podophyllotoxin
has been used in the preparation of anticancer drugs.
(iii) Nardostachys jatamansi:
This herb is found in the alpine Himalayas from 3000-5000m
altitude in various parts of the Indian Himalayas viz. Sikkim
(3600-4800m); Uttaranchal, Hirnachat Pradesh (3000-4000m) and
Jammu & Kashmir. It is an erect perennial herb, 10-60cm. high,
with astout taproot covered with tail-like brown aromatic fibers,
originating from the petioles of the withered radicalleaves. The
flowering stem is erect, woody and 10-40 cm 1ong. Leaves are
chiefly radical in nature, longitudinally nerved, 1 0-20cm long
and 1.5 to 2.5 cm broad. Flowers are often rosy or pale pink in
appearance, tubular, five lobed corolla tubes 6mm long and hairy.
The fruit is 4mm long covered with minute hairs and crowned by
dentate calyx-teeth either ovate or flattened in outline. The seeds
304
are obovate and compressed. The roots are aromatic and are used
as a biter tonic, stimulant and antiseptic. lt is also useful for the
treatment of epilepsy, hysteria and convulsive affections.
(iv) Picroorhiza kurooa.:
The herb is found in the alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim
at altitudes of3000 to 5000 meters. It grows weil on open exposed
slopes above the tree line with enough sunlight to facilitate
horizontal spread of the rhizomes. The plant is a trailing herl:
with the underground stems giving offshoots atjoints and
in the nodes. Healthy plants can grow up to a height of0.20 meters
The mature root is covered allover with small non-green leaves
The stem of the plant is creeping, leafy and slightly hairy. Tht
leaves are spatulate and dentate. Flowers are bluish with stamem
protruding outwards. The roots are bitter and used as a cathartic
stomachic, in the treatment of fever and dyspepsia.
The Limits to Utilisation of Himalayan Medicinal Plants
In order to extract the required active principles in sufficien
quantities, the pharmaceutical industry requires the plant material i1
bulk. The ever-increasing demand ofthe pharmaceutical industry fo
medicinal and aromatic plants has however rendered many suc
medicinal species rare and threatened in their natural habitats
and Hajra, 1999). The Iist of plants in the Red Data Book seems to b
increasing in geometric progression. Most of the herbs are habitan1
of the alpine and sub-alpine zones growing in extremely harsh cor
ditions and have a low regenerative capacity; hence the need to cor
serve these rare and endangered plants has become a concem th1
should be addressed immediately. "Sustainable use" ofthese specit
needs to be promoted. This would mean the use of these componen
ofbiological in a way and at a ratethat does not Iead to tt
long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining i
305
I ,I
potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future gen-
erations. In practice, the collection of these plant species needs to be
undertaken and encouraged only on a scientific basis so as not to
darnage the natural ecosystem and the accompanying species. The
forest safety of the resources is linked with the sustainability of the
habitats in which they occur and the quantum, rate and frequency of
exploitation.
The Potential & Scope of Cultivation of Himalayan
Medicinal Plants
Among the various in situ and ex situ approaches used for the
conservation of the medicinal plants, cultivation should be encour-
aged as it is the most sustainable approach, providing the market its
requirements and the farmers a revenue, while maintaining the forest
resources intact. However, the commercial cultivation of medicinal
plants is still not given due im:portance. Owing to the fact that these
herbs inostly propagate via rhizomes or roots, which remain dor-
mant for more than two to six months under heavy snow, there is a
need for growing them on a mass scale. This will help satisfy the
domestic consumption of these plants for use in the indigenous sys-
tem of medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Another major prob-
lern is that of the maiketability of the developed agrotechnologies
and their acceptance by the users of the plant material.
To address some ofthe issues for conservation, protection, propa-
gation and development ofthese medicinal plants, we at Pragya, have
followed the following approach:
* Identification of endangered and threatened species in the
high altitude belt of the Himalayas
* Preparing a Iist of potential species which can be taken up by
the community for sustainable utilization through cultivation
* Preparing nurseries ofthese potential species for large-scale
propagation and distribution of saplings
306
* Conducting trials and experiments on the above species and
developing suitable cultivation packages for these potential
spec1es
* Identification ofprogressive farmers for dissemination ofthe
knowledge gained for furtherance of the cause
* Conducting in-field training of the farmers on a regular basis
for proper transfer of technology from the Iabaratory to the
field.
The efforts ofPragya do not stop here. We also help the fanners
constitute their own cooperatives and facilitate the development of
the market channel suchthat farrners may receive their fair share of
the revenues from the sale ofthe plant material.
The following species can be suggested for cultivation in the
high altitude regions:
A. High Value Medicinal Plants
Name of the species Major uses
Aconitum heterophyllum Rheumatism, fever
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
Hyssopus officinalis
Gentiana kurrooa
Hepatoprotective
Tonic, aphrodisiac
Carminative, stimulant,
emmenogogue
Tonic, urinary
affections
B. Medium Value Medicinal Plants
Name of the species
Major uses
Market rate
(Rs)
1800-2200
225-275
700-1100
225-250
225-275
Marketrate
.(Rs)
Saussurea costus
Skin diseases, bronchial
asthma, digestive 60 - 100
Podophyllum hexandrum Anticancer, hepatic
stimulant, purgative
40-50
307
Rubia cordifolia
Sin diseases, blood
purijier, antibacterial,
anti- injlammatory 35 - 45
C. Low Value Medicinal Plants
Name of the species Major uses
Amebia euchroma
Ephedra gerardiana.
Hyocyamus niger
Angelica glauca
Toothache, ear ache, hair tonic
Bronchitis, bronchial asthma
Sedative, narcotic, mydriatic
Dyspepsia, stomachic, cordial
Marketrate
(Rs)
25-30
15-20
20-30
20-30
The growing of select species of medicinal plants has an added
advantage of planned and regulated production of plant material,
besides upgrading the quality of the produce at the site of cultiva-
tion. Such commercial cultivation would eliminate the need for con-
tinued exploitation of the species from its wild and can thus. be an
effective means to conserve the threatened medicinal plants, without
affecting and in fact servicing better, the need of the users.
A group of Schalars discussing each other about the seminar
308
Present Situation of the Medical System in
Different Parts of Himalayan Region
Dr. Tsultim Gyatso
This medical system, called Sowa Rigpa is practiced in all
Himalayas regions and its knowledge in term of quality and quantity
are not same in all parts of the Himalayas regions. In west regions of
Himalaya like Ladakh, this medical system called Sowa Rigpa has
been developed in the past decade qualitatively and quantitatively.
The concerned Amchis have taken their responsibility for its devel-
opment according to their capacity. They have benefited the patients
greatly andin much better way in term oftreatments. Stillthereis lot
to be done in the every field like physiology, pathology, anatomy,
etiology, pharmacology and so on. To carry on these tasks a well-
planned education center and financial source is nidispensable for
these purpose. As far the public is concemed, they know the merits
and the benifits of this medical system and treatments. So they take
fully opportunities and undergo the but they are wtaware
ofthe practitioner's status and its further development.
In some part of the Himalayan regions this medical system were
not developed in both quality as weil as in quantity. This is the most
unfortunate to this concemed community.lts seeme these communi-
ties are losing the invaluable medical system and which they should
not only feel culturally important but also in the genuine service to
the humanity
Due to the Iack of profound knowledge on Sowa Rigpa and ig-
noring its genuine and precious values or indifferent in the ancient
knowledge, the Sowa-Rigpa is not up to the mark in some part ofthe
1-Iimalayas. So it is not developed in quality and quantity in some
parts of the Himalayas regions. In this case it is not paid any atten-
tion by the practitioners, Public and the Government. So, it is impor-
* Director, Chirde Sorig Khang, Leh, Ladakh, (J&K).
309
tant now to realize the past mistakes and should take firm step in its
development and preservation from all sides. It is to feel proud of
our ancient knowledge in the service of all humanity. It is always
important for us to use our wisdom to choose the advantage and dis-
advantage of Sowa Rigpa with other system discriminately.
May be Iack of communication on the subject like concemed
medical system or may be due to other reasons in some reasons our
traditional knowledge is very weak and almost lost. So now, it is
time to identify our weakness, and important to have sufficient knowl-
edge on this subject. If we don't have the profound and commands
on language, we willlose our valuable ancient knowledge one after
another. It may be very difficult to renovate again in future. Actually
every country and each community has certain responsibility to de-
velop and preserve their own cultural identities prevailing in shape
of medicine, language, philosophy etc, which our ancestors, scholars
, leamed and philosopher presevered and handed over to us. It is not
our responsibilities to leam only other languages With the aim to
eam reputation, power, wealth etc. Wehavemore responsibility to
explore our own knowledge on every field.
If we speak from the public point of view, it seems they are not
much aware and they do not take much responsibility in how to de-
velop in Wider aspect and sustainable way and do not pay attention
in every possible respect to its work. They are ingnorant toward this
medical system. They may feel that it is easy job and what more
effort and what education qualification be needed to bring its whole
potential about. They feel it is a general work. So this attitudes needs
to be changed by the public too and these attudes also cause dullness
to its development in its quality and quantity work.
We all have equal responsibility for its development and preser-
vation, as it is nct a single person knowledge and not only one per-
son will get benefit. Actually the Amchis not only serve the health
problems but also serve economically to that particular region. The
renewable natural resources are much eheaper and convenient to all
310
the patients, regardless of rich or poor. Medicine from the Sowa Rigpa
eures the illnesses from the roots permanently without any side ef-
fect. This above mentioned facts and the wonderful parts ofthe cul-
ture. The generat public and the Ieaders do not have the awareness
and knowledge. As our public and Ieader are in silence or do not say
anything to the Govemment about its rights and development, though
the Sowa Rigpa serve the 60% population in Ladakh. There is not
fair investigation from the Govt. about which medical system is more
suited culturally and economically to concemed communuity. I think
the Govt. should survey on these facts without following one medi-
cal system. As unawareness about the treatment of Amchis system
among other communities are stillthere. Therefore, it is important to
find ways and means for its propagation in other community as well.
As there is improvement in technique, we should use all forms
ofmedicines namely decoction, powder, pills extract, medicinal oils,
calcinated compounds, concentrate, aJcocholic medici11e and exter-
nal ointments. Aseach from ofmedicine has its own property, each
form ofmedicines is effective to different illness. It is also attractive
to the patients in taking the medicine, though there is need of some
effort and expenses.
We need scientific and systematic reserach in every field of this
medical system and in this way it will help for its development and
make patients more interesting in generat It is also important for us
to be specialist in each branches namely pediatric, gynecology, neu-
rology etc to study this medical system deeply after general study
and in this way we could diagnose precisely and treatment would be
much better. Comparative study to the allopathic in some field like
physiology, anatomy and surgical work etc are very important.
Drawback: Indifference or unconsciousnessly treatment to the
patients is extremely dangeraus to oneself and to the system. Ex-
ample giving administration to the serious patients without proper
facilities, using venesection and moksabation unconfidently are not
commendable work.
311
Recommendation:
I. In the diffemt parts of Himalayas, opening a Institute to
leam and reserach Sowa Rigpa system is very important.
2. With all allopathic dispensary facilities of Sowa Rigpa
system should be provided.
Shri RBS Rawat, CEO, NMPB, Deptt. of ISM & H, Min. of Health,
GOI,inaugurating the Sowa Rigpa Medical Exhibition cum
Free Medical check-up at the Gandhi-Smiriti, New Delhi
31'2
Ex-Situ Cultivation & Conser:vation of Trans.-
Himalayan Medicinal Plants - A Case Study
'
O.P Chaurasia, Basant Ballabh & B. Raut
ABSTRACT
Cold deserts are comes under the trans-Himalayan zone that com-
prises Ladakh (J&K) and Lahaul & Spiti (HP). Like other parts of
Himalayas, Indian cold deserts are also considered trove of medici-
nal and aromatic plants, which play an important role in various tra-
ditional system of medicines.
The people ofLadakh and Lahaul-Spiti have their own medical
system, which is popularly known as A:mchi system of medicine based
on Tibetan system of medicine. The local medicine man use about
40 percent of medicinal plant for various ailments. Due to natural
decline and over & unscientific exploitation most of the important
species of the cold desert has become rare and endaugered in past
few years. Ex-situ cultivation and conservation ofthese species will
help a lot in sustainable utilization for future. It will also help to save
the most important species of cold deserts from extinction. The present
study deals with the ex-situ cultivation and conservation of 10
important species viz Aconitum heterophyllum, Amebia euchroma,
Achillea millifolium, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Hippophae rhamnoides,
Inula racemosa, Podophyllum hexandrum,Rheum speciformae, Rubia
cordifolia, Rhodiola imbricata and Physalis alkekengi oflndian cold
desert which will pave the overall economic development of this
regwn.
Introduction
Cold deserts are usually cpnfined to high altitudes and eireum-
polar regions. Approximateli;sixteen percent of total landmass is
* Scientist, Field Research Laboratory, Leh,Ladakh.
. 313
under cold arid zones. Indian cold deserts come under the trans-Hi-
malayan zone. The major areas under the trans-Himalayas are Ladakh,
Jammu & Kashmir and Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, followed
by little pockets ofNiti, Mana & Nelang in Uttranchal. In J&K, the
cold desert lies between 32 15'- 36 N latitude and 75 15'- 80 15'
E longitude. It covers approximately 68,321 sq. Km, besides 27,555
sq Km area which is under illegal occupation of Pakistan and China
while in HP, the cold desert area lies between 31 o 44' 57" - 32 59'
57" N latitude and 76 46' 29"- 78 41' 34" E longitude and covers
approximately 6488 sq Km. A very small pockets in Garhwal (Niti
and Mana) beyond Badrinath and Nelang region in UttarKashi dis-
trict of Uttranchal state have similar climatic condition and terrain.
The regions are also referred as cold desert of India. The snow
capped mountains, low humidity, little rainfall, subzero temperatures,
heavy influx of infrared and ultra violet radiation are some of the
characteristic features of the regions. The plants of trans Himalayas
come under alpine and high alpine zones with the domination of an-
nual and perennial herbs followed by few bushes. The vegetative
growth starts in the month of April with the melting of snow, it is on
its full bloom in the month of July August and starts disappearing by
the end ofSepternber. The Hirnalayas is known for its rich medicinal
wealth since the time imrnemorial. The demand for Himalayan plants
for cosmetic use, food & beverages and drug industry is rapidly in-
creasing day by day.
Medicinal Flora of Indian Cold Desert
The cold desert region rnight Iook barren and Iifeless at a first
appearance but it is home to rnore than 1100 plant species with large
numbers of plants with high rnedicinai and arornatic value (Chauhan,
1999), The plants of trans Hirnalayas come under alpine and high
alpine zones with the domination of annual and perenoiai herbs fol-
lowed by few bushes. The vegetative growth starts in the rnonth of
April with the melting of snow, it is on its full bloom in the month of
314
July August and starts disappearing by the end of September. The
vegetation rnay be divided into alpine rnesophytes, desert vegeta-
tion, oasitic vegetation and high altitude vegetation
Most ofthe species ofthiscold desert region has been source for
medicinal plants for most of Asian traditional medical systems
(Chaurasia, et al., 1996-2001). The popular medical system preva-
lent in the trans-Himalayan cold desert regions is Sowa Rigpa (Sci-
ence of Healing), popularly known as Ti betan or Amchi medicine.
The practitioner of this system is largely dependent on skillful uses
of Himalayan plants, minerals and animal products. Other major
medical systems of Asia like Ayurveda, Chinese, Unani, Siddha and
homeopathy etc. have been also using Himalayan plants in large quan-
tity.
The aromatic plants also play an important role in daily life of
human now a days as perfurnes, cosmetic uses, food & beverages,
drug industry, perfume products, in phariJlaceuticals fields and fla-
vorings foods etc (Chaurasia, 2000).
The practitioners of Traditional Medicine and herbat industries
are mostly dependent on the wild plant sources to fulfill their me-
dicinal and commercial need. Due to unscientific exploitation, many
plants species are being degraded, fragmented and even disappear-
ing at an alarming rate. On the other hand, there is only little effort
towards their conservation and cultivation practices. It is therefore,
very important to balance and reconcile these two trends.
Ex situ cultivation & conservation- (Atal, et al., 1989)
The ex situ cultivation & conservation is one ofthe most impor-
tant aspects for conservation and scientific exploitation of useful
plants. Emphasis was given on collection, maintenance and evalua-
tion of germplasrn of medicinal plants in collaboration ofNational
Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), N Delhi. At present,
approx.1 00 germplasm of medicinal plants are being maintained at
FieldResearch Laboratory. Although, it is a chaflenging task, but we
315
have been succeed to grow some plants under field conditions with
various methods on experimental basis.
Materials and Methods
Field Research Laboratory, Defence Research & Development
Organization (DRDO), has started ex-situ cultivation and conserva-
tion of rare and endangered plant species of Indian cold desert since
1998 (Singh, et al., 2000). Germplasm (propagating material) has
been collected from various hilly and mountainous regions ofLadakh
and Lahaul & Spiti. An alpine herbal garden has been established at
FieldResearch Labaratory and various Iab & field trial on seed ger-
mination were conducted along with development of suitable pack-
age and practices for cultivation through vegetative propagation
methods. Field preparation, transplantation, manuring and watering
have been done as per the requirement. Data were collected for suc-
cess rate, growth pattern and yield parameters.
Results & Discussions
I 0 medicinal and aromatic plants viz. Achillea millifolium, Ac-
onitum heterophyllum, Amebia euchroma, Dactylorhiza hatagirea,
Hippophae rhamnoides var turkestanica, physalis alkekengi, Podo-
phyllum hexandrum, Rheum speciformae, Rhodiola imbricata and
Rubia cordifolia (Annonymous, I948) have been selected for study
in the present paper. Germplasm (roots/rhizomes/stolons/runners/
seeds) have been collected from naturallocalities oftrans Himalayan
regions ofLadakh and Lahaul-Spiti and studies have been conducted
on various aspects of cultivation in the Alpine Herbai garden, estab-
lished within the premises of FRL. In addition, trails have also been
conducted under green houses. The results of cultivated medicinal
plants have been enumerated as under: -
ENUMMERA TION
I. Achillea millefolium Linn. (Asteraceae) Yarrow / Mefoill
316
An aromatic, perennial herb with white flower heads in crowded
corymbs. It grows along moist places & water streams, 9500-11500
ft.
Uses: The extract ofleaves is considered useful in urinary prob-
lems, toothache and gum inflammation. The flowering herb is cred-
ited with astringent, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, cold, colic, heart-
bum, hysteria, epilepsy and rheumatism. The herb is also chewed in
toothache and it is used to prevent premature ageing of skin.
Cultivation: Easily propagated through seeds as well as root
cuttings. Through seeds 60% germination under controlled condi-
tions and 52 % in field conditions. Nursery should be raised in green
house and be transplanted in open field by the end of April. 85%
survival was achieved under the trial. It is also propagated through
root cuttings with 72% success rate.
2. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle (Ranunculaceae)
Aconite I Atees .
A biennial herb with tuberous roots and greenish-purple or
creamed flowers with purple veins. Mo ist alpine places, 9500-II ,500
ft.
Uses: This is the much-valued medicinal plant in various tradi-
tional systems ofmedicines. The roots are source of drug 'aconitine'.
The roots are used against toothache, high fever, starnach complaint,
gastric trouble and headache. U seful against poisoning from snake
and scorpion bite infectious disease; febricide and inflammation of
intestine.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seeds as well as
division of roots. Through 85 % germination under control condi-
tions with the treatment of gibbrelic acid (GA3) and 30% in field
conditions. Nursery should be raised in green house and be trans-
planted in April.
It is easily propagated through division of roots. The daughter
roots may be uprooted either in the month of October or by the end
of April. 82 % success has been achieved.
317
3. Amebia euchroma Johnston (Boraginaceae) Rattanjot
A perennial herb with thick reddish rootstock and purple flow-
ers. It grows on high alpine moist & open slopes, 14000-16500 ft.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seed as weil as
root cuttings. Under controlled conditions, seeds have shown 85%
germination while, 70% germination was observed under field con-
ditions. Approx 60% sttrvival rate was achieved through nursery trans-
plantation.
Studies were undertaken for multiplication through division of
rootstocks and very limited success(35 %) was achieved.
4. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo (Orchidaceae) Heart
orchid I Salam panja
A perennial herb with palmate lobed fleshy roots and attractive
pink or purple flowers in spikes. F ound growing on damp places &
along water streams, 9000-11,000 ft.
Uses: An extract of roots is also used against kidney problems.
The tubers are considered energetic, and health improving, which
are recommended for week people also. The roots are used as tonic
and as aphrodisiac.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seeds as weil as
division of roots. Seeds are very minute and require microbial asso-
ciation for germination. No result has been achieved so far further
sturlies are under progressL
It is easily propagated through division of roots. The daughter
roots may be uprooted either by the end of growing season (October)
or onset of summer (April). 85 % survlval was observed by this
rnethod.
5. Hippophae rharnnoides Linn. Var. turkestanica (Eleagnaceae)
Seabuckthom
A hard woody, perennial rnuch branched thomy shrub with yel-
low to reddish small berry fruits. It is common along river belts &
roadsides 9000-12,500 ft.
318
Uses: Allparts ofthe plantare having rnedicinal value. The fruits
are rich source of Vit 'C' and are considered as an anti-aging, anti-
cold, restores memory, energetic, blood purifier and heals peptic ul-
cer. Used against pulrnonary disorders, inflamrnation of pulrnonary
tract expelling phlegrn, healing peptic ulcer, clotting of blood, irn-
prove digestion, useful for spieen disorders, lungs, inflarnmation in
blood and pain to blood disorders.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seeds as well as
vegetative rneans. Seeds require pre-treatment (Hot water & others)
for germination. 65% germinationwas achieved under field condi-
tions.
Its propagation through division of rootstocks, suckers and stern
cuttings gives 70 % success.
6. Physalis alkekengi Linn. (Solanaceae) Shoklo
A diffuse perennial herb with solitary or paired pale-yellow or
white flowers. lt is found in irrigated land & rnoist places around
2,920 rn.
Uses: The fruits are used in the treatrnent of urinary disorders,
gout and rheurnatisrn. They are crushed in powder, rnixed with rnus-
tard oil, heated for a few rninutes and than applied and rubbed gently
on affected part ofbody. The fruits are applied in high fever.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seeds as well
as vegetative means. Seeds require pre-treatrnent (Hot water & oth-
ers) for germination. 45% germinationwas achieved under field con-
ditions.
It can be propagated through division ofrootstocks, suckers and
stern cuttings and 65 % success achieved.
7. Podophyllurn hexandrum Royle. (Berberidaceae) Hirnalayan
Mayapple.
A perennial and succulent herb with creeping rhizorne, white
flowers and large reddish fruits. F ound growing under forest areas as
weil as on rnoist alpine slopes, 9000-12000 ft.
319
/
Uses: The entire plant is used for gynaecological diseases like
menstrual irregularly, diseases ofthe uterus and improves wind dis-
eases and blood circulation, helps delivery ofthe baby and placenta.
The roots are used against skin problems, hardening of skin and skin
diseases. The young and ripe fruits are edible and used in high alti-
tude mountain .sickness. Roots have potential chemical, which is ef-
fective in skin cancer and radiation.
Cultivation: The taxa cannot be propagated easily because of
its hard seed coat and poorgermination rate. Under controlled condi-
tion only 2-4 % seed germinationwas observed. GA
3
, Sulphuric acid
and hot water treatment were found effective to enhance the germi-
nationrate upto 75 o/o.Survival rate was 55%.
The vegetative propagation trial through rhizome cutting ofthis
RET plant was conducted. 3-5 years old rhizomatus disc develops
several vegetative buds around the aerial shoot during March- April.
The disc was divided in such a way that each piece possessedat least
two buds alongwith tuberous roots. 70% survival rate was observed
under the trial.
8. Rheum speciformae Royle (Polygonaceae) Himalayan Rhu
barb
A stemless, stout, perennial herb with thick woody rootstock,
dense flowers and greenish-yellow tapels. It grows on high alpine
moist slopes, 13500-15000 ft.
Uses: The purple colonred toots are used inthe indigenous sys-
tem of medicine and are exploited by the local people for sale.
Cultivation: Through seeds as weil as vegetative parts. Under
controlled condition 59% seed germinationwas observed. GA
3
treat-
ment had enhanced the germination rate. 73 % germinationwas noted
in 100 ppm followed by 68% and 6.1 %in 50 ppm and 10 ppm of
GA
3
respectively. 78 % survival rate was achieved.
Under vegetative propagation, 3-5 years old. vigorous rootstocks
were made into pieces. These pieces were planted 5-8 cm. deep in
soil during April- May. 80% survival rate was observed under the
320
trial.
9. Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. (Crassulaceae) Rose root I Hi
malayan stone crop.
A perennial, soft cushions, succulent plant withthick rootstocks
and small yellow flowers in heads. It is found growing on high al-
pine open moist slopes, J 3500-17500 ft.
Uses: The roots are useful in treatment of hot disorder of the
lungs, infections, common cold with fever, improves physical
strength, heals ruptured pulmonary capillaries, dispels bad breath and
fetid body odour. lt is also used for inflammation of lungs, other
lung problems and contagious diseases.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seeds as well as
rootstock cuttings.
Under lab condition 95% seed germination recorded and
65% germination was achieved under field conditions.
Easily propagated through division of rootstocks. 3-5 years plants
are ideal for suitable rootstocks for plantation. 86% survival rate has
been achieved.
10. Rubia cordifolia Roxb. Ex Fleming (Rubiaceae) Indian
madder I Manjistha
A perennial much branched dirnher with small yellow
flowers and purple fruits. Found growing along cultivated fields and
roadsides.
Cultivation: The plant is propagated through seeds as well
as rootstock cuttings. 65% germination was achieved under field
conditions. Nursery should be transplanted in the month of April.
Transplantation% is good (74%).
Easily propagated through division of rootstocks and 75% suc-
cess achieved.
(See Given Table)
321
List of medicinal and aromatic plants
Scientific Name Family Status Modeof % success
Propagation
Achillea millefolium Asteraceae F** Seeds & roots 70 &72
Aconitum
heterophyllum Ranunculaceae CR* Seeds & roots 85 & 82
Arnebia euchroma Boraginaceae CR* Seeds & roots 70 & 35
Dactylorhiza
hatagirea Orchidaceae EN* Roots 85, roots
Hippophae
rhamnoides Eleagnaceae LRNT* Seeds & others 65 &60
var turkestanica
Physallis alkekengi Solanaceae F** Seeds & roots 45 &65
Podophyllum
hexandrum Berberidaceae EN* Seeds/rhizomes 55 &70
Rheum webbianum Polygonaceae VU* Seeds/rootstocks 78 & 80
* Kullu CAMP Workshop Assessment, 1998 (Ved, et al., 1998),
** Personal Field Observation
Abbreviation used: CR - critically endangered, EN --endangered,
VU- vulnerable, LR-NT- low risk near threatened, C- common, F- frequent.
Conclusion
The present paper reveals that trans-Himalayan cold desert of
Ladakh and Lahaul-Spiti is a trove of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Ex-situ cultivation is one ofthe important tools for conservation and
sustainable utilization of medicinal biodiversity. The result of this
study shows that it is possible to cultivate alpine and high alpine
plants oftrans-Himalayas in field conditions and there is good scope
for commercial cultivation of these plants with further development
of agro-techniques. The roJe of international and national agencies
and industries is very important to achieve a balanced conservation,
cultivation and sustainable utilization practices in trans-Himalayan
322
cold desert which will decrease the threats of extinction of certain
rare and endaugered species, increase availability of plant raw mate-
rial and finally improve the economy of tribat farrners.
References
Annonymous ( 1948). Wealth of India: Raw Materials (CSIR). New Delhi.
2. Atal, C. K. and Kap ur, B. M. ( 1989): Cultivation and Utilization ofMedicinal
plants. RRL Jammu.
3. Chauhan, N. s. (1999). Medicinal & Aromatic plants ofHimachal Pradesh,
Indus Pub. Company, N Delhi.
4. Chaurasia, 0. P. and Singh, B. (1996-2001): Cold Deserts Plants Vol.-1-V.
FRL C/0 56 APO.
5. Chaurasia, 0. P. (2000): Propagation studies ofsome important medicinal
plants of cold desert Himalaya - Ladakh. Asian seminar on Indegenous
system of medicine, held at Rajgir, Bihar.
6. Singh, B. and Chaurasia, OP. (2000) Medicinal flora oflndian cold desert:
7.
Proceedings of XXV International Horticultural Congress Part 13, Acta
Horticulture No. 523, pp 65-72.
Ved D. K. et al. (1998). CAMP Workshop Report, Kullu- Hirnachat Pradesh-
1998, organized by FRLHT, Banglore.
323
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Shri RBS Rawat, CEO, NMPB, Deptt. of ISM & H, Min. of Health, GOI,
inaugurating the Sowa Rigpa Exhibition & Free Medical Check-up
A scholars, delegations & amchi of Sowa Rigpa at
the inauguration of the seminar.
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I .
Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association is
recognised by the govemment of India is the leading
organisation of Himalayan region. It has 15 branches
operating from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh.
It's aim based on Buddhist Philosophy to preserve
Himalayan Culture, Promote Modem Education with
Traditional background of leaming and Protection of
Environment in the Himalayan Region. It also works fo
promote National Unity & Integrity, World Peace
through Compassion, Ftiendship and Non Violence.
I
D I Ii 1 " 'fi<tp ffi x=R"a:rur
Bimalayan Buddhist Cultural Association
B 4, Ladakh Buddhist Vlhar, Bela Road, Delhi-110 054