What is data actually?

Data:
It is stored representation of OBJECTS
and EVENTS that have meaning and
importance in users environment.
Data can e structure or unstructured.
o StrucuredEmpName!address.
o "nstructuredEmp#hoto!$ddr%ap.
Representation of data
&IN' () *))) (*+),+)-
JONES () .*)) ),+)/+)0
B1$&E ,) /*)) (*+)0+)*
SCOTT ,) ,))) (,+)*+),
2O3D /) (()) (/+).+))
%I11E3() (,)) (.+)4+55
What is Information Actually?
Information
It is data that is processed form! such that it
increases the 6no78edge of the person 7ho
uses the data.
Representation of Information:
Employees Information
Organization: Date: ,(+$ug
,)(,
Durga Soft
#8ace9:;deraad
Name Department Sa8ar; DOJ
&IN' () *))) (*+
),+)-
JONES () .*)) ),+
)/+)0
B1$&E ,) /*)) (*+
)0+)*
SCOTT ,) ,))) (,+
)*+),
2O3D /) (()) (/+
).+))
%I11E3 () (,))
(.+)4+55
What is Metadata Actually?
It is the data 7hich descries the properties
or characteristics of end users data and the
conte<t of the data.
%etadata properties can inc8ude information
such as9
Data name.
Definitions
1ength of si=e
Va8ues a88o7ed
Source of data
O7nership
%etadata and data are a87a;s separate.
%etadata ena8es the dataase designers and
programmers to understand e<act8; in
7hich form the data shou8d e<ist 7ithin
the s;stem.
Metadata for employees Information
Data Item
Specification
2ie8d
Name
T;pe 1ength %in %a<
Empname
Deptno
Empsa8
:iredate
$8pha
numeric
Integer
Decima8
Date
/)
,
4
()
(*))
5)
*))))
Database Management system
Dataase management s;stem is a soft7are that
is used to create! maintain and provide contro88ed
access to user dataases .
Dataase management s;stems shou8d provide
s;stematic method of
Creating the Dataase.
"pdating the Dataase.
Storing the Dataase
3etrieving of data from Dataase.
Epected features of D!M" soft#are
Ena8e end user and app8ication programmers to
share the data.
Ena8e data shared among mu8tip8e app8ication.
Shou8d not propagate and store data in ne7 fi8es
for ever; ne7 app8ication.
Shou8d provide faci8it; for>..
o Contro88ing data access.
o Enforce data integrit;.
o %anage concurrenc; contro8.
o 3estoring the data in s;stem fai8ures.
Database Management system e$olution
2irst time introduced during (50)s
3e8ationa8 mode8 first defined ; E.2 codd?IB%@
in (54).
Ob%ecti$es behind E$olution
3educe the maintenance cost of soft7are.
%anage comp8e< data t;pes.
#rovider easier and faster access to data even for
novice user.
Different database Models
&lat file D!M"
'ierarchical D!M"
(et#or) D!M"
Relational D!M"
Ob%ect*Relational D!M"
Database models and their timelines
&lat file +,-.
'ierarchical +,/.
(et#or) +,0.
Relational +,,.
Ob%ect*oriented 1...

Database as per oracle
$s per orac8e dataase is a co88ection of data in
one more numer of fi8es.
The dataase is a co88ection of 8ogica8 structures
and ph;sica8 structures 7hich are integrated and
configured for the integrit; of the s;stem.
2ogical "tructures
In design state the system is represented in the
form of Entity relationship model3
In the database state it is representation of the
actual metadata of the database management
system soft#are #hich #ill be in the form of
tablespaces 4 data dictionary ob%ects etc3
5hysical structures
In this the s;stem is represented in the form of
ta8es! inde<es etc.
Dataase shou8d have the ai8it; to provide
access to e<terna8 ta8es for fi8es outside the
dataase! as if the ro7s in the fi8es 7ere ro7s
in the ta8e.
Creating structures ?Ta8es A Inde<es@
Bith in the orac8e dataase! the asic structure
is a ta8e used to store data.
2et us understand the Oracle style for data
storage
$88 the 8ogica8 structures in the dataase must e
stored 7ith in the dataase on8;.
Orac8e maintains a data dictionar; ! 7hich
records metadata aout a88 the dataase oCects.
The dataase oCects 7hich need ph;sica8
storages space on the computer s;stem! are
a88ocated space 7ithin a ta8e space.
6able space:
It is 8ogica8 storage unit 7ithin orac8e dataase
and is not visi8e in the fi8e s;stem of the
machine on 7hich the dataase resides.
The ta8e space ui8ds the ridge et7een the
orac8e dataase and the fi8e s;stem in 7hich the
ta8es or inde< data is stored.
$ data fi8e can e part of one and on8; one ta8e
space.
There are three t;pes of ta8e spaces in orac8e.
o #ermanent ta8e space.
o "ndo ta8e spaces.
o Temporar; ta8es spaces.
Each ta8e or inde< stored in an orac8e dataase
e8ongs to a ta8e space.
In ()g a ig fi8e ta8e space can e created !
7hich can gro7 to the si=e of Tera ;tes of space
on dis6.
"ystem and data modeling importance
Data models:
Data models helps in eploring ideas and
impro$e the understanding the database
design for both de$elopers
and system designers3
5urpose of data models
Communicate
Descrie
Investigate
$na8;=e
Categories
Relation database properties
Shou8d e accessed and modified ; e<ecuting
structured Duer; 8anguage?SD1@ statement on8;.
Shou8d use set of operator .
Need not specif; the access route to the ta8es
and data.
There is no need to identified ho7 the data is
arranged ph;sica88;.
'o# to communicate #ith RD!M"
The structure Duer; 1anguage is used to
communicate 7ith 3DB%S.
7eneric features of structure 8uery 2anguage
It allo#s the user communicate #ith ser$er3
It is highly efficient3
It is easy to learn and use3
It is similar to English language3
It is platform independent and architecture
independent3
Key Components in ER-MODEL:
ENTITY: It is a thing of significance
about which the information
need to be know.
ATTRIBUTES:
It is something that describes or
qualifies an entity.
** Each attribute may be mandatory
or optional but one attribute
Mandatory.
Row or Tp!e :
It represents all data required for a
particular instance in entity.
Each row is an entity is uniquely
identified by declaring it has PRIMARY
EY or !"I#!E.
$he order of the rows is not
significant% while retrie&ing the data.
Co!mn Or Attri"te:
It represent one kind of data in a
table.
$he column order is not significant
when storing the data.
A #ie!$:
It can be found at the Intersection of
row and a column.
A field can ha&e only one &alue% or
may not ha&e a &alue at all% the
absence of &alue in 'racle is
represented as "!((.
Re!%tin& M!tip!e T%"!es:
Each table contains data that describes
e)actly only one entity.
*ata about different entities is stored
in different tables.
R*+M, enables the data in one table
to be related to another table by using
the -oreign keys.
A -oreign ey is a column or a set of
.olumn that refer to a Primary ey in
the same table or another table.
R%tion%! D%t%"%se 'roperties:
,hould not specify the access route to
the tables% and should not re&eal the
physical arrange.
$he *atabase is accessed using
,tructured #uery (anguage/,#(0
$he language is a collection of set
operators.
Commni(%tin& )it* RDBMS:
$he ,tructured #uery (anguage is
used to .ommunicate with R*+M,.