EROSION POTENTIAL (EROSION) BOTTOM AND TRANSPORT LOAD BED RIVER

ESTUARY RANOYAPO AMURANG HALF MONTH IN THE RAINY SEASON(HALF

MOON)
Maxi Tendean
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Manado, Indonesia
Email: maxitendean@ymailcom
ABSTRACT
This research descri!es and analy"es the !ed load trans#ort and changes along the mouth
of the river $ith a ma# sho$ing the s#read of !ed load models along the estuary %istri!ution
#attern of the s#read of !ed load to the conclusion that the state of the rainy season in half
estuaries &anoya#o an area de#osition of material !rought on stream trans#ort from u#stream
't lo$ tide the river estuary !ed load trans#ort &anoya#o ex#erienced !ed load trans#ort,
#hysically increasing the flo$ volume follo$ed $ith increasing flo$ rate, associated on !ed load
trans#ort Tidal conditions, the #attern of s#read of !ed load sho$s, the first #osition u# to eight
!ed load trans#ort occurs In contrast to the #osition of nine to seventeen is an area $here the !ed
material load can not !e trans#orted, meaning that the flo$ velocity at the #osition of not !eing
a!le to trans#ort the !ed load sediment to$ard the !each
Material de#osition #rocess lasted (uite high trans#ort ta)en control of the flo$ of
#hysical varia!les, seasons and tides &esults of Formation in the #reci#itation measurement site
$as never formed !ecause of the intensive sand mining activities !y the local community
*atterns of s#read of !ed load along the !oundary of the model, the conclusion that the state of
rainy season in half estuaries &anoya#o an area de#osition of material !rought on stream
trans#ort from u#stream Trans#ort of material de#osited at the mouth of the river, on the model
!oundary is dominated !y sand
Keywords: Potential erosion, transport, Bed Load.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ex#loitation of !ottom sediments of sand mined intensively in estuaries &anoya#o to
su##ly !uilding materials in the city and surrounding 'murang Mining, although not
recommended to !e sto##ed !ut sought not to exceed the ca#acity of $atershed sediment su##ly,
as it could #otentially ha##en flo$ and the #otential erosion of the river !ottom, the sediments
trans#orted !y the flo$ does not settle at the mouth of the river sediment material into the mine
site, it flo$s and settles in areas a##roached the coastline $here there is an o#en sand!an) $hen
the tide, at lo$ tide $ill !e carried a$ay !y the s#eed of the river flo$ u# to the shoreline
S#eed of the flo$ is also an im#ortant determinant sediment trans#ort +!ed load, surface
of the river +in addition to the ty#e and dimensions of material trans#ort, -uantity of material
trans#ort on the river cross.section of the #ositions can !e ex#ressed in terms of the mass of !ed
load trans#ort certain ty#es of material unity of the sam#le volume
Studies and analysis of #otential erosion estuaries !ase !ecomes im#ortant !ecause a
regional !asis estuary erosion river!ed at lo$ tide conditions and areas of sediment de#osition on
tidal conditions, and these conditions $ill !e great in the rainy season Ma##ing #reci#itation and
!ed load trans#ort !ase estuary can !e done, !ecause the mouth of the river is an area that
#roduces !oth alluvial formations !uild !asic surface estuaries +agradation, and lo$er !ase
surface estuaries +degradation,
The #ro!lems of research can !e descri!ed as ho$ the #attern s#read of !ed load and the
#otential erosion of the !asic estuaries in $et season conditions in half +the lo$est tide or seven
days after full moon, in the river &anoya#o 'murang, and research o!/ectives formulated, to
descri!e the #otential for erosion +erosion, !asis mouth of the river and as) (uestions along the
trans#ort !ed load in river mouths &anoya#o 'murang The result is im#ortant in decision
ma)ing +decision su##ort systems, use the estuary for the #ur#ose of managing natural resources
and environmental conservation estuary
II. BASIC THEORY
Management and utili"ation of estuaries can !e considered as a ma/or #ro!lem in the
fulfillment of trans#ort infrastructure and natural resources contained therein In the mouth of the
environmental as#ects not only give him a #hysical container #roduction system as a regional
farming, fishing, mining and trans#ort material into a means of trans#ort, !ut also #rovide signs
of damage that re(uires serious management and utili"ation of the environment for a !alance
Nugroho and %ahuri +0112, ex#lains, every ty#e of land develo#ment to characteri"e the (uality
of the use of land, and $hen the land gave signs of damage, ty#e of use of land ready to re#lace
it 3ice versa, if the land #rovide social !enefits, then its use should !e retained
'ctivity estuary excessive resource utili"ation in turn $ill change the function of the
estuary as a result of changes in the landsca#e !y estuarine sediment trans#ort and erosion
Excessive sediment trans#ort $ill alter the flo$ #ath of the river, $hile the river!ed erosion $ill
accelerate the flo$, so it $ill ha##en eventually fast flo$ $ill trans#ort all the material carried !y
the flo$ to$ard the shoreline, in an area that is not a mining area
Sediment trans#ort as a natural #rocess is closely related to trans#ort +transport,,
#reci#itation +disposition,, and com#action +compaction,, es#ecially in the highland areas or
#laces $here $ater flo$s In #rinci#le, sediment trans#ort is relating to the discharge of sediment
trans#orted !y the river flo$ and sediment trans#ort stream Understanding sediment can !e
descri!ed as a result of the erosion #rocess, !oth surface erosion, erosion ditches, or other land
+'sda), 0114, Sediments inter#reted also as accumulation of #reci#itated material and is soft
and does not com#act +Suti)no, 5661,
'ccording to Soe$arno +5665,, sediment trans#ort can move and shift along the river
!ottom or floating in the river moves de#ending on the com#osition +si"e and density,, flo$
conditions, flo$ velocity, flo$ de#th, the $idth of the river, the river mouth and the surface
condition of !ase river 'ccording to his native sediment trans#ort is divided into t$o, cargo !ase
material +!ed material load, and load rinse +$ash load,
Movement +trans#ort, !ed load +!ase load, can !e in the form of roll or /um# as a result
of the collision +momentum, of #articles +7arg, 5646, 8ed load velocity e(ual to the s#eed of
the flo$, !ut the accretion flo$ +associated $ith increasing flo$ rate, $ill increase the s#eed and
volume of !ed load movement that moves from the surface of the river !ed higher to the lo$er
+9hian and 7angyan, 5660: 7arg, 5646, ;ngley +56<5, and =alling +56<0, in Foster et al
+5660, suggested that there is a consistent change of change of #article si"e sediment trans#ort to
the increased discharge +or velocity, flo$ That is, the increased discharge flo$ rates than
increasing !ase load, it also increases the flo$ of grain si"e !rought
>ensley +5640,, suggests that the !asic material load +!ase load, is found at the !ottom of
the channel, $hile the charge drift +drift load, consists of #articles smaller than that found at the
!ase of the channel
Field o!servations indicate that the river flo$ is al$ays varied, during the #eriod
associated $ith the increase of the flo$ rate or the rate of sediment trans#ort agradation river,
$hen the #ea) flo$ has reached and flo$ rate decreases ra#idly, the rate decreases ra#idly
sedimen#un $hich results in degradation river
In the year 56?@, through la!oratory research, Mavis develo# a formula to determine the
#article velocity +!ase load, are relatively more flexi!le for variations in #article diameter
!et$een 1?@ mm . @4 mm and a s#ecific gravity !et$een 5<? mmdet.0 . 0A2 mmdet.0:
vt B 15@0 d2 C 6 +7 . 5, 5C0
$here vt #article velocity +m sec.5,, d is the #article diameter +mm,, and 7 is the s#ecific gravity
+mmdet.0, +Sch$a! et al, 56<5,
The formula can !e used to evaluate the #otential de#osition of !ed load #resented Dennedy
+7arg, 5646,:
v1 B 1:@@ m y1A2
$here v1 is a critical velocity, m is the critical #rice value ratio +E3&,, $hich de#ends on the
ty#e of material de#osition, and y is the $ater de#th
III. METHOD
The research $as conducted at the mouth of the river is located in the 7ulf &anoya#o
'murang, and for the sa)e of measurement "oning analysis and #reliminary o!servations of tidal
limit, set the measurement #osition along the 50@1 feet +6@1 meters u#stream of the !ridge and
?11 meters to the shoreline,, so that limits research is along the 50@1 meters as sho$n Figure.5,
and the research site is sho$n in Figure.0
Figure-1 8order of &esearch Model
Identify the measurement #osition along the estuary of the river #roduces seventeen
#osition measurement, and measurement of the $idth of the six segments of the river, $hich is
done on the condition of the rainy season, month and a half The #rimary data of #hysical
varia!les such as flo$ velocity is o!tained !y using the Eurrent meter $ere ta)en at de#ths
a##roaching the river, this is done so as not to interfere $ith the movement of !ed load, sediment
sam#ling !ed material load carried on the de#th of the river
Figure-. &esearch sites
'nalysis of the data include: +5, the arrangement of measurement data, +0, techni(ues
%elan *emo.rating curve data for the determination of velocity and !ed load as a function of
distance +elongated estuary, to the reference measurement #osition along the 50@1 meters to the
shoreline
Methods of ma##ing data from mathematical modeling !ed load reached !y the ste#s of:
+a, managing the !ed load measurement data !y segment and #osition of the range, +!, model
data for each segment and #osition, +c, result in the model function s#asil !ed load, +d, the
results of inter#olation is the final stage results of s#atial data +ma# models, the s#read of !ed
load along the estuary
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
&ating curve at s#eed near the surface layer of the river!ed +x1,, $hen the tide change
function sho$s decreased velocity #olynomials u# to the interval 1 F G F H meters <11 meters 't
a distance of more than <11 meters to the !each a s#eed of "ero, !ecause the flo$ of the river in
sea $ater mass resistance !y Figure.?
Figure-!. &ating curve velocity +v1, Tidal Segment ? months half.rainy season
v1 BAA<0.1125xI1111@0x
0
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4
31 BA?11I15?x.111?2x
0
I101x51
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&ating curve sho$n in Figure.? is s#eed of stream at the !ottom of the smaller rivers
!ecause the river !ottom there is a !ed load concentration that is more concentrated, causing
friction that resist the flo$ of the river, resulting in the reduction of the flo$ velocity In theory,
the flo$ velocity in the middle +vertical direction, is larger than the !ottom of the river Sch$a!
et al, +56<5,
&ising sea level !ecause the tide $ill increase the rating curve gradient and the "ero
velocity #osition shifts to$ards u#stream This is #hysically the density of sea $ater is higher
than the density of the river $ater, in these conditions, a layer of $ater masses lo$er to slo$ the
s#eed at u#stream #osition
*otential erosion +erosion, !ased on the results of measurements of the river flo$
velocity in the layer near the surface of the river !ottom +x1, half moon sha#e rainy season $hen
the tide for all segments of the measurements at u# to eight #ositions have varying rates !et$een
1A m sec.5 u# to 1A@ mdet.5 *rice s#eed stream !ed or layer near the surface of the river
!ottom +x1, is the highest +A@ cmdet.5 B 1A@ mdet.5, is higher than the smallest critical value
+11666?2 mdet.5, that can !e ex#lained on all segments occur measurement !ed load trans#ort
+erosion #otential, surface of the river !ottom #ositions one to eight *hysically if there is an
increase river flo$, the flo$ velocity in the layer near the surface of the river $ill rise !eyond the
critical value, the !ed load sediment trans#ort river!ed +!ase erosion #otential estuary, $ill also
increase corres#ondingly !ed load trans#ort area $ill !e shifted to$ards u#stream as descri!ed
!y Figure.2
Figure-". S#atial ma#s 8ed >oad Trans#ort Eonditions Jalf Moon Tides &ainy Season
In the conditions of the rainy season in half a load !ed s#read throughout the estuary
follo$ing the model of #olynomial functions $ith rating curve #rofile sha#e as sho$n in Figure.
@
Figure-#. >oad &ating Eurve 8.Segment ? Jalf Moon Tidal &ainy Season
&ating curve modeling generating function +c1, condition and the tide lo$ tide, $ith the
gra#h +c1, condition is a!ove the e!! flo$ of the gra#h +c1, at high tide 6@1.5111 meters in the
#osition of the first measurement #oint rating curve +c1, the tide has decreased com#ared to the
stee# gradients rating curve at lo$ tide, !ut at a distance xK 6@1 to 5111 yards, rating curve
!ecame flat and sho$ed that the starting #osition of the s#read !ed load to "ero This is due first
#hysically small streams that flo$ rate is not sufficient to trans#ort !ed load, the second occurs
!ecause the mixing !et$een the mass of sea $ater $ith river $ater !ed load trans#ort, these
conditions resulted in !ed load is de#osited on the #osition and curve u#stream !ed load +c1,
!ecame more curved
Figure.A descri!es the ma# #attern of s#read along the estuary $here the !ed load !ed
load evenly distri!uted in small (uantities at one and t$o #osition measurements, ranged
!et$een 50 G 51 .? )g C > until 5:?A x 51.? )g C >, the #osition measurement the third
concentration of !ed load of 55gr C > to 50 x 51.?)g C >, $hile the #osition of the four
measurements u# to seven !ed load concentration of 1@ x 51.?)g C > to 55 x 51.? )g C >
Figure-$. S#atial %istri!ution Model Ma# 'long the Estuary 8ed >oad Eondition Jalf Moon
Tides &ainy Season
Until the seventeenth #osition measurement or at a distance of 50@1 m to the shoreline
concentration of !ed load is (uite small in scale 1:10 x 51.? )g C > to 10@ x 51.? )g C > This
means that at #osition seven to thirteen !ed load is almost the same concentration and #hysical
condition are caused !y the flo$ velocity at the #osition sho$ed no significant differences, so
that the de#osition of !ed load at that #osition is almost the same, $hile the trans#ort of material
in the form of !ed load trans#ort almost No, !ecause !ed load has !een de#osited into the
head$aters area Mulyanto +0151,, the flo$ at high tide caused the meeting to !e very calm
fresh$ater $ith sea$ater Flo$ velocity of the u#stream and tidal flo$ through it $ill lead to the
de#osition of sediment in the estuary
*osition measuring 5111 m from #eg the #rice of !ed load measurement to "ero, meaning
that all of the sediment trans#ort in the form of !ed load has !en #reci#itated at the mouth of the
river u#stream This is #hysically due to the mass of sea $ater so that resist the flo$ of the river
sediment trans#ort in the form of !ed load sediment at a #osition !et$een the mass flo$ of the
river meeting the sea $ater masses that resist the flo$ of the river
Eonditions of rain in half, #hysical analysis at lo$ tide descri!e increased river flo$
associated $ith an increase in flo$ velocity in the layer near the surface of the river $ill rise
!eyond the critical #otential #rice erosion of the river !ed, $hich resulted in the trans#ort of !ed
load $ill !e shifted to the u#stream, even in a long time, $ill damage the estuary !asis +!asic
degradation estuary, and the mouth of the river as a flood !arrier
=hen the tide is almost the same concentration of !ed load at a #osition close to the
shoreline and this condition #hysically caused !y the flo$ velocity at the #osition sho$ed no
significant difference, $hile the trans#ort of material in the form of !ed load trans#ort is almost
non.existent, !ecause !ed load has !een de#osited into u#stream, meaning that #reci#itation
occurred on tidal conditions, the de#osition #rocess over a long #eriod $ill cause agradation on
$ater !odies that have an im#act on the movement of the river channel It is therefore
recommended to !e the location of the area is intensively mining sand, $ith a volume that does
not exceed the ca#acity of the trans#ort of material trans#orted !y the flo$ of the river
do$nstream
*hysically !ed load distri!ution #atterns along the river estuary &anoya#o highly
de#endent on velocity and sediment discharge and sediment trans#ort relating to discharge of
sediment trans#orted !y the river flo$ and velocity This is consistent $ith the theory that the
velocity of sediment trans#ort air.tight relationshi# $ith flo$ velocity and sediment #article si"e
+'sda), 0114,
V. CONCLUSION
8ase erosion #otential in all segments of the estuary &anoya#o ha##en measurement !ed
load trans#ort +erosion !asis, from one #osition to eighth *hysically if there is an increase river
flo$, the flo$ velocity in the layer near the surface of the river $ill rise !eyond the critical value,
the !ed load sediment trans#ort river!ed +!ase erosion #otential estuary, $ill also increase
*attern of s#read along the mouth of the river !ed load de#ends on the s#eed and sediment
discharge and sediment trans#ort in #rinci#le related to the discharge of sediment trans#orted !y
the river flo$ and velocity
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