13-44 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

The equipment used and the methods of solving these seeing problems
are as follows
:
1. The airport location is marked by an airport beacon, (as in Fig. 13-36),
designed to give a definite periodic sequence
of flashes which will be visible
to the pilot from any normal angle of
approach. The standard land airport signal
consists of six white and six green alternate
flashes per minute. Each flash should have
a
minimum duration of 0.15 second when
clearly visible.
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2.
Boundary lights are used to outline the
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entire usable landing area of an all-way air-
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port. Strip lights are used when the area
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available for landing is a single strip.
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Runway lights are used when most landings -
are restricted to paved runways. (See Fig. *
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*
13-37.)
*
Boundary lights are fixed white lights,
FIG. 13-36. Typical air
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, i i- , -i , port beacon which indicates
with a
symmetrical horizontal distribution
location by six white and six
and an asymmetric vertical distribution, green alternate flashes per
Strip lights are fixed white lights, and may
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have the same distribution as boundary second,
lights, or they may have an asymmetric dis-
tribution in both horizontal and vertical planes, with maximum candle-
power parallel to the strip axis.
Runway lights have an asymmetric distribution in both horizontal and
vertical planes, with a maximum candlepower approximately parallel to
the axis of the runway. Runway lights are fixed white lights for all
except those on the last 1,500 feet of the runway, which are yellow. This
is accomplished for either direction of approach by using split filters to
show yellow in one direction only on the units 1,500 feet in from each end
of the runway.
Runway lights may be either semiflush or elevated. Elevated lights
include day markers, usually a small painted cone mounted directly under
the light.
High-intensity runway lights are high candlepower elevated lights,
physically large enough to serve as day markers without the use of auxil-
iary cones. The candlepower of a high-intensity runway light is many
times that of a semiflush or elevated runway light.
3. Wind direction is indicated visually by an illuminated wind cone,
wind tee, or wind tetrahedron. A wind cone is a large cloth cone, or "sock,"
free to swing around a vertical shaft and illuminated from above by lamps
and reflectors. A wind tee consists of a large free-swinging, T-shaped
wind vane with its shape clearly outlined by rows of lamps. A wind
tetrahedron is a large triangular pyramid turned on its side, free SAvinging,
and with all edges outlined by rows of lamps. (See Fig. 13-38.)