Bio Architecture

MISTER
Military and Industrial Sites Reuse

Survey in the Field
of Bio-Architecture

EU Community Initiative INTERREG III B CADSES, Neighbourhood
Programme

Survey in the Field of Bio-Architecture
2

Employer (Contracting Authority):
Municipality of Velk Hlesebe
Plzesk 32
354 71 Velk Hlesebe
I (Business registration number):
00572756
Represented by Mayor: RNDr. Ji Bytel
Tel.: 354 624 328

Survey Developer:
Delpha plus, s. r. o.
362 14 Kolov 194
I(Business registration number):
48 364 398
DI (Tax registration number):
CZ48364398
e-mail: delphaplus@seznam.cz

Number of sheets: 89
Karlovy Vary
February 2007

Project Team:
Ing. Petra erebkov
Ing. Ji indel
Ladislav Kuchta
Ing. Arch. Mat Repka

3
Table of Contents:
1. Preface ................................................................................................................................. 5
2. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................ 6
2.1. Bio-Architecture and Overlaps with Other Terminology......................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Bio-Architecture and Continuous Sustainable Development ............................................................ 6
2.1.2 Bio-Architecture and Interrelations ................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Definition of Bio-Architecture........................................................................................................... 9
3. Methodology of the Search Elaboration......................................................................... 11
4. Principles of Bio-Architecture......................................................................................... 12
4.1. Principles of Layout and Transmission .................................................................................................. 12
4.2. Principles of Continuity.......................................................................................................................... 12
4.3. Principles of Functional and Ideological Content Surfaces, Buildings and Public Areas ..................... 12
4.4. Principles of Accessibility....................................................................................................................... 13
4.5. Principles of Energy Use ........................................................................................................................ 13
4.6. Principles of Material Use...................................................................................................................... 13
4.7. Principles of Morphology of Architecture .............................................................................................. 14
4.8. Principles of Designing .......................................................................................................................... 14
4.9. Principles of Funding ............................................................................................................................. 14
5. Examples of Bio-Architecture ......................................................................................... 15
5.1. Bio-Architecture Theory ......................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.1 Ways to Bio-Architecture ................................................................................................................ 16
5.1.1.1 Sustainable Territorial Planning............................................................................................................ 16
5.1.1.2 Inspiration in Nature............................................................................................................................. 16
5.1.1.3 Use of the Potential of a Location......................................................................................................... 18
5.1.1.4 Preservation of a Healthy Environment ................................................................................................ 19
5.1.1.5 Renewal of Tradition, Reassuming Wisdom of Ancestors.................................................................... 20
5.1.1.6 Energy Demand .................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.1.7 Information and Transportation Infratructure ....................................................................................... 22
5.1.1.8 Social Bearing Capacity, Social Responsibility.................................................................................... 23
5.1.1.9 Economic Bearing Capacity ................................................................................................................. 24
5.1.1.10 Landscape Interactions at the Immaterial Level.................................................................................... 24
5.1.2 Examples of Holistic Approaches.................................................................................................... 25
5.1.2.1 Territorial Planning in the Context of Local Needs .............................................................................. 26
5.1.2.2 A House and a Garden Is One Unit....................................................................................................... 29
5.1.2.3 Engineering Structure in the Context of Human Biology - Bau-biology .............................................. 30
5.1.3 Low-Energy Houses ........................................................................................................................ 33
5.2. Executed Projects ................................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.1 Solar City Linz, Austria................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.2 Low-Energy Eco-education Centre, Horka u Olomouce ................................................................. 36
5.2.3 Solar Energy Research Centre /Niamey, Niger ............................................................................... 43
5.2.4 More than just a Faade Pleasant Interior Climate without Air Conditioning, Creuzburg,
Germany ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
5.2.5 Umbrella House, Michalovice u Star Boleslavi ............................................................................. 51
5.2.6 Ecohouse according to Feng Shui Living not only Economical and Ecological, Brands nad
Labem 54
5.2.7 Reclamation of the Maurice Rose Airport, Frankfurt am Main, Germany...................................... 59
4
5.2.8 Restoration of an Area, Marktredwitz, Germany............................................................................. 61
5.2.9 Blob Architecture - Selfridges Department Store, Great Britain ..................................................... 64
5.2.10 Root Waste Water Treatment Plant in Hosttn............................................................................... 66
5.2.11 Green Village Square - Place under the Trees Project, Device..................................................... 74
5.2.12 Entente Florale................................................................................................................................. 78
5.2.13 Bamboo Structures Earthquake Measures, Columbia................................................................... 81
6. Final Summary Overview................................................................................................ 81
7. Resources Consulted ........................................................................................................ 87

5
1. Preface

This search was developed under the Multinational Development Study Use
of Former Military and Industrial Sites and Project MISTER, which are supported
by the European Community INTERREG IIIB CADSES Initiative to be used
for restructuring and settlement renewal projects considering utilisation
of brownfields as an alternative to an extensive settlement growth.

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2. Definition of Terms
2.1. Bio-Architecture and Overlaps with Other
Terminology
The term bio-architecture is not uniformly standardized in professional circles
throughout the world. The term tends to be used in connection with a nature-friendly
principle of creation of the living environment; landscape disturbance by
establishment of human settlements or other structures.
Bio-architecture also comes into view in connection with intentional focus
on the expression of architecture its shapes, materials and used technologies,
which have a positive effect on the living environment and on human health.

2.1.1 Bio-Architecture and Continuous Sustainable
Development
"We did not inherit the Earth from ancestors, it was lent to us by our
descendants. 0ANDR GIDE

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is such development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
and using it to the detriment of other nations. [7] Preservation of the living
environment in the least altered way rates amongst the main objectives
of continuous sustainable development.

The following principles of bio-architecture and continuous sustainable development
are highlighted [1]:
- environmental-friendly approach [1]
- continuous satisfaction (healthy environment internal and external, bonds
with a broader environment - nature-related, social, economic) [1]
- energy consumption savings [1]
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- environmental politics (bio-politics [1][20]) - supported through state/regional
agencies (grants, subsidies, standards, fines, prices of environmental-friendly
products and technologies, alterations to bureaucratic restrictions
for environmental-sensitive and economic development, adaptation
of standards accompanied by regulations for economic and environmental-
sensitive construction and house building technology etc.)
- requalification of energy systems for houses [2]
- education of professionals and ordinary employees to work with these
technologies (public administration officers, architects, master builders,
maintenance personnel, etc.) [1] [2]

2.1.2 Bio-Architecture and Interrelations
Bio-architecture can be a tool of continuous sustainable development. Economic
efficiency and the overall impact on the broader (living) environment is the leitmotif
of this architecture. Bio-architecture is a branch of bio-politics [20].
Bio-architecture can be associated with more terms related to creation of the living
environment, such as ecological design, environmental design, green building,
building biology (bau-biology), sustainable urban planning and ecological building
and construction. Individual approaches to building design may differ in details
and strictness in technology and material use, nevertheless, they agree in principles.

Note: However, Bio-architecture is frequently associated with approaches that
do not address an impact on the location or the living environment, they are just
inspired by natural shapes such as blob architecture [3], or other utopian designs
viewed as bio-architecture.

Bio
The first part of combined words meaning life [5]

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Ecology
A science examining relations amongst organisms and between organisms
and the environment [5]

Ecological
To be in compliance with natural living conditions with respect natural patterns relate
to the living environment [5], metaphorically environmental-friendly.

Architecture
The art of designing; 2. architectural structures, houses, buildings etc. [5]

Biotechnology
1. A discipline concerning application of biological patterns to manufacturing;
2. Use of organisms or systems derived thereof for an industrial use, such as
production of cheese and in brewing industry [5]

Eco-Architecture or Arcology
This philosophy targets improvements to the living environment and psychological
comfort of the population by optimization of the built environment with urban
agglomerations. It reacts to the population density and the global environmental
problems. Paolo Soleri promotes use of alternative energies (namely solar, thermal
and wind power stations), cost-cutting programmes, and miniaturisation of towns
and limitation of motor transport. [6]

Bio-House, Ecohouse
Bio-houses are built of natural building materials which in no way present a danger
to health with minimum disturbance to the living environment. Waste is minimised in
the course of construction. Houses are conceived as low-energy and passive with
reduced energy demand. Construction materials are only from renewable resources
or recycling of materials and their reuse after the end of the building life cycle must
be ensured as the case may be. [8] [9]

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Urbanization
Concentrate economic and cultural life in big cities to the detriment of the rural
areas. [5]

Suburbanization
Modify the countryside caused by movements (migration) of population from towns
to town fringes. [5]

KOV - Root Waste Water Treatment Plant
Artificial wetlands (root treatment plants) are an artificially created system
of a saturated or shallow submerged soil bed, vegetation, animals and water, which
imitates natural wetlands, for a practical use. Root treatment plants run exactly
the same processes as those typical for the natural wetlands; therefore, experience
gained through study of natural wetlands can be applied to root treatment
plants.[45]

Biotope
A set of all biotic and abiotic elements, create the living environment for a specific
organism or organisms. The term biotope always refers to a specific species
or a community. For example, the biotope of a spring snowflake (L. vernum)
represents humid places around brooks. Characteristic conditions are met
for the biotope of a deciduous forest.[44]

2.1.3 Definition of Bio-Architecture

Bio-architecture is a product of human activity developed by an individual
or corporation, which leads to execution of building plans without restricting
the existing or future needs of an ecosystem.
Bio-architecture is a product of an environmental design of habitat, in which people
want to and can live in a harmonic relations with other living creatures and
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organisms assisted by innovative technologies, a respect for local conditions, a use
of the potential of the territory and an inspiration in natural systems.
Bio-architecture draws the best inspiration from traditional architecture, or from acts
by people long settled in the place and using the surrounding country to survive
(agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing). The year account often loses
its categorisation function in traditional architecture instead of DEVELOPMENT,
the principle of TRADITION takes over. [authors]

Elements of bio-architecture concerns energy savings, ecological design
and construction, creation of the environment, which have a positive effect
on health. [1]

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3. Methodology of the Search Elaboration

The research was developed following a study of professional literature (refer
to Chapter 7. Resources Consulted), participation in conferences and consultations
with professional experts.
The research also contains results of discussions with specialists. Discussion
workshops were organized and structured to obtain adequate results,utilizing the
brainstorming technique, and the Delphi panel analogy in several cases.

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4. Principles of Bio-Architecture
4.1. Principles of Layout and Transmission
- Exposure of buildings allows for maximum utilisation of climatic, geological
and morphological conditions of the place (sun, wind, underground water,
geological dislocations).
- Context of construction and activities with bioregional characteristics. [30]
- Sensitive handling of the location (principle of integration into the existing
natural systems, incorporation of natural manifestations of energy
in the country to human systems and urban units). [24]
- Definition of the arrangement of a building, a cluster of buildings, the entire
territory or an urban unit and creation of flexible systems. [33]

4.2. Principles of Continuity
- Use of traditional materials and technologies, though in a new design
and in a new form. [15] [32]
- Utilisation of the local potential (human resources, quality materials, energy
supplies, and all). [32] [15]
- Linking up to the existing life and community needs. [30]

4.3. Principles of Functional and Ideological Content
Surfaces, Buildings and Public Areas

- Refrain from establishing vast mono-functional sites; rather, strive for
autarchic small assemblies which comprise various functional and spatial units
[18][17][19][16][14],
- Through the functional and meaningful content, support the age and social
diversity of the population [18] [14][17]
- Create public areas for living, not only for transportation. [18] [17]
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- Keep the human touchstone. [16][14][18][24][2]
- Establish quality conditions for pedestrians, children, individuals with limited
movability and old age pensioners (no-car zones, park-and-ride yards, public
transport). [18] [14][17] [16]
- In locations where recreational/relaxation activity or housing related activities
are desirable, transport must not dominate. [18][17][15][14]

4.4. Principles of Accessibility
- Support accessibility via public transport, the public transport system, cyclists
or pedestrians [14] [16] [17] [18] [19] [11] [10]
- Hierarchy in accessibility (from high-speed multiregional interconnections
up to network of local walking paths)
- Information availability, as a tool to prevent future problems

4.5. Principles of Energy Use
- Energy savings during execution, utilising the local potential layout, human,
material recyclability and local materials. [1]
- Energy savings during operation (efficient systems using the existing climatic
conditions and innovation technologies). [1]
- Energy savings at the end of useful life, recycling of materials, energies,
such as water, waste, building material. [16] [30]
- Priority revitalisation and recycling of damaged or deteriorated land and their
reuse (brownfields).

4.6. Principles of Material Use
- Design of healthy buildings using materials [1] or in composition
with individual components which are not harmful to health and support
harmonic environment
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- Use of materials, which are readily available (most frequently local and easy-
to-produce materials). [1]
- Elimination of surfaces producing an adverse effect on the microclimate,
e. g. excessive overheating of urbanised areas due to a number of glass
and asphalt surfaces causes an increase in temperature of the climate
in urbanised territories [1], use of ecologically active surfaces. [33]

4.7. Principles of Morphology of Architecture
- Inspiration in the nature for shapes, structures and ways to construct
buildings and assorted structures needed for life, e.g. plants, animals
and natural phenomena.
- Positive effect on senses by the fact that structures have an inherent (natural)
beauty (reasonable lighting, colours, surfaces). [1]
- Ensuring durability of the structure. [1]
- Design of flexible buildings for potential changes in the future. [1]
4.8. Principles of Designing
- As an integral part of designing and entrance to the landscape,
use greenery, green and green thinking [1]
- Interdisciplinary cooperation, overlapping of disciplines. [1][2] [20] [33]
- Involvement of local residents. [14][15][17][18]
4.9. Principles of Funding
- Policy of regional up to local autonomy from necessity (e.g. in mountainous
or desert locations) to applications in common conditions, as an expression
of an environmental need. [27] [31]
- Use of local (alternative) resources to produce energy (electricity, heat, water,
food, construction material etc.). [1]
- Company philanthropy as an integral part of socially responsible behaviour.
[25]
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5. Examples of Bio-Architecture
5.1. Bio-Architecture Theory
- In planning and development of towns, Bio-architecture refers to the
understanding of the living environment and biodiversity. [1]
- Uses technologies which are environmentally friendly (including re-discovery
of traditional technologies). [23]
- Construction and planning technologies contributes to maintenance of the life
quality and precludes damage to the living environment.
- The expression of architecture is often inspired by nature; in its shapes,
structures, materials and harmony with its environment.
- Bio-architecture uses products furnished with the ANAB certificate,
which guarantees that raw materials used for production and the actual
materials, are not harmful to the living environment. [4]

ANAB - National Association
of Bioecological Architecture) is a US
accrediting authority for registrars of
quality management systems (QMS)
according to ISO 9000 and the
environmental management systems
(EMS) according to ISO 14000.

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5.1.1 Ways to Bio-Architecture
5.1.1.1 Sustainable Territorial Planning

Strategy
Territorial planning and implementation of projects comes from local needs taking
due consideration of their broader, regional to global consequences. This stream,
often called environmental planning, embarks mainly in the political, strategic and
conceptual scenes (statutory, normative) in particular. From the system point of
view, it supports individual sub-streams and sets out principles for application at the
execution level. (refer to ex. Errore. L'origine riferimento non stata trovata.)

5.1.1.2 Inspiration in Nature

Morphology, Structure
Inspiration can be drawn from shapes of buildings, structural components and their
arrangements. Round and finely segmented shapes (polygons) are displayed with
preference is given to movements and bends in curves (of ways, passages, shapes
of the ground cover, water areas, buildings as well as children monkey bars etc.).
(refer to ex. 5.2.9)

Diversity
Buildings as well as spaces are multifarious not only for their shapes, materials
or structures, but also for their functional context. Inspiration in the natural world
finishes with a polyfunctional utilisation of buildings and external spaces,
with a purposeful colour scheme and structure (e.g. purpose to differentiate, provide
a sense of direction, psychological etc.).

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Spontaneity, Flexibility, Interconnection
Spontaneity can mean maximum possible efficiency. Flexibility of material or space
organisation provides for more efficient utilisation of the place. in the discipline of
bio-architecture, to utilise what is available in the local biotope means utilisation
of local, easily available materials. Those which originate in a natural way (in local
ecosystems or as a product of local economy as a product of human activity in the
given place), are easily replenished, replaced or renewed (e.g. materials for
construction, stabilisation elements of the ground, landscape arrangements, etc.).
This leads to reduced energy demand for distribution of materials produced
artificially or imported from distant areas.
Natural materials possess the advantage of a natural reaction to changes
in the microclimate and help maintain the stable, healthy environment.
With regard to the current intensity of urbanisation, the density of settlement
and uneven deployment of inhabitants on the Earth, and with due regard
for the territorial capacity, a man is forced to replace the shortage of resources with
local production. Further to ecological trends, new materials are created which
imitate properties of natural materials and structures, though only in limited aspects.
These concern e.g. mineral concretes, photosynthetic solar panels, artificial stones,
gardens on structures and roofs, root waste water treatment plants, monocoque
structures, various materials using nanotechnologies, etc.

Organisation, Responsibility for Ones Actions
Inspiration in nature can show up in the hierarchic zoning of a house, spatial zoning,
or the actual arrangement of a home. The actual organisation of a human body can
stand as an example autonomous functional units, which are firmly interlinked. In
the event of a shortage, auxiliary tools get immediately activated; errors and long-
term (self) destructions are paid for with life. For the time being, mankind still lags
behind in inspiration with this element of nature; however, isolated activities exist
which hold variously strong positions and various results in different countries. Many
examples can be used to illustrate this from educational, research, grant activities,
via activities by architects, urbanists, ecologists, landscape architects, to end with
18
local initiatives, execution of ecovillages, motivation with eco-competitions, etc.
Responsibility of each man for his activities impacting the living environment is
however still not a matter of fact, not even a fundamental need of life.

Bioregionalism
Bioregionalism comes out of a geobiocoenologic division of landscapes, according
to their communities and their mutual symbiotic relations. Bioregions can be open
and interactive towards their neighbours, or in reverse, closed and change-sensitive
(the Alpine bioregion vs. the Polab bioregion provide completely different life
opportunities, the bioregions are so different in the character that principles
of one cannot work for the other). Therefore, it is natural to build houses
with a different roof pitch, engage other materials, use the landscape with a different
intensity depending on dissimilarities or affinity of bioregions. Similar principles
are employed today to establish e.g. microregions, which act externally
as autonomous functional, integrated to a certain extent, units. [34]

5.1.1.3 Use of the Potential of a Location

Use of Local Resources
Use of local materials, spatial arrangement of the terrain or human resources
appears to be the easiest way, which allows for energy savings in the long run.
At the same time, it is indeed limiting and leads essentially to modesty,
to management respecting the bearing capacity of a certain territory and refrain from
exhausting a distant territory. Local autarchy, regional traditions and responsibility
for ones actions are encouraged. (refer to ex.5.2.11)

Use of the Existing Conditions as an Advantage
Consideration should be given to suitability of inhabiting a territory, where climatic
and planning conditions are unfavourable for use by people, or in reverse of leaving
it completely untouched by man (e.g. inundation territories, flood plains, primeval
19
forests, rocky locations, etc.). If an effort or necessity to reuse damaged sites,
e.g. brownfields, exists, several negatives can be used as an advantage. This can
lead to recycling of materials, support to environmental-friendly technologies,
use of local utility networks and energy resources, re-evaluation of land-use projects,
regard to the local or regional service offer and demand, revision of human resources
and search for own identity. (refer to ex. 5.2.7)

5.1.1.4 Preservation of a Healthy Environment

Protection against Adverse Conditions and Creation of a Healthy Environment
Protection against climatic and other adverse conditions has turned into preference
of human comfort over healthy contacts with the environment. As a result,
man becomes more vulnerable, less resistant and stressed by the demand for
comfort comfort. This method gives preference to policy of health is life;
encourages creation of an environment that strengthens rather than weakens the
health of natural and human inhabitants of the environment.
The human generated environment (noise nuisance from motorways, draft among
multi-storey buildings, monothematic building blocks, extensive monofunctional
territories, and the like) can have an adverse effect on the physiological,
psychological and social environment of the occupants.,.
An adverse effect of the interior environment can be created by electro-smog and
chemical substances released from building materials or from furniture into the
interior such as vapours of furniture varnishes strong radioactive nuclide emissions
and insufficient replacement of fresh air and its natural moisture. Another issue
is created by the interior arrangement, variation of materials, colour scheme,
proportions and a flow of energy, which have an impact on human health and mainly
on mental state of each of us. (for more, refer to 5.1.1.10) [15][24][39]

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Use of Health Enhancing Materials and Technologies
Healthy materials are often of a natural origin or at least contain a natural
component such as water-borne varnishes, conservation oils, wood, clay bricks,
straw, stone and plants; interior, on the faade, on the structure, as sun-breakers,
wind-breakers etc. By using these materials we return back to utilisation of local
resources and to traditional technologies. (refer to ex. 5.2.6)

Favourable Impact on the Existing Ecosystems
Integration of humans into the existing natural systems is very difficult. The positive
and negative effects will be known only after a longer period of time as these inter-
relationships tend to react on external impulses and if there are too many of them,
the balance of the entire ecosystem will become disturbed. One of the confirmed
integrations at a local level can be represented by a roof garden, which is chosen
for nesting by quails, an order of scrapers, whose biotopes have become endangered
as a result of human activities. An example of integration at a regional level
can be improvement of water quality due to adoption of several measures
revitalisation of a regulated brook, establishment of municipal root waste water
treatment plants, planting of littoral vegetation, elimination of winter soil treatment
of roads and others.

5.1.1.5 Renewal of Tradition, Reassuming Wisdom
of Ancestors

Preservation of Local Typology
Regionally or locally used materials, structures and technologies have arisen mainly
from climatic or other local needs and capabilities. Their reuse or reintegration into
current land-use planning and environment creation will be a follow-up to the secular
experience of ancestors. (refer to e.g. 5.2.3)

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Healthy Patriotism
People grow to understand more and more the necessity of local and social cohesion
and the need to support the identity of the place. Local clubs, communities, boards
and activities take on stewardship responsibilities for specific places are established.
From the global perspective, this gives origin to a fine structure of self-governments,
responsible units that differ from each other and enhance the diversity of a country.

Sensitive Acting
The less people work in the countryside, the more they lose their natural sensitivity
for the possible extent of disturbance and use of the nature. Sensitivity is regained
through study or work experience and a subsequent change in economy. This
involves a merging of ecological systems with cultural and economic systems. Old
methods of cultivation and upkeep are restored (permaculture, monthly cycles, true-
to-nature garden arrangements, herb planting, etc.).Holidays and feasts that arise
from natural cycles are celebrated. Construction is planned that takes into
consideration an occurrence of geopatogenic zones. Traditional ways of holistic
understanding of the environment are adopted from other cultures (natural nations,
Eastern countries: Feng Shui, Sthapatya Veda, etc.). [42] [43] [39] [40] [34] [15]

5.1.1.6 Energy Demand

Low-Energy Concepts
There are systems designed and built of components such as photovoltaic,
recuperation, geothermal, airing and screening systems of buildings such as low-
energy, passive, net zero houses and of entire autonomous assemblies. A house
and a garden function as a unit complementing each other, addressing energy inputs
and outputs, up to autonomous municipalities and regions.

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Use of Renewable Resources
Another stream focuses on seeking new renewable resources to produce energy,
either with an assistance of science and industry or utilising traditional procedures
and materials (biomass, biofuel, biorefinery, and others).

Use of Easily Accessible Resources
Reduction of energy demand can be achieved by using readily available resources
such as local materials, production waste materials, or natural spatial arrangements
(water, sun, wind, local wood, local stone, wood chips from a nearby wood-
processing plant).

Recycling
Reuse of materials and energies is also included in the low-energy concept (e.g. root
waste water treatment plants, composting, waste sorting, recycling of building
materials).[9]

Combination of Technologies
With regard to progress of the society, a combination of state-of-art technologies
with traditional ones is highly efficient, particularly with new applications
of traditional principles.

5.1.1.7 Information and Transportation Infratructure

Hierarchy of Availability
An example drawn from automotive transportion can be used to describe the trend
of changing preferences when a territory grows to be continuously divided into
sections. A hierarchy of primary access for pedestrian circulation, then for an
23
occasional drive terminating with multiregional transit strategies create the
establishment of centres, zones and networks. This principle is also applied in other
disciplines. Surplus energy is distributed into individual locations such that they are
not in any way subverted, exploited or destroyed by operations at higher levels.

Open Systems
An exchange of information, mutual interconnections, support and motivation assist
in system flexibility and life sustainability. It is implemented through learning,
exchange programmes (e.g. YMKA, Youth, Scout), various thematic networks
(e.g. Network of Healthy Towns, Greenways), local to multinational competitions,
exhibitions (e.g. Entante Florale - [refer to Chapter 5.2.12], Tv na zem
(Face of the Earth), Zem krsn neznm/Earth from above) to end with
interdisciplinary projects and participatory planning with planning involving public.
(refer to Chapter 5.2.11)

5.1.1.8 Social Bearing Capacity, Social Responsibility

Personal Responsibility, Local Stewardship, Humility
Personal responsibility for the state of the living environment can manifest
in an active involvement of local residents in processes of land-use planning,
a holistic approach to housing and a life philosophy of every individual. Care for land,
a favourite place or a public place can culminate in cultural and social activities
carried out by a local community.
The society continues to accept the necessity of ecological thinking and acting.
As a result, there is an increased demand for bio-products, recyclable materials, low-
energy houses, autarchic premises, root waste water treatment plants and an
interest in participation in public projects.
An emphasis is put to a need for more humility for the country, which bonds us,
to Mother Earth, as well as heightens our awareness of broader consequences of our
actions since our thoughts resonate in the Universe and vice versa. (refer to Chapter
5.1.1.10. for more details)
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5.1.1.9 Economic Bearing Capacity

Responsible Use of Space
Elimination of suburbanisation and a preference for environmental urbanisation, re-
use of brownfields, improving landscape stability (e.g. anti-erosion measures, a
change in the water, forest and waste management) and efficient time management
(e.g. appropriately selected timelines for execution of landscape projects) can be
attributed to the responsible management of space.

Responsible Use of Energies
The trend for a minimum use of non-renewable resources and a transition
to alternative and renewable resources is unfortunately still not strong, nevertheless,
the trend exists and must become the future.

5.1.1.10 Landscape Interactions at the Immaterial Level

Preservation of the Landscape Archetypes
We all realize the necessity to protect and preserve cultural and architectural
monuments and the need to conserve historical components which are the
manifestations of genius loci. We also realize the necessity to preserve locations
untouched by human activity (natural monuments). Equally important is the creation
of places that contribute to the regeneration and inspiration of a the individual and
society, to activities which will avoid our destruction (e.g. town parks, gardens,
intellectually stimulating architecture, literature, films, music). [1] [15] [34] [37] [39]

Respect for Various Energy Forms
In addition to geo-pathogenic zones, radon emissions or Hartmann and Curry zones,
other energies in the landscape flow and manifest themselves and have an impact on
health. Respecting and including them in the way houses are constructed and in
25
other human activities can achieve a harmonic and healthy cohabitation of humans
and nature.
These energies can be perceived by human senses if they are not obstructed.
To knowingly apply these sensual experience of landscape living environment has
an impact on projects - (refer to Feng Shui, Sthapatya Veda, Geomancy, Ecological
Spirituality, Energy in the Landscape, Landart, Body-Weather Performance).
[34][35][36][37][38][39]

5.1.2 Examples of Holistic Approaches
Various methods were used by different nations to positively influence their bonds
with the surrounding environment and merge with the power of the Earth, leading to
an improvement of their terrestrial existence. To date, China and Japan have used
principles of Feng Shui [39]; while India uses Sthapatya Veda [40]. In the past,
several medieval cultures of Europe [41], such as Celts have used geomancy. Ancient
civilisations, such as Mayans, Egyptians or Platos Atlantians, were guided
by cognizance of the existing nexus the Earth man Universe [35] and applied
knowledge of cosmic events on the human micro-world (on their land for locating
constructions, and in their rhythm of life in the way of farming, for determining
dates of feasts and other important events).
These principles have been used until present day and are mingled together
in Central Europe. A bau-biology example can illustrate one stream, which comprises
elements of above mentioned methods of non-European and European cultures.
Also, awareness of positioning of certain significant structures can demonstrate
that a broader continuity with the universe was not unknown to our ancestors
(New Town of Prague of Charles IV, the baroque landscape of imelice, Jin
territories, Plenikov buildings in Prague, the layout of buildings by G. Santini,
K. I. Diezenhoffer, A. pork or other buildings and building attempts by free masons
and sensitive builders).

26
5.1.2.1 Territorial Planning in the Context of Local Needs

Link with the Landscape
One principle of development of urban settlements is to incorporate preservation of
the original natural configurations and relationhips and draw inspiration from nature.

From external relations to internal ones (integration
of a town into the landscape by preserving the original
layout, e.g. terrain, greenery) [16]
Biocorridors in the urban environment
[16]

Study on planning the distribution of greenery in a town: an irregular pattern, an annular, a
wedge-shaped and a combination. [56]

Strategy of integration of a town into
the landscape, Hamburg [16]
27
Urbanistic Arrangements of a Settlement
Below are examples of principles of an urban settlement formed by primarily
individual autonomous units and the hierarchy in the interdependence on territorial
facilities.

Strategy of a territorial accessibility of services [16]
Strategy of a breakdown of the territory into smaller units [13][19]
28
Scheme of a location and its attributes [14]

Attributes of a Quality Public Place
Public places that function well tend to attract activities and strengthen the
community resulting in ensured security, attractiveness is improved and the place
grows to be economically beneficial for a broader unit.

Walkable communities a basic need territory [16]
- Metropolitan centre
- Urban and suburban
areas
- Walkable
communities
- Higher density
along road links
- Rail links
- Transport
interchange

29
5.1.2.2 A House and a Garden Is One Unit

Creation in the Context of Life
The current trend in the building industry is to minimize the input energy demand
and the output load. Striving to respond to local conditions is in part a response to
globalisation regionalism and local policy.

Sustainable building takes into account a broader
context and strives to use local layouts [15] [53]
30

A house with a garden forms a unit with a minimum input energy demand, a maximum possible
recycling of waste utilities and a use of the existing layout. An example of a water cycle is where
water is caught by a roof garden (1) and through transpiration returned back to the natural water
cycle, or is further used as utility water in the garden or household (2). Saving and recycling of water
by means of composting toilets (3) or domestic root treatment plants (4) leads to a reduced water
demand and preservation of water in the location.

Creation of such units, namely for residential houses, is more and more frequent
in present days. Minimization of the environmental impact thus starts
with an individual and has a chance to become a rule for the whole society.

5.1.2.3 Engineering Structure in the Context of Human Biology
- Bau-biology

Bau-biology assimilates many influences from other cultures; as a whole, it can be
one of the methods to create bio-architectural structures.
1
2
3
4
31
For typical house construction, a number of materials and work procedures are used
which release significant volumes of harmful substance into the dwelling
environment. A holistic view of the interaction between a man and his dwelling is
studied by the so called bau-biology (building biology). It has an interdisciplinary
character which reflects various specialised disciplines, such as architecture, ecology,
psychology and sociology.

When building a house, it is important not only to build complying with common
practical criteria but also to consider other factors which have an impact on human
occupancy of the constructed environment. Professor Anton Schneider from
the Institute of Baubiology and Ecology has determined 25 principles of healthy
living:

1) A building site geologically undisturbed;
2) Residential homes located away from sources of emission and noise
nuisance;
3) Housing developed in a decentralized and loose manner in settlements
interlaced with green space;
4) Housing and developments personalized, in harmony with nature,
fit for human habitation and family oriented;
5) Causing no adverse social consequences;
6) Natural and unadulterated building materials to be used;
7) Indoor air humidity shall be regulated naturally (by means of materials
regulating humidity);
8) Total moisture content of a new building to be low and dry out quickly;
9) Appropriate balance of thermal insulation and heat retention;
10) The air and surface temperatures of a given room need to be optimized;
11) Quality air due to proper natural circulation;
12) Heating system shall feature radiant heat;
13) Light, lighting and colour in accord with natural conditions;
14) Cosmic and terrestrial radiation needs to be maintained;
15) Man-made electromagnetic radiation shall be eliminated;
32
16) Building materials with little radioactivity to be used;
17) Protective measures against noise pollution as well as vibrations need
to be human oriented;
18) A pleasant or neutral smell with no release of toxins;
19) Maximum elimination of mould, bacteria, dust and allergens;
20) High quality of drinking water;
21) Causing no deterioration of the living environment;
22) Minimum energy demand at a maximum use of renewable resources;
23) Building materials to be selected preferentially from local resources,
no contribution to exploitation of rare or non- renewable raw materials;
24) Interior and furniture design shall be based on physiological and ergonomic
findings;
25) Harmonic dimensions, proportions and shapes need to be taken
into consideration.
[24]

33
5.1.3 Low-Energy Houses

What are a low-energy and a passive house and what is the difference
between them?
Their characteristics in effective space heating standards are derived today in Austria
and Germany from the highest acceptable energy demand of a building per year:
50 kWh/m
2
for a low-energy house and 15 kWh/m
2
for a passive house.
Strictly speaking, the given energy demand for the house mentioned first is about
half versus the demand for a regular new house. [26]

Specific heat demand for space heating according to SN 730540:2

Building Category Heat Demand for Space Heating
kWh/m
2
.a
Older buildings often more than double the values typical for new
houses
Regular new houses
(according to updated binding requirements) 80-140
dependent on the factor of shape A/V
Low-energy house 50
Passive house 15
Zero demand house < 5

The above given leads to an observation that if we desire to design a house to be classified
as a passive house, it should comply with the requirement that its specific heat demand for space
heating is maximum 15 kWh/m
2
.a. [26]

34
5.2. Executed Projects
5.2.1 Solar City Linz, Austria
Preponderance of the territorial planning aspect design addresses the whole
territory, low energy demand, social bearing capacity, information
and communication structures.

Authors: Lord Norman Foster, 1995, Roland Rainer, 1995-2004 and other architects
from Germany and Austria
Solar City is a satellite housing estate for 3,000 community residents, designed
as ecological and low-energy with a necessary service infrastructure. Energy demand
of several houses is stated to be at 10% versus the traditional regular houses.
Development is carried out in stages and individual stages were designed
by distinguished Austrian and German architects.
The project concerns houses of three above-
ground storeys and underground garages.
Remarkable appears to be both the architectonic
expression of houses and their layouts and
mainly, their material diversity. Apart
from buildings with predominantly glazed
Source of pictures [12]
35
Kindergarten in the Solar City at Linz
succeeds to use almost every sunbeam.
envelopes, there are also buildings with wood or ceramic building envelopes.
Currently, extensive social and recreational facilities are under construction.
Development is severely subsidized; at a price of about 1600 EUR/m
2
of the floor area,
the potential buyer will pay 10% of the price as an advance payment
and the remaining part is paid for a period of 38 years, while all interests are paid
by the state. The price for services is also fixed and represents almost
6 EUR/1m
2
/month. The city plan includes development of additional 4 housing estates
of a similar nature. However, it needs to be noted that the Linz city has a seven-year
moving development plan, which is updated on annual basis. [11]

Solar City is the biggest built housing estate developed on the continuous sustainable
development principles.
Its motto is utilisation of solar energy both
in the passive and active mode. The satellite
housing estate, located 7 km away from the
Linz centre, provides living to 4.5 thousand
estate residents. The offer of not only
the layout arrangement of apartments,
but also the material selection, is diverse.
Public space was also designed to be human
habitation friendly. The project is strongly
subsidized by the city, and for that reason, apartments can be purchased, or leased,
at a very favourable conditions, acceptable also for socially disadvantaged families.
The total energy concept manifests very significant cost savings several houses
succeeds to cut up to 90% of the energy demand compared to traditional regular
houses. There are also two passive houses, which orientation to cardinal points plays
a great role in order to prevent any mutual shading of buildings even in winter
months.
Several alternatives for heat and electricity supplies were developed, combining
various resources. For the time being, 34% of the energy demand for heating of hot
water was covered using solar panel generated energy. Additional alternative
36
resources are under construction and the Solar City is intended to become
an energy-autarchic satellite. [10]

5.2.2 Low-Energy Eco-education Centre, Horka u Olomouce
Aspect of sustainable territorial planning, energy cost savings, social bearing
capacity, information and communication structures, use of the potential
of a location, inspiration in the nature, inspiration in traditional architectural
elements, economic bearing capacity, preservation of a healthy environment.

Authors: Projektil architekti s.r.o./Ondej Hofmeister, Roman Brychta, Adam Hal,
Petr Leek
Building energy concept: Jan Tywoniak
Assisted by: Kateina Horkov, Katarna Jgerov, Lenka Slvov

Purpose of the Building
The SEV (Ecological Education Centre) building was designed for the Town Authority
of Olomouc as an integral part of the project titled Slukov, arel ekologickch
aktivit - vukov biocentrum v Horce nad Moravou (Slukov, Ecological Activity Site
Educational Biocentre in Horka nad Moravou). The site should serve to make
the public acquainted with the natural systems, approach to ecological thinking and
Plan view of the premises
and a view of the building
with a roof garden and sun
blinds
37
Floor plan of the building
address the role of a man in nature. Concurrently, the centre functions as an
entrance gate to the Litovelsk Pomorav Nature Preserve. The site is situated in
Han, about 10 km north-west of Olomouc in the alluvial plain of the Morava river,
not far from its branch the Mlnsk Brook.
The actual building of the centre will serve for a wide range of activities. The main
task will be educating school children in one-day and one-week ecological education
programmes. Besides this, professional seminars on ecology, pedagogy and related
disciplines will take place here. A section of the building will become a tourist
information centre, for the Litovelsk Pomorav Natural Preserve and the Han region
nature. The building will also allow for soft tourism with environmental education
and training efforts.
The SEV Centre building is designed as an energy sound building, using state-of-art
alternative energy resources. For the public this project will become an example of
feasible modifications to adopt for designs of ecological housing and will promote the
concept of continuous sustainable development.

38
Architectural Design
The building is designed as an occupied terrain wave, which is continuously
integrated into the surrounding terrain. Its architecture has been oriented to the
south through a glazed faade with a terrace and coloured mobile screenings. To the
east and partially in the north, there are two entrance slots (main and technical).
The eastern end of the house symbolically stands out of the ground with more
exposure to the radiance of the south-western sun. The building is protected by a
soil embankment on the north, continuously passing into a green roof of the building
andgradually rising from west to east. The grassed roof constitutes a significant part
of the urban concept. The path which guides the visitor from the main building is
routed via the spine of the building to reach the head, the watching loft, which
offers a unique view of the entire natural SEV site.
Outdoor space which is designed to serve as a residential garden for lodgers and
visitors is circumscribed by the building and the artificial embankment in front of the
south faade.

Process scheme of the building

39
Interior and exterior of the building

The expression of the building design comes from the process of searching for a new
form of an ecological house which is integrated into the surrounding nature, uses
solar energy and is protected by a soil embankment against adverse weather. The
initial form was inspired by a traditional farmhouse of Han, which is long, horizontal
and pinned to the ground. The arrangement of the interior space is simple and easy
to read. The curved shape of the designed building plan is inspired by the shape of
the suns path. One half of the building is single-storied and the other half is two
storied. For safety reasons, the ground floor of the building is elevated above the
flood level versus the surrounding area. The single storied section is designated for
offices and public use. The two storied section is designed for temporary lodging with
an apartment for the building janitor. The layout is designed with emphasis on
flexibility which is intended to contribute to the ecological concept of the entire
building.
The spinal layout is formed by a main corridor passing through the entire building.
It provides for easy access to naturally lit spaces adjacent to the glazed southern
faade; the multi-functional hall, the cafeteria, club rooms, lodging rooms,
the apartment of a janitor
and offices. The service
facilities are located on the
shaded northern side of
the building and include
social amenities, the
kitchen, storage rooms,
technical rooms and the
boiler room.

The materials used are mostly
traditional and were selected with regard for environmental acceptability. Facades
make use of wood (machined or rough manually dressed timber), glass, concrete
and stone in gabion walls (stainless steel baskets filled with aggregate). The interior
materials are mostly wood (in its natural state, or agglomerated to load bearing
40
structures and partition walls), glass (filling of openings) and clay brick walls (for
load bearing and partitioning structures on the ground floor) are plastered or fair-
faced. The technical support facilities and wet operations have their load bearing
structures made of burnt bricks or reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete
structures are used only to the extent absolutely necessary. Floors are designed to
be laid mostly of wood. Pavement is used for wet and process-demanding
operations. The total interior and exterior concept of the building is based on veracity
and takes into account the use of natural colours and surfaces of the building
materials.

The passive energy components of the building (the conservatory on the south,
the soil embankment from the north) are fundamental components of the building
and are also actively contribute to energy integration of the building into the living
environment. These components include a forced ventilation system with a
recuperation option used to heat the building, solar collectors for domestic hot water
and heating water, ground collectors, a root waste water treatment plant, a process
water uptake system, an economic lighting system and an overall control system of
the building. Collectively, these features will be used for educational and
demonstration purposes.
From the structural point of view, the building is divided into two sections. The
northern section is reinforced concrete combined with a pile and wall structure with
aining of burnt and clay bricks. The southern section has a corridor and main lodging
rooms constructed of a load bearing structure made of glued wood frames.

Building Energy Concept
The building energy concept tends to come from the general principles of continuous
sustainable housing development. The most important prerequisite impacting
the overall concept is the fashion in which the building is operated. The following
conclusions were derived from study of the future operator of the building:
a) winter is not a heavy use period for the building, reduced operation is expected,
b) on the contrary, summer is the period when the building capacity is fully utilised.
41
As a result, the building design is based on a reduced heating period of the four
winter months during which the building is less used. The residual heat demand is
fully covered by use of renewable energy resources with the combination of biomass
and solar energy. Perimeter structures were designed in a way to comply with
recommended heat passage coefficient values. Compositions of typical perimeter
structures including heat passage coefficients are described in the table 1.

Structure

U[W/m
2
.K]
Value
Recommended
by Standard

Description of Structure (from the Interior)

Roof

0.15

0.16
Glued wooden beam, OSB boards, moisture stop coated felt, expanded
polystyrene 280 mm, water-proofing resistant to intergrowth of roots,
filtration textile, vegetation formation
External Wall,
Substructure

0.20

0.40
FC wall, water-proofing, extruded polystyrene 180 mm, geotextile

External Wall,
Superstructure

0.20

0.20
Internal trimming wooden boards, closed air pocket of 40 mm,
moisture stop, thermal insulation of mineral fibres 160 mm, OSB board,
thermal insulation of mineral fibres 60 mm, safety water-proofing,
ventilated air gap, wooden wainscot
Floor on the
Terrain

0.22

0.40
Wear layer wooden planches, thermal insulation mineral wool 200
mm in the grille, concrete slab, water-proofing, concrete flooring bottom
Internal Wall of
the Conservatory

1.30

1.20

Tab. 1 Compositions of perimeter structures

The heating demand is described in table 2. For purposes of calculation, continuous
operation of the building throughout the whole year is considered. The volume of
fresh air brought to the zone was estimated at 3,750 m
3
/hour
1
(corresponds to the
air exchange intensity of n = 0.77 h
-1
), the recuperation efficiency was estimated at
72 %. The volume of internal gains was conservatively estimated to be 3 W/m
2
. With
the geometric characteristics of the building A/V = 0.58 m
2
/m
3
, the annual heat
demand represents 36 kWh/m
2
.

Total measured heat loss of the building 1329 W/K
Total measured heat loss of the building (at t
t
-15 C) 53.2 kW
Heat demand for space heating 80.6 MWh
Measured heat demand for space heating
related to heated volume of the zone 14.1 kWh/m
3
.a
related to the area of the heated section 48.9 kWh/m
2
.a

Tab. 2 Energy characteristics of the building

42
The calculated heating demand can be used to derive the expected heating demand
when considering an estimated actual operation of the building. Reduced heating
operation is expected for the winter period (XI. - II.), resulting in a reduction in the
calculated heat demand (expected reduction to 30%). Heat demand for heating
including the regime of reduced heating operation represents 39.7 MWh.
Ventilation and heating of the building at the same time is provided by a hot air
circulating system, recovering heat from the air return. The building is divided into
seven ventilation zones. Each zone is operated by one air conditioning unit VZT. All
VZT units are suspended below the ceiling of the first above-ground floor. Heat
exchangers are located in the embankment behind the house and serve mainly
for summer pre-cooling of ventilation air. They help to improve the temperature ratio
in the building during summer. The first heat exchanger is the primary exchanger
for units in the administrative and assembly spaces. The second heat exchanger is
the primary exchanger for a unit for the lodging areas. Due to a lack of space, pipes
were embedded in several horizontal planes, one above the other. The third heat
exchanger is the primary exchanger for the apartment of the janitor. In the transition
period, air supply is taken via a vent hole situated on the side of the input wall.
Two automatic boilers burning wooden pellets, with the power output of 2 x 50 kW,
are the main heat sources for the heating system and auxiliary sources for heating
domestic hot water. The fuel storage room is located at the rear of the building, in
the vicinity of the boiler room. Pellets are pneumatically transported from the storage
room to operating storage bins. A low-flow solar hot water system, of the absorption
area of 85 m
2
, is an auxiliary heat source for heating of the building and the main
heat source for heating domestic hot water. The solar system covers 70 % of the
heat demand for domestic hot water and 20 % of the heat demand for heating. A
pressure-free accumulation vessel with stratification features of 9 m
3
serves as a
short-term heat sink. A fully charged accumulator helps to overcome up to 5 days
without sunshine (for hot domestic water). [26][48]

43
5.2.3 Solar Energy Research Centre /Niamey, Niger
Aspect of sustainable territorial planning, use of the potential of a location, social
bearing capacity, information and communication structures, preservation
of traditional architectural elements, energy cost savings, preservation of a healthy
environment.

Architect: Laszlo Mester de Parajd

This Solar Energy Research Centre building from the 1980s can serve as an example
of bio-architecture. One of the project objectives was the integration of traditional
elements and state-of-art design, use of solar energy in the climate energy system of
thebuildings, while providing optimal conditions for work of a research institute.
The building systems are designed to ensure comfort during occupancy, even in hot
climatic conditions, , . The economic and social impact on the area was also taken
into consideration. The construction employed 100 % local labour force, out of which
35 % were specialists and 65 % unskilled labour. The architect, French by origin,
was employed by the Ministry of Public Works (Ministere Des Travaux Publics). [32]

Picture documentation [32]
ONERSOL Solar Energy Research Center, Niamey, Niger, Architekt Laszlo Mester de Parajd, 1981
44

45
5.2.4 More than just a Faade Pleasant Interior Climate
without Air Conditioning, Creuzburg, Germany
Aspect of energy cost savings, social bearing capacity, use of the potential
of a location.

Authors: Pollmeier, R., Ufheil, M.

Capital expenditures according to the DIN 276
standard
Building structures 1 034 EUR/m
2
Domestic engineering 280 EUR/m
2
Construction expenditures 1 314 EUR/m
2

Compared to the price index in the building industry,
which is determined by Baukosteninformationszentrum
in Stuttgart, expenditures correspond to the standard
mean average in the industry.

The new office building of Pollmeier wood-processing plants (a medium-sized
company with 400 employees) was awarded the German Best Faade prize in 2002.
At the same time, the building appeared as a very energy-saving house
with an innovative engineering concept. The aim of the builder and the designer
was to construct a building with heat loss less than 40 kWh/m
2
and the primary
energy demand up to 100 kWh/m
2
.
Apart from reducing energy losses due to a good thermal envelope, an important
role was played by the technical equipment of the building. Under the grant
programme, the Federal Ministry of Economy and Labour (BMWA) supported the
energy optimisation of the project during the planning stage, measurement and
evaluation of basic energy indicators for operation of the building.
When constructing new business buildings, investors often rely on the state-of-art
architecture to represent themselves to their customers, now and in the future.
Additionally, options of flexible use of the interior space and increased workplace
comfort play a role with employers.

46
The first architects designs already showed the potential for an energy-saving
building. The fundamental concet of an elaborated atrium distributed window areas
according to cardinal direction. Using extensive simulations, the individual building
and engineering components selected according to cost, energy demand and
function were compared so that the required energy target was achieved with
acceptable capital expenditure. Individual aspects (heat demand, interior climate,
daylight) were considered, always for the opposite as a rule, partially conflicting
energy effects. In the end, the engineering equipment of this new building is simple
and cost-effective and follows the idea of lean buildings. Active cooling of this
building was not required. A photovoltaic system helps to cover the energy demand
covered from renewable resources.
The annual primary energy budget of 56.4 kWh/m
2
for heating, ventilation, lighting
and other domestic equipment established in the planning stage only represents a
cost-savings of about 65 % over the average of regular buildings.
The monitoring stage, which was carried out at during full operation of the building
since February 2002, demonstrated rather good energy values for the building;
however, well behind the figures of the planning stage. A detailed evaluation of the
field-measured data revealed reasons behind the discovered variations.

Conception of the Building
With its quadratic shape and an elaborated atrium,
the new three-storey building makes a very
compact impression. Staircases are situated
on the eastern and western side and the elevator
is located in the western part of the atrium.
The roof of the atrium is composed of a steel-
wood grille, with a light slope shed glazing.
The main roof is flat, green with extensive
vegetation.
The ground floor of the building, which houses
a conference room, an exhibition hall, a kitchenette, a dining room and technical
equipment, is reminiscent of the past, and are fully glazed. Offices, located on two
47
upper floors, have loosely determined the layout and are divided only by the
staircases. Ceiling soffits are suspended. Interior walls are designed as partially
transferable boards which provide for easy alteration of the interior spatial
arrangement.
The concept of the facade, with its
variable appearance ranging from large-
window areas light slots and opaque
areas, was derived primarily from the
energy concept. The window area of the
northern and southern faades more
than 50% glazed area, the eastern and
western faade have less than 30%.
The rear side of the ventilated faade is
composed of prefabricated wooden components, which are thermally insulated using
large-area suspended cement-fibre boards on the exterior wall. In order to improve
thermal efficiency of the faade, direct-finish concrete, partially covered with fabric, is
used in the interior. For construction of this faade, an emphasis is put on air-tightness
(n
50
=0.76 h
-1
). Overall, the building has demonstrated high insulation standards:
double glazed windows with a thermal values of U=1.4, g=0.58, exterior walls with
cladding of 30 cm (U=0.17), the roof with insulation of 20 cm (U=0.19). The middle U
value was calculated at the level of 0.29.

Heating and Ventilation
The heat exchanger of 160 kW output connects the building to the plant boiler house
which is operated fully ecologically it incinerates wooden chips and sawdust from
nearby wood processing plants. The supply of warm air to the dining hall as well as
all heating panels in heating circuits on the ground floor and individual floors are
connected directly to the heat exchanger.
The stratification accumulator supplies the floor heating system on the ground floor.
For low operating temperatures of the floor heating, it is convenient to engage
an extraction air heat pump which is used for heating of hot domestic water in
summer months.
48
The central energy concept was a building design of the without the need for
ventilation equipment, with simple systems that could also be used during night-time
ventilation in summer. Having compared various alternatives, the pleasant climate
was resolved with an air exhausting device installed in the ceiling of the central
service block. Air quality is monitored by sensors in a daily operating regime and the
air exhaust system controls it with air replacement velocity. This function is well
combined with special ventilation components (manually adjustable ventilation grilles
in the space above windows), which complies with thermal and acoustic
requirements, yet visually integrated in the faade. In order to cool the building in
summer, the air exhausting device more than double its performance in the night
operating mode. This is sufficient to dissipate heat from the building accumulated
during the day. Additionally, it provides good thermal insulation, external protection
against direct sun and thermal comfort in the summer.

Daylight and Lighting
Daylight reaches the office space through
the faade and the atrium. The builder
and the architect were generally limited
by the requirement for large workplaces
and maximum use of daylight at dark
colours of the interior. The light situation
improved slightly after painting the ceiling
white. Marquees on the external side of
the faade serve as sun-diffusers and sun-shades. Indirect illumination of the interior is
and average of 300 luxes on office floors. Each workplace is furnished with one light
which guarantees the minimum illumination level of 500 luxes. Due to accurate
calculations, the requirement for light fixtures could be reduced by 75 % compared to
the DIN standard, which represents a savings of more than 40 000 Eur. Ceiling
illumination of offices with daylight is one of the successstrategies to reduce energy
consumption of the building.

49
Experience during Operation
Since February 2002, metrics such as internal and external temperature, amount
of incident sunlight, generation and consumption of electricity were measured
and evaluated in the operating regime. Extensive measured data allowed
for diagnosis of potential erroneous function of several instruments and adoption
of remedial measures for optimisation. Despite it all, measured heat and electricity
consumption was clearly higher than the original planned values.
Lighting usage, which was contrary to assumptions made for working hours, also
contributed to the increased electricity consumption. However, this value stayed
under 50% of energy consumption which would have been achieved
in the conventional light regime. Distribution of offices in the building and a dark
appearance of the interior create a pleasant workplace, but significantly reduce
efficient utilisation of incident daylight. Only large-area interventions to work
management or the interior architecture may alter the situation. If at the beginning,
lighting of work desks with 100 Watt light bulbs had been replaced with energy
economic ones, up to 4.08 MWh of electricity would have been saved annually. Costs
for replacement would have been gradually paid back with energy savings. The
measured annual heat demand for heating ranges between 60-65kWh/m
2
and
exceeds the planned values by 70 %. This is most contributed to by the interior
temperature, which as a rule is 2-3 C higher than the value given in the design.
Contrary to estimates, incident sunlight does not have any impact on the heating
system. The heat pump covers as expected about 10% of energy consumption.
More favourable results could have been achieved here considering the fact that the
pump was out of operation for a certain period of summer. The air exhausting device
provided ventilation necessary to ensure comfort. During last two summer periods, a
promising improvement was discovered. When additional windows were opened,
temperature continued to drop. In 2003, the internal temperature was higher than
26
o
C in just 3.5 % of the time, although the summer was extremely hot. Within the
scope of the project, the limit values of the thermal comfort measure according to
DIN standard were never exceeded. Unfortunately, relative humidity of air inside the
building fell below 30 % in winter months.

50
Final Results
Compared to conventionally constructed office buildings, the operations building
in Creuzburg demonstrated generally good energy values. For the project objective
concerning total energy consumption for heating, heating of hot water, engineering
equipment and lighting, pursuant to the projects was financial support, the
measured annual consumption represented 77.9 KWh/m
2
, which is only an 11%
increase versus the plan. Mostly due to heat energy gained from renewable
resources, the annual primary energy consumption could have been less than
100 kWh/m
2
, which represents an annual emission of greenhouse gases under 23 kg
CO
2
/m
2
.
The design stage revealed how important it is to find practical solutions during
development of the concept and include them in the developed plan. A good use
of daylight is very closely connected to the overall concept of the building. If every
such factor is taken into consideration during the building design,the investors
spatial and light engineering requirements will be simplified. In this building, the
arrangement of the interior space respecting the corresponding aesthetic concept of
the workplace partially reduced energy savings.
Good ventilation results were induced by a high level of operation awareness
and demonstrations of functions made to the personnel operating the equipment ,
and their close cooperation with technical and practical modifications during
operation.

After commissioning of the building, a detailed cost evaluation was conducted. Based
on the measured data, errors could be eliminated and the process operation
optimised. This stage, apart from other issues, proved that with simulation of input
data adjusted to real conditions, the planned values could be accomplished.
Disharmony between the theoretical and the real values was caused by a human
factor in operation rather than by less favourable choice of boundary conditions.
Detected variations must be thoroughly searched for and put in compliance with the
planned state. When estimating the actual heating demand the calculation method
according to the Thermal Protection of Buildings Decree (EnEv) was selected, this
assumed a very low interior temperature. [26] [50]
51

5.2.5 Umbrella House, Michalovice u Star Boleslavi
Aspect of energy cost savings, preservation of a healthy environment, social bearing
capacity, use of the potential of a location, tradition renewal and its use in a new
form.

Author: Petr Suske

When modernism at the end of 19
th
century claimed the concept of architectonic
space and transparency of the exterior and the interior, it was considered to be
a rather revolutionary idea. After all, the architect was mostly just a decorator
of facades and interiors in common buildings at that time. Modernism started
to study space and all architectonic contexts in relation to human needs, its credo
was a service to life, to the society and requirements by a man, both material
and spiritual.
Ecology, or sustainable development as the case may be, targets the same objectives
in principle. Only in perception of the optimum, it takes into consideration also
a precautionary respect of requirements by nature. It considers a healthy condition
of nature to be a fundamental human need.
Contemporary modernistic architecture aborts traditional structural schemes
and principles of traditional architecture. Nevertheless, it still holds that architecture
provides predominantly safe shelters and, vicariously, also certainty. Perhaps that
is why ecological architecture seeks certainty and safety in tradition. With all due
respect to new technologies, a dynamic informed society and changing taste man
still remains, in many biological aspects, very much the same as from past centuries.
52
On the other hand, ecological architecture should, due to its essential individualism,
reject more bravely all useless clichs and steady functional patterns and submit
voluntarily its organisation and form to needs of a specific user. Aesthetics of newly
executed ecological buildings should not be based only on installation
of environmental components. On the contrary, it is to use them as an expressive
and aesthetic means of design.

Straw as a Building
Component
Stacks of straw in the country,
nothing can be more natural.
But like an umbrella w can afford
it. After all, we live in the 21
st

century.
The house is formed by an open
living space, organized around
a central hot accumulation core
unit, in which bathrooms, a heat source and a chimney are situated. Pursuant
to a clients wish, the bedroom and the guest room are spatially closed.

The load bearing structure is formed of a wooden peripheral skeleton and a bricked
core unit. The wooden structure is lined with a fifteen centimetre thick wall of clay
bricks which provides enclosure and has a pleasant effect on the interior
microclimate. The external layer of thermal insulation on the perimeter wall is
separated from the clay wall with a vapor barrier and is assembled of straw bales,
60 cm wide. The house should further be covered with a fine metal net, which
prevents access to rodents, birds and knockers, and which makes the house look
technical and exact. Straw has very good thermal insulation properties,
yet it represents a building material of a negligible price. Actually, there are places
where farmers are glad to get rid of these straw bales. Even if we assumed that
straw would not withstand weather conditions as long as other materials (or rather
materials protected with a plaster or tiles), it is not a problem to replace bales
53
with new ones after five years. The rest of the structure will remain untouched since
thermal insulation is not permanently interconnected with it.

Above the flat ceiling structure, straw is designed in a double (metre) layer, which
achieves the same thermal resistance values as a half metre thick polystyrene layer.
The actual house would not be endangered even if straw was left with no further
protection (thatched roofs were common in the past); however, a transparent foil
umbrella has been laid over it. The umbrella is hung on the chimney body, which
passes through the centre of the house.

Thermal Engineering Properties
In order to calculate thermal engineering
properties of the building, the design used
figures given for straw both from domestic
and international, mainly U.S., materials.
International reference data gives
0.054 W.m
-2
.K
-1
for thermal conductivity for
straw perpendicular to heat flow and 0,061
W.m
-2
.K
-1
for straw parallel to heat flow.
The calculation used knowingly corrupted
value of current thermal conductivity of
0.09 W.m
-2
.K
-1
(considering practical
moisture of used straw).
Even then, thermal conductivity of the
given structure was 6.9 m
2
.K.W
-1
(and 9.4 m
2
.K.W
-1
for dry straw). Considering
condensation of water vapours, condensation does not occur in the specified
composition. Despite this, a moisture stop was inserted into the composition, but
more out of fear than necessity.

[26] The article is taken over from the magazine Alternativn energie (Alternative
Energy) No. 3/2004
54
5.2.6 Ecohouse according to Feng Shui Living not only
Economical and Ecological, Brands nad Labem
Aspect of landscape interactions at the immaterial level, use of the potential
of a location, preservation of a healthy environment, energy cost savings, social
bearing capacity, use of traditional components.

Author: Oldich Hozman (ARC studio)

Vital energie chi, round shapes of walls corresponding to the terrain line,
the entrance as a mouth to the house, harmonic dimensions of the building coming
out of the "golden cut", distribution of furniture with view to geopathogenic zones,
baqua These are the principles of ancient Chinese art of Feng Shui, which is used
also in the Czech Republic to build several residential houses. They seek to find
a balance between humans, the building and the landscape.
The living space has properties coming from the substance of nature and it mostly
corresponds to commonly known truths about layout arrangements of rooms. Feng
Shui proponents believe that our perception of a house space is formed not only on
the shape of rooms or the orientation to cardinal direction, but hidden characteristics
of the space are also significant. And, the flow of vital power of chi ranks amongst
these. The flow originates from the opposing forces of yin and yang, flowing through
the entire universe, incuding through people and things, and continuously passes
one into the other, and are balanced.

55
How chi flows
The notion of chi, that is a "universal force", represents a great inspiration
for designing houses in many ways. In Feng Shui, properties of the chi flow
establishes a basis for determining events in the space. And how can we imagine
its flow, as a river or a rolling path? In places where it flows at a reasonable velocity
and where it lingers fresh and renascent, we feel well. In places where it stagnates,
we feel tired. The power pulses through the body in energy meridians. In the
landscape, it flows along shapes in the terrain. In the house, it reaches out and
gathers along shapes and the orientation of rooms. That is also why some of us
appreciate curves and rounded shapes.

What Matters is the Relief of Terrain and the Shape of a Lot
Construction started in spring 2003 and the family could move in May 2004.
The arrangements of the house come from the shape of the terrain. Accordingly, the
rounding of the house layout was designed (refer to the picture with contour lines),
and the shape of the land lot. It has a narrow rectangular shape and for that, the
house was sited as close to the north-western side as feasible in order not to be
shaded by the opposite house from south-east. The basis of a good orientation of
the building is turning of the main faade with living rooms in directions close to
south and at the same time, opens it in the direction to the garden. Chi comes most
revived from the side of sun.

Layout of the house comes out of the original shape of the terrain

56

Deployment of geopathogenic zones in the house floor plan

Flow of chi in the house floor plan

57
Corners and Walls are Rounded
ARC Studio works with clients who were willing to accede to a higher finance
demand, not only with rounded corners, but also with whole sections of walls as
large areas. These approximate the archetypal shape of walls in primitive human
dwellings which resemble a womb. Rounding creates an atmosphere of a fine
environment around a man, as if enwrapped, which simultaneously enwraps chi.
There are no sharp edges in the house that does not influence mental state of a man
in the best way. A round window in the side faade symbolises soil, it concerns the
so called underlined symmetry. The symmetry element is most natural for a man
according to Feng Shui. Rounded shapes are shown also in division of windows and
the fancy faade above the windows. Why? According to this theory, a man inclines
to something which reminds him of the past.

Entrance as a Symbolic Mouth to the House
Another very important Feng Shui principle in connection with this house
is the internal and external mintang (space at the entrance), which interconnects
a big oval entry vestibule and the external space. It is richly glazed since
the entrance should be sufficiently open. And not only this,it should be large
and friendly so that an incoming visitor could see the others, could orient himself
and be perceived by members of the present family. The vestibule is situated
on the axis of main facade in this house. Application of symmetry is another
characteristic of a suitable spatial zoning. Perception of beauty is directly based on it.
According to Feng Shui everything natural, which is revealed to us, has its centre and
two edges. A man is used to perception of nature around him in such fashion. And
when these fundamental principles can be read from the architecture, he feels good.

Centre of the House Remains Free
An archetype of a well functioning space always has an open centre. It is the basis
of each building which draws from Feng Shui principles. Cavity, a symbol of a womb,
is protection for humans. This is why the ratio of sizes of the free centre and the full
walls circumscribing the centre is so important in the house. The basic characteristic
58
of this house is therefore logically based on this notion the vestibule in the shape
of a large luminous oval directly enters into the house interior. This enables us to
make use of the free centre principle and the staircase can be entered directly from
the shared living area. This space encourages social bonding, interconnects and
supports communication.

There Are Passive and Active Sides of the House
Another harmonic Feng Shui principle, which was applied here, is division of the house
to passive and active sides. The active ones are organically shaped, pointing
to the garden, passive ones are rectangular. While passive sides, which are not
permanently occupied such as restrooms, cloakrooms, staircases or the pantry,
are located in the northern part of the house, the active sides of the house face south.
All main windows of the active zone the living area, the kitchen and the study
on the ground floor, as well as parents bedroom and children rooms on the first floor
face from east, via south to west. The terrace faces west, partially protected
with a fixed roof, partially with an arbour.

Natural Materials Lead
The actual house is energy-friendly built of thermal insulating Porotherm bricks,
with an internal thermal insulating plaster, 5 - 6 cm thick. Natural materials
can be found everywhere here. The floor around the fireplace and in the vestibule
is established of Salzhofen limestone. tThe terrace pavement, garden paths and the
fireplace are made of sandstone. Floors on the ground floor are of bamboo, New
Zealand woolen carpets can be walked softly on the first floor. Doors are made from
natural maple painted with an oil varnish, Euro windows are from spruce, ceiling
soffits on the first floor are wooden, coated with a white glazing paint so that the
wood figure could show through. The kitchen and the bar desks are made of light
hard maple, as well as the windowsills. The windows have bamboo blinds installed.
Colours for decorating were mixed by decorators using natural pigments in situ.

59
Heating is from Several Sources
The house has a gas heating system with heat panels and floor heating partially in
the kitchen, in the direction from the vestibule to the staircase, and in the bathroom.
The fireplace with hot air ducts to the first floor provide for additional heating in
winter or in between the seasons. Solar panels heat hot water. Freely adapted from
[26], [47].

5.2.7 Reclamation of the Maurice Rose Airport,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Aspect of use of the potential of a location, social and economic bearing capacity,
inspiration in the nature, energy demand, information and communication structures.

Purpose of the project: reclamation of the former military airport to a recreational
area
Project: 2002-2003
Execution: 2003-2004
Client: Grnflchchenamt Frankfurt
Built-in area: about 22.000 m
2

Costs: 0.6 mil. EUR

The project was awarded the Landscape Architecture Prize (BDLA Pice 2005)

60
The objective of the project was to make sensitive modifications to the former airport
in a way that the structure of the location and used materials would remind
of its original military character and yet, nature returns and its presence would be
apparent. Nature should return back to the area on its own and take it over.

The former military
airport of U.S. Army
was abandoned
in 1992 and it seemed
to remain a cold
war relic and
an undesirable source
of contamination.
The area is situated
in the inundation plain
of the Nidda River,
whose surrounding
countryside is
a favourite
recreational area
for Frankfurt
residents. Subsequent
reclamation focused
on removal of this
component from the
landscape and is a
result of devotion
and determination of the local council for environmental protection culminating
in opening a sports-relaxation centre for the public.
Half of the buildings were demolished, building material was broken down and
reused. Modelled surfaces from concrete fragments from which nature continuously
Photo Stephan Kop, Klaus W.Rose, Michael Triebswetter
61
spreads and grows, were formed, establishing a non-conventional park in compliance
with sustainable development and has minimum maintenance costs.

An interesting element has been established by the presence of the river that can be
crossed on stepping stones.
Intentionally, no massive plant reinstatement to the already growing brushwood
was proposed. There were 21 solitary trees planted, which will be supplemented
with 34 trees from public donations according to the predetermined scheme for
the future. A structure with divisions formed of spatial blocks of concrete slabs and
crushed material are scattered, bordered with willow shoots, plant cover, green
fences and a rural meadow was established.

The premises are used by the public for sports and educational activities.
Biological processes will be subject to long-term scientific research which will study
and document the development of plant associations. The natural cycle
of the establishment and alterations of plant and animal communities already
demonstrates the recovering power and dynamics of the nature today. [49]

5.2.8 Restoration of an Area, Marktredwitz, Germany

Under the scope of a
landscape exhibition titled
Krajinn vstava bez hranic
CHEB MARKTREDWITZ 2006
(Landscape Exhibition without
Frontier CHEB
MARKTREDWITZ 2006), the
site of the former textile
62
Many German design studios participated in development of the exhibition and restoration of the
site, which thorough preparation was well reflected in the final execution. Photo P. erebkov
factory in MARKTREDWITZ, a German town, was restored.
One of the objectives of the exhibition was not only to benefit people, but also for
the landscape restoration. With the creation of exhibitions, the space next to an old
textile factory was reclaimed.
For example, the factory was used as a scenic platform for holding exhibitions. The
platform provided a good view for visitors of the main area of the exhibition site
including lovely revitalised brook. [51]
Another aim was to take a neglected area and reclaim it in a way to preserve
its character. The motto of exhibitions was presentation of ecological technologies
(e.g. root waste water treatment
plants, utilisation of solar and water
energy, ecological fruit and vegetable
farming) in contrast to the existing
ecological issues. Buildings such as
the scenic tower, exhibition grounds
and the projection hall where various
ecology-targeting films were
screened, were used
in the MARKTREDWITZ site. The third
theme represented gardens. Gardens
of various styles and inspired by various cultures were established in the exhibition
ground.
The former manufacturing site was modified to be an exhibition, education and sales
area with outdoor and indoor sections In another area there is a recreational section
with a newly established natural swimming pool where original plants were mostly
left as they were.
Some of the other buildings were sensitively repaired where new pavement and
stone stair steps reaching water were laid. A significant component is viewed to be a
newly established water area, which can be crossed on a ferry suspended on a rope
and driven by pedalling ferry customers.
63
Included in the exhibition was also the partial
revitalised Kssein brook. [51]

A number of charming attractions were established for children including a wooden
childrens playground and water play inspired by panning for gold. Children can pour
water into the system of wooden troughs, feed domestic animals in yards and walks,
climb up the system of staircases and ramps to reach the roof of an old factory. All
components are simple and manufactured of user-friendly materials.

Instead of flower beds, semi-wild clusters of various herbs were established,
surrounded by old stones and supplemented with artistic lamps and coloured glass
balls. Thematic gardens always have a witty or at least an instructive liner.

Included in the premises are also cycle
paths, skateboard training areas, croquet,
ptanque and other game courses. All cast
a natural, non-abusive appearance.
Reclaimed areas were a part of a landscape
exhibition and after its completion they
became a relaxation destination of the
Marktredwitz suburbs. [51]

The main water area with a sitting-out space and a grill facility. Below right, an example
of a root waste water treatment plant and use of solar energy. Photo P. erebkov

64
5.2.9 Blob Architecture - Selfridges Department Store,
Great Britain
Aspect of inspiration in the nature, social bearing capacity, energy cost savings.

Author: Future Systems/ Jan
Kaplick

Blubber Department
Store
The Selfridges department
store of venturesome
futuristic shapes was opened
in Birmingham, Great Britain
in 2003 and raised stormy
reactions. While critics named it scornfully the armadillo or the armoured vehicle,
the Daily Telegraph welcomed the event by claiming that Selfridges has already
been designated to be the most exciting building in the country. Deyan Sudjic,
an architecture critic, even said in The Observer that the department store would
become a true Birmingham icon.

The design was a work of Future Systems, a London-based design studio, led by Jan
Kaplick. Facing the completed building, he expressed his hopes: I would like that
the Selfridges store pleases and excites people. The vast engineering structure
of round shapes spreads out in a wave across the square and resembles a jelly fish,
which body is covered with twenty thousand aluminium discs. By looking at them,
suckers of a sea cephalopod, even insect eyes come to mind.

In this case, Jan Kaplick was lucky that he dealt with very approachable Birmingham
city council members who supported his design. They even welcomed the futuristic
appearance of the building as it would create an interesting contrast to gothic lines
of the neighbouring St. Martins Cathedral. The architect and the city council agreed
65
on the idea that the department store should not only be a place where people go to
shop, but should also be some sort of a commercial social centre which would be
visited even by those who do not need a pair of new shoes right now. This idea was
not a revolutionary one at that time, but the way Kaplick presented it, bet the rivals
after all.

Jonathan Glancey, an architecture critic, extended a great compliment to the author.
When we must have these mammoth stores, they should at least concern
interesting pieces of architecture. Apart from 90 year-old buildings on London Oxford
Street, this requirement is met perhaps only by Kaplicks Selfridges.

The author, Jan Kaplick, himself regards his buildings as bio-architecture since the
main source of inspiration is nature. His design studio gained respect with projects
and executions which are environmental friendly without resigning to a search for
new architectural forms. Today, Future Systems designs continue to be influenced
with a unique experience gained in space research projects, utilising their knowledge
of materials and technologies. [3][55]

The Selfridges department store in Birmingham,
Great Britain, was rated by The Independent
amongst the most significant modern buildings
of the world.

66
5.2.10 Root Waste Water Treatment Plant in Hosttn
Aspect of inspiration in the nature, energy cost savings, economic bearing capacity,
information and communication structures.

This text describes in detail the technological solution and the history of the
construction so that the positive impact and the broader connections between the
various participants are evident with; the local politics, cooperation with an
environmental institution, the role of natural processes in local communities with the
creation of a root waste water treatment plant etc.
The root waste water treatment plant in Hosttn was the first treatment plant of its kind built
in Eastern Moravia.

History of the Hosttn "Root Plant "
1966
A water supply reservoir Bojkovice was built on the Kolela brook, passing
through the municipality, below Hosttn. Within the entire catchment of the
dam, Hosttn is the only village and according to standards for water
resources protection. Prohibition of construction was declared
in the municipality after completion of the dam.
1990
The municipality became independent. The main objective for the new
municipal council was to build a waste water treatment plant and cancel
the prohibition of construction which disabled further development
of the municipality.
67
1992
By means of a grant, Nadace Partnerstv (The Partnership Foundation)
supported an independent study which evaluated proposed solutions. The
outcomes of the study recommended that the optimum solution would be
construction of a root waste water treatment plant directly in the municipality.
1993
In May, ZO SOP Veronica held a seminar focused on water cleanliness
for local self-government officers in the basin of upper Olava. Involved
specialists, mayors and district officers came to a consensus that a root waste
water treatment plant was the most suitable solution for Hosttn.
1995
In April, design documents (developed by VHatelir, s. r. o., Brno) were
completed. In July, construction of a root waste water treatment plant started
(works contractor - IMOS Vodohospodsk stavby Zln, s. r. o.).
1996 On July 12, the one-year trial operation started.
1997
On July 11, the waste water treatment plant was put into permanent
operation.
Technical Description of the Hosttn Root Treatment Plant
Waste water from the municipality is collected in a combined sewer which contains a
large volume of storm water. Domestic septic tanks function as the first stage
treatment. The volume of waste water at the inlet is measured by means
of a Thompson spillway.

Mechanical Treatment Stage
A1 A relief well serves to separate a part of
incoming waste water when the maximum acceptable
flow rate has been exceeded (upon the maximum
68
design rainfall rate) in order to prevent hydraulic overload of the treatment plant.
A2 A rainwater tank collects waste water at the maximum design rainfall rate.
After the rainfall rate has lowered, water is pumped to the sand trap and further
treated or after sedimentation of carried impurities is discharged to a water course.
A3 (Sand Trap) The slotted sand trap provides for separation of the floating
matter (gravels and sands) from waste water. Hand-cleaned racks to catch coarser
floating impurities are placed at the front-end.
A4 A shallow combined tank serves for interception of finer particles contained
in waste water. This reduces the volume of suspended olids and organic pollution
bonded to this material. This also protects the filtration fields and the tank against a
rapid blockage and congestion. Digested thickened sludge is transported once or twice
a year in a sludge removal truck and used as a fertilizer. The sedimentation tank must
ensure that minimum 92% of sediment is captured. No floatable sludge is allowed to
leave the tank. Horizontal prismatic sedimentation tanks require a regular sludge
removal from the sedimentation (sludge) area and an independent solution of the
sludge management process is including the digester.
A5 A plant shed

Biological Treatment Stage
An efficient treatment feature is a good distribution of waste water in the filtration
field so that even distribution of the entire profile of the inflow is ensured. During
regular operation the water level is maintained at about 10 cm below the surface of
the filtration bed and can be controlled via discharging items in the discharge shaft.
B1 and B2 The filtration bed is filled with coarse aggregate (50120 mm) and finer
graded gravel (gravel with grain size ranging from 4 8 mm). Total bed thickness is
1m. The bed is insulated with a PVC foil, geotextile and planted with ribbon grass
and ditch reed. Division into two filtration beds enable serial, parallel or combined
operation of individual fields. Since ribbon grass,
which forms a relatively large volume of biomass,
prevails in the filtration fields. The fields are mown
annually.
69
B3 Flow-splitting pipes Even distribution of water into filtration beds is carried out
with a two-pipe line surface one for summer operation, bottom one for winter
operation. Experience revealed that it is preferable to use the flow-splitting line under
the gravel surface even in summer as it enables removal of algae which otherwise
proliferate on the surface of the flow-splitting line.
B4 A collecting pipe provides for the outlet from filtration beds and is embedded
at the bottom.
B5 and B6 Control shafts ensure maintenance of the water level in filtration beds
(as a rule, at a depth of about 10 cm underneath the gravel surface).
In the discharge shaft, there are wooden boards that control the water level
in filtration beds. Flexible hoses are more suitable for control as they provide for a
continuous alteration of the water level. Short-term spring overflow of filtration fields
prevents growth of weeds and surface ice protects the filtration field against hard
freezing in winter. Flow-splitting shafts enable control of flows entering individual
filtration beds.

Final Sedimentation Stage
Is included due to a stricter demand on the quality of discharged waters (zone II
for hygienic protection of water resource, maximum BOD (biological oxygen demand)
5 20 mg/l). If there is poor maintenance or in the event of a poorly designed pond,
the final sedimentation stage can paradoxically worsen the quality of water,
for instance in the autumn period during the decline of plant biomass.

C1 The pond is supplied with cleaned water coming from the treatment plant.
It is a follow-up to the bio-corridor formed of the water course and the adjacent land
boundary and is a fully functional interactive component in the territorial system
of ecological stability.
C2 Headworks for a temporary improvement of inflow into the pond.
C3 A discharge facility serves to control the level in the pond and its potential
discharge.
A Parshall flume is situated at the discharge pipe to measure the volume of treated
water.
70
Animals, which can be observed at the root waste water treatment plant in Hosttn
and the neighbouring area.
Invertebrates
turbellarians
gammarids
mayflies
water fleas
great pond snail
water spider
dragonfly
northern house mosquito
caddiceflies
pond skater
diving beetle

Mammals
eastern hedgehog
stone marten
muskrat beaver
Fish
crucian carp
common carp

Amphibians
common European frog
toad
tree frog

Reptiles
grass snake
smooth snake
blind worm
sand lizard
Birds
great spotted woodpecker
golden oriole
common blackbird
common starling
white wing
yellow hammer
corn bunting
robin redbreast
white wagtail
common kingfisher
black coot
wild duck
white stork

Plants, which are used to plant the filtration fields
The following plant species are used to plant filtration beds of root fields
in our climatic conditions:

Ditch reed (Phragmites australis)
Ditch reed is a perennial grass, growing
up to the height 4 m in our conditions which ranks
it amongst the tallest grasses. In soil, it spreads with
creeping rhizomes and roots which can grow to a
considerable depth (60 to 150 cm). Vegetative
multiplication is very intense and is carried
out by long underground rhizomes, which can grow
to be more than 12 m long. Ditch reed is rather
tolerant to temperature, pH and organic
and inorganic pollution. It cannot withstand regular
harvesting during the growing season. Ditch reed
does not grow in higher elevations above the water level.

71
Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea)
This is a perennial plant which can grow up
3 m height. A massive root system
is interlaced with rhizomes. Contrary
to the ditch reed, the root system does not
grow to such depth (usually 20 to 30 cm).
Ribbon grass
multiplies quickly
through seeds, vegetative shoots and rhizomes. It already
forms a compact cover during the first vegetation period.
It is tolerant to pollution and freezing, though the range
of an optimum pH is rather narrow. It can withstand regular
mowing well, even during the growing season which
is important for nutrient consumption by biomass.
In the growing season, accumulation of nutrients in biomass is the highest.

Small domestic treatment plants can also make use of other wetland plants, which
have a decorative character:
- narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia)
- broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia)
- common clubrush (Scripuis lacustris)
- irises (Iris spp.)
- calamus (Acorus calamus variegatus)

Life in Root Treatment
A detail describes the enlivened final
sedimentation pond of the root waste water
treatment plant. We can find a dragonfly, a
pond skater, a great ramshorn snail, a common
European frog, a diving beetle, a swan mussel, a
water scorpion, tubificid worms, midges and
caddice flies here.
72

Most Frequent Questions and Answers

Does the root waste water treatment plant operate also in winter?
Temperature influences the biological and chemical processes which are important
for waste water treatment. The filtration field can be insulated during the winter with
a layer of biomass growing in the filtration field or with an ice layer created by
increasing the water level with the first frost. There were studies of the water level
which was increased a bit more for creation of an ice layer and after it froze, the
level was lowered so that the filtration field was isolated with an air layer as well.
Warning! When the temperature rises rapidly, it is necessary to lower the water level
again in order to prevent growth of algae and cyanophytes causing rotting.

Is any unpleasant smell or vermins experienced around the root waste water
treatment plant in any season of the year?
Waste water is treated by passing through various stages. None of them has
standing water,i.e. a convenient environment is created in which an excessive
amount of mosquitoes could hatch etc., nor is the treated water is exposed to
anaerobic rotting. Nevertheless, it is not true that the environment is free from
mosquitoes. Their excessive occurrence is reduced by other animals, which lives in
abundance in this artificial wetland.

How to ensure that desirable plants are not forced out by various weeds over time?
As the presence of wetland plants in the root waste water treatment plant
is discussed, the issue of weeds is also discussed. The term weeds comprises all
plants, which were not planted, and an effort exists to suppress growth of these
plants since only certain types of plants are able to ensure sufficient aeration of the
filtration bed. Growth of weeds can be suppressed by temporary flooding of the
surface. This type of managing the filtration bed requires that the surface of the bed
is even. Operational experience; however, shows that the ditch reed, reed meadow
grass, ribbon grass and cattail full suppresses growth of weeds in the event they are
well established and their seedlings grow.
73

How does the root waste water treatment plant behave after flooding?
The example from Slavoovice [2] demonstrates that even though the root waste
water treatment plant was over-flooded with surface water for several days, soon
after the flood it started to function with an unaltered efficiency.

What happens when dangerous substances (e.g. mineral oil) enter the root waste
water treatment plant?
A large volume of dangerous chemicals can in no event enter the filtration fields.
For that reason, scum boards are installed in some of the treatment units.
International experience show however that various types of artificial wetlands have
been used for several years to treat motorway and parking lot storm water runoff
and seepage from solid waste dumps. In recent times, artificial wetlands have often
been used to remove oil products; from waste waters coming from refineries, waste
waters from petrol stations, car washes and train depots. In Denmark for instance,
there are more than 200 artificial wetlands operating for petrol stations and car
washes and this technology is designed for these operations automatically.

How is it with clogging of root fields?
Free space between the gravel fillings of the filtration bed is gradually clogged
with solids, mainly in the place where waste water enters the bed. This process can
be slowed down substantially by thorough pre-treatment at stages preceding the
filtration bed. Current experience from existing treatment plants show that after
about 20 years, the most clogged part of the filtration bed (e.g. about 2 metre strip
around the intake pipe) is removed and replaced with a new gravel bed. The costs
are approximately the same as any depreciation which is taken into account during
construction. [46]

74
5.2.11 Green Village Square - Place under the Trees Project,
Device

Aspect social bearing capacity, personal responsibility, renewal of a tradition,
communication structure, potential of the location.

This project is an example of involvement of community residents in improving
the environment where they live. The summary from the final report describes which
topics were discussed by local community residents; namely what was difficult for
them and the strategies they adopted to resolve the issues. Support for local politics
is pursued by individual state institutions, non-profit organisations and foundations
providing not only financial subsidies but also a methodological and technical
assistance. Therefore, ommunity members provide valuable information
on the location and the life in it. Specialists ensure professional development
and execution of their proposals/designs. The essential moment appears to be after
project execution. Compared to property development companies or external
investors, local community residents continue in their effort to care for and develop
the attended territory.

"Green Village Square" Making the Village Square in Device Green

The project, inspired by period photographs of Device, was supported by Nadace
Partnerstv (Partnership Foundation, www.nadacepartnerstvi.cz) with CZK 160,000.
75
The application was prepared by a civic association DUBSK VOLBA
(Choice by Dub) with assistance provided by Poradensk centrum pro venkov
(Advisory Centre for Rural Areas) and the settlement board in Device. Partners
were also the Town of Dub and the Dub Fire Brigade.

The foundation provided the project leaders with requirements and deadlines and
assigned consultant to the project who helped with organisation of meetings
with local residents. The main requirement of the project was that Device residents
had to participate in the decision-making process about the future of the village.
The association had a preliminary study of arrangements developed. Additional
reference documents for the planning proceedings were prepared by a designer from
esk Lpa. Public planning meetings and the actual planting sessions on the village
square and by the village pub were planned.

Pictures from the planning evening session 10.5.2006
76

Extract from the Project Final Report:
The original intent of our project was to improve village public space. We were
inspired by period photographs of 1928, depicting three rows of trees (about
60 trees) in a place where only a bare asphalt surface in the central part
of the municipality was half a year before. Device residents are familiar with these
photographs; some of them are displayed in the local pub. There were several
meetings in the past during which ideas about replanting the trees were put forward.
However, the community residents did not know where to start. Only with the help
by the Poradensk centrum pro venkov in Dub and a financial help from Nadace
Partnerstv and the Town of Dub, the civic association DUBSK VOLBA managed to
carry out this long-term intent. Device is a small municipality with 180 permanent
residents. The overall intent was shared (the one talked about in the local pub), but
specific ideas of individual residents differed. Therefore, we welcomed the approach
by Nadace Partnerstv, which provided for and helped to organize community
planning discussion sessions. They were met with great interest, about sixty people
took part. Organisers managed to involve community residents in discussions about a
common public space and prepared reference materials for arrangements of the
design study, inspired with known period photographs, in a very friendly and creative
atmosphere.

In autumn 2006, several volunteer work team sessions were held. A lot of work was
done with self-help activities, saving a large volume of funds. About forty community
residents were engaged in work activities. Critical comments also appeared,
e.g. trees shed leaves, trees will shade, the carriageway has turned narrow big
cars will damage the planted trees, snow will be difficult to clear away etc. The
owner of the house in the village square who did not participate in the planning
session even claimed that a planted tree in front of his land lot should be removed.
This person comes to Device only for weekends. Community residents agreed that
his tree would remain in a container for the time being and would be taken
out always on Friday and returned back to the tree alley after the cottager has gone
home on Sunday evening.
77

An appreciated benefit for the municipality was namely involvement of young people
into grading works and planting of trees. Young people in small villages suffer from a
lack of free-time activities and we were surprised with how happy some local
youngsters were to help and they did a great deal of work.
A very successful event was the planting of trees. Each tree was designated with a
slip bearing a name of the person who planted the tree. This work session was
seasoned with a country music band and free-of-charge refreshments for tree
planting residents.
Our civic association Dubsk volba gained a lot of new experience. The Green Village
Square is the first project focused on community planning. Owing to this project,
we had an opportunity to make our activities visible through local press and web
pages of Poradensk centrum pro venkov (www.prvo.cz).

Project Summary
Under the Green Village Square Project, the unsatisfactory public space was
successfully improved by the planting of forty trees and re-grading the surrounding
area. The municipal residents themselves discovered and welcomed the opportunity
to be involved in the decision-making process about the future appearance
of the municipality they live in. People had a chance to meet for shared work
activities and make themselves one small village look better.

Future of the Project
The intent of the Green Village Square Project was not to resolve the entire public
space issue. We intend to continue executing modifications to the opposite side
of the village square next year. The developed design study includes the entire public
space. The settlement board of Device will file an application for a financial
contribution in 2007 to the Dub town budget and at the same time, the civic
association Dubsk volba will seek to find other sources of funds. [54]

78
5.2.12 Entente Florale

What is Entente Florale?
Entente Florale?
The Entente Florale Programme has run in the territory of Europe
since 1975. Its mission is to promote awareness of personal
responsibility by each individual for his/her living environment.
It encourages the ability of a good mutual communication among
the state administration, self-governments, enterprises, undertakings, private
businessmen and settlement residents. It highly values quality projects, which
correspond to shared interest of listed groups. A special emphasis is put on greenery
of settlements and landscape stewardship. The top event of the programme is
the European Entente Florale competition.

Objectives
The competition focuses namely on the care of greenery and the living environment
of towns and municipalities. It was established as an initiative by French horticultural
companies with the aim to enliven horticultural business activities. Gradually, it grew
into a competition focused on the sensitive cultivation of an urbanised landscape,
on ecologically selected procedures in the decision-
making process of municipalities, on cooperation
of community residents and town and municipality
councils. The competition takes place first
in individual countries out of which participants to the
European competition are selected. Particularly in
Western European countries, the competition is
observed and recognized due to its tradition.
Residents of awarded communities have placed great
personal efforts in improving conditions of buildings
79
and greenery in their settlement and thus improve the quality of their lives
in a broader perspective. It is always a long-term process. The Entente Florale
competition appreciates their effort. The success in the competition is simultaneously
an obligation to be an example for their surroundings and to promote the mission of
our responsibility for our living space.

Organiser
The competition organiser is the European Association for Horticulture
and Landscaping - Association Europeenne pour le Fleurissement et le Paysage -
AEFP with its registered seat in Brussels. This year, their members are Belgium,
the Czech Republic, France, the Netherlands, Croatia, Ireland, Hungary, Germany,
Austria, Slovenia and Great Britain. The evaluating committee is formed
of representatives from all participating countries.

Entente Florale Europe in the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic has been taking a part in the competition since 2002. The first
year was the starting year. Everyone wanted to do a good job and represent
with dignity their settlement and the Czech Republic. On a continuing basis, we grew
to gain new experience in organising the competition, preparation of settlements and
representation of the country.

Organisation is provided by:
Spolenost pro zahradn a krajinskou tvorbu, obansk sdruen (Association
for Horticulture and Landscaping, civic association)

80
Successful progress of the competition is ensured by:
Ministry for Regional Development of the Czech Republic
Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic
Spolek pro obnovu venkova (Society for Country Revitalisation)

Cooperating entities:
Nrodn kulturn pamtka Vyehrad Praha (National Cultural Monument Vyehrad
Praha)
Karlova univerzita - stav jazykov a odborn ppravy (Charles University Institute
for Language and Preparatory Studies)
relevant Regional Administration Authorities

Overview of Settlements Towns and Municipalities Representing the Czech
Republic

Year Czech Republic Representatives Award
municipality: TELEC (district of Svitavy) silver medal
2002
town: FRDEK-MSTEK
bronze
medal
municipality: SVAT JAN NAD MAL (district of esk
Budjovice)
silver medal
2003
town: PRACHATICE silver medal
municipality: NANOV (district of Znojmo) silver medal
2004
town: BRNO silver medal
municipality: PSEN (district of st nad Orlic) gold medal
2005
town: LITOMYL silver medal
municipality: SVOJN (district of Tachov)
2006
town: PLZE

[52]
81

5.2.13 Bamboo Structures Earthquake Measures, Columbia
Aspect of use of traditional materials, reassuming wisdom of ancestors.

This example should not
admonish for the use of
bamboo in the Czech
environment, but more to
show the principle of
traditional materials which
were actually used
for advantages they possess in local conditions.
In Colombia, bamboo was used in architecture long before European colonisation
when the inhabitants lived in harmony with nature. Bamboo's physical properties and
elasticity allow this unique biomaterial to be used for a variety of construction
and agricultural practices, as an alternative to lumber.
Currently, it has been rediscovered and its use is being promoted for a variety
of projects. Bamboo's availability in many countries around the world will lead
to a multitude of new applications for this multifaceted construction material.

As a part of building structures, bamboo is tremendously resilient and earthquake-
resistant. Here is an example of its use for structures located in earthquake-
threatened territories [23].

6. Final Summary Overview
There are different ways to bio-architecture

82

At present, we know of many options which help us behave sustainably.
The question is how much we as individuals, corporations or council members,
are willing to sacrifice for our future.
If we want to enter the landscape, we should take it as a set of mutually interlinked
communities and energy flows which have their flexibility and regeneration
boundaries. Understanding these relationships are the basis of preventing us from
becoming parasites on our planet Earth, remaining partners who not only take but
also give. Even in the event we try to remedy damaged or totally devastated parts of
nature, we have to first understand genuine natural processes in the given location
in planetary and universal contexts in order that energy spent was not wasted and
the desired awaited result a healthy living environment - would be achieved for
everyone.

83
Ways to Bio-Architecture
12%
14%
14%
11%
11%
10%
11%
6%
5%
6%
Use of the potential of a location Preservation of a healthy environment
Inspiration in the nature Energy demand
Landscape interactions at the immaterial level Sustainable territorial planning
Renewal of tradition, reassuming wisdom of ancestors Information and communication structures
Social bearing capacity Economic bearing capacity

While developing the Ways to Bio-Architecture graphs, we considered aspects,
which we find necessary to be taken into account for planning of the intended
functional use projects within the scope of bio-architecture criteria. Ten main vectors
and four axes of views on creation of the living environment were considered. These
were specified based on the outcomes of the prepared search and in determining
directions of sustainable architecture and the quality of life.

They are as follows:
1. Sustainable territorial planning
2. Inspiration in the nature
3. Use of the potential of a location
4. Preservation of a healthy environment
5. Renewal of tradition, reassuming wisdom of ancestors
6. Energy demand
7. Information and communication structures
84
8. Social bearing capacity, social responsibility
9. Economic bearing capacity
10. Landscape interactions at the immaterial level

The work team consisted of seven evaluating specialists with various professional
backgrounds: economic, building, architectonic, urban planning and social services
and law. Four axes of views were selected (environmental, economic, urban planning
and social), based on which individual vectors were scored based on their relevance.

0
1
2
3
4
5
Use of the potential of a location
Preservation of a healthy environment
Inspiration in the nature
Energy demand
Landscape interactions at the immaterial level
Sustainable territorial planning
Renewal of tradition, reassuming wisdom of
ancestors
Information and communication structures
Social bearing capacity
Economic bearing capacity
Environmental view

85
0
1
2
3
4
5
Energy demand
ancestors
Economic view

0
1
2
3
4
5
Energy demand
ancestors
Urbanistic view

86
0
1
2
3
4
5
Energy demand
ancestors
Social acceptable view

Definition of Bio-Architecture
Bio-architecture is a product of human activity developed by an individual
or corporation which leads to execution of building plans without restrictions
of the existing or future needs of an ecosystem.
Bio-architecture is a product of an environmental design of habitat, in which people
want to and can live in a harmonic relationship with other living creatures and
organisms; assisted by innovating technologies, a respect for local conditions, a use
of the potential of the territory and an inspiration in natural systems.
Bio-architecture draws the best inspiration from traditional architecture or from acts
by people long settled in the place and using the surrounding country to survive
(agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing). The year account often loses
its categorisation function in traditional architecture instead of DEVELOPMENT,
the principle of TRADITION takes over. [Authors]

87
7. Resources Consulted
[1] ELSA ,Fabio Bertrand: Bioarchitecture, http://www.mybestlife.com/eng_bio
[2] GALLO Cettina; Bioarchitecture Toward a Sustainable Architecture,
http://www.mybestlife.com/eng_bio/Bio-
Architecture/Sustainable_architecture.htm, publ. Built Environment 1/99
[3] STODOLA Milan: Reere Architektura-Inspirace prodou. (Architecture
Inspiration in the Nature Search). Technick univerzita v Liberci, 2005-05 -25
[4] TOMSOV Eva: selected texts on bio-architecture, further also
http://www.anab.org
[5] http://slovnik-cizich-slov.abz.cz
[6] quotations from http://www.kyberpunk.org/index.php/Arcologie, a theory by
Paolo Soleri at http://www.arcosanti.org/theory/arcology/intro.html
[7] The Czech definition refers to the report by the World Commission on
Environment and Development (i.e. the Brundtland Report) of 1987
[8] SCHMEIDLER Karel: Urbanismus a zemn rozvoj ronk IV, . 2/2001
(Urbanism and Territorial Development year IV, No.2/2001)
[9] Materials of the civic association EKODM http://www.ekodum.ecn.cz/, LEA
http://www.lea.ecn.cz
[10] BIDLOV Jitka , USTROV Veronika : Solar City Linz, Literrn noviny 2006-28
str.9., as.ERA 21 . 3/2006 (Solar City Linz, Literary Magazine 2006-28 p.9.,
magazine ERA 21 No. 3/2006
[11] SCHANDL, Ji; Evaluation of the excursion to the Solar City SSI
http://www.cssi-cr.cz/zhodnoceni/zhodnoceni.asp
[12] Web pages of the Linz city: http://www.linz.at/solarcity/
[13] HRZA, Ji:Charty modernho urbanismu (Charters of Modern Urbanism),
AGORA, Praha, 2002
[14] PPS a Nadace Partnerstv: Utven msta (Establishment of a Place), Brno,
2003
[15] DAY, Christopher.: Duch a msto (Genius Loci and the Location), ERA, Brno,
2004
[16] THOMAS, Randall.: Sustainable Urban Design, SPON PRESS, 2003
[17] GEHL, Jan, GEMZE, Lars.: Nov mstsk prostory (New Urban Spaces), Era,
Brno, 2002
[18] GEHL, Jan: ivot mezi budovami (Life among Buildings), Nadace Partnerstv,
Brno, 2000
[19] HNILIKA, Pavel: Sdeln kae (Urban Porridge), Era, Brno, 2005
[20] http://www.biopolitics.gr/HTML/crreference.htm
88
[21] Bio News. Bio-syllabus n.24, 10/2000 str. 15 (Bio-syllabus No.24, 10/2000 p.
15) http://www.biopolitics.gr/HTML/PUBS/BIONEWS/pdfs/bio24.pdf
[22] Bio News. Bio-syllabus n.26, 04/2001, str.16 (Bio-syllabus No.26, 10/2000 p.
16) http://www.biopolitics.gr/HTML/PUBS/BIONEWS/pdfs/bionews26.pdf
[23] Bio News. Bio-syllabus n.22_04/2000, str. 6 (Bio-syllabus No.22_04/2000, p. 6)
http://www.biopolitics.gr/HTML/PUBS/BIONEWS/pdfs/bio24.pdf
[24] http://www.baubiologie.cz/
[25] Firemn filantropie (Business Philanthropy): www.businessinfo.cz
[26] CD EKONOMY II (LEA 2005)
[27] www.nizkoenergetickeapasivnidomy.cz
[28] Institute for the Joint Use of Kyushu University, Bio-Architecture Center,
http://hyoka.ofc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/search/organization/11250000/english.html
[29] Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture
http://hyoka.ofc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/search/organization/03160300/english.html
[30] TODD, John;TODD, Nancy Jack: From Eco-Cities to Living Machines - Principles
of Ecological Design - http://books.google.com
[31] MIVA Austria, Christophorus Haus - information CDrom
[32] http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=449
[33] SITTA Vladimr: Potebujeme krajinnou architekturu jako zvltn disciplnu? (Do
We Need Landscape Architecture as a Special Discipline?), Zahrada-Park-Krajina
6/2006, p.32-37, SZKT o.s.
[34] BERRY Thomas, Center for Ecozoic Studies: individual theoretical papers
www.ecozoicstudies.org
[35] KOZK Pavel: practical workshops about energy in the landscape
[36] TAJBO Jan: practical workshops about energy in the landscape
[37] POGANIK Marko: practical workshops about energy in the landscape
[38] ULMOV Anna: practical workshops about energy in the landscape
[39] HOZMAN Oldich: Celostn architektura - pednky teorie stavn podle Feng
Shui (Holistic Architecture lectures on theory of construction according to
Feng Shui)
[40] Architektura podle Sthapatya vedy (Architecture according to Sthapatya Veda):
http://www.tmcentrum.cz; http://www.mgc-vastu.com;
http://www.sthapatyaveda.com
[41] KENNEDY David Daniel: Feng uej pro kadho (Feng Shui for Everyone),
Svojtka&Co., Praha, 2003
[42] MOLLISON Bill, SLAY Mia Reny: vod do permakultury (Introduction into
Permaculture), Permakultra (cs) Revca, 1994, ISBN 80-968132-0-X
89
[43] HRADIL Radomil a kol.: esk biozahrada (Czech Biogarden), Fontna, 2000,
ISBN 80-86179-46-X
[44] http://www.priroda.cz/slovnik.php
[45] BURIAN Vlastimil: pages on the root waste water treatment plant
http://cistirna.hyperlink.cz all copyright for published information are
reserved to Ing. Jan Vymazal, CSc.
[46] ZO SOP Veronica Brno: http://hostetin.org
[47] Vanda Jesensk , magazine Domov No. 4/2005, and web pages of the author
www.arc.cz
[48] ERA21, 1/2007, http://www.archiweb.cz/buildings.php?action=show&id=992
[49] ERA21, 1/2007 and web pages of project authors: www.gtl-kassel.de
[50] http://www.solarbau.de/monitor/doku/proj13/mainproj.htm
[51] http://www.marktredwitz2006.de/, http://www.krajinnavystava06.cz,
http://www.e-architekt.cz
[52] Developed using materials of ing. Drahomra Kolmanov and papers for the
magazine Zahrada-Park-Krajina (Garden-Park-Landscape) Spolenost pro
zahradn a krajinskou tvorbu, o.s., 2003-2006
[53] www.e-architekt.cz
[54] materials of Nadace Partnerstv, the Tree of Life Programme were provided by
Miroslava Droblkov, www.stromzivota.cz, www.nadacepartnerstvi.cz
[55] MF DNES - Ve svt pika, doma nedocenn(Top in the World, Undevalued at
Home). author:HOMOLOV Marie, 29.11.2005
[56] OTRUBA Ivar: Zahradn architektura pro stedn a vysok koly(Landscape
Architecture for Secondary Schools and Colleges), ERA, Brno, 2002

ADDITIONAL LITERATURE, WHICH WAS AN INSPIRATION TO AUTHORS
[57] CLEK Vclav: Krajiny vnitn a vnj (Internal and External Landscapes). Nakl.
Dokon, Praha, 2002
[58] CLEK Vclav: Makom, kniha mst (Makom, Book of Places). Nakl. Dokon,
Praha, 2004
[59] HOLL Steven: Paralaxa (Paralaxis),Vyd. ERA, Brno 2003
[60] BLAEK Bohuslav: Venkovy anamnza, diagnza, terapie (Rural Areas
Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy). Vyd. ERA, Brno 2004
[61] K Ladislav: Obytn krajina (Habitable Landscape), S.V.U.Mnes Svoboda,
Praha, 1947
[62] Tv na zem krajina domova, sbornk 2.konference o krajin (Face of Our
Earth Landscape of Home, collection of papers from the 2nd Landscape
Conference), ISBN 80-86512-12-6, ISBN 80-86512-11-8 (set), KA, Praha 2002
90
[63] ORR Restall Emma: iv tradice druid (Living Tradition of Druids). Nakl.
Eminent, Praha, 2006
[64] HAGENEDER,F.: Stromy-velk kniha-duch strom (Trees Big Book Spirit of
Trees). FONTNA, 2003
[65] KOZK Pavel.: Energie krajiny (Energy of the Landscape). ArchET, esk
Budjovice, 2005
[66] KOZK Pavel.: Atlantida ex post (Atlantis Ex Post). ArchET, esk Budjovice,
2006

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