Pengembangan Bioproduk Berkelanjutan:

Bioenergi dan Biokimia Bioenergi dan Biokimia

UNDIP,Semarang,15Juni 2013
RobertManurung
manurung@sith.itb.ac.id
Ketua Kelompok Keilmuan Agroteknologi dan Teknologi BioprodukITB
Anggota TimPerumus Strategi Induk PembangunanPertanian RI
1
G i B P t i Garis Besar Presentasi
2
Agriculture for Food Agriculture for Food
A global population of 9-10 billion
Access to a rich calories diet
Access to a diet based on meat and dairy products
We need to double our plant-production by 2050 for food and feed
to feed the world
Agriculture Beyond Food (5 F) Agriculture Beyond Food (5 F).
3
Energy and products : Energy and products :
Fossil supplies are running out
95% for energy
5% for products (plastics, etc)
I i il i Increasing oil-prices
Geo-political considerations
Care for global warming Care for global warming
Alternatives needed: Biobased Economy
4
FlowofEnergy
5
Bioenergi
6
EnergyDemandIndonesia
Year Fossil
fuel
Coal Gas LPG Electricity Biomass Biofuel
gy
million
kL
million
ton
BCF million
ton
GWh million
ton
million
kL
2010 52 33 625 3.2 162.1 111 0.307
2015 67 48 1074 6.0 239.7 110 0.799
2020 93 66 1814 6.7 389.7 117 2.227
2025 118 81 2773 7.4 614.6 107 7.272
2030 148 92 3692 8.3 937.4 76 12.972
Ucok WR Siagian, Pusat KebijakanKeenergianITB
7
EnergySupply(MW)Indonesia
2010 2025 2030
Normal Conserv
ation
Climate Normal Conserv
ation
Climate Normal Conserv
ation
Climate
ation ation ation
Biomass 500 536 580 926 1073 2742 1008 1268 4515
Geother 1093 1036 1160 8147 9192 12493 8824 10355 15946
d Hydro 3745 3931 3868 11501 13150 14931 12353 14793 18251
Gas 12875 11955 12483 32746 34184 37175 40337 46507 59556
Fossil 3260 3252 3235 3035 2952 3047 3025 2959 2882
fuel
Coal 19890 15008 13819 103321 73534 51318 186485 135248 83698
IGCC 2946
Solar 12 16 18 60 101 178 76 195 288
Total 41375 35734 35162 159736 134186 121884 252109 211325 192115
Ucok WR Siagian, Pusat KebijakanKeenergianITB
8
Primary Energy Supply Indonesia
Year Fossil fuel Coal Gas Biomass Biofuel
PrimaryEnergySupply Indonesia
million
kL
million
Bbl
million
ton
TCF million
ton
x1000
kL
2010 68 425 79 1 31 108 0 47 2010 68 425 79 1.31 108 0.47
2015 87 550 135 1.94 107 0.86
2020 120 754 191 2 86 116 2 09 2020 120 754 191 2.86 116 2.09
2025 149 936 331 3.79 106 7.45
2030 174 1094 542 4 76 82 13 05 2030 174 1094 542 4.76 82 13.05
Ucok WR Siagian, Pusat KebijakanKeenergianITB
9
Biofuel FactoryIndonesia
millionton/year
Ucok WR Siagian, Pusat KebijakanKeenergianITB
10
Biomassa
11
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
1 hectare = ~2.5 acres
12
TODAY & BUSINESS AS USUAL
30 million hectares soy
NEXT DECADE & FUTURE
30 million hectares switchgrass 30 million hectares soy 30 million hectares switchgrass
Switchgrass 1 to 3x protein productivity + 5
to 10 x mass productivity of soybeans
animal
protein
animal
protein
feed
oils
animal
protein
feed
Cellulose
hydrolyzed into 30
billion gallons
ethanol
oils
http://thayer.dartmouth.edu/thayer/rbaef/.
13
Sumber Biomassa (Lipid)
Jarak pagar (lipida: 12ton/ha/thn)
Kepoh (lipida :2 4ton/ha/thn)
Karet (lipida :0.02 0.04ton/ha/thn) Sawit (lipida:4 6ton/ha/thn)
14
Sumber biomassa (pati)
Rumput gajah (Gula dan pati:30ton/ha/thn
Singkong (Pati:20 40ton/ha/thn)
Sorgum (Gula dan pati: 20 40ton/ha/thn) Tebu (Gula :10ton/ha/thn)
15
Sumber biomassa (Mikroalga)
Kenapaalga?
Produktivitas tinggi
( g )
Produktivitastinggi
Kandunganminyak:2060%
2050kL/ha/thnminyak
Minyaksawit:4 6kL/ha/thn
Tidakadapersaingan
Tumbuhdilaut
Penggunaannutrisiresidual(CO
2
,N,P)
Nil i b h d k i ( h Nilaitambahproduksamping(cth:
pati,protein)
RenWijffels WageningenUR
16
Functionalised chemicalscanbemadefrom
Biomasswithoutmajorenthalpydifferences,but
notfromnaphtha(J.P.M.Sanders,WUR)
C H O (OCH )
C
x
H
z
N
C
x
H
z
N
Enthalpy
amine
C
x
H
z
O
y
(OCH
z
)
v
lignin
C
x
H
y
naphtha
ofat
C
x
H
y
O
z
C
x
H
y
protein
C
x
H
z
O
y
N S
v
C
x
H
z
O
y
carbohydrate
C
x
H
z
O
Oil / gas
Biorefinary way
Petrochemical way
Biomass
chemicals
one raw material
many raw materials
Many products
17
Sistem PertanianBiondustri Sistem Pertanian Biondustri
Berkelanjutan
18
* Jasa-jasa Ekosistem untuk j
Kesejahteraan
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
19
Konsep Holistik Pertanian Berkelanjutan
(hhtp://www.unesco.or/education)
20
Analogous Model of a Biobased Product Flow -chart for Biomass Feedstocks
T. Werpy, G. Petersen, Top Value Added Chemicals fromBiomass
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA
21
starch root
Pemrosesansingkong konvensional dandengankonsepbiorefinery
Plantation
Primary
processing
refinedstarch
Pre
treatment
Harvesting
modifiedstarch
glucose
starch,
6tons
root,
20tons/ha
waste
waste
stems+leaves
(a) Diagram rantai pasok pati konvensional
Plantation
Primary
processing
Pre
treatment
Harvesting
starch,
30tons
root,
100tons/ha
Modifications
glucose
(a)Diagramrantai pasok pati konvensional
shoots
Primary
fractionation
softstems
Fuels,
hardstems
dissolved
substances
Biogas
fractionation
Composting
Leaves+
shoottips
Chemical,
Materails.
Feedfor
energy
ogas
production Cattle
(b)Diagramrantai pasok pati yanglebih baik
Sotces: Robert Manurung
22
23
Analogy
Fuels and Energy Fuels and Energy
Bioethanol
gy
-Bioethanol
-Biodiesel
-Biogas
-Hydrogen
Crude oil
Biomass
Bulk chemicals
Chemicals
Chemicals
-Bulk chemicals
-Fine chemicals
-Biopolymers
Biorefinery
Refinery
Source:h.j.heeres,rug
24
Pilot biorefineryline Foxhol (Groningen)
(Prograss Consortium) New Grassa(Oenkerk) (Prograss Consortium), New Grassa(Oenkerk)
white grass protein
Grass protein(products)
Green grass protein compound feed
Protein
Grass juice
Grass juice
Fibers
compound feed
Grass juice
concentrate
+ ..... HTU-
Biofuel
Construction
material
+paper
Polymer
extrusion
products
Ethanol
25
26
Bioenergy Technologies
Boyle,RenewableEnergy,OxfordUniversityPress(2004)
27
Gasification Gasification
28
Pyrolysis y y
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html
29
Source : National Geographic Indonesia
30
InternationalCollaboration
ScientificProgramme IndonesiaNetherlands(SPIN)
SPIN 1 (2006 2010) SPIN1 (2006 2010)
InternationalResearchCorporationonJatropha curcas
sponsoredbyTheRoyalAcademyofArtsandSciences
(KNAW) (KNAW)
ITBandBPPTIndonesia RuG andWURtheNetherland
SPIN 2 (2011 2015 SPIN 2(2011 2015
BreakthroughinBiofuels:MobileTechnologyforBiodiesel
ProductionfromIndonesianResources
d b N th l d O i ti f S i tifi sponsoredbyNetherlands OrganizationfroScientific
Research(NWO),KNAW,RISTEK
ITBUGMUPRaya Indonesia RuG andWURtheNetherland
31
SPIN1:Biorefinery Jatropha Processing
Secondary fractionation
Protein
conversion
fertilizer
(catalytic) Upgrading End-use
conversion
Amino
acids
binder
Primary
fractionation Biomass Lignine
conversion
binder
pyrolysis
PPO
sugars
Fine-chemicals
starch
power and heat
and pharmaceuticals
bioethanol
power and heat
residues
Source : SPIN KNAW Project
32
Extractionandpurification
oil source
Pre-treatment(s)
Deshelling
Moisture. Conditioning
Extraction
Sizereduction
Extraction
Degumming Degumming
D idifi ti D idifi ti
Oil purification
Deacidification Deacidification
Bleaching Bleaching
Deodorization Deodorization
Pure plant oil
33
Novelfuels(metathesis)
34
SPIN2:BreakthroughinBiofuels
Oil crops
Seed
Biodiesel
PPO S d Bi di l
-Rubber
-J atropha
-Palm
processing
Unit
Biodiesel
synthesis
and work-up
PPO Seeds Biodiesel
(Local)
markets
Methanol/ Enzymes/
Ethanol
y
Base
catalysts
Proteins
Protein
Work-up
Source : Robert Mnanurung et al-ABF-NWO Project
SITH-ITB
35
Oilextractionandpurification
Jatropha kernel(oilcontent=5960%)
Oilextraction:
Conventionalmechanicalpressing=85%
Ethanolassistedmechanicalpressing=95%
GoodqualityoilasrequestedbyDINV51605
standards
Oilpurification:
Phosphoruscontent<1ppmand
acid value < 0 5 mg KOH/gr oil acidvalue<0.5mgKOH/groil
SITH-ITB
36
MobileBiodieselprocessingSystem:
Centrifugal contactorseparator (CCS)
Heavy out Light out
Centrifugalcontactor separator(CCS)
Heavy in
Li ht i
Heavy out Light out
Heavy in
Light in
(patentedinIndonesiaITBandEurope)
37
MobileBiodieselprocessingSystem:
Centrifugalcontactorseparator(CCS)
38
Integration of Jatropha oil and Cassava-ethanol productions system
Jatropha
plantation
Lipid extraction
and purification
Pure
Plant
Oil
Biomass
waste
compost
Composting
Continuous
esterification
Pressedcake
Biodiesel
heats
Pyrolysis Combustion
minerals
stalks
leafs
Cassava
field
Starch extraction,
fermentation and
distillation
Ethanol
minerals
stalks
Source : Robert Manurung
biogas
distillation
Biodigester
waste
minerals
39
Penutup
40
Conservation Agriculture in Brazil
Massive conversion of intensive tillage systems to no-till systems Massive conversion of intensive tillage systems to no till systems
Harnessing ecosystem services on-farm and on large landscape level
Agriculture is becoming a producer of clean water
41
Brazil: Leadership in Three Fronts
Brazil Brazil Agriculture Agriculture
Brazil Brazil Environment Environment
Carvo
Outras fontes
renovveis
3,8%
Urnio
1 4%
Brazil Brazil Sustainable Energy Sustainable Energy
Petrleo e
Derivados
37,9%
Madeira e outras
fontes de
biomassa
10,1%
Gs Natural
8,8%
Carvo
4,8%
1,4%
Cana-de-acar
18,1%
Hidroeletricidade
15,2%
42
Rehabilitasi Lahan Kering diKhortum Sudan
43
Manusia
vs vs
Teknologi ?
44
45