CCNA CheatSheet

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Cisco CCNA : OSI and TCP/IP

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Appication : Responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of desired
comm partner and verifying sufficient resources exist for comm. Ex: FTP, STP

Pr$s$ntation : Responsible for presenting the data in standard formats. Some
Presentation layer standards are !PE", PE", #$#, P#%T, &uic' Time, T#FF.

S$ssion : Responsible for co(ordinating communication bet)een systems*nodes.
Some of the session layer protocols and interfaces: +FS, RP%, S&,, -SP, $+- S%P

OSI )O'!*

Transport : Responsible for multiplexing upper(layer applications, session mgmt
tearing do)n of virtual circuits, flo) control and to maintain data integrity.

TCP/IP )O'!*

Appication : $efines T%P*#P application protocols and ho)
host programs interface )ith transport layer services to use
the net)or'. Ex: FTP, STP, Telnet

Transport : Provides communication session management bet)een
host computers. Ex: T%P, .$P

Int$rn$t : Performs routing of #P datagrams.
Ex: IP, ARP, ICMP
Som$ important port num+$rs
FTP : Port /0(/1 Telnet : Port /2 $3%P : Ports 45 and 46 P7P2 : Port 110
TFTP : Port 48 STP : Port /9 $+S : Port 92 3TTP : Port 60
N$t%or& : Responsible for sending pac'ets from the source net)or' to the destination
net)or' using routing methods. Routers )or' at net)or' layer.
'atain& : %onsists of ,,% sublayer and -% sublayer. ,,% handles error control, flo)
flo) control, framing etc. -% handles access to shared media such as ethernet.
Physica : Responsible for ultimate transmission of data over net)or' communications
media. Some of the standard interfaces at physical layer are E#-*T#-(/2/, :./;,:.29, 3SS#
Physica : %ontrols the hard)are devices and media that ma'e
up the net)or'.

Port num+$rs us$d +y TCP/,'P
0(/99 : .sed for public applications
/99(10/2 : -ssigned to companies
-bove 10/2 : .sed by upper layers to set up sessions )ith other hosts and by
T%P to use as source and destination addresses.
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Cisco CCNA : IOS
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Intrnal mmory componnts o' a cisco routr
(O) : Memory containing micro-code for basic functions to start and maintain the router.
(A)*$(A) : Stores the running configuration, routing tables, and packet buffers.
N+(A) : Memory that does not lose information when power is lost. Stores the systems
configuration file and the configuration register.
,lash )mory : Stores the compressed IOS image.

(outr -oot con'iguration comman.s
-oot systm (O) : boots from system OM
-oot systm 'lash /IOS 'il nam0 : boots
IOS from flash memory
-oot systm t'tp /IOS 'il nam0
/t'tp1a..r0 : boots IOS from a tftp ser!er

Cisco routr con'igura-l locations
"onsole port, #irtual $erminals %!ty&, 'u(iliary port, $)$* ser!er and +etwork management station
(outr mo.s o' opration inclu.
)o.2222222222222222222222222220 %rompt
user e(ec---------------------, outer,
*ri!ileged----------------------, outer -
global config------------------, outer%config&-
Interface config--------------, outer%config-if&-

(outr pass!or.s
.nable password
"onsole password
.nable Secret
#irtual terminal password %!ty&
'u(iliary password

#hr !ays routr larns to 'or!ar. pac"ts
1. Static routs : "onfigured by the administrator manually. Synta( : ip route /ip-addr,/mask-addr,/ip-addr,
Ex: 0%config&-ip route 012.034.255.5 266.266.266.5 012.034.0.2
2. $'ault routs : $his is used when a route is not known or is infeasible. Synta( : ip route 5.5.5.5 5.5.5.5 /ip-addr,
Ex: 0%config&-ip route 5.5.5.5 5.5.5.5 012.034.0.2
3. $ynamic routs : In dynamic routing, the routing tables are automatically updated.
7ynamic routing uses broadcasts and multicasts to communicate with other routers.

(outr Cursor Comman.s
/ctrl0 A: Mo!e to the beginning of the command line
/ctrl0 E: Mo!e to the end of the command line
/ctrl0 ,: Mo!e forward one character, same as using 8ight 'rrow9
/ctrl0 &: Mo!e backward one character, same as using 8:eft 'rrow;.
/ctrl0 %: epeat *re!ious command, same as using 8<p 'rrow9
/ctrl0 N: epeat +e(t %more recent& command, same as using ;7own 'rrow;
/sc0 &: Mo!es to beginning of pre!ious word.
/sc0 ,: Mo!es to beginning of ne(t word.
/ctrl0(: "reates new command prompt, followed by all the
characters typed at the last one.

)or in'o
$o enable the "isco IOS to forward packets destined for
obscure subnets of directly connected networks onto the best
route, use ;ip classless; command.
=y default, "isco routers support 6 simultaneous telnet sessions.
$his number can be configured using IOS commands.
(outr $'ault &oot S4unc 'or Cisco IOS
0. +#'M >. $)$* ser!er
2. )lash %se?uential& @. OM
$he router first looks at Startup "onfig file in +#
'M, if not a!ailable, it falls back to )lash, then
to $)$* and then to OM.

Con'iguration (gistr Comman.
(outr5con'ig67 con'ig2rgistr 0x10x (where that last x is 0-F in hex), when the last ( is: 0 A boot
into OM Monitor modeB 1 A boot the OM IOSB 2 2 18 A look in startup-config file in +#'M.
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Cisco CCNA : Password Recovery
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Note : %he give procedures are geeric i ature) ad *or e"act se+uece o* steps) please re*er to product maual#

Procedure 1
Complete these steps in order to recover your password:
1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of the router and
set terminal settings to 9600 baud rate !o parity " data bits 1 stop bit !o flow
control.
#he configuration register is usually set to 0$%10% or 0$10%. &f you can no longer
access the router you can safely assume that your configuration register is set to
0x2102.
%. 'se the power switch in order to turn off the router and then turn the router bac( on.
). Press (rea$ on the terminal (eyboard within 60 seconds of power up in order to put
the router into *+,mon.
-. #ype co*reg 0"21,2 at the rommon 1. prompt in order to boot from /lash. #his step
bypasses the startup configuration where the passwords are stored.
0. #ype reset at the rommon %. prompt.
#he router reboots but ignores the saved configuration.
6. #ype o after each setup 1uestion or press Ctrl-C in order to s(ip the initial setup
procedure.
2. #ype ea.le at the *outer. prompt.
3ou are in enable mode and should see the *outer4 prompt.
". #ype co*igure memory or copy startup-co*ig ruig-co*ig in order to copy
the nonvolatile *A, 5!6*A,7 into memory.
9. #ype co*igure termial.
#he router5config74 prompt appears.
10. #ype ea.le secret /password0 in order to change the ea.le secret password.
/or e$ample:
router5config74ea.le secret cisco
11. &ssue the o shutdow command on every interface that you use.
1%. #ype write memory or copy ruig-co*ig startup-co*ig in order to commit the
changes.

Procedure 2

Complete these steps in order to recover your password:
1. 8hut down the router.
%. *emove the compact flash that is at the bac( of the router.
). Power on the router.
-. +nce the *ommon1. prompt appears enter this command:
co*reg 0"21,2
0. &nsert the compact flash.
6. #ype reset.
2. 9hen you are prompted to enter the initial configuration type No and press !ter.
". At the *outer. prompt type ea.le.
9. At the *outer4 prompt enter the co*igure memory command and press !ter in
order to copy the startup configuration to the running configuration.
10. 'se the co*ig t command in order to enter global configuration mode.
11. 'se this command in order to create a new user name and password:
router5config74userame cisco password cisco
1%. 'se this command in order to change the boot statement:
co*ig-register 0"2102
1). 'se this commnd in order to save the configuration:
write memory
*eload the router and then use the new user name and password to log in to the
router.
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Cisco CCNA : IPv4 Addressing
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IP Address Intro
1. An IP address (32 bit number, 4 bytes) consists of four octets seperated
by dots.
The octet is a binary number of eight digits, hich e!ua"s the decima" numbers
from # to 2$$.
2. The internet protoco" defines the specia" netor% address 12)#0#0#1 as a
"oca" "oopbac% address.

Converting (inry to 'eciml
&inary is a base 2 system ith on"y to numbers # or 1.
The eightage of binary digits from right most bit position to the "eft most bit
position is gi'en be"o.
!"mple :
(on'ert 1##111#1 into a decima" 'a"ue.
There are eight bits in the binary number. The decima" 'a"ue for each bit position
is gi'en be"o*
To con'ert, you simp"y ta%e a 'a"ue from the top ro here'er there is a 1 be"o,
and then add the 'a"ues together.
i.e, 1*2) + 0*2, + 0*2
-
+ 1*24 + 1*2
.
+ 1*22 + 0*2
1
+ 1*20

+ 12, - # - # - 1. - , - 4 - # - 1
/ 1-) 0deciml vlue1

Converting 'eciml to (inry
/ecima" is a &ase 1# system ith 1# possib"e 'a"ues (# to 0)
To con'ert decima" to binary, simp"y di'ide the decima" 'a"ue by 2 and then rite
don the remainder, repeat this process unti" you cannot di'ide by 2 anymore.
1or e2amp"e, ta%e the decima" 'a"ue 1-)*
1$3 4 2 + 3, ith a remainder of 1 3, 4 2 + 30ith a remainder of #
30 4 2 + 10 ith a remainder of 1 10 4 2 + 0 ith a remainder of 1
0 4 2 + 4 ith a remainder of 1 4 4 2 + 2 ith a remainder of #
2 4 2 + 1 ith a remainder of # 1 4 2 + # ith a remainder of 1

To con'ert, rite this remainder first555555555556

7e2t rite don the 'a"ue of the remainders from bottom to top (in other ords
rite don the bottom remainder first and or% your ay up the "ist) hich
gi'es*

10011101 / 1-)
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IP Address Intro
1. An IP address (32 bit number, 4 bytes) consists of four octets seperated
by dots.
The octet is a binary number of eight digits, hich e!ua"s the decima" numbers
from # to 2$$.
2. The internet protoco" defines the specia" netor% address 12)#0#0#1 as a
"oca" "oopbac% address.

IP Address Clsses 0 Pu2lic IP rnge1
Clss 3ormt 4eding52it5pttern Net$or%5ddr5rnge 6"5net$ 6"5hosts
A 7.8.8.8 # #512. 123 1.,333,214

& 7.7.8.8 1# 12,5101 1.,3,4 .$,$34
( 7.7.7.8 11# 102 5223 2,#03,1$2 2$4
("ass / addresses are used for mu"ticasting, they begin ith 9111#: and the addr range is 2245230.
("ass ; addresses are reser'ed addresses that begin ith 91111#: and the range is 24#52$4.
IPV4 Header

Privte ddr rnge * Clss A * 1#.#.#.# to 1#.2$$.2$$.2$$, Clss ( * 132.1..#.# to 132.31.2$$.2$$,
Clss C * 102.1.,.#.# to 102.1.,.2$$.2$$

Su2net 6s% nd CI'7 nottion
A <ubnet mas% is a 325bit number that mas%s an IP address, and di'ides the IP address into netor%
address and host address.
<ubnet =as% is made by setting netor% bits to a"" >1>s and setting host bits to a"" >#>s.

'e8ult Su2net 6s%s

Clss A : 2--#0#0#09 Clss ( : 2--#2--#0#09 Clss C : 2--#2--#2--#0
CI'7 Nottion * ("ass"ess Inter /omain ?outing ((I/?) is a method for assigning IP addresses ithout
using the standard IP address c"asses "i%e ("ass A, ("ass & or ("ass (.
In (I/? notation, an IP address is represented as A.&.(./ @n, here >@n> is ca""ed the IP prefi2 or netor%
prefi2. The IP prefi2 identifies the number of significant bits used to identify a netor%.
!"* 21..3.12,.12, ith subnet mas% of 2$$.2$$.2$$.12, may be ritten as 21..3.12,.12@2$ using
CIDR Notation.

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Cisco CCNA : Subnetting
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Subnetting Scenario 'uestion 1
You want X number of subnets, what is the subnet mask ? (Assume we need 10 subnets, i.e, X=10)
"ip : Convert X to binar, determine how man !ow order bits need to make the number, that man bits is number of hi"h order bits that make u# our subnet mask, $onvert hi"h order bits to
de$ima! va!ue.

Solution :
Consider the C!ass C address % &.&.&.' where & is the &etwork #ortion and ' is the host #ortion. 'ost (ortion is as shown )))))*
Step 1: Convert 10 to binar. +inar e,uiva!ent of 10 is as shown )))))))))*
Step 2: &umber of !ow order bits re,uired to make the number is - (from the fi"ure shown above)
Step (: .herefore - hi"h)order bits make u# the subnet mask, i.e, 1/0, 1-, 2/, 11
Add - hi"h order bits to $reate subnet mask i.e. 1/031-32/311=/-0 (11110000). .he subnet mask is 2)).2)).2)).2)).2*0
/44./44./44./-0 is re#resented as ))))))))*
+e,uirement -or #%.* Subnetting
1. 5ffi$ient use of avai!ab!e 6( address s#a$e
/. &etwork traffi$ iso!ation
2. 6m#roved se$urit
-. 7imitin" broad$ast messa"es

Subnetting Scenarios
.he subnettin" s$enarios ma broad! be divided in to two $ate"ories:
1. 8#timi9e for a "iven number of hosts
/. 8#timi9e for a "iven number of subnets
:ina!!, determine the host address ran"e for ea$h avai!ab!e subnet.
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Subnetting Scenario 'uestion 2
How many subnet bits are required for X number of hosts ? (Assume X value to be 5 in this case)
"ip : Convert X (for the subnets) to binary, determine the number of bits needed for the host ortion, additionally determine the subnet mas! from the remainin" bits, usin" formula #$, find the
relevant number of subnets in this scenario%
%

Solution :
Step 1: Consider the Class C address &%&%&%H, where H is the host ortion whose binary and decimal reresentation is as shown ''''(
Convert 5 to binary% )inary equivalent of 5 is as shown '''''''''(
Step 2: As shown in the fi"ure above, the number of bits needed for the host ortion are *% +herefore, #
bits
'#,#*'#,- (-(5)
* bits are required for the host ortion for 5 hosts%

Step ( )A**itional+: +o !now the subnet mas! , add the decimal value of the remainin" 5 bits i%e, (.#/0-10*#0.-0/) , #1/
2ubnet 3as! is #55%#55%#55%#1/ (........%........%........%.....444)
&umber of subnet bits: #5, here 5 bits are used from the host ortion of our subnet mas!
+herefore number of subnets required is (#n), where 6n6 is the number of bits bein" used from the host ortion of our subnet mas! i%e% 5
+herefore, #5,*# is the number of subnets
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Subnetting Scenario 'uestion (
Determine the range of valid IP Addresses for an X subnet mask ? (Assume X value to be 240 in this case)
"ip !onvert X to binar" and determine the decimal value of lo#est high order bit$ start the range of addresses at that value$ and increment the range b" that value%
%

Solution
Step 1 !onvert 240 to binar"% &inar" e'uivalent of 240 is as sho#n ((((((((()
Step 2 *he decimal value of lo#est high order bit is +, (2
4
) as seen from the figure above% *herefore$ this number becomes the increment value to determine the IP address ranges%
-ubnet .ask 2//%2//%2//%240
-ubnet &its 20 1ost &its 4
2umber of -ubnets +, 1osts 3er -ubnet +4
*he range of addresses for the given mask is as sho#n (((((()
Note All 4eros and all ones host addresses cannot be used%
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Cisco CCNA : Routing Protocols
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Classlss Routing Protocols
In classless routing protocols, subnet information is exchanged during routing updates.
This results in more efficient utilization of IP addresses. The summarization in classless networks
is manually controlled. Ex: IP !", EI#P, $%P&, '#P !(, and I%)I%

Routing Protocols

outing protocols *ob is to maintain routing tables
and route packets appropriately.
Examples of routing are IP, I#P, EI#P, $%P&.

Rout' Protocols
outed protocols are used to transport user traffic
from source node to destination node.
Examples of routed protocols are IP, IP+ and
,ppleTalk.

ARP

,ddress esolution Protocol -,P. is used to resol!e a hosts IP
address to its physical address -such as /,0 address., to
allow communication on a multi)access medium such as ethernet.
e!erse ,P -,P. is used to obtain an IP address from physical
address -such as /,0.. ,P broadcast may be used to obtain IP
address to boot by diskless workstations o!er a network.

#yps o( Routing Protocols

Distance Vector: 1istance !ector routing determines the direction
and distance to any link in the internetwork. %maller the metric,
better the path. 1istance !ector routing is useful for smaller
networks. Ex: IP and I#P.
)in" Stat: ,lso known as %P& algorithms, %P& generates the
exact topology of the entire network for route computation by
listening to the first hand information. 'andwidth and delay
are the most widely used metrics. Ex: $%P& and 23%P.

&alanc' *y+ri': 'alanced 4ybrid combines some aspects of
3ink %tate and 1istance 5ector routing protocols. It uses
distance !ectors with more accurate metrics to determine the
best paths to destination networks. Ex: EI#P
%(ault A'ministrati, 'istancs

1irectly 0onnected Interface))))))6 7 External '#P))))))))))6 "7
%tatic oute))))))6 8 Internal '#P)))))))))))6 "77
Internal EI#P))))))6 97
I#P))))))6 877
$%P&))))))6 887
IP))))))6 8"7
I%)I%))))))6 88:
;nknown "::
,n administrati!e distance of 7 represents highest trustworthiness of the route.
,n administrati!e distance of ":: represents the lowest trustworthiness of the route.

Class(ul Routing Protocols
0lassful routing protocols do not exchange subnet information during routing information exchanges.
The summarization is always done automatically at ma*or network boundaries.
Ex: IP !8, I#P
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Cisco CCNA : EIGRP and OSPF
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OSPF ro!t%r I) d%t%rination
1. Use the address configured by the ospf router-id command
2. Use the highest numbered IP address of a loopback
interface
3. Use the highest IP address of any physical interface
4. If no interface exists set the router-I! to "."."."
)R and *)R E"%ction
#hen t$o or more routers are contending to be a !% &designated %outer' on a net$ork segment the router $ith the highest ()P* priority $ill become the !% for that
segment. +he same process is repeated for the ,!%. In case of a tie the router $ith the highest %I! $ill $in.
OSPF Ar%a (yp%s
Standard Ar%a - !efault ()P* area type
St!+ Ar%a - .xternal link &type /' 0)1s are replaced $ith a default route
(ota""y St!++y Ar%a - +ype 3 4 and / 0)1s are replaced $ith a default route
Not So St!++y Ar%a ,NSSA- - 1 stub area containing an 1),%2 type / 0)1s are
con3erted to type 4 $ithin the area

OSPF Priority
+he ip ospf priority command is
used to set manually $hich router
becomes the !%. +he range is "-
2// and the default is 1. " means it
$ill ne3er be !% or ,!%.
Ro!t%r (yp%s

Int%rna" Ro!t%r - 1ll interfaces reside $ithin the same area
*ac'+on% Ro!t%r - 1 router $ith an interface in area " &the backbone'
Ar%a *ord%r Ro!t%r ,A*R- - 5onnects t$o or more areas
AS *o!ndary Ro!t%r ,AS*R- - 5onnects to additional routing domains2 typically located in
the backbone

EIGRP ,Enhanc%d Int%rior Gat%&ay Protoco"-
OSPF,Op%n Short%st Path First-

Routing metrics used by IGRP
*and&idth- +his is represents the maximum throughput of a link.
.(/ &6aximum +ransmission Unit'- +his is the maximum message length that is acceptable to
all links on the path. +he larger 6+U means faster transmission of packets.
R%"ia+i"ity- +his is a measurement of reliability of a net$ork link. It is assigned by the
administrator or can be calculated by using protocol statistics.
)%"ay- +his is affected by the band $idth and 7ueuing delay.
0oad- 0oad is based among many things 5PU usage packets processed per sec

Iportant t%rs !s%d in EIGRP
S!cc%ssor- 1 route &or routes' selected as the primary route&s' used to
transport packets to reach destination. 8ote that successor entries are kept in
the routing table of the router$
F%asi+"% s!cc%ssor- 1 route &or routes' selected as backup route&s' used
to transport packets to reach destination. 8ote that feasible successor entries
are kept in the topology table of a router.
)/A0 ,)i11!sing /pdat% A"gorith-- .nhanced I9%P uses !U10 algorithm to
calculate the best route to a destination
*or I9%P routing you need to pro3ide 1) &1utonomous )ystem' number in the command. %outers need 1) number to exchange routing information.
%outers belonging to same 1) exchange routing information.
OSPF and OSPF Ar%a
()P* is a link state technology that uses !i:kstra algorithm to compute routing
information.
1n ()P* area is a collection of net$orks and routers that ha3e the same area
identification.()P* process identifier is locally significant.
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Cisco CCNA : Frame Relay
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#ypes o( )irtual circuits *+cs, in Frame Relay
Frame Relay is purely a Layer 2 standard.
Two types of Vcs in FR
1 &ermanent +irtual Circuits *&+Cs,: these are permanently established connections that are used
for frequent and consistent data transfers between DTEs across a Frame Relay cloud.
2 S!itche- +irtual Circuits *S+Cs,: these are temporary connections used in situations requiring
only occasional data transfers between DTEs across Frame Relay cloud. The terms !all "etup#
Data Transfer# $dle# and !all Termination are associated with "V!s.

Frame Relay connection types
1 &oint.to.&oint: $n point%to%point connection type# a single sub interface establishes a &V!
connection to another physical interface or sub%interface

2 /ulti.point '$n multipoint connection type# a single sub%interface is used to establish multiple &V!
connections to se(eral physical interfaces or sub%interfaces. $n multipoint Frame%Relay networ)# split
hori*on rule is applicable to broadcast traffic.

%0C$ *%ata 0in" Connection $-enti(ier,
Salient (eatures
+. DL!$s ha(e only local significance. $t means# the end de(ices o(er FR networ) can ha(e different
DL!$ numbers
2. DL!$ number is pro(ided by the FR ser(ice pro(ider. DL!$ number is mapped to Layer , protocol
address using -Frame%Relay map- statement.
,. DL!$ numbers must be unique on a router.

Frame relay su1.inter(aces
.hen configuring frame%relay using sub interfaces the physical interfaces on
which sub interfaces are configured would not be assigned any $& address.
E(en if one is assigned it should be remo(ed prior to configuring frame%relay.
$f an $& address is assigned to physical interface# the sub interfaces defined
within the physical interface will not recei(e any frames.
Split hori2on is a method of pre(enting a routing loop in a networ). To o(ercome the
split hori*on# sub%interfaces can be configured on /012 networ)s.
Frame Relay encapsulation types an- 0/$ #ypes
!isco supports two types of Frame Relay encapsulation' cisco *-e(ault,3 an- iet(
3se $ETF when setting up a frame%relay networ) between a !isco router and a non%
!isco router.
Frame%Relay L1$ types are Cisco *-e(ault,3 ANS$3 4566A4 L1$ type is auto%sensed
in $5" (++.2 and up.
"how frame%relay lmi command shows L1$ stats.

%0C$ Con(iguration
The command used to assign dlci number to a sub interface is'
R1*con(ig.i(,7(rame.relay inter(ace.-lci 8-lci.num1er9
Ex: R1*con(ig.i(,7(rame.relay inter(ace.-lci 100
/ote that prior to issuing the abo(e command4 issue the following command to get
into proper sub interface configuration mode'
R1*con(ig,7inter(ace serial num1ersu1inter(ace.num1er :multipoint ; point.
to.point< Ex: R1*con(ig,7inter(ace serial 01 point.to.point
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Cisco CCNA : Access-Lists
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Access Lists
IP access lists are a sequential list of permit and deny conditions that apply to IP addresses or upper
layer protocols. Access Control Lists are used in routers to identify and control traffic.

&urpose o( Access Lists

1. Controlling traffic through a router, and
2. Controlling VT access to a router!s VT
ports
". #ilter incoming and outgoing pac$ets
%. &estrict contents of routing updates
'. Trigger dial(on(demand routing )**&+ calls

#ypes o( $& Access Lists
,tandard IP Access Lists
Extended IP Access Lists
-amed Access Lists

)il* Car* +as"ing

.ild card mas$ing is used to permit or deny a group of addresses.
#or e/ample, if 0e ha1e a source address 12'.'%.1".2 and 0ant all the
hosts on the last octet to 3e considered, 0e use a 0ild card mas$,
12'.'%.1".2''.
The "2 3it 0ildcard mas$ consists of 1!s and 4!s
1 5 ignore this 3it
4 5 chec$ this 3it

Special Case: 6ost 12'.'%.1".2 is same as 12'.'%.1".2 0ith a 0ild card
mas$ of 4.4.4.4, considers only specified IP.
Any is equi1alent to saying 4.4.4.4 0ith a 0ild card mas$ of
2''.2''.2''.2''. This means none of the 3its really matter. All IP
addresses need to 3e considered for meeting the criteria.

Stan*ar* Access List
1. These ha1e the format, access-list ,num-er. ,permit or *eny. ,source/a**ress.
Ex: access(list 1 permit 172.182.2.4 4.4.4.2''
2. Place standard access lists as near the destination as possi3le and e/tended access lists
as close to the source as possi3le.
". Access lists ha1e an implicit deny at the end of them automatically. 9ecause of this, an
access list should ha1e at least one permit statement in it: other0ise the access list 0ill
3loc$ all remaining traffic.
%. Access lists applied to interfaces default to out3ound if no direction is specified.

Exten*e* Access Lists an* Name* Access Lists
;/tended Access lists ha1e the format,
access-list 0num-er10permit or *eny1 0protocol1 0source1source-!il*car* ,operator
,port..0*estination1 *estination-!il*car* ,operator ,port..
.ith e/tended IP access lists, 0e can act on any of the follo0ing<
( ,ource address ( Port information )..., *-,, #TP, etc.+
( *estination address
( IP protocol )TCP, IC=P, >*P, etc.+
Ex: access(list 141 permit icmp host 172.182.".2 any

-amed Access lists ha1e the format, ip access-list 0stan*ar* 2exten*e*1 name
Ex: ip access(list e/tended denyping

&ermitte* num-ers (or access-lists
1-99: IP standard access list 100-199: IP extended access list 800-899: IPX standard access list
1000-1099: IPX SAP access list 1100-1199: Extended 48-bit MAC address access list 900-999: IPX extended access list
cvcccccCisco
Cisco CCNA : NAT
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&'erloa(ing
A special case of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered (globally
unique) IP address by using different port numbers.
Dynamic NAT with oerloading is also !nown also as PAT (Port Address Translation).

Static NAT
"aps an unregistered IP address to registered IP (globally unique) addresses on one#to#one basis.
The command$ ip nat insi(e source static )local ip* )glo+al ip* configures address translation for
static NAT.

Con,iguring NAT

%hen configuring NAT$ NAT should be enabled on at least
one inside and one outside interface.
&. The command for enabling NAT on inside interface is'
-1.con,ig/i,01ip nat insi(e
(. The command for enabling NAT on the outside interface
is'
-1.con,ig/i,01ip nat outsi(e
)emember to enter into appropriate configuration modes
before entering the commands.
*sually$ the inside NAT will be configured on an +thernet
interface$ whereas the outside NAT is configured on a
serial interface.

A((ress Classi,ication

"nsi(e 2ocal ' An actual address assigned to an inside host
"nsi(e 3lo+al ' An inside address seen from the outside
&utsi(e 3lo+al ' An actual address assigned to an outside host
&utsi(e 2ocal ' An outside address seen from the inside

NAT $ool ' A pool of IP addresses to be used as inside global or
outside local addresses in translations
#e,ining an "$ NAT $ool

&. Defining an IP NAT pool for the inside networ! using the command'
ip nat pool )pool/name* )start/ip* )en(/ip* 4netmas! )net/mas!* 5 pre,ix/length )pre,ix/length*6 7type/
rotary8 Ex: ip nat pool pool1 200.200.200.3 200.200.200.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
Note that type#rotary is optional command. It indicates that the IP address range in the address pool identifies
hosts among which T,P load is distributed.
(. "apping the access#list to the IP NAT pool by using the command'
ip nat insi(e source list )access/list/num+er* pool )pool/name* Ex: ip nat inside source list 1 pool pool1

#ynamic NAT
"aps an unregistered IP address to a registered (globally unique) IP address from a group of registered
(globally unique) IP addresses.
The command$ ip nat insi(e source list )access/list/num+er* pool )name*
is used to map the access#list to the IP NAT pool during the configuration of Dynamic NAT.
&'erlapping
This occurs when your internal IP addresses belong to global IP address range that belong to another
networ!.

IPv6 : Points to Remember
1. IPv6 address is 128 bits in length represented in hexadecimal
2. IPv6 Loopback address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, also expressed as ::1.
3. IPv6 reserves to special addresses. !he" are 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 and 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1.
#. !hree transition strategies $or migration $rom ipv6 to ipv# are d%al stacking, 6&to&# t%nneling and '(!&P!
cvcccccCisco
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$,I-6. /orm#t
)(* to +,I&6# conversion inserts hex -...+/ in the middle o$ a )(* addr, !hen $lips
the ,0L bit to 1, in order to create a 6#&bit inter$ace I1 $rom a #2&bit )ac address.

IPv6 Comm!nic#tion )ypes

,nic#st : %sed $or one&to&one comm%nication.
!here are 3 t"pes o$ %nicast addresses namel"
global, %ni3%e&local and link&local
0!"tic#st : %sed $or one&to&man" comm%nication
IPv6 m%lticast address begins ith 4..4
Anyc#st : %sed $or one&to&one&o$&man"
comm%nication

IPv6 Address copes

::00&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&5 1e$a%lt 6o%te
::0122&&&&&&&&&&&&5 ,nspeci$ied
::10122&&&&&&&&&&&5 Loopback
.*00::07&&&&&&&&&5 ,ni3%e Local ,nicast
.+20::010&&&&&&&&5 Link&Local ,nicast
.+*0::010&&&&&&&5 8ite&Local ,nicast
..00::02&&&&&&&&&&5 )%lticast

IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 address consists o$ 2 gro%ps o$ $o%r hexadecimal digits separated b" colons and hich mainl" consists
o$ 3 segments called 9lobal Pre$ix hich is o$ #2 bits, s%bnet part ith 16 bits and Inter$ace I1 called as :ost
part ith 6# bits.
!he $irst 3 octets constit%te 9lobal Pre$ix, the $o%rth octet constit%te s%bnet part and the last $o%r $orm the
Inter$ace I1.
R!"es : a; <ne set o$ 0=s in the address can be replaced b" :: b%t this can be done onl" once
b; <ne or an" n%mber o$ consec%tive gro%ps o$ 0 val%e can be replaced ith to colons >::;

IPv6 1e#der

2ersion ># bits; : IP version n%mber >6;
)r#33ic C"#ss >2 bits; : ,sed $or ?o8
/"o' 4#be" >20 bits; : ,sed $or packet labelling
P#y"o#d 4ength >16 bits; : Length o$ the IPv6 pa"load
Ne%t 1e#der >2 bits; : Identi$ies the t"pe o$ header $olloing the IPv6 header
1op 4imit >2 bits; : '%mber o$ hops %ntil the packet gets discarded.
o!rce Address >122 bits; : 8o%rce IP address
*estin#tion Address >122 bits; : 1estination IP address
cvcccccCisco
Cisco CCNA : Configuration Commands
A. Setting Passwords
Sl. No. Task Commands
1 Configure router console password as "ciscocs"
R1(config)#line console 0
R1(config-line)#login
R1(config-line)#password ciscocs
2 Configure router vty password as "ciscovty"
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#password ciscovty
3 Configure router auiliary password as "ciscoau"
R1(config)#line au 0
R1(config-line)#password ciscoau
4 !et t"e encrypted ena#le password as "cisco" R1(config)#ena#le secret cisco
$ !et t"e unencrypted ena#le password as "ccna" R1(config)#ena#le password ccna
B. Router Copy Commands
% Copy t"e running-configuration to startup-configuration (&R'( to )*R'() R1#copy running-config startup-config (copy run start)
+ Copy t"e startup-configuration to running-configuration ()*R'( to &R'() R1#copy startup-config running-config (copy start run)
, Copy t"e startup-configuration to a -.-/ server R1#copy startup-config tftp (copy start tftp)
0 Copy t"e running-configuration to a -.-/ server R1#copy running-config tftp (copy run tftp)
10 !ave a #ac1up of t"e 23! to a -.-/ server R1#copy flas" tftp
11 4pgrade t"e 23! fro5 a -.-/ server R1#copy tftp flas"
C. Routing Commands
12 6na#le R2/ version1 on all 10271%,77 interfaces
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#networ1 10271%,7070
13 6na#le R2/ version 2
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
1$ 6na#le 628R/ wit" an '! nu5#er of 19 to all interfaces in t"e networ1 1071%,77
R1(config)#router eigrp 1
R1(config-router)#networ1 10271%,7070
1%
6na#le 3!/. on any local interface w"ic" starts wit" 2/ address
107177 9 note t"e inverted 5as1 and area7
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#networ1 10717070 07072$$72$$ area 0
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Cisco CCNA : VLANs and VTP
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VLANs ) Points to *#m#m+#r
1. VLAN 1 is the management VLAN.
2. Static VLAN : VLAN is statically assigned to the physical port and never changes.
3. 'ynamic VLAN : VMPS automatically assigns VLAN based on MA
!. Acc#ss Lin% : An access lin" can carry only one VLAN #used bet$een host and s$itch port%
&. Trun% Lin% : A trun" lin" can carry multiple VLANs. 'sed to connect to other s$itches(
routers( or servers
). *$o types o+ *run" +raming, -SL #isco only% and ./2.1.0
1. *run" lin"s can carry 1 to 1//& VLANs
.. S$itchport modes are trun"( dynamic desirable( dynamic auto( access.

VLAN con,iguration
Cr#ating VLANs
S213vlan database
S21#vlan%3vlan 1/ name +irstvlan
S21#vlan%3vlan 2/ name secondvlan
VTP ) Points to *#m#m+#r
1. V*P is a Layer 2 messaging protocol. -t carries con+iguration in+ormation throughout a
single domain
2. V*P Modes are
S#r-#r , reate( modi+y( or delete VLANs #*his is the dea+ult vtp mode on a s$itch%
Cli#nt , an4t create( change( or delete VLANs
Transpar#nt , 'sed $hen a s$itch is not re0uired to participate in V*P( but only pass
the in+ormation to other s$itches
3. V*P domain is common to all s$itches participating in V*P
!. Pruning is a techni0ue $here in VLANs not having any access ports on an end s$itch
are removed +rom the trun" to reduce +looded tra++ic
&. Con,iguration r#-ision num+#r is a 325bit number that indicates the level o+ revision
+or a V*P pac"et. 6ach time the V*P device undergoes a VLAN change( the con+ig
revision is incremented by one.
Acc#ss Port con,iguration
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport mode access
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport access vlan 1/
Trun% Port con,iguration

S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport mode trun"
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport trun" encapsulation dot10

VTP Con,iguration

SW1#vlan database
SW1(vlan)#vtp mode (Server/Client/Transparent)
SW1(vlan)#vtp domain <name>
SW1(vlan)#vtp password <password>
SW1(vlan)#vtp pruning
Trou+l#shooting commands
1. sow vlan
!. sow vlan"membersip
#. sow vtp status
$. sow inter%aces trun&
'. sow inter%ace <inter%ace"name> switcport
Acc#ss port con,ig to a rang# o, int#r,ac#s
S21#con+ig%3inter+ace range +a /72 5 &
S21#con+ig%3inter+ace range +a /7) 5 1/
cvcccccCisco
Cisco CCNA : Spanning Tree Protocol
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STP & Points to 'emem(er

1. STP is a layer 2 protocol that runs on switches and bridges, the purpose of STP is to remove
switching loops. By default, STP is enabled on cisco switches.
2. All switches participating in STP echange info with other switches in the networ!
Through messages !nown as %P$)s *Sent out at a fre"uency of 2 sec on every port#
$. STP port states are %loc"e+, -isten, -earn, .or!ar+, $isa(le+
%. The command &show spanning'tree( includes the following info
i. )*A+ number
ii. ,oot bridge priority, -A. address
iii. Bridge timers /-a Age, 0ello Time, 1orward 2elay#
Selection Criteria
'oot %ri+ge Selection
The switch with the lowest Bridge 32 is chosen as
root.
Bridge 32 is a combination of switch priority /$2456
by default and the range is 7 to 588$8 with
increments of %795# and switch:s -A. address
STP Port 'oles
1. 'oot ; A bridge can have only one root port. The root port is the port that leads to the root
bridge. All bridges ecept the root bridge will have a root port. the root port is in the STP
forwarding state.
2. $esignate+ ; <ne designated port is elected per lin! /segment#. The designated port is
the port closest to the root bridge. =ach designated port is in the STP forwarding state
$. Alternate ; Alternate ports lead to the root bridge, but are not root ports. The alternate
ports maintain the STP bloc!ing state.
%. %ac"up; This is a special case when two or more ports of the same bridge /switch# are
connected together, directly or through shared media. 3n this case, one port is designated,
and the remaining ports bloc!. The role for this port is bac!up.

'oot Port Selection
i . 3f there are 2 or more paths to reach the ,oot Bridge, select the bridge port associated with
the lowest accumulated path cost. /'
ii. 3f the path cost to reach the root bridge over 2 or more bridge ports is same, then; select the
neighboring switch with the lowest Switch 32 value to reach the ,oot Bridge /'
iii. 3f there are two or more ports on the same bridge with the lowest path cost, then;
> Select the port with the lowest Port Priority value, if you have multiple paths to reach the
,oot Bridge via same neighbor switch. /'
> 3f all the ports are configured with same priority number /$2 by default#, select the lowest
port number on the switch.

$esignate+ %ri+ge Selection
i. 3n a *A+ segment, the bridge with the lowest
path cost to the ,oot Bridge will be the 2B /'
ii. 3f there are two bridges in the *A+ segment
with e"ual path cost to the ,oot Bridge, then the
Bridge with the lowest Bridge 32 becomes the
2B.
$esignate+ Port Selection
i. The switch port /associated with the 2B# on the *A+ segment with the lowest accumulated path
cost to the ,oot Bridge will be selected as 2P for the given segment. /'
ii. 3f a switch has redundant connections to the networ! segment, the switch port with the lowest
port priority /$2 by default# is selected. /'
iii. 3f there is again a tie /it can happen if the priorities of the ports on this switch are the same#, then
the lowest numbered port on the switch is selected.

$e0ault Timers

0ello'''''''''''''''''? 2s
1orward 2elay'''''? 18s
-a Age'''''''''''''? 27s

-in" Costs
%an+!i+th Cost
17 -bps'''''''''''? 177
177 -bps''''''''''? 19
1 @bps'''''''''''''''? %
17 @bps'''''''''''''? 2
cvcccccCisco
Cisco CCNA : Show Commands
Router Show commands
Sl. No. Command Explanation
1. show access-list Displays all accesslists from all protocols present in a specified router.
2. show banner Displays the banner set on the router.
3. show cdp Shows the status of CDP such as holdtime value,no.of pacets for every !"sec.
#. show cdp interface $t tells the CDP confi%uration on an interface-by-interface basis.
&. show cdp nei%hbor'detail Displays info on directly connected nei%hbors.
!. show cdp traffic Displays the CDP traffic info.
(. show cloc Displays the cloc )time, date*.
+. show flash ,sed to view all $-S ima%es and file stored in flash)Default location of $-S ima%es is in flash*.
.. show frame-relay lmi Shows the detailed statistics re%ardin% /0$.
1". show frame-relay map Displays the frame relay inverse 12P table.
11. show frame-relay pvc 3dlci4num5 Shows all the frame relay P6C7s terminated and their statistics at a specified router.
12. show history Shows the previously e8ecuted commands.$-S device stores the last ten commands that are e8ecuted.
13. show hosts Displays the host table.
1#. show interfaces 9o view interfaces,status,and statistics for an interface.$f u don7t lists a specific interface,all of the interfaces on the router are listed.
1&. show ip ei%rp nei%hbors Shows the list of ei%rp nei%hbors that a specified router has.
1!. show ip ei%rp topolo%y Displays the list of successor and feasible successors,as well as other types of routes.
1(. show ip ei%rp traffic $t shows the information about trafiic statistics for ei%rp.
1+. show ip interfaces Displays status and %lobal parameters associated with the interfaces on the router.
1.. show ip interface brief Displays the interface operational status and $P addresses for all router interfaces.
2". show ip nat statistics Displays :19 statistics.
21. show ip nat translations Displays the :19 translations.
22. show ip ospf Displays %eneral information about -SP; routin% processes.
23. show ip ospf database Displays lists of information related to the -SP; database for a specific router.
2#. show ip ospf interface $f ad<acent router7s dont become nei%hbors, then use the command to chec if the local router interface is confi%ured correctly.
2&. show ip ospf nei%hbor Displays the -SP; nei%hbour information.
2!. show ip ospf nei%hbor detail Displays all -SP; nei%hbors in detail.
2(. show ip route Displays the $P routin% table.
2+. show protocols Displays the routin% protocols that have been confi%ured and runnin% on a specified router.
2.. show runnin%-confi% Shows the current confi% stored in 210.
3". show sessions Shows the telnet sessions that are currently suspended.
31. show startup-confi% Shows the confi%uration stored in :6210.
32. show version Display version information for the hardware and firmware.
33. show arp Displays entries in the 12P table.
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Cisco CCNA : Show Commands
3#. show ip protocols Displays parameters and current state of the active routin% protocol process.
3&. show users Displays users connected to the router.
3!. show ipv! interface 3interface-name5 Displays ipv! interface confi%uration information.
3(. show ipv! rip Displays information about all current $P6! 2$P processes.
3+. show ipv! ospf Displays %eneral information about -SP; routin% processes.
3.. show ipv! route Displays routes in the $P6! routin% table.
#". show ipv! protocols Displays parameters and current state of the active $P6! routin% protocol processes.
#1. show ip dhcp bindin% Displays $P addresses assi%ned to the clients.
Switch Show commands
Sl. No. Command Explanation
1. show banner Displays the banner.
2. show flash Displays the file contents of the flash.
3. show history Displays the last 1" commands entered.
#. show interfaces 9o view interfaces,status,and statistics for an interface.
&. show interfaces vlan 1 Displays the 6/1: status and the $P address of 6/1: 1.
!. show ip interface brief 6erifies the $P confi%uration.
(. show runnin%-confi% Displays the confi% held in D210.
+. show startup-confi% Displays the :6210 confi%.
.. show users Displays the users currently lo%%ed on.
1". show version Display $-S version information for the hardware and firmware.
11. show vlan Displays vlan information.
12. show vlan-membership Displays vlan membership information.
13. show mac-address-table Displays mac-address-table information.
1#. show vtp status Displays vtp status information such as vtp mode, vtp domain etc.
1&. show spannin%-tree Displays spannin%-tree statistics,includin% information about root brid%e and port status.
1!. show spannin%-tree summary Displays summary of port states.
1(. show spannin%-tree vlan 3vlan-id5 Displays S9P information for the specified 6/1:.
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Cisco CCNA : OSI and TCP/IP

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