Viral Lysogeny as a Potential

Mechanism for Termination of a Red

Tide Event
Siera Martinez
Biology
University of Pennsylvania
Raphael Kudela, Ph.D. and Jennifer Broughton, M.S.
Viruses = nucleic acid + a protein coat
Lysis event:
Inject nucleic acids into a host cell
Host cell replicates viral nucleic acids
Host cell breaks apart during lytic cycle
Intercellular particles and replicated viruses are
released into water
Viral Lysis
Backscatter (b
bp
)
Volume Scattering Function
(VSF)
Particle Size Distribution
(PSD)
Optical Properties
Expected viral lysis optical changes
Decrease in the
chlorophyll
concentration [Chl]
and chlorophyll
absorption
coefficient (a
Chl
)
Decrease in b
bp
Decrease in VSF
Increase in PSD
hyperbolic slope !
11-30-2011 12-07-2011
Monterey Bay
Find a time series of MODIS images during a
red-tide bloom termination in Monterey Bay
Termination over hours to days
Quantify optical property changes via the
Quasi-Analytical Algorithm
Compare with viral lysis laboratory (in situ
and mesocosm) results
Consider quality of QAA with respect to in situ
Chl concentrations
Project Aims
Optics Values (I)
MODIS measurements
(AOP)
Remote sensing
reflectance above surface
(R
rs
)
Band math measurements
[Chlorophyll], Morel 2009
Chromatic dissolved
organic matter (CDOM)
index, OC3 band algorithm
Quasi-Analytical Algorithm
(QAA)
ZhongPing Lee 2002, Applied Optics
Additional derivations
Kostadinov 2009, Journal of Geophysical Research
PSD hyperbolic slope, !
!"#$%#&' '$ )*+ ,-.-/ !"#$% '(")*%%
VSF, !
p

Methods (I)
MODIS Satellite
5 out of 8 consecutive days
were clear for a time series
SeaDAS
chlorophyll proxy for
phytoplankton biomass
Relative abundance of
specific phytoplankton
dinoflagellates
Methods (II)
Closest Pixel Locator
Match lat/lon with closest pixel
Find the shortest c
Calculate location of surrounding 8
pixels with coordinate math and
proportions
Average derived optics values at
these pixels
Compare pixels across different
days
Three pixel areas total (2 controls)
Optical Properties time series
DAY DATE [Chl] CDOM index bbp (m-1)
aChl440
(m-1)
ag440
(m-1) VSF (Bp140) PSD slope
1 113011 70.79 7.17 0.1184 0.9006 14.8935 0.0165 3.70
2 120111 1.01 NaN 0.0736 0.0616 1.2387 0.0103 4.35
3 120211 3.14 NaN 0.0416 0.1423 2.5996 0.0058 3.95
5 120411 77.66 NaN 0.3913 23.0883 358.5459 0.0546 3.69
8 120711 2.05 0.68 0.0564 0.0862 1.6570 0.0079 4.15
- Decrease in b
bp

- Decrease in VSF
- Increase in PSD hyperbolic slope, !
Statistical Analysis (I)
Regression between [Chl] and PSD slope, !
R
2
= 0.8970, p-value = 0.0145
Statistical Analysis (II)
Regression between [Chl] and b
bp

R
2
= 0.623, p-value = 0.111
Regression between [Chl] and VSF
R
2
= 0.623, p-value = 0.111
Statistical Analysis (III)
Paired t-test for MODIS CDOM index and
QAA a
g

p-value = 0.5875 > 0.05
Indistinguishable
Paired t-test for MODIS [Chl] and QAA a
Chl

p-value = 0.1185 > 0.05
Indistinguishable

Statistical Analysis (IV)
Paired t-test with Santa Cruz Wharf in-situ
[Chl] and MODIS [Chl]
p-value = 0.8198 > 0.05
Paired t-test with Santa Cruz Wharf in-situ
[Chl] and QAA a
Chl

p-value = 0.0266< 0.05
distinguishable
A big thanks to everyone!
Thanks Dr. Schaller, Rick Shetter, and, of course, Dr. Sagona!