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= =
(1.2)
k =1/(4
0
) =8.99 10
9
N.m
2
/C
2
=Coulombs Law
constant and
0
4 r r
constant and
0
= 8.85 10
12
C
2
/(N.m
2
) = permittivity of free
space.
FAP0025: Physics II 19
p
Fig. 1.6: Forces acting on like and unlike charges
The direction of the
forces that two forces that two
charges exert on
each other is
dependant on their
+ +
F
21
F
12
r
12
q
1
q
2
dependant on their
signs (Fig. 1.6).
F
43
F
34
r
34
The two forces are
always equal in
34
q
3
q
4
34
y
always equal in
magnitude and
opposite in direction.
+ F F
q
6
q
r
56
x
y
FAP0025: Physics II 20
+
F
65
F
56
q
6
q
5
e.g.: F
12
= F
21
Table 1.1 shows the symbols of and charges on the three
atomic particles: the electron proton and neutron atomic particles: the electron, proton and neutron.
Particle Charge
El t Electron e
Proton +e Proton + e
Neutron 0 Neutron 0
FAP0025: Physics II 21
Table 1.1: The charges on three particles
Example 1 Example 1
How many electrons must be removed from
an electrically neutral metal to give it a charge an electrically neutral metal to give it a charge
of + 2.4 C.
FAP0025: Physics II 22
Solution Solution
=
q
ne q
6
=
e
q
n
13
19
6
10 5 . 1
C 10 1.6
C 10 4 . 2
=
FAP0025: Physics II 23
Example 2 Example 2
Two point charges of +1.0 C and 1.0 C are
separated by a distance of 1000 m. Find the separated by a distance of 1000 m. Find the
magnitude of the attractive force that either
charge exerts on the other.
FAP0025: Physics II 24
Solution Solution
1000m
y
F
F
1000 m
+1.0 C
1.0 C
x
( )( )( )
2
2 1
=
r
q q
k F
( )( )( )
( ) m 10 1.0
C 0 . 1 C 0 . 1 C N.m 10 99 . 8
2
3
2 2 9
=
N 10 0 . 9
3
=
FAP0025: Physics II 25
Example 3 Example 3
Three charged particles are arranged in a line
as shown in the figure below. Calculate the net
electric force on q due to the charges q andq electric force on q
3
due to the charges q
1
andq
2
.
y
0.3 m 0.2 m
x
q
1
=310
6
C
q
2
=+510
6
C q
3
= 410
6
C
F
32
F
31
q
1
q
2
q
3
FAP0025: Physics II 26
Solution
Net force on q
3
is vector sum of force F
31
exerted by particle 1 and F
32
exerted by 2.
32
Magnitude F
net
=F
31
+ (F
32
) =F
31
F
32
.
) C 10 0 3 )( C 10 0 4 )( /C Nm 10 99 8 (
6 6 2 2 9
N 43 . 0
) m 5 . 0 (
) C 10 0 . 3 )( C 10 0 . 4 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
2
31
=
= F
N 5 4
) C 10 0 . 5 )( C 10 0 . 4 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
6 6 2 2 9
F N 5 . 4
) m 2 . 0 (
) )( )( (
2
32
= = F
Net force:
N 1 . 4 N 5 . 4 N 4 . 0
32 31
= + = = F F F
net
Magnitude is 4.1 N and -ve sign indicates net
FAP0025: Physics II 27
Magnitude is 4.1 N and ve sign indicates net
force points in the ve x-direction.
Example 4 Example 4
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net g
force on charge q
3
(6.5 x 10
5
C) shown in
figure belowdue to the charges q
1
(8.6 10
5
C)
(
5
C) and q
2
( 5.0 x 10
5
C).
F
32
y
q
3
F
31x
x
F
31
F
31y 60 cm
30 cm
90
o
30
o
FAP0025: Physics II 28
q
1
q
2
30
52 cm
Solution Solution
Magnitudes of F
31
and F
32
are
N 140
) m 6 . 0 (
) C 10 6 . 8 )( C 10 5 . 6 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
2
5 5 2 2 9
=
=
31
F
) C 10 0 5 )( C 10 5 6 )( /C Nm 10 99 8 (
5 5 2 2 9
N 330
) m 3 . 0 (
) C 10 0 . 5 )( C 10 5 . 6 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
2
32
=
= F
FAP0025: Physics II 29
Resolve F
31
into its components along the
N 120 30
o
cos F F
Resolve F
31
into its components along the
x and y axes
N 70 30
N 120 30
31 31
31 31
= =
= =
o
y
x
sin F F
cos F F
The force F
32
has only a y component. So the
net force F
net
on q
3
has components
N 260 70 N 330
N 120
31
= = =
= =
N F F F
F F
x x
FAP0025: Physics II 30
N 260 70 N 330
31 32
= = = N F F F
y y
Magnitude of net force
N 290 ) N 260 ( ) N 120 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
y x
F F F
g
Direction of net force
y
2 . 2
N 120
N 260
tan = = =
y
F
F
F
y
65
o
+
y
o
65
N 120
=
x
F
F
x
65
o
+x
0
FAP0025: Physics II 31
That is 65
o
above the positive x-axis
1 7 1 The Electric Field 1.7 .1 The Electric Field
The electric field, E, may be conceptualized as
surrounding a charge q just as the gravitational
fi ld d It i d fi field, g, surrounds a mass m. It is define as a
region in space where a charged particle
experiences an electric force. experiences an electric force.
Magnitude of E at a point is defined as the ratio g p
of the electric force experienced by a tiny
positive test charge (point charge) +q
0
and the
magnitude of the charge
FAP0025: Physics II 32
magnitude of the charge.
The magnitude E at any point in space is therefore
given by the equation
or
0
q
F
E =
(1.3)
E q F
0
=
(N/C)
Using equ.1.2 (Coulumbs law) and 1.3 and
considering q
2
as the +ve test charge q
0
, E at a
distance r from a point charge q would have
magnitude
q q
2 2
2
0
4
1
r
q
r
q
k
q
r
q q
k
q
F
E
= =
= =
(1.4)
FAP0025: Physics II 33
0 0 0
4 r r q q
1 7 2 Direction of the Electric Field
The direction of E is defined as the direction of
1.7 .2 Direction of the Electric Field
the force on a very tiny +ve test charge placed
at a point in the field and is represented by
field lines that start on positive charges and field lines that start on positive charges and
end on negative charges.
The field lines of E are as shown in
Fig. 1.7 (a) and (b) for a positive and a
negative charge, respectively. Fig. 1.8 and 1.9
shows electric-field lines due to other charge
configurations
FAP0025: Physics II 34
configurations.
Fig. 1.7: The Electric Field lines surrounding an
isolated positive and negative charge.
FAP0025: Physics II 35
Fig. 1.8: Electric Field Lines due to two point
h l t th charges close together
FAP0025: Physics II 36
Fig 1.9: Field lines due to a parallel sheet of
positive and negative charges positive and negative charges
Uniform E field
lines
Electrically charged
FAP0025: Physics II 37
conductor
Example 1 Example 1
Find the magnitude and direction of the
electric field E due to a point charge q of
magnitude 3.00 10
6
C at a point P 30 cm
f th h (T k k 8 99 10
9
N
2
) fromthe charge. (Take k =8.99 10
9
N.m
2
).
FAP0025: Physics II 38
Solution Solution
y
q = 3.0 10
6
C
P
E
30 cm
x
Magnitude
) C 10 0 3 )( C / Nm 10 99 8 (
6 2 2 9
2
=
r
q
k E
N/C 10 0 . 3
) m 30 . 0 (
) C 10 0 . 3 )( C / N.m 10 99 . 8 (
5
2
9
=
=
-ve x-direction
FAP0025: Physics II 39
ve x direction
Example 2 Example 2
Two charges q
1
(25 C) and q
2
(50 C) are
separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. (a) What separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. (a) What
is the direction and magnitude of the net
electric field at a point P, 2.0 cmfromthe first
charge. (b) If an electron is placed at P, what
will its acceleration (direction and magnitude)
b i iti ll (T k th f th l t t be initially. (Take the mass of the electron to
be 9.1 10
31
kg).
FAP0025: Physics II 40
Solution Solution
y
(a)
x
(a)
d
1
=2.0cm
d
2
=8.0 cm
10 cm
E
1
E
2
q
1
q
2
P
d
1
2.0 cm
2
E
1
E
2
25C +50 C
FAP0025: Physics II 41
(a) Direction of E
net
: ve x-direction
Magnitude of E
net
:
2 1 2 1
q q q q
( )
( )
C 10 50 C 10 25
/C Nm 10 99 8
6 6
2 2 9
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2 1 net
+ = + = + =
d
q
d
q
k
d
q
k
d
q
k E E E
( )
( )
( )
N/C 10 6.3
m 10 0 . 8
m 10 0 . 2
/C N.m 10 99 . 8
8
2 2
2
=
= = = =
FAP0025: Physics II 42
2
e
m/s 10 1.1
g
20
=
Example 3
Two point charges are lying
on the y axis with q
1
=
4 00 C d 4 00
+y
4.00 C and q
2
= + 4.00
C. They are equidistant
from a point P, which lies
0.700 m
q
1
on the x-axis (see figure).
(a) What is the net electric
field at P? (b) A small
+x
P
31.0
o
31.0
o
field at P? (b) A small
object of charge q
0
=+8.00
C and mass m =1.20 g is
placed at P When it is
0.700 m
q
2
placed at P. When it is
released, what is its
acceleration (magnitude
FAP0025: Physics II 43
and direction)?
Solution Solution
Sketch diagramof field at point P Sketch diagram of field at point P
E
net
q
1
E
1
E
2
P
31.0
o
31.0
o
q
2
FAP0025: Physics II 44
( ) C 10 00 4 ) /C Nm 10 99 8 (
6 2 9
q
( )
( )
( )
N/C 10 34 . 7
m 700 . 0
C 10 00 . 4 ) /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
4
2 2
1
1
1
=
= =
r
q
k E
( )
6 2 9
(a)
( )
( )
N/C 10 34 . 7
m 700 . 0
C 10 00 . 4 ) /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
4
2
6 2 9
2
2
2
2
=
= =
r
q
k E
N/C 10 78 . 3 0 . 31 sin
4
1
+ =
o
E
N/C 10 78 . 3 0 . 31 sin
4
2
+ =
o
E
N/C 56 . 7 0 . 31 sin 0 . 31 sin
2 1 net
+ = + =
o o
E E E
Therefore E
net
has a magnitude of 7.57 N/C
FAP0025: Physics II 45
net
g
and directed along the +y axis.
(b)
According to Newtons second law:
(b)
According to Newtons second law:
E q F
( )( )
( )
2 2
3
4 6
0
m/s 10 04 . 5
N/C 10 56 . 7 C 10 00 . 8
=
=
= =
m
E q
m
F
a
( )
3
kg 10 1.20
Thus the magnitude of the acceleration is
5.04 10
2
m/s
2
and is directed along the +y axis.
FAP0025: Physics II 46