Woodhead

Publishing
Series in
Energy:
Number
3
Bioalcohol
production
Biochemical conversion
of
lignocellulosic
biomass
Edited
by
Keith
Waldron
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York
Washington,
DC
Woodhead publishing
limited
Oxford
Cambridge
New Delhi
Woodhead
Publishing Limited,2010
Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead
Publishing
Series
in
Energy
xvii
Preface
xix
Part I Pretreatment and fractionation
processes
for
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
1
Hydrothermal pretreatment
of
lignocellulosic
biomass 3
S.EWANICK
andR.BURA, University
of
Washington,
USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2
Physical
comminution 4
1.3
Hydrothermal
pretreatment (liquid
hot water and
steam)
5
1.4 Conclusions 16
1.5 Future trends
17
1.6 References 18
2 Thermochemical
pretreatment
of
lignocellulosic
biomass 24
S.P. S.
CHUNDAWAT, V.BALAN,
L.DA COSTA SOUSA
and B. E.
Dale,
Michigan
State
University,
USA
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2
Why
is
pretreatment necessary
for
lignocellulosics?
25
2.3
Types
of
chemical
pretreatment
32
2.4
Comparing
effectiveness of
leading pretreatments
on com
stover and
poplar
41
2.5 Characteristics of an ideal
pretreatment
47
2.6 Conclusions 58
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2.7
Acknowledgements
59
2.8 References 60
3
Key
features of
pretreated lignocellulosic
biomass
solids
and
their
impact
on
hydrolysis
73
R.Kumar,
Zymetis
Inc.,
USA and C.E. Wyman,
University
of
California,
USA
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2
Key
substrate features
controlling
cellulose
hydrolysis:
crystallinity
75
3.3
Key
substrate features
controlling
cellulose
hydrolysis: degree
of
polymerization
(DP) 84
3.4
Key
substrate features
controlling
cellulose
hydrolysis:
hemicellulose
and
degree
of hemicellulose
acetylation 88
3.5
Key
substrate features
controlling
cellulose
hydrolysis: lignin
91
3.6
Conclusions 97
3.7
Acknowledgements
101
3.8 References 101
4 Solvent
fractionation
of
lignocellulosic
biomass
122
N.Sathitsuksanoh, Z.Zhu, J.Rollin and
Y.-H.P.ZHANG, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State
University,
USA
4.1 Introduction 122
4.2
Lignocellulosic
biomass 123
4.3 Cellulose solvent-based
lignocellulose pretreatment
128
4.4 Future trends 135
4.5 Sources of further information and advice 136
4.6 References
136
Part II
Hydrolysis (saccharification) processes
for
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
5 Dilute and concentrated acid
hydrolysis
of
lignocellulosic
biomass 143
A.SHAHBAZI and
B.Zhang,
North Carolina
Agricultural
and
Technical
State
University,
USA
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Dilute acid
hydrolysis
5.3 Concentrated acid
hydrolysis
143
143
144
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Contents
vii
5.4 Process and
apparatus
of acid
pretreatment
145
5.5 Ethanol
production plants
currently using
acid
hydrolysis
149
5.6 Unit
operations pertinent
to the ethanol
industry
152
5.7 Future trends
155
5.8 Sources of further information and advice 156
5.9 References
and
further
reading
157
6
Enzymatic
hydrolysis
of
lignocellulosic
biomass 159
M.
Ballesteros, CIEMAT,
Spain
6.1 Introduction
159
6.2
Enzymatic hydrolysis
mechanism
160
6.3 Relative
saccharification efficiencies 163
6.4 Factors
affecting hydrolysis efficiency
164
6.5
Methods to
improve enzymatic hydrolysis
168
6.6 Future trends 170
6.7
References 171
7
Development
of cellulases to
improve enzymatic
hydrolysis
of
lignocellulosic
biomass 178
R.
J.Quinlan,
S.TETER and
F.Xu, Novozymes Inc.,
USA
7.1 Introduction
178
7.2 Cellulase structure and function
179
7.3
Development
of cellulases 187
7.4 Recent
developments
191
7.5
Issues in cellulase
development
192
7.6 Future trends
193
7.7
References
and further
reading
194
Part III
Lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol
fermentation
and
separation processes
8
Integrated hydrolysis,
fermentation
and
co-fermentation
of
lignocellulosic
biomass
205
P.
MANZANARES, CIEMAT, Spain
8.1
Introduction
205
8.2
Biological processing
of
lignocellulose
206
8.3 Feedstocks and
pretreatments
for simultaneous saccharification
and fermentation
(SSF)/consolidated
bioprocessing (CBP)
210
8.4 Microbial strains for simultaneous saccharification and
fermentation
(SSF)/consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
213
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viii
Contents
8.5 Future trends
218
8.6 References
219
9
Challenges
in co-fermentation of
lignocellulose-
derived
sugars using
baker's
yeast
224
D.Runquist, N.S.Parachin and
B.
Hahn-Hagerdal,
Lund
University,
Sweden
9.1
Introduction
224
9.2
Transporter preferences 225
9.3
Combining
recombinant
pathways 230
9.4
Transcriptional regulation
in
mixed substrate fermentations 232
9.5
Conclusion
and
future trends
238
9.6 References
239
10
Separation
and
purification processes
for
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol
production
246
H.-J.Huang, S.Ramaswamy and U.
W.Tschirner,
University
of
Minnesota,
USA and B.
V.Ramarao,
State
University
of
New
York,
USA
10.1 Introduction
246
10.2
Azeotropic
distillation
(AD) 249
10.3 Extractive distillation
(ED) 250
10.4 Extractive
fermentation
255
10.5
Separation by adsorption 258
10.6 Membrane
separation 261
10.7 Conclusions
269
10.8 References
269
Part IV
Monitoring
and
modelling processes
in
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol
production
11
Analytical monitoring
of
pretreatment
and
hydrolysis processes
in
lignocellulose-to-
bioalcohol
production
281
C.
Becker,
L.N.Sharma and
C.K.Chambliss,
Baylor University,
USA
11.1 Introduction
281
11.2
Target analytes
resulting
from
pretreatment
and
hydrolysis
processes
283
11.3
Detection
strategies 285
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Contents ix
11.4
Preparation of biomass
hydrolysates
for
analytical
characterization
287
11.5
Analysis
of
carbohydrates 288
11.6
Analysis
of
lignocellulosic
degradation products 296
11.7
Alternative
techniques
for
analysis
of
carbohydrates
and
degradation products 300
11.8
Conclusion and future trends
301
11.9 References
302
12
Online
monitoring
of
fermentation
processes
in
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol
production
315
A.Eliasson Lantz and
K.V.
Gernaey,
Technical
University
of
Denmark,
Denmark and C. J.Franzen and
L.
OLSSON, Chalmers
University
of
Technology,
Sweden
12.1 Introduction
315
12.2
Variables of interest to monitor in bioethanol
production
processes
318
12.3
Sampling
issues and overview of
potential monitoring
techniques 319
12.4
Chromatographic techniques 322
12.5
Spectroscopic
methods
324
12.6
Software sensors 330
12.7 Conclusions
333
12.8 References
334
13
Modelling hydrolysis
and fermentation
processes
in
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production 340
T.TSOUTSOS,
Technical
University
of
Crete,
Greece
13.1
Introduction 340
13.2 Saccharification of
lignocellulosic
biomass
by
chemical/
enzymatic processes
342
13.3 Fermentation
by
various
microorganisms
350
13.4 Simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation
(SSF)
354
13.5 Environmental issues
355
13.6 Successful
examples
356
13.7 Future trends
357
13.8 Sources of
further information and advice 358
13.9
Acknowledgements 359
13.10 References
359
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x Contents
Part V Life
cycle
assessment of,
and
multiple products
from,
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
14 Environmental life
cycle
assessment of
lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production 365
Y.Zhang,
J.McKechnie and
H.L.MacLean,
University
of
Toronto,
Canada and S. Sp
ATARI,
Drexel
University,
USA
14.1
Introduction 365
14.2 Life
cycle
assessment
(LCA)
of biofuels
367
14.3 Life
cycle assessment
(LCA)
of
biochemical
lignocellulosic
alcohol
production
372
14.4
Comparison
of
lignocellulosic
alcohol biofuel life
cycle
assessments
(LCAs)
with those of other fuels
377
14.5
Comparison
of life
cycle
studies of
lignocellulosic
bioalcohols
with those of alternative biomass utilization
381
14.6 Routes for environmental
improvement
383
14.7 Future trends 385
14.8 References
387
15 Chemical
production
from
lignocellulosic
biomass:
thermochemical, sugar
and
carboxylate platforms
391
A.D.Smith,
M.Landoll,
M.Falls and
M.T.Holtzapple,
Texas A&M
University,
USA
15.1 Introduction
391
15.2
Lignocellulose
feedstocks
392
15.3 Thermochemical
platform 393
15.4
Sugar platform 400
15.5
Carboxylate platform 405
15.6 Conclusions
410
15.7 Sources
of further information and advice
411
15.8 References
411
16 Production of
longer-chain
alcohols from
lignocellulosic
biomass:
butanol,
isopropanol
and
2,3-butanediol 415
A.M.Lopez
Contreras, W.Kuit,
M. A.
J. Si em
erin
K, S.W.M.KENGEN,
J.SPRINGER
and
P. A.M.
CLAASSEN,
Wageningen University
and Research
Centre,
The Netherlands
16.1 Introduction
415
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Contents xi
16.2
Characteristics and uses of butanol, acetone, isopropanol
and
2,3-butanediol
416
16.3 Production of butanol and
isopropanol by
Clostridia 420
16.4 Advances in
the
production
of butanol and
isopropanol
429
16.5 Methods for
biological production
of
2,3-butanediol
441
16.6 Advances
in the
production
of
2,3-butanediol
442
16.7 Other
long
chain alcohols
that
can
be
produced
biologically
445
16.8 Future
trends
447
16.9 Sources of further information and
advice 448
16.10
Acknowledgements
449
16.11 References
450
Index
461
Woodhead Publishing Limited,
2010