PQ09 RES

1: DER Definitions
What is DER; use point near generation, both on and off grid
Includes CHP, RES, industrial energy recycling, power generation on site
RES: wind, PV, hydro, fuel cells, biomass technology descriptions
2: Standards on Integration of DER with electric power system, national and
international
Relevance: Directly and indirectly
Integration and interconnection, installation
application and selection guides
requirements for safety, fundamentals
EMC: Harmonic limits, dips immunity
EN50160 context
3: Regulations and Rules between Customers and Network Operators
Network stability and power quality cannot be provided by network operator alone.
Electrical network is indeed like communicating vessels the actions taken by one party
affect the others. Network operator is bound to provide energy of a good quality, consumer on
the other hand should not introduce too many disturbances into electrical network, because
they affect not only generation and transmission, but other consumers as well. Both goals are
achieved with use of suitable equipment provided by the third party.
The role of equipment
Consequences; particularly for cost of PQ
4: Power Quality Causes and Problems
Main disturbances; dips, harmonics and interharmonics
In fact this is recapitulation of some previous courses, particularly PQ07 (converters)
Emission of disturbances; power electronics, immunity issues, consequences in technical
terms
5: Power Quality Measurement and Solutions
EN 61000-4-30: Testing and measurement techniques Power Quality measurement methods:
Time aggregation
Solutions already described in previous courses
6: Integration with the grid: methods: practical examples and experience
The key section
IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
EEG Erneuerbare Energie Gesetz German law regulating interconnection and operation
of DR
allowed distortion level and voltage value
IT equipment specification for interconnection
The diagram from Vattenfall Europe Transmission GmbH, May 2008: shows correlation
between operation point and frequency. Basically there are two possibilities: the source is or is
not the part of primary regulation. The first case is being represented by curves 1,3,5, and the
latter by 2,4 (1 is by 90% of nominal power, 2 80%, 3 70%, 4 60% and 5 50%). The
border frequency value of operation is 51,5Hz if frequency is higher than that generator has
to disconnect from network. By frequencies below 47,5Hz it may, but not necessarily has to
disconnect
Each generation unit with power >100MW has to be able to supply primary regulation power
to the grid. This is the requirement that has to be met to allow interconnection of such a
generation unit with the grid. The grids operator has a right to free single generation units
from this obligation
The generation units with power output <100MW can as well be used for primary regulation
(must be agreed with network operator).
The requirements for secondary regulation, minute reserve, frames of secondary regulation,
power regulation rate and frequency of occurrence are to be defined by grids operator
For generation units that are going to be interconnected with transmission network, their
operator has to guarantee that voltage will be regulated for not to overstep 10% of nominal
voltage
As for distortion
o By frequency deviations from nominal network frequency (50Hz) in frames of 47,5Hz
51,5Hz the automatic separation from transmission network is not allowed
o By loss of static or transient stability or by nonsymmetrical loading the generation unit
should be separated from the grid
o Generation devices cannot increase by means of regulation their power angle or network
oscillations occurring in the UCTE synchronized network with frequency of 0,2Hz to 1,5
Hz. Such oscillation can result in nuisance tripping of protection devices or problems
with regulation of power output
o All of the network parameters applying to grids stability have to be determined by
operators of grid and generation units
o If the voltage at connection point falls below 80% of nominal value the generation unit
should be separated from network in 3s time
o After voltage dip in grid the increase of supplied real power should not exceed 10%/min
for installations <100MW and 2%/min for installations >100MW
Performance at a time of short circuit conditions and recloser operations
Islanding
7: Energy storage systems
cost
efficiency
discharge characteristics; time and power discharge time versus capacity
technologies:
o pumped hydro
o compressed air
o hydrogen
o flywheels
o superconducting coils, super-capacitors
o batteries, redox batteries
Examples: cars, buildings, thermal energy storage