Cartography

Cartography is the art of making maps. Cartography have high quality to crate modern design.
This can explore human creative and expressive skills in order to communicate the essential
spatial message.
The fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to
Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped.Traits may be
physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as or political
boundaries.
Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map
projections.
Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's
purpose. This is the concern of generalization.
Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the
concern of generalization.
Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience.
This is the concern of map design.
In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of
new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were manually
constructed with brushes and parchment; therefore, varied in quality and were limited in
distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the compass and much
later, magnetic storage devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and
the ability to store and manipulate them digitally.
Advances in mechanical devices such as the printing press, quadrant and vernier,
allowed for the mass production of maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions
from more accurate data. Optical technology, such as the telescope, sextant and other
devices that use telescopes, allowed for accurate surveying of land and the ability of
mapmakers and navigators to find their latitude by measuring angles to the North
Star at night or the sun at noon.
Advances in photochemical technology, such as the lithographic and photochemical
processes, have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details, do not distort in
shape and resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which
further shortened the time it takes to make and reproduce maps.
Advancements in electronic technology in the 20th century ushered in another
revolution in cartography. Ready availability of computers and peripheralssuch as
monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo
plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial
analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the
making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially located variables onto existing
maps created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these
potentials. See also: digital raster graphic.
These days most commercial-quality maps are made using software that falls into one
of three main types: CAD, GIS and specialized illustrationsoftware. Spatial information
can be stored in a database, from which it can be extracted on demand. These tools
lead to increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally.
With the field rugged computers, GPS and laser rangefinders, it is possible to perform
mapping directly in the terrain. Construction of a map in real time, for example by
using Field-Map technology, improves productivity and quality of the result.
Cartography error
Some maps contain deliberate errors or distortions, either as propaganda or as a
"watermark" to help the copyright owner identify infringement if the error appears in
competitors' maps. The latter often come in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or
misspelled "trap streets".
[25]
Other names and forms for this are paper
townsites, fictitious entries, and copyright easter eggs.
[26]

Another motive for deliberate errors is cartographic "vandalism": a mapmaker wishing to
leave his or her mark on the work. Mount Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on
the Rocky Mountains' continental divide that appeared on a Boulder County,
Colorado map in the early 1970s. It is believed to be the work of draftsman Richard
Ciacci. The fiction was not discovered until two years later.
Sandy Island (New Caledonia) is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly
survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from
other new editions. The time and reason for its original placement on maps is unknown



All materials in whole or in part describe the Earth or a celestial item in every scales,
including maps and plan drawings in 2 and 3 dimensions; map flight, cruise, globe;
diagram block, aerial photographs, satellite, and photo space; atlas; overview aerial
images, and the other
According to Erwin Raiz, the map is a conventional picture of the earth's surface is
isolated and their appearance and look of the above plus the writings as definition.
Conventional picture is a picture that is common and is set up with certain rules
commonly recognized.
According Soetarjo Soerjosumarmo, the map is painting with inks of all or part of the
earth's surface is reduced denagn comparison measure called the scale or level.
Map is a two-dimensional picture of the earth's surface in a horizontal plane having
coordinates and scaled.

Topographic Maps: Maps that includes information describing the earth, such as the
types of land uses depicted in the pictorial symbols, abstract and associations
Cartography describe of mapping, define cartography as a medium of communication,
classification maps, concepts and methods of cartography, map scale, map projection
system, generalization, simbolosation, map composition, placement and writing of
geographical names, the basics of map construction, and the basics of reading a map.
Cartography purpose is to collect and analize data as well as measurements of the
variations in the pattern of the earth surface and present it graphically with the scale is
reduced, so that the elements of the earlier pattern can be displayed clearly visible.
Map is an overview of conventional patterns of Earth's surface as seen from above and
added to her writings for identification (Raisz, 1970).
Maps are: (a) appropriate scientific tools used for a variety of research and some
engineering applications, (b) a form of graphic communication (Robinson and Sale.,
1965).
Map is an overview of some or all areas of the earth's surface with a variety of
appearance for the flat field by using a certain scale (Gunawan, T., et al., 2004).
Map is a picture of the object that is selected and scaled, to be drawn on a flat surface
(paper) with a particular projection. The object can be either the appearance or the data
on the surface of the earth or a celestial body.
In the depiction, the elements depicted in the form of symbols. Object size is reduced
by using a scale.

B. Condition / Terms Map
Good map terms written below.
1. Map should not confused
2. Map must be easy to understand
3. Map should describe the actual situation
4. Map must be attractive and neat