Jasmine Tree

C H A P T E R V
NATURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THOVALAI FLOWERS WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COST STRUCTURES AND
ECONOMICS OF CULTIVATION

The flowers of Thovalai as it is well known are known for their
rare fragrance and unique qualities. Their botanical, ecological, natural and
religious significance have been highly commended by the religious and
literary thinkers and writers of early Sangam periods in the history of Tamil
literature. They have in fact won the hearts of million of people all over the
world. In this chapter an attempt is made to provide a clear account of the
different kinds of flowers produced in Thovalai. The investigator starts with
Jasmine (Pitchi) because it has been the most out standing kind of flower
produced in Thovalai.
5.1 Jasmine (Pitchi)
The Jasmine is available in two varieties they are popularly
known as Pitchi and Malligai. The botanical name for Pitchi is Jasminum

122
grandiflorum. It is one of the oldest fragrant ornamental flower crops
cultivated in open field. This plant could be seen in full bloom from June to
September every year. These months are the period of bumper harvest of
Pitchi for the floriculturists.
The investigator could see in his course of study of Thovalai that
Pitchi could be grown on a wide range of soils. However the well drained
sandy loams and red loams with a soil pH range between 6.5 7.5 are ideal
for its cultivation. It is a sun loving crop and prefers warm humid climate for
its successful growth. The ideal time for planting is the period of three
months from June to August. The propagation of Jasmine (Pitchi) is by shoot
cuttings in mist chamber.
The cultivation of Jasmine (Pitchi) plant involves a number of
important agricultural operations. To start with farmers should prepare their
land suitably for planting purposes. The farmers usually plough their land
three times and bring to fine tilth. Then dig pits of 30 cm cube with the
spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m. After the pits are ready transplant rooted cuttings in
the centre of pits and fill them with 25 kg of FYM along with equal quality of
top soil. Having done final preparatory work, farmers resort to careful
applications of earth worm manure and groundnut cake and EM are used as
manure and D.A.P Potash are used as fertilizer.

123
The plants are carefully pruned every year in the month of
December. They are sprayed with Bordaux manure and 0.2 per cent
monocrotophos to control rust and stem borer.
Harvesting of flowers usually is done early in the morning
before the peep of the sunlight. A glance through the following table would
give the reader of the thesis an idea about the magnitude of the cost involved
in cultivating Jasmine (Pitchi) in one hectare of land and the average quantity
of Jasmine (Pitchi) and their annual yield of flowers.
The Jasmine (Pitchi) gardens could be divided into three
categories: they are large gardens of the area of above one hectare, medium
gardens of the area of 0.5 to 1 hectare and small gardens which cover below
0.5 hectare of land.
The cost components and the average yield levels are very
interesting to study as could be seen from the following table.

124
TABLE No. 5.1
COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF JASMINE (PITCHI)
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
1. Preparatory Cultivation 6155
(3.64
6120
(3.64)
6100
(3.64)
2. Channel formation, digging and
filling
5935
(3.51)
5790
(3.45)
5630
(3.36)
3. Plant and Planting Cost 8060
(4.76)
7925
(4.72)
7850
(4.69)
4. Manures and Fertilizers 16569
(9.79)
16430
(9.78)
16375
(9.78)
5. Weeding 4220
(2.49)
4100
(2.44)
4025
(2.40)
6. Irrigation 24769
(14.64)
24325
(14.48)
24250
(14.49)
7. Plant Protection 1689
(1.00)
1650
(0.88)
1590
(0.98)
8. Harvesting 101809
(60.17)
101700
(60.61)
101525
(60.66)
Total 169206
(100)
168040
(100)
167345
(100)
NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.
SOURCE: Survey figures.

TABLE No. 5.2

ANNUAL YIELDS OF JASMINE (PITCHI) ESTIMATED IN
MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Large 420 350 330 290 275 390 385 410 435 420 440 430 4575
Medium 410 390 315 290 270 390 380 425 455 440 435 440 4640
Small 390 375 290 280 260 340 360 390 410 405 413 390 4303

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As it is evident from the above tables the large farmers incur a
total cost of Rs.169206/- to cultivate one hectare of land with Jasmine plants.
Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost irrigation costs and
the manuring costs appear to be very prominent while harvesting forms 60.17
per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and manuring costs forms only
14.64 per cent and 9.79 per cent respectively.
The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scales of
expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out at Rs.168040.
Here too, the harvesting costs, irrigation costs and the manuring cost,
constitute a prominent share of the total costs. Expressed in terms of
percentages, harvesting forms 60.61 per cent the total costs while irrigation
and manuring form 14.48 per cent and 9.78 per cent respectively. In the case
of the small farmers, the costs incurred are a bitter lower while compared to
the large and medium farmers. Interestingly enough it is found to be
Rs.167345 per hectare. A component wise division of the total costs shows
that the harvesting costs above from 60.66 per cent while the irrigation and
manuring cost from around 14.49 per cent and 9.78 per cent respectively.
5.2 Jasmine (Malligai)

Jasmine, Jasminum auriculatum and Jasminum Sambac of the
flower is one of the most important flower in the domestic flower industry,
belongs to the family oleaceae in more than 10,000 hectare in Tamil Nadu.

126
The investigator could see in the course of his study in Thovalai that flowers
could be cultivated a wide range of flowers. It fetches value not only in India,
but also in foreign markets. It earns million of dollars as exchange to our
country. Its fragrance, aromatic scent is liked by all the people especially the
Tamil women who would love to wear them on their hair. Its colour is pure
white and attractive. The Jasmine flowers are also offered to Gods. It is used
for making wreathes, bouquets and garlands. It is impossible to think of
marriages without the presence of jasmine garlands and wreathes. As it has
long lasting fragrance its scents are used in cosmetics. These flowers are also
used in some industries for the production of perfumes, soaps and Agarpathis.
There are more than 200 varieties of Jasmine, Parijadam, Pavalamalligai,
olivamaram also belong to Jasmine variety of flowers, the super quality
varieties are Coimbatore, Mullai, Parimullai, Iruvachi and Ramanathapuram
Gundu Malligai. Jasmine flowers in abundance during Tamil months Thai,
Masi, Pankuni, Chithirai and less during Ani, Aadi, Avani and rainy season
when price will be high.
It is a semi creeper and bears fragrant flowers throughout the
year but from June to September it produces more flowers. It can be grown on
a wide range of soils. Well-drained sandy loams and red loams with a soil PH
range 6.5-7.5 are ideal for its cultivation. It is a sun loving crop and prefers
warm humid climate for its successful growth. The ideal time of planting is

127
from June to August. Propagation of Jasmine is by shoot cuttings in mist
chamber. The field is ploughed 3 to 4 times and brings it to a fine tilth. Dig
pits of 30 cm cube with the spacing of 1.5m x 1.5m after the pits are ready fill
them with 20 kg FYM along with equal quantity of top soil. Transplant
rooted cuttings in the centre of pits and irrigate. Earth warm manure and
groundnut cake and E.M are used as manure and D.A.P, Pottash are used as
fertilizers. Irrigation is given at weekly intervals. Pruning should be done
during December to get high yield and to keep the bushes to manageable size.
The plant is likely to suffer from pest damages during the growth period by
the bud worms, bud flies and root grubs. The knowledge of pest identification
and its management needs special attention in order to have a best quality in
the market. Harvesting should be done during morning hours (5 to 8 am). It
should be immediately transported to market.

128
TABLE No. 5.3
COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI)
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(4.14)
6250
(4.05)
6144
(3.12)
filling
5050
(3.28)
5010
(3.25)
4925
(3.21)
(5.06)
7550
(4.89)
7460
(4.85)
(10.78)
16650
(10.78)
16536
(10.76)
5. Weeding 4025
(2.59)
3975
(2.57)
3916
(2.54)
6. Irrigation 18725
(12.07)
18716
(12.12)
18650
(12.94)
(1.13)
1725
(1.11)
1721
(1.22)
8. Harvesting 94525
(60.95)
94475
(61.23)
94257
(61.36)
Total 155075
(100)
154351
(100)
153609
(100)

TABLE No. 5.4

ANNUAL YIELDS OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI) ESTIMATED IN
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 350 490 710 825 950 690 510 450 280 250 300 415 6220
Medium 345 490 700 815 915 685 490 445 260 245 290 410 6090
Small 350 475 690 805 915 685 480 347 270 215 290 405 5927

129
As it is evident from the above table that the large scale farmers
incur a total cost of Rs.155075 to cultivate one hectare of land with Jasmine
(Malligai) plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost,
irrigation and the manuring and fertilizing cost appear to be very prominent.
The harvesting cost form 60.95 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation
and manuring and fertilizing cost form 12.07 per cent and 10.78 per cent
respectively.
expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.154351. Here
the harvesting costs, irrigation cost and the manuring cost constitute in terms
of percentage, harvesting forms 61.23 of the total cost while irrigation and
manuring and fertilizing cost form 12.12 and 10.78 respectively. In the case
of the small farmers, the costs incurred are a little lower while compared to
large and medium farmers. Interestingly enough it is found to be Rs.153609
per hectare. A component wise division of the total cost shows that the
harvesting cost form 61.36 per cent while the irrigation and manuring and
fertilizing cost form around 12.94 per cent and 10.76 per cent respectively.
5.3 Rose
Rose is one of the most beautiful flowers which is produced in plenty
in Thovalai. It is produced in places all over the country. People young and
old hold it so dear to their heads that unlike other kinds of flower is known as

130
for its immense medicinal value and for its overwhelming uses for the
production of the most sought after perfumes. In Thovalai it is used mostly
for the production of garlands, and bouquets. Its use as a decoration material
is on the rise in recent years. No wonder it is widely known as the queen of
flowers. Rose is a typical cut flower is grown mainly in the temperate zone.
In Sanskrit literature it is referred to Taruni Pushpa Atimanjula and
Semantika. The Moguls were known to be ardent admirers of the flower, and
the Empress Nur Jehan is credited with the discovery of attar of roses.
Floriculturists usually bring it under five heads. They are Hybrid Teas,
Floribundas, Polyanthes, Miniatures and Climbers and Ramblers. However,
according to Botanists there exist 250 distinct species of Roses. At
Horticultural Research station, of Yercaud of Tamil Nadu about 435 rose
collections have been collected and maintained. This includes three hundred
and sixty three hybrid tea roses, fifty seven floribunda roses, twelve climbing
roses and three miniature roses.
1

The flowers are bright crimson-red large, full, well formed
flowers with reflexing petals. Very free flowering and vigorous, with long
stems, one of the best reds for cut flowers but having little fragrance. It is
desirable to allow one or two of the outer petals to begin to unfurl before
cutting.

1
Murugesan, S., Happiness A Promising Rose Variety, Kisan World, Vol.17, No.2, February
1990, p.39.

131
Old favorite varieties of roses are produced and sold as loose
flowers. These are used for offerings at places of worship, for the extraction
of essential oil and also used in garlands.
The present day garden roses have been derived from crossing
of different wild rose species of Europe and china. Rose plants can come up
well anywhere in Thovalai. However, well drained sandy loam or loam is
quite suitable. As it is well known Rose plants should be planted in a
protected area with open space free from shade and roots of trees. The
propagation of the plant is usually done by cutting layering and budding. The
best season for planting roses is just before the rainy season. When the
whether is too hot, the plants may be shaded for 8 to 10 days.
Preparation of any garden for Rose cultivation is a very
burdensome while farmers usually dig out small pits of specified dimensions
at least one week in advance and allowed to weather. They should be filled
with well-rotted FYM at the bottom and good garden soil at the top. After the
plants establish and begin to grow well, manure may be applied into the soil
and the surface mulched with decomposed cattle manure. For Edward and red
roses FYM 20 kg per plant per year may be given in two doses once in
October soon after pruning and second dose during July or August. Pruning is
done during the second fort night of planting. All the weak, diseased criss
crossing and unproductive shoots are to be removed. Proper plant protection

132
is must for rose plants to get quality flower. Normally irrigation can be given
once in 2 days till the plants establish. Thereafter once in a week is sufficient
depends upon the type of the soil.
Rose flowers are collected early in the morning. They are
frisked away to the nearby markets for immediate sale. In places devoid of
refrigeration facilities, rose flowers withered and become totally useless in a
few hours after their collection from plants.
TABLE No. 5.5

COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF ROSE
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(4.64)
3225
(4.44)
2810
(3.94)
filling
5390
(7.35)
5250
(7.23)
5095
(7.14)
(3.75)
2690
(3.71)
2594
(3.64)
(21.99)
16000
(22.04)
15800
(22.17)
5. Weeding 2750
(3.75)
2675
(3.69)
2519
(3.53)
6. Irrigation 26650
(36.34)
26600
(36.64)
26463
(37.12)
(2.07)
1460
(2.01)
1420
(1.99)
8. Harvesting 14750
(20.11)
14690
(20.24)
14579
(20.47)
Total 73330
(100)
72590
(100)
71280
(100)

133
TABLE No. 5.6

ANNUAL YIELDS OF ROSE ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN
QUANTITY
(In Packets)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 760 550 615 430 450 725 820 740 790 850 870 765 8365
Medium 753 547 615 425 445 725 810 730 790 840 865 745 8290
Small 750 545 615 420 435 715 800 725 790 835 790 735 8155
As it is evident from the above table the large scale farmers
incur a total cost of Rs.73330 to cultivate one hectare of land with Rose plants.
Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost, irrigation and the
manuring and fertilizing cost appear to be very prominent. The irrigation cost
form 36.64 of the total cost. But the manuring and fertilizing cost and
harvesting cost form 21.99 and 20.11 respectively.
expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out at Rs.72590.
Here the irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute in terms of
percentage, irrigation forms 36.64 and manuring and fertilizing cost forms
22.04 respectively.
In the case of small farmers the costs incurred are a little lower
while compared to the large and medium size farmers, it is Rs.71280 per
hectare. Among all the different costs estimated the irrigation cost form 37.12

134
per cent while the manuring and fertilizing cost and harvesting costs from
around 22.17 and 20.47 respectively.
5.4 Marigold (Krenthi)
Marigold (Tagetes erecta.L) is the most easily grown annual
flower crop with high commercial value. It has wide adaptability to different
soil and climatic conditions. Its characteristic of free flowering, short duration
to produce marketable flowers, wide spectrum of attractive colours, shape size
attracts the attention of flower growers in India. Marigolds are cultivated
commercially for use as cut flowers particularly for making garlands. In
popularity as cut flower marigold probably rank next only to jasmine in India.
Some time the whole plant is used for decoration. Marigold is grown both in
the north and southern states of India. The important states of India grown
marigold are karnataka, TamilNadu, Andra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, West Bengal and the Union Territory of Delhi.
Cultivation of Marigold is not very expensive. It is suited to all
kinds of soil. For small and marginal farmers it is an affordable flower crop.
Marigold requires mild climate for luxuriant growth. In very high temperature
plants cease to grow and flower production is affected and at the same time it
is sensitive to frost. Marigold can be grown throughout the year in south
India. The best time for transplanting the seedlings is July and even upto
August. Marigold is propagated by seeds. About 250 grams of seeds are

135
sufficient for planting one hectare of land. Ploughing the land for 3 to 4 times
and removing the weeds is necessary as preparatory cultivation. Twenty tons
of farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers like Nitrogen, Urea, Prosperous,
super phosphate and potash are used as manures and fertilizers.
Irrigation can be given once in 4-6 days depending upon the soil
moisture and weather condition. Weed the field 2-3 times at monthly intervals
to keep the field weed free. Marigold plants do not require frequent spraying
of pesticides. They would be ready for harvest in about 2 to 2 months after
transplanting. The plants continues to bear flowers for another 2 to 2
months from the date of first harvest. Plucking of flowers should be done in
the cool hours of either in morning or evening.

136
TABLE No. 5.7

COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF MARIGOLD
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(4.53)
2150
(4.43)
2036
(4.30)
filling
2050
(4.17)
2000
(4.12)
1875
(3.97)
(4.58)
2175
(4.48)
2010
(4.25)
(19.49)
9525
(19.62)
9156
(19.38)
5. Weeding 3950
(8.05)
3875
(7.98)
3809
(8.06)
6. Irrigation 11525
(23.47)
11450
(23.58)
11273
(23.86)
(4.18)
1975
(4.07)
1819
(3.85)
8. Harvesting 15475
(31.53)
15400
(31.72)
15277
(32.33)
Total 49095
(100)
48550
(100)
47255
(100)

TABLE No. 5.8

ANNUAL YIELDS OF MARIGOLD ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY
WISE IN QUANTITY
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 318 294 275 360 341 361 370 323 334 380 398 378 4132
Medium 312 282 265 353 330 360 370 321 330 375 390 368 4056
Small 290 285 265 350 325 370 365 315 325 365 385 370 4010

137
As it is evident from the above table, the large scale farmers
incur a total cost of Rs.49095 to cultivate one hectare of land with Marigold
plants. Among all the different cost estimated the harvesting cost form 31.53
per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost
form 23.47 per cent and 19.49 per cent respectively.
expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it work out Rs.48550. Here
the harvesting costs irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute
in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 31.72 per cent of the total cost while
irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost form 23.58 per cent and 19.62 per
cent respectively.
In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are a little
lower while compared to the large and medium farmers. The total cost of
cultivation per hectare is Rs.47255. A component wise division of the total
cost harvesting cost form 32.33 per cent while the irrigation and manuring and
fertilizing cost form around 23.86 and 19.38 respectively.
5.5 Bachelors Button (Vadamalli)
Bachelors Button is popularly known as Vadamalli. It is so
named because it does not lose its freshness for 7 to 8 days. This is a
traditionally cultivated loose flower. It is used for garland making, offering to
God. It is cultivated throughout the year. Bachelors Button can be cultivated

138
in a wide range of soils with good water holding capacity. An ideal soil for
Bachelors Button cultivation is fertile sandy loam. Bachelors Button requires
mild climate for luxuriant growth. In very high temperature plants cease to
grow and flower production is affected and at the same time it is sensitive to
frost. As it has been pointed out earlier Bachelors Button can be grown
throughout the year in south India. The best time for transplanting the
seedlings is July and even upto August. It is propagated by seeds. About 250
grams of seeds are sufficient for planting one hectare of land.
Ploughing the land for 3 to 4 times and removing the weeds is
necessary as preparatory cultivation. Twenty tons of farm yard manure and
chemical fertilizers like Nitrogen, Urea, Phosphorus, Sulphur Phosphate and
Potash are used as manures and fertilizers. Depending on the soil conditions it
is irrigated once in 4 to 6 days or 2 or 3 times in a month. Bachelors Button
are rarely attacked by diseases. They will be ready for harvest in about 2 to 2
months after trans planting. The plants continue to bear flowers for another
2 to 2 months from the date of first harvest. Plucking of flowers should be
done in the cool hours of either morning or evening.

139
TABLE No. 5.9

COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF
BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(5.42)
2550
(5.31)
2466
(5.18)
filling
2975
(6.14)
2950
(6.14)
2805
(5.90)
(2.68)
1269
(2.64)
1250
(2.63)
(18.15)
8750
(18.20)
8679
(18.24)
5. Weeding 4130
(8.52)
4050
(8.42)
4009
(8.42)
6. Irrigation 10825
(22.33)
10800
(22.46)
10763
(22.62)
(3.03)
1410
(2.93)
1380
(2.90)
8. Harvesting 16350
(33.73)
16300
(33.90)
16238
(34.11)
Total 48475
(100)
48079
(100)
47590
(100)

TABLE No. 5.10
ANNUAL YIELDS OF BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)
ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 375 358 360 370 390 401 403 480 505 510 443 410 5005
Medium 362 350 354 366 389 402 406 470 499 502 424 396 4920
Small 340 343 350 363 388 390 383 405 430 490 402 395 4679

140
As it is evident from the above table, the large scale farmers
incur a total cost of Rs.48475 to cultivate one hectare of with Bachelors
Button plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost
appear to be very prominent. The harvesting cost form 33.73 per cent of the
total cost. But the irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost form 22.33 per
cent and 18.15 per cent respectively.
expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it work out Rs.48079. Here
the harvesting cost, irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute
in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 33.90 per cent of the total cost while
cent respectively and the other costs form below 10 per cent only.
In the case of small scale farmers the costs incurred are
relatively little lower scales of expenditure while compared to the large and
medium farmers. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.47590.
Here the harvesting cost, irrigation cost, manuring and fertilizing cost
constitute in terms of percentage, harvesting form 34.11 of the total cost while
cent respectively.
5.6 Marikolunthu (Merjoram)
The Botanical name for Marikolunthu is Merjoram. It is an

141
evergreen scented shrub. It is used for making garlands offering to God. It is
cultivated throughout the year. Marikolunthu is one of the garden plant in
Thovalai which does not involves very heavy initial investment. Reportedly it
is suitable for small and marginal farmers. It can be cultivated in a wide range
of soils with water holding capacity, well drained and near to neutral in
reaction (PH 6.5 7.0) is most desirable An ideal soil for Merjoram
Marikolunthu cultivation is fertile sandy loam. Marikolunthu requires mild
climate for luxuriant growth. During the seasons cultivation of this crops is
very difficult.
Marikolunthu is propagated by seeds. About 250 grams of seeds
are sufficient for planting one hectare of land. Farmer who opt Marikolunthu
ploughing their land 3 to 4 times and keep it free from weeds. Then they
apply twenty tons of farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers like Nitrogen,
Urea, Prosperous, super phosphate and potash are used as manures and
fertilizers. Irrigation of the crop is done once in 4-6 days depending upon the
soil moisture and weather condition. Weed the field 2-3 times at monthly
intervals to keep the field weed free. Marikolunthu are rarely attacked by
diseases under normal circumstances. It will be ready for harvest in about 2 to
2 months after trans planting. The plants continues to bear flowers for
another 2 to 2 months from the date of first harvest. Plucking of flowers
should be done in the cool hours of either in morning or evening.

142
TABLE No. 5.11

COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF MERJORAM
(MARIKOLUNTHU)
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(7.73)
2625
(7.65)
2532
(7.46)
filling
1925
(5.52)
1850
(5.39)
1745
(5.14)
(8.25)
2868
(8.38)
2850
(8.39)
(17.81)
6160
(17.96)
6130
(18.05)
5. Weeding 4225
(12.10)
4110
(11.98)
4100
(12.07)
6. Irrigation 7520
(21.53)
7460
(21.75)
7439
(21.91)
(3.51)
1145
(3.34)
1122
(3.30)
8. Harvesting 8225
(23.55)
8075
(23.55)
8042
(23.68)
Total 34920
(100)
34293
(100)
33960
(100)

TABLE No. 5.12

ANNUAL YIELDS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNTHU)
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 455 420 315 350 385 301 350 322 336 385 525 560 4704
Medium 350 315 280 329 280 266 315 350 266 420 364 336 3871
Small 490 455 280 385 420 315 420 364 350 420 560 420 4879

143
incur a total cost of Rs.34920 to cultivate one hectare of land with Merjoram
plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost, irrigation
cost, manuring and fertilizing cost, weeding cost appear to be very prominent.
The harvesting cost form 23.55 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation,
manuring and fertilizing and weeding cost form 21.53 per cent, 17.81 per cent
and 12.10 per cent respectively.
The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scale of
the harvesting cost irrigation cost, manuring and fertilizing cost and weeding
cost constitute in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 23.55 of the total cost
while irrigation, manuring and fertilizing cost and weeding cost form 21.75
per cent, 17.96 and 11.98 per cent respectively.
lower while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the
above table it is worked out Rs.33960. A component wise division of the total
costs, harvesting cost form 23.68 per cent while the irrigation cost, manuring
and fertilizing cost form around 21.91, 18.05 and 12.07 respectively.
5.7 Nerium (Arali)
Nerium, Nerium indicum mill is also called as oleander.
Oleander is an ever green shrub usually referred to as glory of the garden. The

144
cane like stem bears two or three thick leaves. The oleander makes a large
graceful spreading bush, which grows up to a maximum height of 4 meters.
The flowers are sweet scented and which, rose or red in colour in clusters or
terminal cymes. The bell shaped flowers are usually 2.5 to 3.0cm in diameter
with a slight spiral twist.
Double Varieties also exist and are quite handsome. It is also
grown as a screen or a ledge and even as a border for lawn. In north India the
plant come into full bloom during April-June and keep flowering all through
the year. It is used for different types of garland making and also used the
loose flowers in Temples for their worship. It can be grown on a wide range
of soils. Well drained sandy loams and red loams with a soil PH range 6.5-7.5
are ideal for its cultivation. It is a sun loving crop and prefers warm humid
climate for its successful growth. The ideal time of planting is from August to
October. The field is ploughed 3 to 4 times and bring it to a fine tilth. Dig
pits of 30 cm cube with the spacing of 1.5m x 1.5m after the pits are ready fill
them with 20 kg FYM along with equal quantity of top soil. Stem cutting in
the centre of pits in cross position and irrigate. Best time of planting is
between August to October. Farm yard manure are used as manure.
Irrigation is given at weekly intervals. Pruning should be done
during December to get high yield and to keep the bushes to manageable size.
Spraying the crop with Bordaure mixture and 0.2 per cent mono crotophos to

145
control rust and stem borer. Harvesting should be done during morning
hours (5 to 8 am). It should be immediately transported to market.
TABLE No. 5.13

COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF NERIUM (ARALI)
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(2.84)
3150
(2.79)
3021
(2.69)
filling
4825
(4.24)
4700
(4.16)
4590
(4.08)
(2.83)
3125
(2.76)
3084
(2.74)
(13.85)
15715
(13.90)
15620
(13.90)
5. Weeding 2175
(1.91)
2150
(1.90)
2086
(1.86)
6. Irrigation 21425
(18.84)
21307
(18.85)
21225
(18.89)
(1.17)
1250
(1.11)
1238
(1.11)
8. Harvesting 61750
(54.32)
61650
(54.53)
61499
(54.73)
Total 113695
(100)
113047
(100)
112363
(100)

146
TABLE No. 5.14

ANNUAL YIELDS OF NERIUM (ARALI) ESTIMATED IN
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 425 475 575 515 490 450 495 555 490 375 350 385 5580
Medium 415 450 590 540 510 475 515 505 485 390 400 380 5655
Small 350 390 490 525 480 475 510 500 490 390 380 375 5355

incur a total cost of Rs.113695 to cultivate one hectare of land with Nerium
plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost, irrigation
and manuring and fertilizing cost appear to be very prominent. The harvesting
cost form 54.32 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and manuring and
fertilizing cost form 18.84 per cent and 13.85 per cent respectively.
the harvesting cost irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute
in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 54.53 of the total cost while irrigation
and manuring and fertilizing cost form 18.85 and 13.90 respectively.
In the case of the small farmers, the costs incurred are a little
above table it works out Rs.112363. A component wise division of the total

147
costs, harvesting cost form 54.73 per cent while the irrigation and manuring
and fertilizing cost form around 18.89 and 13.90 respectively.
5.8 Crossandra (Kanakambaram)
Crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis) family
Acanthaceae) is suitable to cultivate irrigated and a period without irrigate
area also. The plants come up very well in loamy and red loamy soils having
drainage facility suitable for entire Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry state. The
best season is June to December. The land has to be ploughed twice or thrice
to obtain a fine tilth care should be taken to keep the field from weeds and
stubbles. Sheep manure and ground nut cake are used as manure and fertilizer
urea, DAP, MOP are applied for production.
Irrigation is given once in a week depending upon the soil and
weather condition. Propagation is by rooted cuttings. Weeding and hoeing
are required fort nightly. Pests and disease problems if noticed controlled by
proper plant protection measures. Flowering starts after three months onwards
and continue to yield for three years the flowers should be collected during
early morning and sent immediately to market. Summer provides higher yield
compared to winter and rainy seasons.

148
TABLE No. 5.15

COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF
CROSSANDRA (KANAKAMBARAM)
(In Rupees)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(4.14)
1950
(4.08)
1891
(3.99)
filling
2025
(4.19)
1940
(4.06)
1870
(3.94)
(21.16)
10175
(21.29)
10125
(21.35)
(28.82)
13850
(28.99)
13838
(29.17)
5. Weeding 4025
(8.33)
3910
(8.18)
3888
(8.19)
6. Irrigation 4173
(8.64)
4100
(8.58)
4075
(8.59)
(2.98)
1417
(2.97)
1400
(2.95)
8. Harvesting 10510
(21.74)
10440
(21.85)
10346
(21.82)
Total 48323
(100)
47782
(100)
47433
(100)

TABLE No. 5.16

ANNUAL YIELDS OF CROSSANDRA (KANAKAMBARAM)
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 250 230 270 280 270 186 160 140 110 120 130 160 2306
Medium 180 210 260 264 270 210 170 172 182 164 190 184 2456
Small 126 180 180 170 180 128 180 174 180 170 180 140 1988

149
incur a total cost of Rs.48323 to cultivate one hectare of land with Crossandra
plants. Among all the different costs estimated, the manuring and fertilizing
cost, harvesting cost and plant and planting cost appear to be very prominent.
The manuring and fertilizing cost form 28.82 per cent of the total cost. But
the harvesting cost and plant and planting cost form 21.74 per cent and 21.16
per cent respectively.
the manures and fertilizing and harvesting cost and plant and planting cost
constitute in terms of percentage, manuring and fertilizing cost forms 28.99 of
the total cost while harvesting cost and plant and planting cost form 21.85 per
cent and 21.29 per cent respectively.
above table it works out Rs.47433. A component wise division of the total
costs manuring and fertilizing cost form 29.17 and harvesting cost and plant
and planting cost form 21.82 and 21.35 respectively.
5.9 Tube Rose (Champanki)
Tube rose (Polianthes tuberose. L) is a fine bulbous
commercially important ornamental crop. It occupies a very selective and

150
special position among the ornamental plants for its beauty, elegance and
sweet pleasant fragrance. The flowers are tabular, single or double and highly
fragrant which remains fresh for a pretty long time and stand long distance
transportation. It is also important for aromatic industry. It was originated
from Mexico. The flowers are used for artistic garlands floral ornaments,
bouquet and button holes. Plants bloom all through the year through
successive planting. Flower bunches appear on the tip of the stem. Blossoms
are snow white and extremely showy in large racemes about 90 to 120cm in
height. Tube rose is strongly scented and used in high grade perfumery as a
some of Tube rose oil. Concrete and absolute extracted from its flowers are
priced quite high. It has been recognised as export oriented agro-industry in
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Loam soil is most suitable but tube rose can be cultivated in
various soil type having 6.5 to 7.5 pH, good drainage, aeration and humus.
Tube rose grows well in sunny situation for its luxuriant growth, tube rose
requires high humidity and temperature around 30
0
C. Tube rose is mainly
propagated by means of bulbs. Bulbs of at least two centimeter diameter
should be selected for planting. It can be planted during April to June
sequential planting may be practiced to obtain flowers almost throughout the
year. Land preparation is very important for the cultivation of tube rose. The
land has to be ploughed twice or thrice to obtain a fine tilth. Well rotten farm
yard manure 25 ton per hectare should be in corporated at the time of last

151
ploughing. Care should be taken to keep the field free from weeds, stubbles,
debris and the like. The crop needs 6 to 7 weeding.
Tube rose is highly responsive for fertilizer application. High
dose of N and P markedly promotes leaf and bulb formation and flower yield
in tube rose. Soil moisture is an important factor affecting growth and
flowering in tube rose are stem ret, Botrytis spots and blight and Bunchy top.
Proper plant protection is needed for high quality of flowers and better yield.
Early morning is the best harvesting time to get high quality flowers. The
flower should be immediately transported to the market.
TABLE No. 5.17
COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF TUBE ROSE
(In Rs.)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(6.17)
7850
(6.18)
7825
(6.18)
filling
42500
(33.30)
42425
(33.38)
42305
(33.39)
(16.03)
20405
(16.06)
20400
(16.10)
(8.79)
11175
(8.79)
11155
(8.81)
5. Weeding 22530
(17.65)
22410
(17.63)
22317
(17.62)
6. Irrigation 8804
(6.89)
8725
(6.87)
8700
(6.87)
(1.18)
1375
(1.08)
1304
(1.03)
8. Harvesting 12750
(9.99)
12725
(10.01)
12682
(10.00)
Total 127624
(100)
127090
(100)
126688
(100)

152
TABLE No. 5.18

ANNUAL YIELDS OF TUBE ROSE ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY
WISE IN QUANTITY
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 680 100 80 120 160 270 480 520 690 780 980 1010 5870
Medium 640 110 90 110 180 250 420 500 700 680 918 940 5538
Small 600 90 80 70 150 180 340 480 700 656 900 920 5166

incur a total cost of Rs.127624 to cultivate one hectare of land with Tube Rose
flower crop. Among all the different costs estimated the channel formation,
digging and filling cost, weeding cost and plant and planting cost appear to be
very prominent. The channel formation, digging and filling cost form 33.30
per cent of the total cost. But the weeding cost and plant and planting cost
form 17.65 per cent and 16.03 per cent respectively.
the channel formation digging and planting cost constitute in terms of
percentage, channel formation, digging and filling forms 33.38 per cent of the
total cost while weeding cost and plant and planting cost form 17.63 per cent
and 16.06 per cent respectively.

153
In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are little lower
while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the above
table it works out Rs.126688. A component wise division of the total costs
channel formation digging and filling cost form 33.39 per cent while the
weeding cost and plant and planting cost form 17.62 and 16.10 respectively.
5.10 Cocks Comb (Kozhikondai)
Kozhikondai, botanically Celosia cristata belongs to the family
of Amareathaceae and is one of the better drought tolerant short duration
flower crop. Only local variety is cultivated in Thovalai. The demand for this
flower is better and this crop is suited for all seasons, and also less risky in
pest and diseases control. A well drained deep soil ranging from red loamy to
clay loam soil with pH range of 6.0 to 8.0 is best for the growth and
production of flower. The optimum temperature for the normal growth and
flowering would be 25
o
C to 35
o
C heavy rains, fog and dew during flowering
will affect the quality of the flowers.
The best season for planting this crop is late may to mid June.
However this crop can be cultivated in all season. Cocks comb is propagated
by seeds. About 1.5 kg of seed is required to raise seedlings to plant a hectare
of land. Seeds germinate within 5 days and are ready for transplanting in 20
to 25 days. The field is ploughed 4 to 5 times to get fine tilth and 12.5
tonnes of farm yard manure is applied at the last ploughing, 20 25 days old

154
seedlings are transplanted into the main field at a spacing of 45 x 30 cm. In
addition to manuring nitrogen, phosphorus and potash are used as fertilizers.
The first irrigation is given at the time of transplanting In the
third day, life irrigation is given and subsequent irrigation are followed once
in a week or 10 days depending upon the soil moisture characteristics. On the
30
th
day after transplanting a weeding is given. Top pinching is done to
produce more branches and terminal flower buds. The other intercultural
operations like weeding and hoeing are done, upon the necessity. The initial
stage of the crop may be affected by the sucking pest and mites. To control
these pests the systemic insecticide like monocrotophos or methyl demeton
can be used at the rate of 2 ml / lt of water. Flowering starts after 50 60
days. The flowers are inflorescence nature in, the flower bunches are
collected in morning or evening hours. Harvest is done once in 15 days
interval and four harvests are normally practiced.

155
TABLE No. 5.19
COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF COCKS COMB
(KOZHIKONDAI)
(In Rs.)
Sl.
No.
Cost Component
Size of the Garden
Large Medium Small
(6.57)
1890
(6.56)
1785
(6.32)
filling
2550
(8.73)
2475
(8.59)
2400
(8.5)
(6.21)
1780
(6.18)
1654
(5.86)
(48.43)
14000
(48.57)
14042
(49.73)
5. Weeding 2725
(9.33)
2690
(9.33)
2670
(9.46)
6. Irrigation 3150
(10.78)
3138
(10.89)
3060
(10.84)
(1.71)
475
(1.65)
441
(1.56)
8. Harvesting 2410
(8.24)
2375
(8.23)
2184
(7.73)
Total 29215
(100)
28823
(100)
28236
(100)

TABLE No. 5.20

ANNUAL YIELDS OF COCKS COMB (KOZHIKONDAI)
(In Kg)
Size of
the
Garden
Large 510 390 340 170 180 210 307 330 345 390 490 505 4167
Medium 450 380 320 190 185 220 250 315 325 390 485 515 4025
Small 490 380 328 195 180 210 190 280 275 280 490 510 3808

156
As it is evident from the above table large scale farmers incur a
total cost of Rs.29215 to cultivate one hectare of land with Cocks Comb
flower crop. Among all the different costs estimated manuring and fertilizing
cost, irrigation and weeding cost appear to be very prominent. The manuring
and fertilizing cost form 48.43 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and
weeding cost form 10.78 per cent and 9.33 per cent respectively.
the manuring and fertilizing cost, irrigation and weeding cost constitute in
terms of percentage, manuring and fertilizing cost forms 48.57 of the total cost
while irrigation and weeding cost form 10.89 and 9.33 respectively.
In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are little lower
while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the above
table it works out Rs.28236. A component wise division of the total cost,
manuring and fertilizing form 49.73 per cent while the irrigation and plant and
planting cost form around 10.84 per cent and 9.46 per cent respectively.
5.11 Cost Structure Analysis
The average level of the different costs for all the ten selected
crops are presented in the below table.

T
A
B
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N
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.

5
.
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A
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158
It reveals that preparatory cultivation costs includes ploughing
costs and leveling cost, the per hectare preparatory cultivation cost is highest
for Tube rose and minimum for Kozhikondai. The channel formation, digging
and filling cost is extraordinarily high for Tube rose and low for Merjoram.
Plant and planting cost includes the cost in getting the plants and their planting
in the field. The average cost per hectare is highest for Tube rose and lowest
for Bachelors Button.
Manuring with farmyard manure, sheep and poultry manure are
done at the initial stage and fertilizing is done at the flowering stage. The
details presented above reveal that this cost is highest for Jasmine (Malligai)
and lowest is for Merjoram. The weeding cost includes till the end period, the
cost is highest for Tube rose and the least for Nerium.
Irrigation is continuously carried except in rainy seasons, the
cost is highest for Rose and minimum for Kozhikondai. This might be due to
the high sensibility of rose towards water and the Kozhikondai being tolerant
does not require frequent irrigation. Plant protection is carried out for all the
crops till the end. The details of the cost are presented in the above table
reveal that the cost is maximum for Jasmine (Malligai) though it is least for
Kozhikondai, rarely plant protection is used in Kozhikondai.
Harvesting is the major operation in the flower cultivation.
Once the plant starts yielding plucking has to be done daily in the early

159
morning till it stops flowering and hence it is the maximum human labour
oriented operation. The details presented reveal that the expenditure is
maximum for Jasmine (Pitchi). This might be due to the smallness of the
flower size. The minimum is for Kozhikondai which is easiest in plucking
and the operation need not be daily.
5.12 Economics of Flower Crops
The economics of flower crops in Thovalai has been studied
with special care by making meaningful comparison between the total cost
involved in crop cultivation and per hectare net-return for every flower crop.
This ambitious study has been summarized in the following tables.
TABLE No. 5.22
ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (PITCHI) CULTIVATION
Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)
Preparatory Cultivation 6155
Channel formation, digging and filling 5935
Plant and Planting Cost 8060
Manures and fertilizers 16569
Weeding 4220
Irrigation 24769
Plant Protection 1689
Harvesting 101809
Total Expenditure 169206
Return 4575 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 75/- 343125
Profit 173919
Profit per Kg 38
Return per rupee of investment 2.03

160
TABLE No. 5.23
Medium Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 4100
Irrigation 24325
Harvesting 101700
Profit 179960
Profit per Kg 38.78

161
TABLE No. 5.24
Small Scale farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 4025
Irrigation 24250
Harvesting 101525
Profit 155380
Profit per Kg 36.10

162
TABLE No. 5.25
ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI) CULTIVATION

Weeding 4025
Irrigation 18725
Harvesting 94525
Profit 218125
Profit per Kg 35

163
TABLE No. 5.26
Medium Scale farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 3975
Irrigation 18716
Harvesting 94475
Return 6090 Kg flower (1 ha) x Rs. 60/- 365400
Profit 211049
Profit per Kg 34.65

164
TABLE No. 5.27
Small Scale farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 3916
Irrigation 18650
Harvesting 94257
Profit 202011
Profit per Kg 34

165
TABLE No. 5.28
ECONOMICS OF ROSE CULTIVATION

Weeding 2750
Irrigation 26650
Harvesting 14750
Profit 93970
Profit per Kg 11.20

166
TABLE No. 5.29
Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 2675
Irrigation 26600
Harvesting 14690
Profit 93210
Profit per Kg 11.24

167
TABLE No. 5.30
Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 2519
Irrigation 26463
Harvesting 14579
Profit 91820
Profit per Kg 11.26

168
TABLE No. 5.31
ECONOMICS OF BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)
CULTIVATION

Weeding 4130
Irrigation 10825
Harvesting 16350
Profit 76650
Profit per Kg 15.31

169
TABLE No. 5.32
CULTIVATION
Medium Scale Farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 4050
Irrigation 10800
Harvesting 16300
Profit 74921
Profit per Kg 15.23

170
TABLE No. 5.33
CULTIVATION

Weeding 4009
Irrigation 10763
Harvesting 16238
Profit 69385
Profit per Kg 14.83

171
TABLE No. 5.34
ECONOMICS OF MARIGOLD FLOWER CULTIVATION

Weeding 3950
Irrigation 11525
Harvesting 15475
Profit 74865
Profit per Kg 18.12

172
TABLE No. 5.35
Medium Scale Farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

Weeding 3875
Irrigation 11450
Harvesting 15400
Profit 73130
Profit per Kg 18.03

173
TABLE No. 5.36

Weeding 3809
Irrigation 11273
Harvesting 15277
Profit 73045
Profit per Kg 18.22

174
TABLE No. 5.37
ECONOMICS OF NERIUM FLOWER CULTIVATION

Weeding 2175
Irrigation 21425
Harvesting 61750
Profit 165305
Profit per Kg 29.62

175
TABLE No. 5.38

Weeding 2150
Irrigation 21307
Harvesting 61650
Profit 169703
Profit per Kg 30

176
TABLE No. 5.39

Weeding 2086
Irrigation 21225
Harvesting 61499
Profit 155387
Profit per Kg 29

177
TABLE No. 5.40
ECONOMICS OF CROSSANDRA FLOWER CULTIVATION

Weeding 4025
Irrigation 4173
Harvesting 10510
Profit 66977
Profit per Kg 29.04

178
TABLE No. 5.41

Weeding 3910
Irrigation 4100
Harvesting 10440
Profit 75018
Profit per Kg 30.54

179
TABLE No. 5.42

Weeding 3888
Irrigation 4075
Harvesting 10346
Profit 51967
Profit per Kg 26.14

180
TABLE No. 5.43
ECONOMICS OF TUBE ROSE FLOWER CULTIVATION

Weeding 22530
Irrigation 8804
Harvesting 12750
Profit 165876
Profit per Kg 28.26

181
TABLE No. 5.44

Weeding 22410
Irrigation 8725
Harvesting 12725
Profit 149810
Profit per Kg 27.05

182
TABLE No. 5.45

Weeding 22317
Irrigation 8700
Harvesting 12682
Profit 131612
Profit per Kg 25.48

183
TABLE No. 5. 46
ECONOMICS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNDU) FLOWER
CULTIVATION

Weeding 4225
Irrigation 7520
Harvesting 8225
Profit 59160
Profit per Kg 12.58

184
TABLE No. 5.47
ECONOMICS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNTHU) CULTIVATION

Weeding 4110
Irrigation 7460
Harvesting 8075
Profit 43127
Profit per Kg 11.14

185
TABLE No. 5.48
ECONOMICS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNTHU) CULTIVATION

Weeding 4100
Irrigation 7439
Harvesting 8042
Profit 63620
Profit per Kg 13.04

186
TABLE No. 5.49
ECONOMICS OF COCKS COMB (KOZHIKONDAI) FLOWER
CULTIVATION

Weeding 2725
Irrigation 3150
Harvesting 2410
Profit 33290
Profit per Kg 7.99

187
TABLE No. 5.50
CULTIVATION

Weeding 2690
Irrigation 3138
Harvesting 2375
Profit 31552
Profit per Kg 7.84

188
TABLE No. 5.51
CULTIVATION
Weeding 2670
Irrigation 3060
Harvesting 2184
Profit 28884
Profit per Kg 7.59

Glance through the above table shows that the size of the cost
and profits enjoyed by the farmers producing the different kinds of flowers,
however to arrive the meaningful conclusions of the profitability of the ten

189
different flower crops the investigator feels that the following table will be
immense use.
TABLE No. 5.52
AVERAGE RETURN ON INVESTMENT OF FLOWER CROPS
Sl.
No.
Name of Flower Crops
Return per rupee of investment Mean
return Large Medium Small
1. Jasmine (Pitchie) 2.03 2.07 1.93 2.01
2. Jasmine (Malligai) 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.37
3. Rose 2.28 2.28 2.29 2.28
4. Bachelors Button 2.58 2.56 2.46 2.53
5. Marigold 2.52 2.51 2.55 2.53
6. Nerium 2.45 2.50 2.38 2.44
7. Crossandra 2.39 2.57 2.10 2.35
8. Tube rose 2.30 2.18 2.04 2.17
9. Merjoram 2.69 2.26 2.87 2.61
10. Cocks Comb 2.14 2.09 2.02 2.08

The mean return on every rupee invested on ten different kinds
of flower production under consideration in Thovalai shows how every
producer irrespective in size is able to enjoy a supernormal profit. The
profitability of flower production is coming next to much touted profitability
of the I.T Industry.

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