AE 711 Aircraft Propulsion

A M Pradeep
Email: ampradeep@aero.iitb.ac.in
Ph: 7125
Office hours: 0900-1300 hrs. ; 1415-1730 hrs.
Office: 208D
Course web interface: moodle.iitb.ac.in


1
The elephant and the blind men
Moral of the story: Always Keep the big picture in perspective.
2
AE 711 Aircraft Propulsion
Its a core/compulsory course
I just need my degree
Easy grades?
Seniors recommended
elective
I dont really know
why I am here
Moral of the story: Same as slide # 2.
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4
No future for aircraft gas turbine engines... !!!

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Gas Turbines (June 1940):

In its present state the gas turbine engine could hardly be considered a
feasible application to airplanes mainly because of the difficulty in
complying with stringent weight requirements imposed by aeronautics.
Background
Aero engines are one of the most complex
engineering accomplishments
Aircraft propulsion involves technologies that are
cutting edge and often dual edged sword.
The basic thermodynamic cycle has remained
unchanged since the Joule-Brayton (1872) cycle
was originally proposed.
Engines have become substantially complex and
sophisticated.
Fundamental aero-thermodynamics have
remained unchanged.




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Applications for air, land and sea based power
systems
Aero engines: civil, military
Turbojet, turbofan, turboprop and turboshaft
Marine propulsion: passenger, military and cargo
Land-based powerplants
Mobile powerpacks: civil and military
Mini/Micro gas turbines: portable powerpacks
Spacecraft auxiliary propulsion systems

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7
Siemens 8000H
400 MW
Rolls Royce Trent 900
300 kN
GE-Snecma
90 kN
RC plane
30 N
Mini GT
< 1N
Micro GT
~ mN
GE F414
98 kN
GE LM6000
50 MW
8
An SGT5-8000H gas turbine has the same capacity as
1200 Porsche 911 Turbo cars.

An SGT5-8000H gas turbine weighs as much as one fully
fueled Airbus A380.

An SGT5-8000H gas turbine produces sufficient energy
to supply a city with approx. 2.2 million inhabitants.

A single SGT5-8000H gas turbine blade produces as
much power as 11 Porsche 911 Turbo cars.

Centrifugal force acting on jet pilots 7 g
Centrifugal force acting on 8000H turbine 10,000 g
blade (that is equal to 10,000 times its dead weight)

Some impressive numbers.
Aims of this course
Fundamental understanding of working of gas
turbine engines
Aerothermodynamics of engine components:
intakes, fans/compressors, combustors, turbines
and nozzles
Performance evaluation of engines
Component analysis and loss evaluation
Primary focus: Aero engine application

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Course outline
Introduction to aircraft propulsion, basic
performance parameters, thrust equation,
efficiencies, types of engine configurations
Ideal and real cycles, cycle analysis, loss
evaluation in different components
Components:
Axial fans/compressors: thermodynamics, 2D
analysis, cascade and losses, free vortex theory,
single and multi stages, rotating stall and surge,
performance characteristics
Centrifugal compressors: elements, aero-
theromdynamics, surge and stall, performance
Turbines: thermodynamics, 2D analysis,
cascade and losses, blade cooling

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Course contents cont
Components:
Intakes and nozzles: fixed and variable geometries
Combustion chambers: geometries, pressure loss,
stability, performance parameters
Component matching
Performance variation with altitude
Engine off-design performance
Ramjets and Scramjets

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Text/References
1. Hill Philip, Peterson Carl, Mechanics and
Thermodynamics of Propulsion, 1992, Addison
Wesley
2. Mattingly J D , Elements of Propulsion Gas
Turbines and Rockets, 2006, AIAA Education
Series
3. El-Sayed Ahmed, Aircraft Propulsion and Gas
Turbine Engines , 2008, Taylor and Francis ,CRC
Press.
4. Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., Rogers G.F.C., Cohen H.;
Gas Turbine Theory, 2001, Pearson.
5. Bhaskar Roy, Aircraft Propulsion, 2008, Elsevier
(India).

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Evaluation scheme
Quizzes: 20% (dates to be announced in advance,
usually the next lecture following a tutorial),
average of 4 quizzes
Quizzes to be open note, open book.
Mid-semester exam: 30 %
End-semester exam: 50%
Mid-semester and end-semester exam: One A4
formulae sheet permitted
Assignments/homework: After each tutorial session,
exercise questions to be uploaded on moodle. These
questions are meant for practice.



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Grading scheme:
Total marks obtained during the semester to
be added up and scaled to 100.
The maximum marks scored (by the topper of
the class) out of 100 to be converted to 100 (if
the absolute marks scored is > 90) and marks
of others to be normalized based on this
scaling factor.
If the maximum absolute marks scored is
between 80-90, then the maximum grade
awarded will be AB (The marks will be scaled
to 95).


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Cut-offs after normalization:
FR<40
40<DD<45
45<CD<55
55<CC<65
65<BC<75
75<BB<85
85<AB<95
95<AA<100
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Policy on attendance
Attendance to be recorded as per institute rules.
No DX grades for shortage of attendance.
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Heros Aeolepile (2
nd
BC)
William Avery (1830)
Lect-1
From the history books
Evolution of Engines
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Wan Hus Rocket (13
th
AD)
Multiple
Rockets
Rocket Jets
Lect-1
19
Da Vincis Chimney Jack
(1500 AD)
Da Vincis Ornithopter
Lect-1
20
Da Vincis Flapping Wing Concept
Lect-1
21
Giovanni Brancas Jet Turbine (1629)
Steam
boiler
Turbine
Gears
Shaft
Lect-1
22
Newtons Steam Wagon
Lect-1
23
Barbers Chain Driven Compressor +
Turbine for Jet propulsion (1791)
Pistons
Steam
Boilers
Lect-1
24
Lect-1
Lorins Patent Drawings
Guillaumes Patent
of a Jet Engine
25
Lect-1
Wrights engine
26
Lect-1
First Flight 1903
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Commissioning of worlds first industrial gas
turbine, Neuchatel, 1939 (Stodola at age 80)
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Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain
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First turbojet-powered aircraft Ohains engine on He 178 (1939)
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Powered the Gloster E28/39
Britain on 15 May 1941.