Eyepiece or ocular lens: Eyepiece is the lens, present at the top and is used to see

the objects under study. Eyepiece lens contains a magnification of 10X or 15X.
Tube: Tube or the body tube, connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
Resolving nosepiece: It is also known as the Turret. Resolving nosepiece has
holders for the different objective lenses. It allows the rotation of the lenses
while viewing.
Objective lenses: Generally, three or four objective lenses are found on a
microscope, with ranges of 10X, 40X, 100X powers. Lenses are colour coded, the
shortest lens is of the lowest power, and the longest lens is high power lenses.
Diaphragm: Diaphragm helps in controlling the amount of light that is passing
through the opening of the stage. It is helpful in the adjustment of the control of
light that enters.
Coarse adjustment knob: Used for focus on scanning. Usually the low power lens is
used enabling the movement of the tube.
Fine adjustment knob: Used for focus on oil. Moves the body tube for focusing
the high power lens.
Arm: It supports the tube of the microscope and connects to the base of the
microscope.
Stage: The platform that is flat used for placing the slides under observation.
Stage clip: Stage clips hold the slides in proper place.
Condenser: The main function of condenser lens is focusing the light on the
specimen under observation. When very high powers of 400X are used, condenser
lenses are very important. Presence of condenser lens gives a sharper image as
compared to the microscope with no condenser lens.
Base: Provides basal support for the microscope.
Power switch: The main power switch that turns the illumination on or off.
Science- refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation
and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science
also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that
system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of
study or the knowledge gained from it.
Branches of Science
Life Science- deals with the living things their parts and actions
Earth Science- study of earth and its rocks, oceans, volcanoes, earthquakes,
atmosphere and other features
Physical Science- study of matter and energy
Geology- science that deals with the earths physical structure and substance, its
history and the processes that act on it.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physics- study of energy and how its affects matter
Chemistry- study of matter and its changes
Astronomy- Study of universe or totality of matter, energy, space and time.
EARTH SCIENCE
Meteorology- study of the atmosphere
Seismology- study of earthquake
Climatology- study of past and present climate
Hydrology- concerned with the circulation of water in the atmosphere and
the outer parts of earth
Oceanography- study of seas and oceans
Geography- science that deals with the study of the earth and its land
features, inhabitants and phenomena
LIFE SCIENCE
Botany- study of plants life
Zoology- study of animal life
Genetics- study of heredity
Histology- study of microscopic structures of living organisms
Ecology- study of living organisms in relation to their environment
Pharmacology- study of drugs including their preparations properties and
uses
Bacteriology- study of bacteria
LOCAL SCIENTIST

Arturo Alcaraz. Doctor Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal
energy development. Power coming from a Volcano near the town of Tiwi. This was
the first geothermal power generated in the Philippines.
Benjamin Almeda. Benjamin Almeda designed a food-processing machine.
Julian Banzon. Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing
alternative fuels.
Ramon Barba. Ramon Barba invented practical flower induction treatments. Filipino
scientist, Ramon Barba is best known for his advancements in mango farming
research and tropical tree physiology.
Benjamin Cabrera. Doctor Benjamin Cabrera has developed innovations in drug
treatments against diseases caused by mosquitoes and agricultural soil.
Paulo Campos. Filipino scientist, Paulo Campos built the first radioisotope
laboratory in the Philippines. Doctor Paulo Campos is a specialist in nuclear medicine
Magdalena Cantoria. Magdalena Cantoria is a noted Filipino botanist who is known
for her research in the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of drug plants, in
particular agar, rauwolfia, datura, mint and Piper.
Josefino Comiso. Filipino Physicist Josefino Comiso has been warning the world
about global warming. Josefino Comiso is a Filipino physicist working at the NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center studing global warming in the Arctic.
Lourdes Cruz. Doctor Lourdes Cruz has made scientific contributions to the
biochemistry field of conotoxins, in particular the toxins of the venom of the
marine snail Conus geographus.
Rolando De La Cruz. Filipino scientist Rolando De La Cruz invented an anti cancer
skin cream.
Emerita De Guzman. Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the
propagation of pure makapuno trees. Cornell University in 1961.
Fe Del Mundo. Filipino Doctor, Doctor Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that
lead to the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving device.
Anacleto Del Rosario. Filipino chemist, Anacleto Del Rosario won the first prize at
the World Fair in Paris in 1881 for his formula for producing a pure kind of alcohol
from tuba of a nipa palm.
Ernesto Del Rosario. Filipino chemist, Ernesto Del Rosario is best known for his
achievements in biotechnology and applied physical chemistry. He has invented
methods of alcohol production from cellulosic and starchy materials,
Daniel Dingel. Filipino Inventor. Daniel Dingel claims to have invented a water-
powered car. He designs cars that run on water.
Pedro Escuro. Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of nine
rice varieties.
Agapito Flores. Filipino Scientist. Agapito Flores has been acclaimed by some as
being the inventor of the first fluorescent lamp
Pedro Flores. Pedro Flores was the first person to manufactured the yo-yo in the
United States. The word yo-yo is a Tagalog word, the native language of the
Philippines, and means 'come back.'
Francisco Fronda. Doctor Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry
science in the Philippines
Carmen Intengan. Food and nutrition researcher Carmen Intengan was a pioneer
that helped improve the Filipino diet.
Hilario Lara. Hilario Lara helped establish the National Research Council of the
Philippines. Doctor Hilario Lara is a medical researcher and public health specialist
who has studied the spread of cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, measles and
diphtheria resulting in the prevention of those diseases in the Phillipines.
Felix Maramba. Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator.
Luz Oliveros Belardo. Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the
phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products.
Francisco Quisumbing. Filipino chemist, Francisco Quisumbing invented Quink ink,
which is used in Parker Pens. Quink ink is named after the inventor. It is a quick
drying ink with a cleaning property that prevents the ink from clogging the pen.
Gregorio Velasques. Filipino scientist, Gregorio Velasques made intensive studies of
bluegreen algae.
Carmen Velasquez. Carmen Velasquez was a noted Filipino biologist. Noted Filipino
biologist, Carmen Velasquez is a specialist in fish parasitology - the study of
parasites and hosts among fish. Carmen Velasquez discovered thirty-two species
and one new genus of digenetic trematodes (parasites) in local fish from the
Philippines.
Gregorio Zara. Filipino scientist Gregorio Y. Zara (D.Sc. Physics) invented, made
improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the two-way television
telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a "photo phone signal separator
network"; discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance called the
Zara effect (around 1930);

FOREIGN SCIENTIST

Sir Isaac Newton. (1642-1726) Newton was a polymath who made investigations
into a whole range of subjects including mathematics, optics, physics, and
astronomy. In his Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he laid the foundations
for classical mechanics, explaining law of gravity and the Laws of Motion.
Louis Pasteur. (1822 1895) Contributed greatly towards the advancement of
medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious
diseases. Also enabled process of pasteurization to make milk safer to drink.
Probably saved more lives than any other person.
Galileo. (1564 1642) Creating one of the first modern telescope, Galileo
revolutionized our understanding of the world successfully proving the earth
revolved around the sun and not the other way around. His work Two New Sciences
laid ground work for science of Kinetics and strength of materials.
Marie Curie. (1867 1934) Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered radiation and
helped to apply it in the field of X ray. She won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and
Physics.
Albert Einstein. (1879 1955) Revolutionized modern physics with his general
theory of relativity. Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the
Photoelectric effect, which formed basis of Quantum Theory.
Charles Darwin. (1809 1882) Developed theory of evolution against a backdrop of
disbelief and skepticism. Collected evidence over 20 years, and published
conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1859).
Aristotle 384BC 322BC Great early Greek scientist who made many researches in
the natural sciences including botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and
meteorology, geometry

SCIENCE PROCESSES
Observing a process wherein we react using our five senses
Comparing- the ability to recognize the similarities and differences of things being
observed
Classifying- a process of grouping or sorting out a number of objects according to
observable characteristics they posses
Measuring- the process of comparing unknown quantity to a standard.

Conversion
To convert smaller unit to a bigger unit, use division
To convert bigger unit to a smaller unit, use multiplication
Length
1,000 millimeters (mm) = 1 meter
10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
100 centimeters (cm) = 1 meter
10 decimeters (dm) = 1 meter
10 centimeters (cm) = 1 decimeter (dm)
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters

Weight
1 decigram (dg) = 10 centigrams (cg)
1 centigram (cg) = 10 milligrams (mg)
1 gram = 100 centigrams (cg)
1 gram = 1,000 milligrams (mg)
1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams
1 metric ton (t) = 1,000 kilograms

Variables- are factors or conditions that affect the result of the experiment
Kinds of Variables
Controlled/ Constant Variables- are factors that remain the same during
the experiment
Manipulated/ Tested Variables- is a factor that is made to vary in an
experiment
Responding Variable- is a result of the manipulation of variables
Experimentation is a scientific way of proving or testing the hypotheses
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Identifying problem
Formulating hypotheses- tentative answer
Testing the hypotheses
Observing and gathering data
Drawing conclusions