Orthographic Projections

111
04
4.1 Orthographic Projections
It is known that objects around us are generally Three Dimensional !"D# in
nature$ that is$ they ha%e length$ width$ and height. &owe%er$ when it comes to
pictorial representation o' these objects$ they are represented two dimensionally
by drawings on plain paper. Orthographic projection is a means o' representing
!"D objects in a system o' drawing with the help o' multiple"%iew drawings. In
this projection$ the projectors are parallel to each other. The lines that are drawn
'rom the objects to the plane are called projectors. To pro%ide accurate and
complete in'ormation o' the !"D object$ two or three %iews o' the object are
re(uired. Orthographic projection is classi)ed into three types$ namely$
orthogonal$ a*onometric$ and obli(ue projections. The )rst"angle projection and
third"angle projections are two types o' projections that are commonly used in
orthographic projections. In orthographic projections$ the hidden sections or
parts o' an object are shown by cutting the object by a section plane.
The importance o' orthographic %iew can be stressed upon by understanding the
con%ersion o' pictorial %iew into orthographic %iew. Pictorial %iew is a !"D %iew o'
an object that pro%ides o%erall idea o' the shape o' an object. The object looks
similar as seen by an obser%er through the naked eyes or image captured by a
camera. Its con%ersion into orthographic %iew is done because it gi%es a 'ar
better and clear %iew compared to the pictorial %iew and represents true shape
'or the sur'aces o' an object.
Orthographic Projections
11+
,hapter4
4.+ Orthographic Projections and their -iews
Projection is de)ned as the representation o' one$ two$ or threedimensional
objects$ such as lines$ planes$ or solid objects$ on a plane sur'ace or on a two"
dimensional plane$ such as a drawing sheet. To draw an object properly on a
plane sur'ace$ the object is %iewed 'rom di.erent positions and represented by
using di.erent projections. / projection con%eys complete in'ormation about an
object$ such as the shape$ si0e$ and internal details o' the object. There are
di.erent methods o' projections depending on the direction o' %iew o' the object$
namely$ orthographic$ isometric$ and perspecti%e projections.
It is known that orthographic projection refers to the projection in
which the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
plane of projection. It is primarily a 'ormal language used globally in the )eld
o' engineering drawing. It helps in drawing a !"D object on a +"D plane$ such as
a drawing sheet$ with accuracy and clarity. 1oreo%er$ it allows many numbers o'
%iews o' the same object$ making it a %ery 2e*ible method o' projection.
Orthographic projection can be re'erred to as the techni(ue o' drawing an object
in three di.erent %iews 'rom three directions that are normal to the respecti%e
planes. These %iews are as 'ollows3
Elevation: 4e'ers to the %iew o' an object that is obtained when it is looked
'rom the 'ront o' the object. It is more commonly known as 5ront -iew 5-#.
Plan: 4e'ers to the %iew o' an object that is obtained when it is looked
downward 'rom a certain height abo%e the object. It is more commonly
known as Top -iew T-#.
End view: 4e'ers to the %iew o' an object 'rom its side. It is more commonly
known as 6ide -iew 6-#.
7et8s learn how to classi'y orthographic projections.
Q1. Describe orthographic projections and their views.
Orthographic Projections
11!
4.! ,lassi)cation o' Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projection is classi)ed into three parts$ namely$ orthogonal$
a*onometric$ and obli(ue projections. The classi)cation o' orthographic
projection is as shown in 5igure 13
Figure 1: Displaying the Classifcation of Orthographic Projection
The types o' orthographic projections shown in 5igure 1 are e*plained as 'ollows3
Orthogonal projection: 6peci)es a type o' parallel projection in which all
projection lines are perpendicular at their point o' intersection orthogonal#.
!ono"etric projection: 6peci)es a type o' parallel projection used to
create a pictorial drawing o' an object that rotates so that all its three
dimensions can be %iewed. It shows more than one side o' an object in the
same picture$ as it allows you to %iew the object 'rom a skew direction. In this
type o' projection$ the plane or a*is o' the object is ne%er parallel to the
projection plane.
Obli#ue projection: 6peci)es a type o' projection in which the projectors
are parallel to each other$ but are not perpendicular to the plane o'
projection.
Q$. Discuss classi%cation of orthographic projections.
9e*t$ you learn about the planes and (uadrants o' orthographic projection.
114
,hapter4
4.4 Planes and :uadrants o' Orthographic Projections
In general$ orthographic projection is a system o' drawing %iews o' an object
using perpendicular projectors 'rom the object to a plane o' projection.
Orthographic projections are represented graphically in the 'orm o' the *" and y"
a*es$ planes$ or (uadrants. Planes and (uadrants are important while drawing
projection o' an object as they pro%ide in'ormation on the position o' the object
relati%e to the planes. 7et8s consider an object that is %iewed by an obser%er and
projected on a sheet o' paper. The 'ront %iews o' an object in orthogonal
projection are shown in 5igure +3
(a)Front View of an Object as Seen by an Observer
(b)Front View of the Object on a Drawing Sheet
Figure 2: Displaying the Front Views of an Object in
Orthographic Projection
5ront %iew is projected on %ertical plane$ top %iew is projected on hori0ontal
plane$ and side %iew is projected on pro)le plane. The notations used in
orthographic projections are as 'ollows3
Orthographic Projections
11;
76- 'or le't"side %iew
-P 'or %ertical plane
&P 'or hori0ontal plane
PP 'or pro)le plane
The %ertical and hori0ontal planes are together called principal planes o'
projection or re'erence planes. They intersect at right angles to each other. <hen
the planes o' projection are e*tended across the lines o' intersection$ they 'orm
'our (uadrants.
-ertical plane$ hori0ontal plane$ and 'our (uadrants are as shown in 5igure !3
Figure 3: Displaying the Vertical Plane, Horizontal Plane,
and Four Quadrants
7et8s now discuss about systems o' orthographic projections.
4.; 6ystems o' Orthographic Projections
There are 'our angles or systems in which the orthographic projections o' an
object can be made. These are )rst$ second$ third$ and 'ourth angle projections.
These systems are named according to the (uadrant in which the object is
assumed to be placed. They can be di.erentiated on the basis o' relati%e
positions o' object$ obser%er$ and the plane o' projection. 5irst"angle projection
and third"angle projection are two types o' projections that are commonly used.
7et us discuss each o' the two systems o' projections in detail.
5irst"/ngle Projection
11=
,hapter4
In a )rst"angle projection method$ the object is placed abo%e the hori0ontal
plane and in 'ront o' the %ertical plane in the )rst (uadrant. The projection made
on these planes is called the )rst"angle projection. In this system o' projection$
the object lies in between the obser%er and the plane i.e.$ in the )rst (uadrant#.
5igure 4 shows the position o' the object in the )rst"angle projection3
Figure 4: Displaying the Position of the Object in the First-Angle Projection
The )rst"angle projection and its %iew direction are as shown in 5igure ;3
Figure 5: Displaying the First-Angle Projection and its View Direction
The top %iew o' the object comes below the 'ront %iew 5igure ;#. The 'eatures o'
the )rst"angle projection are as 'ollows3
The object is situated in the )rst (uadrant$ i.e.$ abo%e the &P and in 'ront o'
the -P.
The object lies between the obser%er and the plane o' projection.
Orthographic Projections
11>
In this method$ the top %iew is drawn e*actly below the 'ront %iew.
The side %iew 'rom the le't is drawn to the right o' the 'ront %iew and the side
%iew 'rom the right is drawn to the le't o' the 'ront %iew. The projections 'rom
the le't"side %iew and right"side %iew are as shown in 5igure =3
Figure 6: Displaying the Projections from Left-Side View
and Right-Side View
Third"/ngle Projection
In a third"angle projection$ the object is assumed to be situated in the third
(uadrant$ that is$ below the &P and behind the -P. The plane o' projection lies
between the object and the obser%er. In this system o' projection$ the top %iew
comes abo%e the 'ront %iew. The third"angle projection and its %iew direction are
as shown in 5igure >3
11?
,hapter4
Figure 7: Displaying the Third-Angle Projection and Its View Direction
The 'ront %iew$ top %iew$ and le't"hand side %iew o' an object in the third"angle
projection are as shown in 5igure ?3
Figure 8: Displaying the Front View, Top View, and Left-Hand
Side View of anObject in the Third-Angle Projection
The characteristics o' the third"angle method o' projection are as 'ollows3
Object is placed in the third (uadrant$ i.e.$ below the &P and behind the -P
Planes o' projection are transparent and lie between the object and the
obser%er
The top %iew is drawn e*actly abo%e the 'ront %iew
Orthographic Projections
11@
The side %iew 'rom the le't is drawn to the le't o' the 'ront %iew and the side
%iew 'rom the right is drawn to the right o' the 'ront %iew.
In orthographic projections$ it is compulsory to mention the system o' projection
used$ whether it is )rst" or third"angle o' projection. This is due to the 'act that
there are many di.erences between the two. The di.erences between the )rst"
and third"angle projections are presented in Table 13
Table 13 Di.erences between the 5irst" and Third"/ngle Projections
5irst"/ngle Projection Third"/ngle Projection
Object lies in the )rst (uadrant Object lies in the third (uadrant
Object is present between the
obser%er and the plane o'
projection
Plane o' projection is present
between the obser%er and the
object
9ontransparency is assumed in
the plane o' projection
Transparency is assumed in the
plane o' projection
5ront %iew is always drawn abo%e
the AB line or re'erence line
5ront %iew is always drawn below
the AB line or re'erence line
Top %iew is always drawn below
the AB line or re'erence line
Top %iew is always drawn abo%e the
AB line or re'erence line
7e't %iew is always projected on
the right side o' the 'ront %iew
7e't %iew is always projected on the
le't plane o' the 'ront %iew
This system o' projection is
generally 'ollowed in India and
Curopean countries
This system o' projection is
generally 'ollowed in D6/
/ line representing the intersection o' &P and -P is called re'erence line or
datum line. Eraphically$ it is also called the AB line. The uses o' re'erence line in
engineering drawing in conte*t with orthographic projection are pro%ided as
'ollows3
Orthographic projection o' an object obtained on the -P is 5- and always lies
abo%e the re'erence line
Orthographic projection o' an object obtained on the &P is T- and always lies
below the re'erence line
Orthographic projection o' an object obtained on the PP is 6- and always lies
on the side o' 5- and abo%e the re'erence line
7et8s consider an e*ample o' the )rst"angle projection in which an object lies
between the obser%er and the principal plane$ and the 5- and T- o' the object
are drawn by the )rst"angle projection method. The )rst"angle projection o' an
object is as shown in 5igure @3
1+0
,hapter4
Figure 9: Displaying the First-Angle Projection an Object
The 5- and T- o' an object showing the re'erence line AB are as shown in 5igure
103
(a)Front View
(b) Top View
Orthographic Projections
1+1
Figure 10: Displaying the Front View and Top View of an Object
In the ne*t section$ let us discuss about the con%ersion o' pictorial %iew into
orthographic %iew by )rst"angle projection method.
Q&. Discuss s'ste"s of orthographic projections.
4.= ,on%ersion o' Pictorial -iew into 6ectional Orthographic
-iews
Orthographic %iew o' an object re'ers to the two"dimensional projection o' a
three"dimensional object in two or more planes. Fased on the pictorial or the
isometric %iew o' the object$ the actual measurements are projected on the
hori0ontal plane$ %ertical plane$ or pro)le plane to obtain the two"dimensional
shape o' the object. / pictorial %iew can be con%erted into orthographic %iew by
using two methods$ namely$ )rst angle projection method and third angle
projection method. In the )rst angle projection method$ the object to be %iewed
is considered to lie in the )rst (uadrant$ that is$ the position o' the object will be
between the obser%er and the plane o' projectionG howe%er$ in the third angle
projection$ the object to be %iewed lies in the third (uadrant$ that is$ the object
will be separated 'rom the obser%er by the plane o' projection. Bou will learn
more about third angle projection in the ne*t section. In this section$ we will
consider only the )rst angle projection method since it is commonly used 'or
drawing the sectional orthographic %iew o' an object. To understand the
techni(ue o' con%erting a pictorial %iew into orthographic %iew$ let8s consider the
object shown in
5igure 113
1++
,hapter4
Figure 11: Showing the Pictorial View of an Object
In the preceding )gure$ the arrow o' the obser%er indicates that the obser%er is
%iewing the object 'rom that direction. There'ore$ let8s consider the section plane
to pass through the center o' the object in a direction perpendicular to the
hori0ontal a*is. The sectioned object can be drawn as shown in 5igure 1+3
Figure 12: Showing the Sectioned Three-Dimensional View of an Object
The 'ollowing steps need to be per'ormed to draw the orthographic %iew o' a
gi%en object3
1. 6elect a suitable scale to draw the orthographic projection. /ssume 1 cm H
10 mm.
+. Draw the re'erence a*is$ that is$ *"y a*is.
!. Draw a line o' ; cm in the 'ront %iew to represent the base o' the rectangle
seen in the 'ront %iew.
4. Draw a line o' 0.; cm 10 mm I ; mm H ; mm# normal to the +; cm line to
represent the breadth o' the rectangle. ,omplete the outline o' the
rectangle.
;. Draw a %ertical line at a distance o' +.; mm -alue obtained a'ter subtracting
the radius o' the circle 'rom the 10 mm distance 'rom the edge o' the object
to the center o' the circle# 'rom the le't side o' the rectangle. 6imilarly$ draw
%ertical lines at distances o' 1>.; mm 10 J >.;#$ !+.; mm 10J!0# I >.;#$
and 40 mm 10 J !0# 'rom the le't side o' the rectangle.
=. Draw a hori0ontal line o' ; cm at a distance o' 0.; cm below the ;0 mm line
and join
Orthographic Projections
1+!
the edges to 'orm a rectangle.6hade the rectangle as shown in5igure 1! to
obtain
the 'ront %iew3
Figure 13: Showing the Front View of the Object
>. Project the edges o' the rectangle in the 'ront %iew and e*tend them to some
distance below the *"y line.
?. Draw a %ertical line o' +.; cm on the line projected 'rom the le't edge o' the
rectangle. ,omplete the rectangle in the 'ont %iew by drawing hori0ontal and
%ertical lines with respect to the +.; cm line.
@. Draw a semi"circle ha%ing a radius o' >.; mm at the lower edge o' the
rectangle in the 'ront %iew at a distance o' +.; mm 'rom the le't side o' the
rectangle.
10. Draw a (uarter circle o' >.; mm radius at a distance o' 10 mm 'rom the right
side o' the rectangle to obtain the top %iew$ as shown in 5igure 143
Figure 14: Illustrating the Front View and the Top View
11. Draw the pro)le plane perpendicular to the *"y a*is on the right side o' the
'ront and top %iews.
1+. Project the top side o' the rectangle in the 'ront %iew onto the pro)le plane.
6imilarly$ project the top side o' the rectangle in the top %iew onto the pro)le
plane. 1ark the point where the two lines intersect each other.
1!. Draw a %ertical line o' 1 cm 'rom the intersection point o' the two lines.
14. Draw a line at an angle o' 4;K 'rom the base o' the 1 cm line.
1;. Draw a hori0ontal line 'rom the inclined line at a distance o' ! mm 'rom the
le't side o' the pro)le %iew and e*tend it to a length o' +; mm. ,omplete the
pro)le %iew by drawing the re(uired hori0ontal and %ertical lines as shown in
5igure 1;3
1+4
,hapter4
Figure 15: Illustrating the Profle View
Thus$ the gi%en pictorial %iew is con%erted into a sectional orthographic %iew.
Q(. Develop the orthographic projection of the object shown in
the following %gure when the section plane is passed
parallel to the hori)ontal plane:
4.> Dimensioning Techni(ue as Per 6P"4=
/n engineering drawing needs to be properly marked with dimensions to ser%e
its purpose. Dimension plays an important role in drawing by pro%iding the
in'ormation re(uired about the si0e and position o' objects8 'eatures.
Dimensioning means e*pressing rele%ant and use'ul in'ormation o' an object on
a drawing with the help o' lines$ )gures$ numerals$ units$ notes$ etc. There are
dimensioning techni(ues that are made according to the FI6 code 6P"4=$ which
is a set standard 'or students o' engineering drawing. This code is updated a'ter
a certain period o' time by the FI6. The current practice is using the FI6
Orthographic Projections
1+;
standard$ which is known as 6P"4=3+00!$ whereas earlier$ the FI6 code 6P"
4=31@?? was used. Drawings should be made by keeping in mind the updated
standards. The dimensioning techni(ue in%ol%es the 'ollowing important points
while dimensioning an object3
Dimensioning should be attained in such a meticulous manner that
'urthermore calculation and postulation o' any dimension or direct
measurement is not re(uired.
Cach dimension should be produced in the drawing without any duplication.
Placement o' a dimension should be done appropriately to gi%e a clear %iew
o' its purpose.
Theoretically$ a dimension should be placed outside the %iew$ e*cept in the
case when it is more readily understandable inside the %iew.
,rossing o' dimension lines and hidden lines dimensioning should be
a%erted.
In any case$ dimension line should not intersect with any other line o' the
drawing.
The use o' a center line or an outline as a dimension is strictly prohibited.
&owe%er$ it can be e*tended to assist as an e*tension.
The recommended system o' placing dimensions is aligned system$ which is
discussed later in the chapter.
5urther$ there can be di.erent arrangements o' dimensions on the drawings.
These arrangements are as 'ollows3
,hain dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning
,oordinate dimensioning
These are described in the upcoming sections.
,hain Dimensioning
,hain dimensioning is the arrangement where the dimension lines are drawn
along a same line in one direction. It is used when the tolerances o' the object
shown in the drawing do not alter the object8s 'unctional re(uirement. 9ote that
the tolerance o' an object re'ers to the accuracy o' the object that is re(uired
when it is )nally manu'actured. 5igure 1= shows chain dimensioning3
1+=
,hapter4
Figure 16: Showing Chain Dimensioning
Parallel Dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning is the arrangement where dimension lines are drawn
parallel to each other. /ll the dimension lines start 'rom a common re'erence line
and there are wide spaces in between the parallel dimension lines. 5igure
1>shows parallel dimensioning3
Figure 17: Showing Parallel Dimensioning
/nother 'orm o' parallel dimensioning is superimposed running dimensioning in
which there are space limitations in the drawing. 5igure 1? shows superimposed
running dimensioning3
Figure 18: Showing Superimposed Running Dimensioning
,oordinate Dimensioning
,oordinate dimensioning makes use o' a table that lists the dimension o' each
drawing shown in a drawing sheet. 5or instance$ a hole$ which re(uires the
in'ormation about its 'eatures such as center and diameter$ consists o'
description about its A and B coordinates and its diameter. 5igure 1@ shows
coordinate dimensioning3
Orthographic Projections
1+>
Figure 19: Showing Coordinate Dimensioning
To make the process o' dimensioning uni%ersal and global$ some dimensioning
terms and notations ha%e to be used with consistency. These terms and
notations gi%e a structure to the whole process o' dimensioningG thus$ they are
widely used in engineering graphics. The most commonly used dimensioning
terms and notations are dimension line$ e*tension line$ arrowhead$ note$ and
leader.
6ummary
This unit is summari0ed as 'ollows3
In orthographic projections$ the hidden sections or parts o' an object are
shown by cutting the object by a section plane.
Orthogonal projection speci)es a type o' parallel projection in which all
projection lines are perpendicular at their point o' intersection orthogonal#.
/*onometric projection speci)es a type o' parallel projection used to create a
pictorial drawing o' an object that rotates so that all its three dimensions can
be %iewed. It shows more than one side o' an object in the same picture$ as it
allows you to %iew the object 'rom a skew direction. In this type o' projection$
the plane or a*is o' the object is ne%er parallel to the projection plane.
Obli(ue projection speci)es a type o' projection in which the projectors are
parallel to each other$ but are not perpendicular to the plane o' projection.
In general$ orthographic projection is a system o' drawing %iews o' an object
using perpendicular projectors 'rom the object to a plane o' projection.
In a )rst"angle projection method$ the object is placed abo%e the hori0ontal
plane and in 'ront o' the %ertical plane in the )rst (uadrant.
In a third"angle projection$ the object is assumed to be situated in the third
(uadrant$ that is$ below the &P and behind the -P.
Dimension plays an important role in drawing by pro%iding the in'ormation
re(uired about the si0e and position o' objects8 'eatures.
,hain dimensioning is the arrangement where the dimension lines are drawn
along a same line in one direction.
1+?
,hapter4
Parallel dimensioning is the arrangement where dimension lines are drawn
parallel to each other.
,oordinate dimensioning makes use o' a table that lists the dimension o'
each drawing shown in a drawing sheet.
Leywords
Elevation: 4e'ers to the %iew o' an object that is obtained when it is looked
'rom the 'ront o' the object. It is more commonly known as 5ront -iew 5-#.
Plan: 4e'ers to the %iew o' an object that is obtained when it is looked
downward 'rom a certain height abo%e the object. It is more commonly
known as Top -iew T-#.
End view: 4e'ers to the %iew o' an object 'rom its side. It is more commonly
known as 6ide -iew 6-#.
*I+:6tands 'or Fureau o' Indian 6tandards that de)nes the standards 'or
engineering drawing
6ol%ed Problems
Proble" 1: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.2ight hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
Orthographic Projections
1+@
+tep 1:Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $:1ark centres 'or circle in 'ront %iew and )rst complete the 'ront
%iew.
+tep&:Draw the other hidden lines in the 'ront %iew and project them in
top %iew and in side%iew.
+tep (:Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3:,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 4:/dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" $: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1. 1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$. ,op view
&. 2ight hand side view
(.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1:Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
1!0
,hapter4
+tep $:5irst complete the 'ront %iew.
+tep &:Draw projection lines in top %iew as well as in side %iew.
+tep (:Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3:,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 4:/dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" &: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1:Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $:5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &:Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
Orthographic Projections
1!1
+tep (:Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3:,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 4:/dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" (: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1. 1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1:Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $:5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &:Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
1!+
,hapter4
+tep (:Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3:,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 4:/dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" 3: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1:Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $:5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &:Draw projection lines in top %iew.
Orthographic Projections
1!!
+tep (:Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3:,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 4:/dd major dimensions in two %iews.
Proble" 4: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1: Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $: 5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &: Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
+tep (: Crase unnecessary construction lines.
1!4
,hapter4
+tep 3: Draw the hidden lines in side %iew
+tep 4: ,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 6:/dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" 6: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1:Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $: 5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &: Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
+tep (: Crase unnecessary construction lines.
Orthographic Projections
1!;
+tep 3: Draw the hidden lines in side %iew
+tep 4: ,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 6: /dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" 7: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1: Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $: 5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &:Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
1!=
,hapter4
+tep (:Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3:Draw the hidden lines in side %iew
+tep 4:,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 6:/dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Probe" 8: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1.1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.5eft hand side view
+olution:5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
+tep 1: Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $: 5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &:Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
+tep (: Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3: Draw the hidden lines in side %iew
Orthographic Projections
1!>
+tep 4: ,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 6: /dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
Proble" 19: ,he pictorial view -iso"etric view. of an object is
shown in the %gure. /sing the %rst angle "ethod of projection0
draw the following views:
1. 1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
$.,op view
&.5eft hand side view
+olution: 5igure below will show the solution o' the abo%e problem.
Bou need to 'ollow the 'ollowing steps to create the re(uired %iews3
1!?
,hapter4
+tep 1: Take a 'ull imperial si0e drawing paper.
+tep $: 5irst complete the 'ront %iew in the direction o' arrow.
+tep &: Draw projection lines in top %iew and in side %iew.
+tep (: Crase unnecessary construction lines.
+tep 3: Draw the hidden lines in 'ront %iew as well as in top %iew.
+tep 4: ,lean the drawing paper.
+tep 6: /dd major dimensions in all three %iews.
1ultiple ,hoice :uestions
Q1. :hich of the following is the t'pe of orthographic
projection;
a. Orthogonal b. /*onometric
c. Obli(ue projections d. /ll o' these
/ns. d
Q$. :hich of the following notation is used in orthographic
projections;
a. 76- 'or le't"side %iew b. -P 'or %ertical plane
c. &P 'or hori0ontal plane d. /ll o' these
/ns. d
Q&. :hen the planes of projection are e!tended across the lines of
intersection0 the' for" <<<<<< #uadrants.
a. 5our b. Three
c. Two d. One
/ns. a
Orthographic Projections
1!@
Q(. :hich of the following is not a feature of %rst=angle projection;
a. The object lies between the obser%er and the plane o' projection.
b. The object is situated in the second (uadrant$ i.e.$ abo%e the &P and
in 'ront o' the -P.
c. In this method$ the top %iew is drawn e*actly below the 'ront %iew.
d. 9one o' these
/ns. b
Q3. :hich of the following is the characteristic of third=angle
"ethod of projection;
a. Object is placed in the third (uadrant$ i.e.$ below the &P and behind
the -P.
b. Planes o' projection are not transparent and lie between the object
and the obser%er.
c. The 'ront %iew is drawn e*actly abo%e the top %iew.
d. 9one o' these
/ns. a
Q4. :hich of the following is not the use of reference line in
engineering drawing in conte!t with orthographic projection;
a. Orthographic projection o' an object obtained on the &P is 5- and
always lies abo%e the re'erence line
b. Orthographic projection o' an object obtained on the &P is T- and
always lies below the re'erence line
c. Orthographic projection o' an object obtained on the PP is 6- and
always lies on the side o' 5- and abo%e the re'erence line
d. 9one o' these
/ns. a
Q6. :hich of the following point is i"portant while di"ensioning an
object;
a. Dimensioning should be attained in such a meticulous manner that
'urthermore calculation and postulation o' any dimension or direct
measurement is not re(uired.
b. Cach dimension should be produced in the drawing without any
duplication.
c. Placement o' a dimension should be done appropriately to gi%e a
clear %iew o' its purpose.
d. /ll o' these
/ns. d
Q7. :hich of the following state"ent is false;
140
,hapter4
a. ,hain dimensioning is the arrangement where the dimension lines
are drawn along a same line in one direction.
b. ,hain dimensioning is used when the tolerances o' the object shown
in the drawing alter the object8s 'unctional re(uirement.
c. The tolerance o' an object re'ers to the accuracy o' the object that
is re(uired when it is )nally manu'actured.
d. 9one o' these
/ns. b
Q8. :hich of the following state"ent is true;
a. Parallel dimensioning is the arrangement where dimension lines are
drawn perpendicular to each other.
b. /ll the dimension lines start 'rom a common re'erence line and
there are wide spaces in between the parallel dimension lines.
c. 9o other 'orm o' parallel dimensioning is a%ailable.
d. 9one o' these
/ns. b
Q19. <<<<<< "akes use of a table that lists the di"ension of each
drawing shown in a drawing sheet.
a. ,oordinate dimensioning b. ,hain dimensioning
c. Parallel dimensioning d. 9one o' these
/ns. a
C*ercises 'or Practice
Q1. De%ne the ter" projection. >ow is the projection of an object
"ade;
Q$. Describe and classif' orthographic projections.
Q&. E!plain the s'ste"s of orthographic projections with the help of
a suitable e!a"ple.
Q(. :hat is the signi%cance of *I+ speci%cations;
Q3. :hat do 'ou "ean b' pictorial view or drawing; :h' is
orthographic view preferred over pictorial view;
Q4. >ow does a pictorial view di?er fro" an orthographic view;
Q6. E!plain the procedure to convert the pictorial view into
orthographic view.
Q7. Draw the following views of the pictorial view of an object using
the %rst=angle projection "ethod:
Orthographic Projections
141
1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
,op view
2ight=hand side view
5eft=hand side view
,he pictorial view of the object is shown in the following %gure:
Q8. Draw the following views of the pictorial view of an object using
the %rst=angle "ethod of projection:
1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
,op view
5eft=hand side view
,he pictorial view of the given object is shown in the following
%gure:
14+
,hapter4
Q19. /sing the %rst=angle "ethod of projection0 draw the following
views:
1ront view looking in the direction of arrow
,op view
5eft=hand side view
,he pictorial view of the given object is shown in the following
%gure: