HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

2. Hydraulic Fluids
1. In principle, any liquid can be used to transfer ...
2. However, as in hydraulic installations, other characteristics are also required of
hydraulic fluids, the number of suitable fluids is considerably restricted. For
examples, water causes problems related to .., ,
and .
. Hydraulic fluid with a mineral oil base ! also "nown as . ! fullfill
most normal requirement, for example in machine tools
#. Hydraulic fluids with are required for hydraulic
systems with hi$h ris" of fire such as, for example%
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In all these applications, there is a ris" that hydraulic fluids based on mineral oils
will ... 'il mixtures containin$ water or
synthetic oils are used here in place of standard oils.
2.1 Tasks for Hydraulic Fluids
(he hydraulic fluids used in hydraulic installations must fulfil very varied tas"s%
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2.2 Types of hydraulic fluid
(here are 2 $roups of hydraulic fluids,
a.
b.
(here are various types of fluid with different characteristics. (hese characteristics
are determined by a and ..
Hydraulic oils
1. Hydraulic oils are divided accordin$ to their characteristics and composition into
three classes.
& Hydraulic oil
& Hydraulic oil
& Hydraulic oil
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
2. (he desi$nations for these oils are composed of the letter H for hydraulic oil and
an additional letter for the .. (he code letter is supplemented by a
.. defined in )I*' viscosity classes+.
,esi$nation *pecial characteristic -reas of application
Hydraulic oil for hydraulic systems
For example
H./ 01
Hydraulic fluids i!h lo i"#fla$$a%ili!y
1. 2here these hydraulic fluids are concerned, a distinction is made between
. and . synthetic hydraulic fluids.
2. (he synthetic hydraulic fluids are chemically composed so that their
...
. (he table shown here provides an overview of hydraulic fluids with low
flammability )HF liquids+. (hey are also described in 3,4- standard sheets
2#15 and 2#26.
Hydraulic fluids with low flammability
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
2.& Charac!eris!ics a"d re'uire$e"!s
For hydraulic oils to be able to fulfil the requirements listed above, they must exhibit
certain qualities under the relevant operatin$ conditions. *ome of these qualities are
listed here%
7 .owest .8
7 4inimal .8
7 . not too low )lubricatin$ film+8
7 9ood ....8
7 9ood 8
7 9ood ...8
7 .ow 8
7 9ood 8
In addition, hydraulic oils should fulfil the followin$ requirements%
7 ..8
7 ..8
7 ..8
7 ...8
7 .
(he most important distin$uishin$ feature of hydraulics is ...
2.( )iscosi!y
1. (he word :viscosity; can be defined as :.;.
2. (he viscosity of a liquid indicates its , i.e. the resistance which
must be overcome to move two ...
(hus, viscosity is a measure of how easily a liquid can be poured.
. (he international system of standards defines viscosity as :..;
)unit% mm( 2(<s+.
#. It is determined by a standardised procedure, e.$.%
7 8
7 ..
=. (he . can also be used to determine "inematics viscosity. It can
be used to measure viscosity values precisely across a broad area. 4easurements
are made to determine the . with which a body sin"s in a liquid under
the influence of ... (o find the "inematics viscosity, it is necessary to
by ..
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
>all viscometer
0. 'ne important method of identifyin$ hydraulic oils is the specification of
. (he I*' standard and the new draft of ,I? =1=2# explain that the
viscosity classes lay down the minimum and maximum viscosity of hydraulic oils
at #6 @A.
3iscosity classes
5. (hus, six different viscosity classes are available for the various types of
hydraulic oil H., H./ and H3. (he table below specifies areas of application for
the different viscosity classes8 it is necessary here to match the viscosity class to
the ambient temperatures.
1. For stora$e reasons, hi$h&$rade motor or $ear lubricatin$ oil is also used in
hydraulic installations. For this reason, the *-B viscosity classification is also
listed here. However, this classification allows fairly lar$e tolerance Cones as can
be seen from a comparison between the two methods of classification.
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
3iscosity Alassification
D. In practice viscosity mar$ins play an important role%
2here viscosity is too low )very fluid+, more lea"a$es occur. (he lubricatin$ film
is thin and, thus, able to brea" away more easily resultin$ in reduced protection
a$ainst wears. ,espite this fact, fluid oil is preferred to viscous oil since pressure
and power losses are small owin$ to the lower friction. -s viscosity increases, the
internal friction of the liquid increases and, with that, the pressure and power loss
caused by the heat also increases.
16. Hi$h viscosity results in increased friction leadin$ to excessive pressure losses
and heatin$ particularly at throttle points. (his ma"es cold start and the separation
of air bubbles more difficult and, thus, leads to cavitations.
3iscosity limits
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
11. 2hen usin$ hydraulic fluids, it is important to consider their viscosity&
temperature characteristics, since the viscosity of a hydraulic fluid chan$es with
chan$es in temperature. (hese characteristics are shown in the EbbelohdeFs
viscosity&temperature dia$ram. If the values are entered on double lo$arithmic
paper, a strai$ht line is produced.
3iscosity&temperature dia$ram
12. (he viscosity index )3I+ is used as a reference value for viscosity&temperature
characteristics. It is calculated in accordance with ,I? I*' 2D6D. (he hi$her the
viscosity index of a hydraulic oil, the less the viscosity chan$es or the $reater the
temperature ran$e in which this hydraulic oil can be used. In the viscosity&
temperature dia$ram, a hi$h viscosity index is shown as a level characteristic line.
1. 4ineral oils with a hi$h viscosity index are also referred to as multi&$rade oils.
(hey can be used anywhere where very chan$eable operatin$ temperatures arise8
such as for mobile hydraulics, for example. 2here oils with a low viscosity index
are concerned, a distinction must be made between summer oils and winter oils%
7 *ummer oils% with hi$her viscosity so that the oil does not become too fluid
causin$ the lubricatin$ film to brea" up.
7 2inter oils% with lower viscosity so that the oil does not become too thic" and
a cold start is possible.
1#. (he viscosity&pressure characteristics of hydraulic oils are also important since
the viscosity of hydraulic oils increases with increasin$ pressure. (hese
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
characteristics are to be noted particularly in the case of pressures from a Gp of
266 bar. -t approx. =6 to #66 bar the viscosity is $enerally already double that at
6 bar.
3iscosity&pressure characteristic
1=. If the characteristics of hydraulic fluids described in this chapter are summariCed,
the followin$ advanta$es and disadvanta$es of hydraulic fluids with low
flammability result when compared to hydraulic oils on a mineral oil base%
10. -dvanta$es and disadvanta$es of hydraulic fluids with low flammability
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS