85

= nominal torsional strength provided by the concrete in the

uncracked and transition states, in.-Ib.
= factored torsional moment, in.-Ib.
= nominal torsional strength provided by the truss system, in.-Ib.
= factored shear force, lb.
= nominal shear strength provided by the concrete in the uncracked
and transition states, lb.
= component in the direction of applied shear of effective
prestress force at section, lb.
V
TR
= nominal shear strength provided by the truss system, lb.
v = v (V) + v (T)
u u u
z = distance bet wen the centroids of the longitudinal chords of the
Ci
=
p
=
=
=
truss model, in.
angle of inclination of the diagonal compression members of the
truss model at failure.
ratio of longitudinal flexural tension reinforcement, As/[bd]
reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions.
strength reduction factor, taken as 0.85. for shear and torsion.
1.1 Scope
These provisions shall apply for design of reinforced and
prestressed concrete one-way members with web reinforcement subjected
to shear, or torsion, or to combined shear and torsion. The design of
slabs, footings and horizontal shear connectors is outside the scope of
these provisions.
1. 1. 1 In a statically indeterminate structure where
significant reduction of torsional moment in a member can occur due to
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redistribution of internal forces upon cracking, a design for torsional
ultimate strength is not required. However, the detailing requirements
for the transverse and the longitudinal reinforcement specified in
Section 1.4 shall be met.
1.1.2 Torsion effects may be neglected in members where the
factored torsional moment Tu is less than O.5T
c

1.1.3 Shear effects may be neglected in members where the
factored shear force Vu is less than O.5V
c

1.1.4 For the case of combined shear and torsion, the design
of reinforced and prestressed concrete members shall be conducted using
the superposition of the shearing stresses due to shear and torsion.
1.2 Design Assumptions
1.2.1 The nominal strength of a member subjected to shear,
torsion, or combined shear and torsion shall be determined from the
analysis of the variable angle of inclination truss model based on the
assumptions given in Sections 1.2.2 through 1.2.11. For members with
relatively low levels of shear and torsion stresses, an additional
concrete contribution to the nominal strength may be included as
specified in Section 1.3.6.
1.2.1.1 Design of sections subjected to shear shall be based
on
(1-1 )
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where Vu is the factored shear force at the section, and Vn is the
nominal shear strength computed by
( 1-2)
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete in the
uncracked and transition states, evaluated in accordance with Secs.
1.3.6(a), V
TR
is the nominal shear strength provided by the truss model,
and Vp is the component in the direction of the applied shear of the
effective prestress force at section.
1.2.1.2 Design of sections subjected to torsion shall be based
on
(1-3 )
where Tu is the factored torsional moment at the section, and Tn is the
nominal torsional strength computed by
(1-4 )
Tc is the nominal torsional strength provided by the concrete in the
uncracked and transition states, evaluated in accordance with Secs.
1.3.6 (c) and (d), and TTR is the nominal torsion strength provided by
the truss model.
1.2.1.3 Design of sections subjected to combined shear and
torsion shall be based on the nominal strength indicated from the truss
model considering any contribution of the concrete in the uncracked or
transition state distributed as provided in Sec. 1.3.6(e).
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1.2.2 The general design procedure shall be based on a truss
model with variable angle of inclination of the compression struts. The
basic components of the truss model consist of upper and lower
longitudinal chords, stirrups or welded wire fabric perpendicular to
axis as tension ties between chords, and a continuous compression field
made up of the concrete compression diagonals inclined at an angle a.
1.2.3 Prior to failure, yielding of the longitudinal
reinforcement is assumed. Chord capacities shall be based on
underreinforced sections for flexure as specified in ACI 318 Sec. 10.3.3
or AASHTO Sec. 1.5.32 (A).
1.2.4 Crushing of the inclined compression struts shall be
prevented prior to yielding of the transverse reinforcement.
1.2.5 The angle of inclination of the diagonals in the truss
model shall be selected between the limits
25
0
< a 65
0
(1-5 )
1.2.6 Tensile strength of the concrete shall be neglected 1n
shear and torsion except as prov ided in Section 1.3.6.
1.2.7 Only uniaxial forces shall be considered in the
reinforcement.
1.2.8 At ul timate load, uniaxial yielding of the steel
reinforcement is assumed.
1.2.9 For strains in the reinforcement greater than that
corresponding to the specified yield strength fy' stress in the
reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to f
y