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IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm


A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 1



Abstract
On Extra High Voltage power transmission lines, when single-phase ground faults happen, There is generation of secondary
arc, the existence of secondary arc impacts the stable operation of the system. In order to ensure the effectiveness and
reliability of single-phase auto-reclosing, whenever single-phase grounding fault occurs in high voltage transmission line
secondary arc current and recovery voltage must be suppressed. The effectiveness of single-pole auto enclosure (SPAR) in
maintaining power system stability is largely determined by the speed with which secondary arc extinction, and hence auto
reclosure, can be achieved. In this work there is approach to measure the suppression of secondary arc current - shunt reactor
which is applied widely in many countries, and then uses MATLAB/SIMULINK software to simulate
Keywords: power transmission, secondary arc, shunt reactor, MATLAB/SIMULINK.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well realized that the transient faults which are most frequent in occurrence do no permanent damage to the system
as they are transitory in nature. These faults disappear if the line is disconnected from the system momentarily in order
to allow the arc to extinguish. After the arc path has become sufficiently deionized, the line can be reclosed to restore
normal service. The type of fault could be a flashover across an insulator. Reclosing could also achieve the same thing
with semi-permanent faults but with a delayed action, e.g., a small tree branch falling on the line, in which case the
cause of the fault would not be removed by the immediate tripping of the circuit breaker but could be burnt away during
a time delayed trip and thus the line reclosed to restore normal service. Single phase to ground fault is the most
common fault in power transmission systems. Single phase auto reclosing is used to improve system stability, power
transfer, reliability, and availability of a transmission line during a single phase to ground fault [8].Soon after the fault,
the two line end breakers will open (faulted phase only in this case) to isolate the fault. However, the other line (un-
faulted phases) are still energized. There is inductive and capacitive coupling between the faulted line and the healthy
phases, as well as between other conductors of parallel circuits (i.e. double circuit lines).Shunt reactors are installed to
offset the capacitive effect of transmission lines and therefore improve the voltage profiles of transmission lines.
Reactors can be placed on a section of the transmission line or on the adjacent bus. Current transformers (CTs) may be
installed on the reactors, or the line protection devices may rely on bus CTs .In addition, they also help regulate the
volt/VAR of power systems. Specific implementations of shunt reactors may greatly differ between utilities
2. GENERATION THEORY OF SECONDARY ARC CURRENT
Secondary arc is an electromagnetic transient phenomenon generated in the process of single-phase auto reclosing
operation. The generation theory is shown in Fig.1. When the single phase (i.e. phase C) ground fault occurs, the
breakers at both ends of the fault phase will be tripping and short-circuit current which is provided with power and
system from both ends to the fault point will be cut off. But this time the sound phases (phase A and phase B) are still
running. There are loads current (IaIb) flows through, and the two phases still keep working voltage (EaEb). Due to
the function of inter-phase capacitance CM and mutual inductance M, the secondary arc current lc is generated at the
fault point Q. It contains two parts: capacitive component and inductive component. [5].



Suppression of Secondary Arc Current for 765
kV Transmission Line


AVINASH SHARMA
1
, ARTI BHANDAKKAR
2

RESEARCH SCHOLAR, SRIT, J ABALPUR, INDIA 1
PROF. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRIT, J ABALPUR, INDIA 2
IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 2




Figure 1 the theory of secondary arc current
Capacitive component is defined as a kind of capacitive current generated by sound phase voltage. It flows through
inter-phase capacitance to the fault, and finally enters the earth via grounding arc. Its value is

Where:
CM
As for certain distant transmission line, the value of capacitive component keeps constant and is not related to the exact
location of fault point.Load current of sound phase through the mutual inductance generates induced electromotive
force EM on the fault phase. Its value is

The electromotive force provides fault point with induced current through the loop formed by transmission lines of fault
phase, grounding arc, the earth resistance and earth capacity of fault phase. The induced current is inductive
component. It can be seen that the inductive component is related to earth capacity of fault phase.
3. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
There is a generation plant which has 12 generators of 350 MVA and generates 3000 MW of power. For the
transmission of 3000 MW power two 735 kV parallel lines, of 200 KM length with a short circuit level of 20 GVA are
used. The simulation is done with a simplified synchronous machine which is connected to the transmission network
through a 13.8 kV/735 kV Wye-Delta transformer. The two shunt reactors are connected at the each line ends of
200Mvars so the lines are shunt compensated. For the two shunt reactance of line 2 single pole reclosing are applied at
this voltage level by the use of neutral inductances. If it is not applied, the 'secondary arc current' which is induced into
the fault will be too high after opening of line breakers on the faulted phase to allow arc extinction. By opening the two
shunt reactance blocks of line 2, the optimum neutral inductance is computed. The specified parameters are, Rarc =0.1
ohm and 30 ohms respectively for currents of 1kA and 100A).The t=1 cycle is applied for the faults. The both breakers
has the opening command at t =4 cycles in which 3 are for cycle detection and rest one for opening time. After a dead
time of 30 cycles, the two breakers are closed at t =34 cycles, during which the arc creating the fault extinguish.
4. SIMULATION STUDY OF SECONDARY ARC
The secondary arc is simulated by MATLAB/SIMULATION software. Setting the power supply initial phase, assuming
A three-phase, 765-kV, 50-Hz transposed line is composed of four ACSR 1,431,000, 45/7 Bobolink conductors per
phase with flat horizontal spacing of 14 m. The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 cm; height of the transmission line
is 18 m and GMR of 1.439 cm. The bundle spacing is 45 cm. The line is 300 Km long, and for the purpose of this
problem, a lossless line is assumed. The system happen single-phase earthing fault at 0.1s at the end of A-phase line,
which show that the switch close to simulate short-circuit when the power supply voltage is zero, then the arc being put
into the system, the circuit breakers trip at 0.2s, the arc is extinguished when arc current is zero. Separately to change
the power supply initial phase angle, the relative fault voltage simulation waveforms shown in Figure 2.
IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

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Figure 2(a) Simulation Results of 300 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line Phase angle 0

Figure 2(b) Simulation Results of 300 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line phase angle 30

Figure 2(c) Simulation Results of 300 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line phase angle 60

Figure 2(d) Simulation Results of 300 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line Phase angle 90
According to the simulation diagram it is clear that the power system is in normal operation before 0.05s and the
voltage is a standard sine wave, the power system happen circuit short fault at 0.1s but circuit breaker do not
immediately trip, at this time it generates primary arc on lines and the voltage of primary arc much lower than the
normal operation of the system voltage. Subsequently, circuit breaker trip at 0.1s, it generates secondary arc on lines
and the voltage of secondary arc is less than primary arc. The fault current (I_arc) is measured in amperes. It reaches
22 kA during the first cycle, after that it drops to a very small value after 3 cycles when the two line breakers open. The
secondary arc current contains a slowly decaying DC component and a fundamental component (12 A peak). The rms
value is below 50 A, thats why the arc extinguishes at the first current zero crossing. For the fixed resistance the DC
component of the arc current prevents arc extinction, so that the line is now closed on a fault as shown in figure.
IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

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Figure 3(a) The arc model for a Variable resistance (0.1 ohm)


Figure 3(b) The arc model for a fixed resistance (0.1 ohm)

As can be seen from the diagram, the re-ignition time is reducing (in some cases) along with phase angle of tripping
increment. When the phase angle of tripping is 90 degrees, the re-ignition time is the shortest, if it happens the single-
phase earthing fault at this time, then the secondary arc is most difficult to extinguish. But in most of the cases it
doesnt make the severe effect. For more in-depth study secondary arc, it is necessary to take into account harmonic
content changes of faulted phase voltage.From results it is obviously that the suppression measure of shunt reactor with
neutral small reactor is very effective and prompt. Within short 0.45s, the amplitude value of secondary arc current
reduces to less than a certain small value. In the later period of suppression process, wave of secondary arc current
basically reaches steady state and amplitude value is very small

Figure 4(a) Simulation Results of 50 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 0 phase angle


Figure 4(b) Simulation Results of 50 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 30 phase angle

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 5


Figure 4(c) Simulation Results of 50 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 60 phase angle


Figure 4(d )Simulation Results of 50 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 90 phase angle


Figure 5(a) Simulation Results of 100 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 0 phase angle


Figure 5(b) Simulation Results of 100 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 30 phase angle


Figure 5(c) Simulation Results of 100 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 60 phase angle
IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 6


Figure 5(d) Simulation Results of 100 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 90 phase angle


Figure 6(a) Simulation Results of 200 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 0 phase angle


Figure 6(b) Simulation Results of 200 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 30 phase angle


Figure 6(c) Simulation Results of 200 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 60 phase angle


Figure 6(d) Simulation Results of 200 Km, 765 KV transmissions Line 90 phase angle
IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering(IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-600X

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5. CONCLUSION
This work studies the suppression theory of shunt reactor with neutral small reactor toward secondary arc current, uses
MATLAB/SIMULATION software to simulate the different suppression effects of varying locations, and at different
phase angle, finally gets the conclusion. Due to highly random and complex behavior of secondary arc it is very
difficult to reproduce the exact arc duration by digital simulation. However the model elaborated in this work can be
employed successfully to examine the performance of arc suppression scheme in auto recourse study. This research is
about the suppression theory of shunt reactor toward secondary arc current, the factors affecting the secondary arc
extinction, shunt reactors role as inductance which can be used to compensate between line and line to ground
capacitance, reducing the flow through line capacitance current, and weakened capacitance effect. According to the
simulation results, the suppression effects at different locations are different. Moreover, this measure can suppress
secondary arc current effectively It ensure success of single phase auto reclosing operation and finally achieve security
and stability of power system.This system can be considered very efficient, because in this system secondary arc current
gets suppressed in 0.44s. This time is very low as compared to other system. So the protection scheme can be
considered as much as faster. Also adopting neutral point reactor (small inductance) to compensate phase capacitance
between lines can effectively suppress the frequency of occurrence, significantly reducing the arc current
amplitude.Simulation uses different lengths for analysis purposes, also the parameters associated with each line is to be
completed. That indicates that the show result varies with the design of line. Hence for different lines result will show
variations, and the application of reactor will be dependent over the arc current to be suppressed.
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[4]. Wang Hao, Li Yongli, Li BinSecondary arc extinction methods for750kV and UHV transmission
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