A Swab Test (Buccal Swab) is as accurate as the Blood DNA.

You're just getting it from another

source. Make sure you fnd a reputable lab though.I hope this helps. If you have any other
questions,feel free to contact us.
www.fastpaternity.webs.com
Requirements for samples
Asper Biotech accepts extracted DNA and blood for genetic examination. DNA extracted from saliva is
sufficient for the tests AMD risk assessment, Apo E genotyping, actose !ntolerance, and resistance to
noro"irus infections. #referred sali"a collection kits are $ragene%DNA and &ali"a'ene (ollection Module
!!.
)or special requirements for sending 'uthrie cards, contact us *y email at info+asper*io.com

Blood samples
,-. ml of *lood /ith anticoagulant ED0A is needed for genetic analysis. Do not use heparin as
an anticoagulant. Make sure the anticoagulant and *lood are mixed 1 do not shake2
Blood samples can *e preser"ed at ,-34(, *ut for no longer than one /eek. Do not free5e the
*lood2 &end*lood samples *y courier ser"ice.
DNA samples
'enomic DNA should *e eluted in pure sterile water, TE or AE buffer.
0he preferred DNA concentration range is 100-250 n!"l.
0he A,678A,37 ratio should *e 1.#-2.0.
DNA sample should run on an agarose gel as a single *and, sho/ing no degradation, alongside a
quantitati"e DNA marker.
$ccasionally, situations arise in /hich people require concrete, scientific e"idence of parentage, /hether it *e their o/n or
that of someone else. !n most instances, maternity is easy to determine. Before surrogate motherhood *ecame possi*le, the
/oman /ho ga"e *irth to a child /as o*"iously that child9s gestational, genetic, and legal mother, and this continues to *e
true in the "ast ma:ority of cases today.
;nfortunately, questions of paternity aren9t so easy to ans/er. !n order to make a determination of fatherhood, scientists
almost al/ays /ork *ack/ards--from the child to the potential parent--to ascertain the actual nature of the relationship. !n
the past, this typically in"ol"ed identifying specific phenotypes <in particular, specific *lood types= in the child and using this
information to either >rule in> or >rule out> possi*le fathers. ?o/e"er, this system presented a num*er of pro*lems, not the
least of /hich /as that it often yielded inconclusi"e results. 0hus, since the @AA7s, the more common approach has *een to
consider the presence of particular genotypic markers /hen attempting to esta*lish fatherhood <and, in a handful of cases,
motherhood=.
$sin Blood-T%pin in &aternit% Tests
0he process of DNA fingerprinting /as de"eloped *y Alec Beffreys in @A3., and it first *ecame a"aila*le for paternity testing
in @A33. Before this sort of DNA analysis /as a"aila*le, *lood types /ere the most common factor considered in human
paternity testing. Blood groups are a popular example ofMendelian genetics at /ork. After all, there are numerous human
*lood groups /ith multiple alleles, and these alleles exhi*it a range of dominancepatterns.
0oday, the *est-kno/n *lood-typing system is AB$ typing, /hich in"ol"es the presence of antigens on red *lood cells that
are encoded *y the AB$locus on human chromosome A. !n the AB$ system, the A allele and the B allele are codominant,
and the $ allele is recessi"e. 0hus, if a person9s AB$ *lood type is $, he or she has t/o $ alleles. !f, ho/e"er, a person9s
*lood type is A, he or she has either t/o A alleles or one A allele and one $ allele. &imilarly, if a person has type B *lood,
this indicates the presence of either t/o B alleles or one B allele and one $ allele. )inally, some people ha"e type AB *lood,
/hich means they inherited *oth an A allele and a B allele.
!n cases of questioned paternity, AB$ *lood-typing can *e used to exclude a man from *eing a child9s father. )or example, a
man /ho has type AB *lood could not father a child /ith type $ *lood, *ecause he /ould pass on either the A or the B allele
to all of his offspring. Despite their usefulness in this regard, AB$ *lood groups cannot *e used to confirm /hether a man is
indeed a child9s father. Because of this and se"eral other factors, it took the legal system some time to trust *lood-typing. )or
example, in a famous case in @A.C, the starlet Boan Barry accused actor (harlie (haplin of fathering her child. Although
*lood tests definiti"ely excluded (haplin as the father, the court did not allo/ this e"idence to *e admitted, and (haplin /as
ordered to pay child support to Barry. 0he Barry8(haplin case did spur the passage of ne/ la/s, ho/e"er, thus launching a
ne/ era in forensic e"idence.
$"er time, the use of additional *lood antigens, such as those associated /ith the MN and Rh systems, refined the use of
*lood-typing for *oth paternity and forensics. ?o/e"er, such *lood groups /ere only a*out .7D effecti"e in ruling out a man
as a child9s father. 0hen, in the @AE7s, testing for human leukocyte antigens <?As= added a distinguishing feature that
made it possi*le to rule out men as fathers /ith 37D effecti"eness. 0he genes responsi*le for the ?A system are in"ol"ed
in antigen presentation to 0 cells. 0he ?A system is highly polymorphic, /ith more than C,,77 different alleles identified so
far <Ro*inson et al., ,77CF Gilliams, ,77@=. Although this "ast num*er of alleles causes headaches for cell and organ
transplants, the multiplicity of genotypes the ?A system pro"idesHin the tens of millionsHmakes it ideal for consideration
in identity and paternity testing.
0he method for collecting DNA samples for Paternity DNA Testing has many questioning /hether
*lood samples /ould *e more accurate than *uccal <cheek= s/a*s. !n a short, the ans/er is no.
Advantages to buccal swabs for DNA Testing
0he use of *uccal s/a*s in paternity kits is non-in"asi"e, and a much easier technique for the
collection of DNA samples. 0his means no needles for those of us /ho /ould rather not ha"e *lood
taken /ith a needle, especially if itIs not a*solutely necessary. 0he *uccal s/a*s also donIt require
refrigeration like *lood samples do, and they are good for up to six months after the collection has
*een taken. DNA testing for paternity results can *e a difficult procedure, using *uccal s/a*s is one
/ay to help make the process a little less painful.
Advantages to buccal swabs for DNA Testing for the laboratory
Ghy do scientists prefer to use *uccal s/a*s o"er *lood samplesJ )rom the la*s point of "ie/,
/hen conducting DNA testing, the extraction process <extracting the DNA for testing= is a much
easier process on *uccal s/a*s as opposed to *lood samples. Ghen analy5ing DNA for paternity
testing the polymerase chain reaction, or #(R method is used for either *uccal s/a*s or *lood,
/hich means the same result in either case. Brite Hub states Kthe tests used for identifying DNA in
*lood samples are the same as used for identification of DNA in mouth lining scrapings.L 0he only
exception is for those /ho ha"e *een a recipient to *one marro/ transplants recently. !f you ha"e
recei"ed a *one marro/ transplant, youIll /ant to speak /ith the la* conducting the DNA testing
*efore they process the samples.
?i 0ricia,
0he reason for only ha"ing one allele "alue at a gi"en location for the child or the mother is most
likely *ecause not enough DNA /as collected or that the sample /as a poor sample so *oth allele
"alues /ere not found at the location. !f /e find that /e do not ha"e enough DNA to fully complete
your test and come to a yes or a no conclusion, /e /ill contact you for recollection of the samples in
hopes of getting a more complete DNA profile or a *etter sample. !f ho/e"er, you did recei"e test
results from us, enough DNA information /as a"aila*le to come to a conclusion for paternity. 0here
is no need to *e alarmed of missing allele num*ers as it is some/hat common.
!f you ha"e any other questions regarding this or your test results, please contact us and /e /ould
*e happy to help you2 @-333-.7.-'ENE.
ourts now routinely accept paternity test results as a valid (and mostly irrefutable) means of
determining the identity of a child's father for the purpose of instituting orders for child support. The
acceptance of paternity tests to prevent or terminate child support orders, however, varies greatly
from jurisdiction to jurisdiction at this time. Some courts will allow paternity test results to be used to
prevent or terminate child support orders; some will not.
Since the results of a paternity test can have wideranging implications, it is crucial that the test
method used be accurate and reliable, and that the laboratory performing the test be reputable and
follow accepted scientific practices. ! "false positive" result could have serious or even devastating
conse#uences for all involved. $hat follows is a brief discussion of the paternity testing, with some
recommendations you will want to consider if you are ever as%ed to ta%e a paternity test.
&or a '(! paternity test, samples (either chee% cells or blood) are ta%en from the mother, the child,
and the alleged father. $hen the '(! is processed, attempts are made to find similarities between the
samples. This involves loo%ing at specific locations for common matches or 'mar%ers'. The two most
commonly used test methods vary in the number of possible locations available as mar%ers, which has
an effect on the overall ability of the test to differentiate between samples that match and samples
that don't.
DNA Testing Methods
Two different techni#ues are used to perform '(! typing) the Polymerase Chain Reaction (*+,)
and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (,&-*). There are other techni#ues, but *+, and ,&-*
are by far the most widely and fre#uently used.
PCR is a more recently developed type of DNA test. Its main advantage over R!P testing is
t"at it is relatively fast# a P$R test typically takes from % to & days to complete. P$R testing is most
fre'uently used (it" cells collected from a s(ab of t"e inner c"eek) referred to as a *buccal s(ab*.
+ne advantage of P$R testing is t"at t"e analysis re'uires only a very small amount of material be
collected to perform t"e test. or paternity testing t"e sub,ects -mot"er) fat"er) and c"ild. can
easily provide ade'uate samples (it" a buccal s(ab.
T"e ma,or dra(back of P$R testing is t"at it looks at DNA locations t"at "ave fe(er possible DNA
si/es. T"erefore a single DNA location using P$R does not generally provide as muc" information
about paternity. !aboratories using t"e P$R met"od usually test only bet(een si0 and nine DNA
locations) ("ic" typically provides muc" less information t"an testing ,ust four R!P locations.
RFLP is an older DNA analysis tec"ni'ue t"at "as been in use for a number of years. T"e
main advantage of R!P is accuracy# R!P testing of four or more DNA locations (ill usually
produce a muc" "ig"er probability of paternity) and (ill be more reliable.
T"e R!P met"od re'uires a larger sample t"an P$R to perform an accurate analysis. Because of
t"is) blood (as often used as a sample material for R!P analysis. Advances in laboratory
instrumentation and tec"ni'ues no( permit t"e use of material collected from a buccal s(ab to be
used in R!P analysis.
A minor disadvantage of t"e R!P met"od is t"at it is slig"tly slo(er to produce results t"an P$R1 it
takes 23 to 24 days to properly process a DNA sample using R!P analysis. T"e small amount of
e0tra time is generally not an issue in paternity testing situations.
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Notes $n #aternity 0esting