Hilti Rebar Fastening Technology Manual

Bonded-in Reinforcement B 2.11

Europe EC2
Issue 11/2003

1/2

A03 Basics on design for anchorage and lapped bars

1. Design model for reinforced concrete
The design method presented in this section is based on EC 2.
Consequently, the design method only applies to reinforced concrete and is subjected to the modelling and the
basic assumptions of this code.
For post installed anchorage and lap splices of the reinforcement only straight bars can be used.
Where such anchorages and splices are not in accordance with the code requirements or good detailing
practice, additional considerations are necessary.

1.2 Strut-and-tie model:
A strut-and-tie model is used to
calculate the load path in
reinforced concrete members.
The tensile bearing capacity of
concrete is very low compared to
its compressive strength. For this
reason tensile forces are
attributed to the steel
reinforcement of the concrete
member.






1.3 Joint to be roughened
The model of inclined compressive struts is used to transfer the
shear forces through the construction joint. Therefore a rough
interface is required to provide sufficient cohesion in the construction
joint.






1.4 Shear friction model or saw tooth model for shear transfer

The shear friction model is also based on the assumption of a rough interface.
Due to the parallel displacement induced by the shear force, the interfaces are
forced to separate. As a result the bars are subject to a tensile force and
simultaneously to a bending moment depending on the roughness of the interface
surfaces. Tests show that due to the combined load only 50% of the yield tensile
force of the bar can be activated for friction (see actual Hilti FTM, Appendix 2)

Additional interlocking effects and cohesion can take up part of the shear force at
the rough interface.



Figure 1c
Figure 1b: Roughen Joint
Crack limitation
Compression cord and strut
(concrete)
Tension cord Tension ties
Joint to be
roughened
Figure.1a: Strut-and-tie-model
Hilti Rebar Fastening Technology Manual
Bonded-in Reinforcement B 2.11
Europe EC2
Issue 11/2003

2/2
2. Anchorage of reinforcement

At places where the reinforcement it is no longer needed, it has to be anchored. These situations may occur:
when load path of the tensile force has ended (e.g. support, figure 2a)
at curtailment of reinforcement (see figure 2b)
compression bar anchorage (see figure 2c).

















3. Lapped splice of reinforcement:

Lapped splices are used to achieve continuity in the tensile tie of the truss
model at construction joints. The load from one bar to the other bar is
transferred by means of compressive struts in the concrete. A 45-truss
model is assumed.
The resulting splitting forces are controlled by sufficient concrete cover,
spacing of bar and by the transverse reinforcement



4. Design model for anchors in concrete:
In case of non-reinforced concrete, if the reinforcement is not known, or if
requirements of the code for the load transfer cannot be fulfilled, the anchor
design model is used.
The anchor design model assumes that the tensile force in the bar is
transferred by means of tensile stresses into the concrete, or by means of a
tensile load path in the non-reinforced (part of) concrete (figure 4). It is
evident, that a special approach for this application is necessary. The anchor
design method is shown in the actual Hilti FTM.
Note, that normally for this application, only tensile forces are attributed to the
steel reinforcement and the shear force is transferred through the rough
interface.



5. Doweling
Shear transfer by means of bending of the reinforcement (bending of bar,
doweling, figure 5) at smooth surfaces are only used when large transverse
displacement are acceptable (e.g. for dilatation joints). For this case, anchor
modelling applies (see actual Hilti FTM).
Figure 5: Doweling
Figure 2a:
Support, truss model
Figure 2b
Tensile force has ended
Figure 2c
Compression bars
Figure 3: Lapped splice
Figure 4: Anchor model