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1. The Sentence
Presentation
Order and sense
A

d
o
g

a

t
a
i
l

h
a
s
A

d
o
g

h
a
s

a

t
a
i
l

A

d
o
g

c
a
n

f
l
y
.
Now I want each of you to
write a sentence about a
dog.
This is Jennys sentence
This is Harrys sentence
This is Toms sentence
Discuss whose sentence is right or wrong. Why?
A sentence is a group of words in the correct order.
Cats mice catchO
Cats catch miceP
A sentence should make sense.
Cats have hornsO
Cats have tailsP
A sentence should begin in a capital letter and end in a full
stop, question mark or exclamation mark.
cats make good petsO
Cats make good pets.P
does a cat like milkO
Does a cat like milk?P
what a big cat
What a big cat! P
A
Rewrite the words in correct order to make sentences.
1. pilot an flies a aeroplane
2. at barks strangers dog a
3. has colours the seven rainbow
4. in bloom spring flowers the
5. the rises morning sun in the
Replace the underlined words with words you choose
from the box so that each sentence makes sense.
1. Cows give us eggs.
2. Fish live in trees.
3. Frogs fly in the sky.
4. Our teachers assign us stones.
5. I write with a plate.
6. A farmer works in a hospital.
7. The sun sets in the north.
8. They are planting tigers.
9. She is drinking the clothes.
10. We are dancing a story.
B
west
potatoes
milk
homework
water
reading
birds
pen
washing
nurse
Practice
Practice
C Break the text below into 10 sentences.
have you ever seen the cheetah the cheetah is the fastest animal
on earth it can run at speeds of 120 kilometres per hour it can run
faster than the fastest car this speed helps the cheetah in hunting
it usually hunts for animals like deer and hares most wild cats
hunt at night but not the cheetah it hunts during the day because
it can rely on its great speed it can climb trees too it is a good
swimmer as well
The beginning of each sentence is given. Complete them
on your own to make sensible sentences.
1. Rivers
2. My father
3. The moon
4. Winter
5. My school
Write down 5-10 sentences about an animal you like.
Write down 10 sentences about any place you have visited.
Production
A
B
C
2. The Sentence
The lion killed the jackal!
Listen one and all; the lion killed the jackal.
Owl: Who is he talking about?
Crow: The Lion.
Owl: Oh, yes! The lion, but what happened?
Crow: The lion killed the jackal.
Owl: The lion killed, but what?
Crow: The jackal!
Owl: The jackal?
Crow: YES, you deaf fellow!!!
Can you identify the subject, object and predicate in
the monkeys announcement? Discuss.
Lets look at this sentence.
The boy eats the mango.
Here, boy is the subject, eats is the action or
verb, and mango is the object.
Presentation
Subject, object and predicate
The subject is the doer of the action.
It may be a noun or a pronoun.
The object is the bearer of the action.
It may be a noun or a pronoun.
A
A
We can also divide a sentence into subject and
predicate.
The subject tells you who or what the sentence is about. The rest
of the sentence including the verb is the predicate.
The boy eats the mango.
subject predicate
Underline the subject in each of these sentences.
1. The snake caught the frog.
2. She is eating an ice cream.
3. The children are singing rhymes.
4. Basanti is wearing a sari.
5. I bought a jacket.
Underline the object in each of these sentences.
1. The car crashed into a tree.
2. The students wear uniforms.
3. Raj gave the money.
4. He was playing the guitar.
5. They threw stones.
Underline the predicate in each of these sentences.
1. I am knitting a sweater.
2. The school closes at 4 0clock.
3. Whales live in the oceans.
4. Rani loved to eat chocolates.
5. We wrote interesting stories for children.
B
C
Practice
B
A
Write sentences of your own using the following pairs
of subject and object.
1. I books
2. People road
3. They flowers
4. She picture
5. You football
Write down 5 sentences about your favourite colour
and underline the subject and the predicate in each
of the sentences.
Production
B
Sometimes there are two objects in a sentence.
Mother gave Mohan a bicycle.
This sentence has two objects, Mohan and bicycle.
Mohan is the indirect object.
Bicycle is the direct object.
When there are two objects, the
object that refers to a person is
called an indirect object and the
object that refers to a thing is
called a direct object.
Extension
A
Underline the direct object and circle the indirect object
in these sentences.
1. The woman gave the boy chocolates.
2. I showed the tourist the temple.
3. I bought my sister a doll.
4. We asked the teacher our questions.
5. They told Gopal a story.
Write down five sentences of your own containing two
objects, one direct and one indirect.
1. .....................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................
3. .....................................................................................................
4. .....................................................................................................
5. .....................................................................................................
B
Snake: Where are the frogs?
Frog: The snake is coming this way! Let us hide!
Monkey: The snake is after the frogs again.
Tortoise: Dont kill them, please.
Look at what the snake, the frog, the monkey and the
tortoise say and decide the following.
Who asks something?
Who tells something?
Who exclaims something?
Who requests something?
Presentation
3. Types of Sentences
A sentence that asks something is
called an interrogative sentence.
An assertive sentence is a sentence that sasserts
or states a fact
Would you like to have something?
Where is he going?
The dog is barking.
I cant find my book.
I have won the race!
They are here at last!
Stand up at once.
Dont use that computer.
Come here, please.
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that
shows the speaker feels strongly about something.
An imperative sentence is one that tells
someone to do or not to do something. It
may be a command, an order or a request.
A
Decide the type of each sentence. Write I for
interrogative, A for assertive, E for exclamatory
and IM for imperative in the box.
1. Its beautiful!
2. Can I have an ice cream?
3. I dont know the answer.
4. Whose book is this?
5. Please shut the door.
6. Dont step on that.
7. How nice of you to call me!
8. Are they here?
9. Open your books now.
10. Isnt it cute?
Practice
Write an assertive sentence as answer to each of these questions
(some of your answers can be negative).
1. Do you speak Japanese?
_______________________________
2. What do you eat for breakfast?
_______________________________
3. Is the rainbow beautiful?
_______________________________
4. Who is your favourite actor?
_______________________________
5. What do you do after school?
_______________________________
Production
A
Write an imperative sentence in response to each of the followings.
1. Its dark and you want someone to switch on the light.
___________________________________________________
2. Someone is stepping on your toe.
___________________________________________________
3. You need a glass of water.
___________________________________________________
4. Someone is tearing your book.
___________________________________________________
5. You see someone teasing a dog.
___________________________________________________
Write an exclamatory sentence in response to each of the
following.
1. You have found your lost book.
_________________________________________
2. You see a beautiful flower.
_________________________________________
3. You see a friend in the street.
_________________________________________
4. You like your friends new hat very much.
_________________________________________
5. You are very happy that you have passed your exam.
_________________________________________
B
Production
C
Write down ten interrogative sentences, ten exclamatory
sentences and ten imperative sentences.
ten interrogative sentences:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ten exclamatory sentences:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Production
D
ten imperative sentences.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Production
4. Kinds of noun
Presentation
Tenzing is a young shepherd who lives in Khumbu. He works
for Maila Sherpa. Every morning Tenzing goes with a bunch of
keys to open the gates of the pen where the sheep are locked. Then
he drives the flock into the mountains. Of course, hes not alone.
He has a dog to help him. My work is impossible without Blackie
to help me, he says. The dog helps him control the sheep. He is
also free from the fear of wild animals as Blackie always guards
him and the sheep with honesty.
Discuss words that are in bold print. Say which ones -
Simply name a place, a thing, an animal or a person.
Name a special place, person or animal.
Name a group of things and animals.
Name something we cant see or touch.
A common noun is the name of a
person, a place, an animal or a thing
in general.
Boy, girl, city, river, animal and
book are some common nouns.
A proper noun is the special name
given to a particular person, place,
animal or thing.
Ram, Suruchi, Kathmandu, Seti ,
Teddy and Mahabharat are some
proper nouns.
A collective noun is the name given
to a collection of common nouns.
A bunch of keys, a crowd of people,
a team of players and a school of
fish are some collective nouns.
An abstract noun is the name given
to something we can feel but cant see
or touch physically.
Beauty, kindness and laughter are
some abstract nouns.
Practice
A
Underline the common nouns and circle the proper
nouns in this passage.
Mohan lives with his parents in a village named Dhuseni. He
has a little sister. They call her Sumnima. Mohan goes to
school but Sumnima doesnt. She loves to play with her toys.
Underline the common nouns and circle the abstract
nouns in each sentence.
1. Fear made the thief tremble.
2. The teacher admired the girl for her talent.
3. The man was rewarded for bravery and honesty.
4. Fear of robbery made the rich man hide his wealth.
5. Beauty gives us pleasure.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate collective nouns
from the box.
an __________ of soldiers
a __________ of flowers
a __________ of keys
a __________ of books
a __________ of players
a __________ of shoes
a __________ of people
a __________ of cattle
a __________ of sticks
a __________ of cards
a __________ of bees
a __________ of puppies
a __________ of cars
an __________ of fruit trees
a __________ of students
B
C
pair
army
bundle
class
swarm
crowd
bouquet
fleet
team
bunch
orchard
pack
library
litter
herd
A
Divide the nouns in the box into four different kinds:
common, proper, collective and abstract.
Dipesh glass bar bunch Lumbini
iron swarm road Seti mosquito
window health finger Hanuman desk
class gun army intelligence soldier
power Everest cleverness ink weather
Match the common nouns, adjectives and verbs to the
abstract nouns formed from them.
satisfy fun
robber satisfaction
relax robbery
poor pleasure
please relaxation
laugh children
kind poverty
infant infancy
honest kindness
friend anger
free honesty
encourage encouragement
create freedom
child stupidity
angry friendship
active laughter
stupid activity
funny reation
Production
B
5. Nouns
Presentation
Read this paragraph carefully.
We went to a magic show last Saturday. The magician was really
amazing. He put a piece of cloth into an empty hat. He mumbled
some magical words and lo! Out popped five rabbits from the hat
and they danced on the floor. Then he gave me an empty glass to
hold. He again mumbled some magical words and lo! My glass
was filled with milk. I did not understand how he did it, but it was
really amazing.
Answer each of these questions in a complete sentence.
1. How many magicians were there?
2. How many rabbits came out of the hat?
3. How many glasses were there?
4. Can you count milk?
A
B
Number
Some nouns are countable.
one hat
four books
two glasses
Some nouns are uncountable.
milk
honey
sugar
Countable nouns have number. When the noun is one, it is said to be
in singular number.
Hat, book, glass are in singular number.
When the noun is more than one, it is said to be in plural number.
Hats, books, glasses and children are in plural number.
Most nouns form their plural by just adding s.
window windows
hand hands
kite kites
Nouns ending in ch, -sh, -s, -x form
plural by adding es.
match matches
brush brushes
bus buses
tax taxes
If there is a vowel before y, just add s.
toy toys
guy guys
If there is a consonant before y, change
y to -ies.
body bodies
country countries
Most nouns ending in f or fe change
f/fe to -ves.
life lives
leaf leaves
Some nouns ending in f just add s.
chiefs gulfs roofs cliffs dwarfs
What is the plural of sheep, deer
and fish?
Youre right. These nouns have the same
form, whether singular or plural.
Some nouns form their plural by
changing their spellings.
man men
mouse mice
tooth teeth
person people
child children
ox oxen
Oh, I know. Sheep, deer and
fish.
Write the plural form of these nouns.
person knife table copy box boy roof
foot louse paper lorry deer monkey wife
chief fly bush lass sky gas sheep
fox pen key gentleman
Fill in the blanks with the plural form of the nouns
in brackets.
1. We use ___________ for cutting things. (knife)
2. Dry ___________ were lying on the ground. (leaf)
3. The ___________ of the book were torn. (page)
4. She put her things in the ___________. (box)
5. The ___________ were asleep. (baby)
6. The ___________ broke into the house. (thief)
7. ___________ carry many diseases. (fly)
8. We should brush our ___________ twice a day. (tooth)
9. The ___________ were grazing. (sheep)
10. The ___________ were playing in the park. (child)
A
B
Practice
Solve this puzzle with the help of the given clues.
ACROSS DOWN
2 Plural of deer 1 Plural of leaf
4 Plural of sky 3 Singular of thieves
7 Singular of teeth 5 Singular of stories
10 Singular of donkeys 6 Plural of child
11 Plural of mouse 8 Plural of roof
12 Plural of calf 9 Plural of city
Production
6. Nouns
Presentation
The teacher asked the students of Grade 3 to draw
pictures. Here are some of the pictures they drew.
Can you tell whether each one is a male or a
female?
A
B
Gender
Can you answer Mr Cats question?
I drew a cow.
Is it a male or
a female?
Y
o
u
n
g

L
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
'

H
E
L
L
O

G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Boy, man and ox are masculine.
Girl, woman and coware feminine.
Teacher, doctor, student and friendare common.
Stone, book, house and river are neuter.
A noun that stands for a male is
masculine gender.
A noun that stands for a female
is feminine gender.
A noun that may be either male or
female is common gender.
A noun that is neither male
nor female is neuter gender.
Class, army, bunch and flock are neuter.
I am feminine.
I am masculine.
I am neuter.
All non-living things are
of neuter gender.
A collective noun is also
regarded as neuter gender.
Practice
A
Copy the nouns from the box to the correct chart.
bitch daughter mother husband gentleman madam
girl uncle nephew boy father gander
hen son brother aunt queen goose
horse mare Mrs. king sister niecesir
Mr. wife dog lady rooster
Feminine Masculine
goose gander
mare horse
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
Y
o
u
n
g

L
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
'

H
E
L
L
O

G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Practice
B
Change the nouns in the sentence to their opposite
gender and rewrite the sentence.
1. The king loved the daughter more than the son.
2. My uncle and my niece came to visit me.
3. The lady in the photograph in my grandmother.
4. The goose rode on the back of the horse.
5. My brother drew the pictures of a bull, a bitch, a rooster
and a gander.
Circle the nouns that are of neuter gender.
computer hen glass team net
paper sofa grandfather stone bull
lady carpet tree cow stick
class paper army uncle pencil
C
A A pilot could be a man or a woman, so pilot is a common
gender. Discuss in the class and prepare a list of at least
12 such nouns of common gender.
Production
7. Nouns :
Case
Presentation
Mohan celebrated his 12
th
birthday, yesterday.
What did he get as gifts?
Daddy bought a bicycle.
Mommy presented a new bag.
This is Grandpas gift. We dont know what is in there, yet.
What do you think grandpa has given to Mohan? Discuss.
A
B
Y
o
u
n
g

L
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
'

H
E
L
L
O

G
R
A
M
M
A
R
When we use a noun as the subject of a verb, we say it is in the
nominative case.
Daddy bought a bicycle.
Here, Daddy is the subject of the verb bought, so it is in the
nominative case.
When we use a noun as the object of a verb, we say it is in the
accusative case.
Daddy bought a bicycle.
Here, bicycle is the object of the verb bought, so it is in the
accusative case.
When we want to show possession, we use an apostrophe with
the noun.
This is Grandpas gift.
Here, grandpas is in the possessive case.
Practice
A
Write whether the noun in bold is subject or object. Also write
the case the noun is in.
For example: The teacher taught us a good lesson.
Teacher: subject
Case: Nominative
1. Ram ate apples.
2. The fisherman caught fish.
3. The answer was wrong.
4. Children love games.
5. Neena opened the bag.
Write down the possessive forms of the following.
1. the friend of my cousin
2. the room of my brothers
3. the house of his uncle
4. the palace of the king
5. the advice of the teachers
6. the club for men
7. the park for children
8. leave for a day
9. the shop of the chemist
10. the ideas of politicians
11. journey of ten hours
12. the mane of the horse
B
For singular nouns, we use- `s.
my cousins friend
For plural nouns ending in s, we
use only apostrophe after s.
my brothers room
Practice
For plural nouns not ending in-
s, we use `s.
mens club
A Write sentences of your own using the following nouns
as subjects.
1. the boy
2. teachers
3. a horse
4. the policeman
5. my uncle
Write sentences of your own using the following nouns
as objects.
1. children
2. books
3. a cat
4. students
5. a game
Write five sentences of your own by using the possessive
case.
Production
B
C
8. Kinds of pronouns
Presentation
Words that replace a noun are called pronouns. Can
you tell who or what me, this, yourself, I and it refer
to in the above conversation.
The dog bit me.
Look at this.
You are yourself to blame.
I told you not to tease it.
Personal pronouns
I me you he him she
her it we us they them
He gave it to me.
Possessive Pronouns
mine yours his hers ours theirs
This book is mine. That is yours.
Reflexive pronouns
myself yourself herselftself itself
yourselves themselves himself ourselves
Dont use that knife. You may cut yourself.
I myself did all my homework.
A personal pronoun is used in
place of a noun that is the subject
or object of a sentence.
A possessive pronoun shows possession.
A reflexive pronoun shows the receiver
of an action. It also conveys emphasis.
Demonstrative pronouns
this that these those
This is my house. That is yours.
These are green. Those are red.
Interrogative pronouns
who what which whom whose
Who broke the glass?
What did you eat?
Relative pronouns
who which that
This is the man who stole the money.
Heres the book, which I needed.
It was my dog that caught the thief.
A demonstrative pronoun points
out the noun it refers to.
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a
question.
A relative pronoun relates or joins
a group of words that follow it.
A
Circle the personal pronouns in these sentences.
1. I thought you knew him.
2. She wanted us to visit us.
3. You told me to give it to him.
4. We explained how it worked to them.
5. They saw it move towards her.
Fill in the blanks with possessive pronouns.
The clue in brackets will help you.
1. These books are _________. (we)
These books are ours.
2. That building is _________. (they)
3. The cricket ball is not _________. (I)
4. Which glass is _________? (you)
5. The red dress is _________. (she)
1. The first prize is _________. (we)
2. The biggest boots are _________. (he)
3. Is this pen _________ or _________? (I, you)
4. I like two poems; _________ and _________. (you, she)
5. Are those bags _________ or _________? (he, they)
B
Practice
C
Fill in the blanks with reflexive or emphasizing
pronouns from the box.
1. I fell down and hurt ____________.
2. The principal ____________ gave the orders.
3. You ____________ started the fight.
4. We enjoyed ____________ at the picnic.
5. They blamed ____________ for the mistake.
6. She looks at ____________ in the looking glass.
7. Mother____________ cooked this for me.
8. The boys found ____________ in a bad situation.
9. You all should do your work ____________.
10. The dog barked at ____________ in the mirror.
11. I ____________ saw it with my own eyes!
12. You and your friend ____________ told me about it.
herself myself themselves yourselves
yourself himself ourselves itself
Yourself is for singular you.
Yourselves is for plural you.
Practice
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks with
demonstrative pronoun.
________ is my house and ________ is my uncles house.
________ cant fly but ________ can fly.
________ is flying but ________ dont fly.
________ is a small tree but ________ are big.
D
Practice
This for singular.
These for plural.
That for singular.
Those for plural.
A
Fill in the blanks with interrogative pronouns to
complete the questions.
1. ________________will open the door?
2. ________________ is there in your bag?
3. ________________ is your book?
4. ________________ did you meet on the way?
5. ________________ is this pen?
Fill in the blanks with relative pronouns.
1. That is the boy ________ broke the window.
2. The joke ________ you told us was funny.
3. The letter ________ I wrote was long.
4. Rupesh is the student ________ stands first in our class.
5. That is the car ________ my dad wants to buy.
Production
B
We use who with people and which
or that with animals and things!
C
Rewrite the sentences using pronouns in place of nouns.
1 Rockey passed the book to Jenny.
2 The boys teased the bull, so the bull chased the boys.
3 My friends and I went to see Rupa because Rupa was sick.
4 The tourists asked Suresh and me to help the tourists.
5 The lion roared at the boy and the boy ran away.
Rewrite the sentences using possessive pronouns as
shown in the example.
The computer belongs to me.
The computer is mine.
1. That pen belongs to you.
2. The photo belongs to us.
3. The house belongs to them.
4. The monkey belongs to her.
5. This bag belongs to him.
Production
D
9. Pronouns :
Number, gende and case
Presentation
This is my mother.
I love him very much.
He are my brothers.
Motiram is talking about his mother and his brothers.
What is wrong with what he says? Discuss.
Pronouns are words
that replace nouns,
so like nouns; they have number, gender and case.
Number
You, he, she, it and I represent a singular number.
We, you and they represent a plural number.
Gender
He represents masculine.
She represents feminine.
I, we and you represent common gender.
It is of neuter gender.
They is used for all genders.
Case
I, you, he, she, it, we and they are used in the nominative
case (as subjects).
Me, you, him, her, it, us and them are used in the
accusative case (as objects).
Mine, his, hers, its, yours, theirs and ours are used in
the possessive case.
You can be singular or plural.
Ram, you are my friend.
Sita and Gita, you are also my friends.
You can be subject or object.
Practice
A
Fill in the blanks with I or me.
1. ________ have no pen.
2. Give ________ your pencil.
3. Grandpa bought lots of sweets for ________
4. My dad told ________ about the accident.
5. Can ________ see the picture?
Fill in the blanks with we or us.
1. ________ want to play.
2. Our teacher tells ________ nice stories.
3. He showed ________ his family photo.
4. ________ love our country.
5. All of ________ attend school regularly.
Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
1. I love my mother. _______ is a kind woman. I respect _______
a lot.
2. Rahul is buying a birthday gift for Sarita. ________ will give
________ a flower vase.
3. My dog and my cat live in peace. ________ never fight with
each other.
4. Dont tease that dog. ________ may bite________ .
5. Will ________ give ________ some money? ________ need
________ to buy some books.
B
C
Practice
The pronouns in bold letters in each of the sentences
have been used wrongly. Rewrite them correctly.
1. My grandmother is nearing eighty, but he can still do all her
work himself.
2. The principal summoned Sushila to his office and told them
that it was not happy with her result.
3. Manu and Ramila love his home because she is the place
that gives her everything we need.
4. I and my brother told its dad to let me use its old bike for
going to school.
5. My father is my best friend because him loves I like a friend.
D
A
Write a few paragraphs about your school. After you
have written it, underline all the pronouns you have
used.
Look at the following things and write what it is, why
we use it and who uses it mostly.
Example: Pen It is a writing device. We use it to express ours views
in the paper. Students use it mostly. So, we can say, it is theirs.
Similarly, write for the rest.
axe sewing machine calculators cooking stoves
Production
B
Presentation
Tiger: I think it is a dangerous dog.
Monkey: That dog is beautiful.
Tortoise: I have two dogs of that kind.
Frog: Whose dog are you talking about?
Snake: I am talking about her dog.
All the words in bold print above are adjectives.
Can you think of other adjectives to replace them?
10. Kinds of adjective
Adjectives are of many kinds.
Adjectives of quality
Nice good tall heavy red big
That is a nice dog.
Adjectives of quantity and number
Two five many some few
I have two dogs of that kind.
Possessive adjectives
my you his her our their
Im talking about her dog.
An adjective of quality describes
the quality of a noun.
Adjectives of quantity and number
answer how much or how many.
Possessive adjectives show possession. They are not
pronouns because we place them before nouns and
not in place of nouns.
Interrogative adjectives
Whose which What How many how much
Whose dog are you talking about?
Whose is this? That is mine
Here whose and that are pronouns.
Whose book is this? That book is mine.
Here, whose and that are adjectives.
Demonstrative adjectives
This that these those
That dog is beautiful.
Interrogative adjectives ask questions.
How do you know if a word is an
adjective or a pronoun?
Oh, if it is used instead of a noun
(by itself), its a pronoun.
If it is used before a noun, its an adjective.
A demonstrative adjective is used to point out a noun.
A
Fill in the blanks with adjectives of quality.
1. I have a ____________ dress.
2. ____________ mangoes look yellow.
3. He lives in an ____________ house.
4. He entered through the ____________ door.
5. A ____________ man lived near the ____________ temple.
Fill in the blanks with adjectives of number or
quantity given in the box.
1. I have ____________ eyes.
2. ____________ children were in the park.
3. Theres ____________ water in the bottle.
4. I read ____________ stories from the book.
5. We dont have ____________ rice.
6. I have ____________ friends.
7. She made only ____________ mistakes.
8. I will give the beggar ____________ food.
9. Our school won the ____________ prize.
10. ____________ passengers were hurt in the accident.
Fill in the blanks with possessive adjectives.
1. Do you live with _______ parents?
2. Where is _______ book? I cant find it.
3. She washed _______ hair and dried it.
4. They were happy because _______ team won the match.
5. We love _______ country.
6. He washed _______ hands and sat down to eat.
7. The dog wagged _______ tail in happiness.
8. You should brush _______ teeth twice daily.
B
C
Practice
Practice
D
Fill in the blanks with interrogative adjectives to
complete each conversation.
1. __________ bag do you want?
I want the red one.
2. __________ bag are you looking for?
Im looking for my bag.
3. __________ poem won the first prize?
This poem won.
4. __________ poem was it?
It was her poem.
5. __________ colour is his car?
It is red.
Rewrite each sentence so that the possessive
pronoun becomes a possessive adjective.
1. That cap is mine.
That is my cap.
2. These toys are yours.
3. This office is hers.
4. That idea is ours.
5. This work is mine.
6. Those photos are theirs.
E
A
Write a paragraph describing your friend using different
kinds of adjectives.
Write two sentences using each of the following; first
as a pronoun and then as an adjective.
whose which this that these those
Production
B
Presentation
The population of our cities is growing rapidly. More people
means more garbage. You can see garbage everywhere. This must
be changed immediately because mismanagement of garbage
could be very harmful. Garbage causes pollution and diseases
quite easily.The important question is: How are we going to do
it?
All the words in bold print above are adverbs as they add something
to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Can you think of other adverbs to replace each adverb
in the passage above?
11. Kinds of adverbs
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of manner
She walked carefully.
He worked hard.
They read silently.
Adverbs of place
He went inside.
The lions roared there.
She ran upstairs.
Adverbs of time
I will go shopping tomorrow.
We met her yesterday.
The exams began early.
I will see you soon.
An adverb of manner tells how or in
what manner the action is done.
An adverb of place tells where an action is done.
An adverb of time tells when an action is done.
Adverbs of frequency
I brush my teeth twice a day.
She cleans the room everyday.
You never help me.
We always do good things.
Adverbs of degree
She is very beautiful.
I understood it fully.
He missed the target completely.
He wrote almost correctly.
Interrogative adverbs
How was your journey?
Where did you catch the bus?
Why are you sad?
When did the class start?
An adverb of frequency tells
how often or how frequently
an action is done.
An adverb of degree answers the
question how much or to what extent?
An interrogative adverb asks questions.
Practice
A
Fill in the blanks with suitable adverb of manner
from the box.
correctly carelessly accurately angrily sweetly
1. The accident occurred because he drove
2. She got the first prize because she sang.
3. He aimedand hit the target.
4. Who can answer this? said the teacher.
5. Get out of my sight! the man shouted
Circle the adverb of time in each sentence below.
1. They visited the temple yesterday.
2. Hurry up! The bus is leaving soon.
3. We are visiting Pokhara next month.
4. Dont disturb me now. I will talk to you later.
5. Manish arrived early but Bina was late.
Answer the following questions and circle the
adverb of frequency in your answers.
1. How often do you take a bath?
2. How often does the sun rise in the east?
3. How often do you obey your parents?
4. How often do you eat?
5. How often do you travel by plane?
B
C
B
Fill in the blanks with interrogative adverb to
complete each question.
1. .are you feeling today?
2. .are you crying?
3. .is your house?
4. were you born?
5. ....did she dance?
A
Write sentences of your own using each of these
adverbs of time.
tomorrow everyday last year this morning
later soon now
Write sentences using each of these adverbs of degree.
very bit completely
entirely nearly quite
Write sentences of your own using these adverbs of
place.
inside here somewhere there
outdoors downstairs outside everywhere
anywhere inside
Production
B
C
Practice
12. Articles
Presentation
Old man: Ramesh, bring chair for me.
Boy: Ok, father.
Old man: Not this chair. Bring chair that is near window.
Thats chair I use when I sit in sun.
Something is missing in the conversation between Ramesh
and his grandfather. Can you identify it?
a book an egg an hour a one-eyed man
an axe an eagle an honour a European lady
Father gave me a book. The book was interesting.
I saw an eagle flying. Soon the eagle swooped down
to catch a hare. However, the hare ran fast enough to escape the eagle.
The words a/an are called indefinite articles.
We use a/an with singular countable nouns.
The word the is called the definite article.
We often use the when a noun is repeated.
Fill in the blanks with a, an or the appropriately.
1. Manish bought _____ doll for his sister. _____ doll was
_____ gift for her birthday. She liked _____ gift very much.
2. She bought _____ ice cream and gave _____ ice-cream to
her little brother.
3. My grandma brought _____ umbrella and _____ hat from
Singapore. She gave me _____ hat, and gave _____ umbrella
to my sister.
4. I saw _____ little boy run across. _____ car hit _____ boy.
_____ car stopped and _____ man came out of _____ car.
_____ man phoned for _____ ambulance immediately. _____
ambulance arrived in no time.
5. _____ old man and _____ little girl entered _____ hotel.
_____ old man ordered _____ cup of tea for himself and
_____ ice cream for _____ little girl.
I lost the pen which father gave me yesterday. (That particular
pen father gave yesterday, not any other.)
Where is the boy wearing a blue sweater? (not any other boy)
I want to see the letter Monica sent you. (not any other letter)
Practice
A
We use the before any noun when it
is a particular one. The listener knows
which one we are talking about.
Mt. Everest is the highest peak.
Mohammed is the tallest boy in our class.
I want the best of everything.
We also say the next and the only.
This is the first time I have seen a rocket.
We are in the 12
th
unit now.
He came to visit me the next day.
Shreya is the only daughter of Mr. Thapa
The earth revolves round the sun.
I like to watch the moon and the stars in the sky.
We use the before superlatives.
We use the with ordinals- the first,
the second , the last.
We use the with a noun such as earth,
moon, sky, that is only one of its kind.
Practice
Have you seen the Dharara in Kathmandu?
The meetings were attended by delegates from the U.K, the
USA, and the Peoples Republic of China.
Practice
We use the with names of
well-known buildings and
names of some countries.
Names of rivers, lakes, oceans, and
mountains take the.
We also use the with names of holy
books and names of newspapers.
The Himalayas lie to the north of Nepal.
The Fewa and the Rara are well known lakes in Nepal.
The Bagmati is a very polluted river.
The Pacific is the largest ocean.
I have read the Ramayana.
I saw his picture in the Kantipur Daily.
B Fill in the blanks with correct articles.
1. _____ Koshi river originates in _____ Himalayas and flows
to _____ Indian ocean.
2. Mohan was _____ first to arrive and Shila was _____ last.
3. _____ boy who is wearing _____ cap is _____ best football
player in _____ school-team.
4. _____ moon is _____ satellite of _____ earth while _____
sun is _____ star.
5. I have read _____ Mahabharat and _____ Bible but I
havent read _____ Quoran.
6. _____ Whitehouse is _____ famous building in _____
USA.
7. _____ shirt which I wore yesterday was given to me by
my sister.
8. I will go shopping tomorrow. I will buy _____ cap, _____
nice dress and _____ pair of shoes.
9. I read _____ article about _____ Begnas lake in_____
Kathmandu Post newspaper this morning.
10. I met _____ European tourist near _____ Pashupati temple,
which is _____ holiest Hindu shrine in Nepal .
11. Meena is _____ only student who can draw _____ Jupiter
properly.
12. _____ next time you make _____ noise here, Ill be _____
first person to throw you out of _____room.
Practice
A
Like a one-eyed man and a European lady find 5 such words
that dont take an but a as an article and make sentence of
each.
Like an honour and an hour find 5 such words and make
sentences of each.
Production
B
13. Conjuctions
Presentation
All the people above could have said the things they said by
joining the sentences together. Can you help them do it?
I bought a book. I
gave it to my sister.
I worked hard. I didnt
pass the exam.
Is that red? Is that white?
We won the match.
We played well.
Use or, and or but to join the pair of sentences.
He opened the door. He stepped out.
He opened the door and stepped out.
1. She searched the whole place. She couldnt find the book.
2. The teacher entered the room. The students stood up to
greet him.
3. Is it a gorilla? Is it a chimpanzee?
4. He felt in his pocket. He realized that he had forgotten the
money.
5. He wanted to pay. He had no money.
Practice
A
Use and when the second sentence
says what is expected to happen.
Use but when the second sentence
says what is not expected to happen.
Use or when there is a choice.
Remember! Sometimes it is possible
to leave out some words when you
are joining two sentences. Look at
the way I have joined the two
sentences into one.
Complete the passage by using or, and or but in the blanks.
It was Saturday _____ the children wanted to enjoy the holiday.
They couldnt decide whether to go swimming _____ to watch TV
at home. Mohan wanted to go swimming _____ Preeti didnt like
going out. Mohan didnt like to be alone _____ asked Preeti to
change her mind. At last, she said ok _____ they both decided to
go swimming. They were getting ready to go _____ it started
raining. They both sat down _____ started watching TV.
Complete these sentences on your own.
1. Jagat couldnt go to school
because
2. She failed the test
since.
3. .because it was
very cold.
4. .since
he had no money.
5. The police arrested him as.
6. The teacher didnt punish him for
7. .as
he couldnt speak English.
8. .for he was a very good friend of
mine.
9. He ate a lot......
10.I dont like her.
Practice
C
We use because, for, as and since when
the second sentence gives a reason.
B
Complete the sentence by finding the missing parts
in the box.
1. I will be a pilot when.
2. .....while he
was walking along the road.
3. We should wash our hands before
4. .after
you eat your breakfast.
5. She started singing since.
6. ........when
he was young.
7. They met a beggar while
8. .before
you enter the room.
9. He did all his homework after....
10. I waved my hand.
you should brush your teeth
they were walking along the street
when I saw my friend
I grow up
he was a good football player
she was a small child
he found a hundred rupee note
we eat our food
he had his dinner
you should ask for permission
D
Practice
We use when, while, since, before and after
when the second sentence tells about time.
Complete these sentences by finding the missing
parts in the box.
1. He doesnt buy a car although
2. although she
is an intelligent student.
3. She didnt take an umbrella though
4. even though he
was afraid of darkness.
5. though he
knew the answer.
6. The teacher punished Manish
7. although they ran
as fast as they could.
8. He decided to swim in the lake..
she failed the test
it was raining outside
although he was innocent
though the water was freezing cold
he is rich
he didnt answer her question
they missed the bus
he went out into the night
Practice
We use though, although or even though when
the action and the result contradict each other.
E
Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions.
1. He didnt tell me the truth____ he is my best friend.
2. He fell off his bicycle____ hurt his back.
3. School is over____ the bell rings ten times.
4. You will read in grade 5_____you pass grade 4.
5. Would you like to visit Pokhara___ Kathmandu?
6. The phone was not answered___ no body was at home.
7. She wanted to be a teacher___ she was a little girl.
8. Everyone listens carefully___ the teacher explains the
lesson.
9. I wont have any more to eat___ I am full.
10.They tried hard___ couldnt win the match.
Practice
F
Production
Write sentences of your own using each of the following
conjunctions:
and, but, or, otherwise, because, so,
for, although, since, when, while, before,
after, as, even if.
14. Determines
Presentation
Girl : I need some flour, some sugar, some butter, lots of eggs and
plenty of chocolate bits.
Grocer: Well, how many eggs do you want? How much sugar and
flour, how much butter? How many chocolate bits do you want?
Girl: Oh, I dont know. Thats what mother wrote in the list. I guess
I must go back and ask her again.
Can you help the little girl find out the exact quantity of each item?
Words that tell you how many people or things
there are without giving the exact number or
quantity are called determiners.
Write much or many in the blanks to complete the
sentences.
1. How legs does a spider have?
2. How milk does your cow give?
3. The game will be over soon. There isnt time
left.
4. I have told you this times before.
5. Theres not food in the fridge for you.
6. Her mother added items to the list later.
7. He is getting bald. He doesnt have hair left on his
head.
8. people drive cars these days.
9. I dont have money in my pocket.
10. animals live in the jungle.
Fill in the blanks with a few or a little.
1. I like to eat food before I sit down to study.
2. I have only coins in my pocket.
3. Cook it in oil.
4. He has given me books to read.
5. There is milk left for making tea.
A
B
Use many with countable nouns and
much with uncountable nouns.
You use a few with countable nouns
and a little with uncountable ones.
Practice
Fill in the blanks with some or any.
1. I would like more chocolates, please.
2. I dont want apples.
3. Is there money in the bag?
4. I cant find money in the bag.
5. I think there is money in the box.
Fill in the blanks with lots of, plenty of, several
of or all of.
1. We ate the food and nothing was left for
Rani.
2. The red team was undisciplined and their
players got red cards.
3. We had fun at the picnic.
4. the exercises in this book are fun to do.
5. He answered the questions correctly, so his
score was 10 out of 10.
Practice
C
D
You can use some and any with both
countable and uncountable nouns.
But Mr Cat, we use any after not
and other negative words. We also
use any with questions usually.
A
Production
Write sentences of your own using each of the
following determiners.
some any much plenty of a few
many a little most of all of none of
If you know any recipe to make any food, write how
it is made guessing the quantity of items needed.
B
15. Prepositions
Presentation
Read this poem about Cinderella.
Cinderella entered the ballroom at eight
And danced with the prince until late
The clock on the wall struck midnight
This turned her face pale and white
Cinders fled and jumped over the gate.
The prince told the king that day
He must find her before May
But the next day at 2:00,
Cinders put her foot in the shoe
And they wed in the church on Sunday.
How many prepositions of time are used in the poem?
How many prepositions of place can you find in the
poem?
All the words in bold print above are
prepositions. A preposition is always
followed by a noun or pronoun. A
preposition that shows where things
are or where things happen is called
a preposition of place.
A preposition that shows when things
happen is called a preposition of time.
Use prepositions from the box to complete the sentences.
Write place in the box if the preposition shows place,
and time in the box if it shows time.
at up until near in to from by
1. Her house is the school, so she walks
school.
2. The monkey climbed the tree and jumped
branch branch.
3. You must finish this work fifteen minutes. It is
12:00 now, so you should complete it 12:15.
4. I attend music class three five
the evening.
5. I usually get up six the morning,
so dont disturb me six.
Practice
A
You use a preposition of a
place to show position and
direction also.
B
Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.
The number in bracket tells you how many
prepositions there are.
1. He dived into the pond and swam across it in five minutes. (3)
2. The climber took the rope from his bag and tied it round the
rock. (2)
3. The cat squeezed through the small window, jumped onto
the ground, and ran along the path. (3)
4. It was windy during the night, so I couldnt sleep at night
and got up late in the morning. (3)
5. He took a book off the shelf, sat on the chair, opened the
book, and went through it.(3)
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition from
the brackets.
1. Tall is the opposite short. (to/of)
2. What was the cause the accident? (of/about)
3. This film is different..that one. ( to/from)
4. They watched TV three hours. ( for/during)
5. I am sorry. making a mistake.( to/for)
Practice
C
Fill in the blanks with by or on.
1. Long ago people didnt travel bus or
train; they traveled foot and
horsebacks.
2. She goes to school a bicycle.
3. Have you ever traveled plane?
4. He went to office his motorbike.
5. I go to school foot but Susan goes
bus.
D
Practice
We use by and on to say, how
people travel.
Remember! We say on foot, not
by foot.
A
Production
Write answers to the questions. Use the preposition
in bold print.
1. We hear the news on the radio. Where else you can hear it?
2. You can eat with chopsticks. Name two other ways
3. You meet your friends at school. Where else do you meet
them?
4. I play with my friend, Gopal. Who do you play with?
5. Im good at English and drawing. What are you good at?
6. You can come to school on bike. Name two other ways.
7. I like dogs with short tails. What kind of dogs do you like?
8. You can find fish in a river. Where else can you find them?
9. I must be in bed by 8 pm. What about you?
10. My school isnt over until 6pm. What about yours?
Here is an invitation card Rohit wants to send to
Manisha. Help him finish it.
Rohit Sharma
Cordially invites Manisha Thapa
his birthday party.
.14
th
October.
..Thamel, Kathmandu
6:00 pm
B
16. Contractions
Presentation
Read this conversation between a boy and his mother.
Boy: Im bored. I dont want to read anymore. Ill watch cartoon
on TV.
Mother: You cant watch TV yet. You havent finished doing your
homework. I wont let you watch TV until youve finished your
homework.
What common thing did you notice in the words that
are highlighted?
We sometimes join two words
together by leaving out some
letters and using apostrophe
() in their place. What do you
call such words?
You mean lets for let us and Im for I am?
Oh, I know; we call them contractions.
Re-write the sentences by using contractions where
possible.
1. I do not like apples.
2. She does not like sweets.
3. He did not see it.
4. We shall not buy it.
5. There is a dog outside.
6. He would not say that.
7. Let us play now.
8. She cannot solve it.
9. He had three chocolates.
10. I will do what I can.
11. You are welcome.
12. That is not true.
13. They are not going.
14. We have some money.
15. How is your brother?
16. What is that?
17. Those are not my shoes.
18. I will not show it to you.
19. They were not there.
20. We are about to leave.
Practice
A
sh
all not sh
ant
w
ill not w
ont
w
h
at is w
h
ats
th
ey are th
eyre
Rewrite these sentences by putting the apostrophe
in the contractions.
1. Ill help you if you cant lift that.
2. Theyre playing in the park.
3. Whats she doing?
4. Hed told her to go home.
5. If theres a problem, well help you.
6. They wouldnt say where hes gone.
7. Hell show you the pictures.
8. Hows your dad?
9. Thats the best story Ive ever heard.
10. Id love to come but I cant because I havent done my
homework.
Practice
C
Do not
disturb!
Ill see you when Im free.
Dont disturb me now.
A
Production
Write a short conversation between any of these two
people. Use contractions wherever possible.
a police officer and a thief
a shopkeeper and a customer
a passenger and a taxi driver
a parent and a teacher
Now sit in pairs and practise the conversation.
B
17. Negation
Presentation
What Mr. Monkey said is completely wrong! Can you
correct him without changing the subject and the object
in each of his sentences?
This is a goat.
It eats other animals.
It can climb trees.
It has horns.
Heres some help! Make Mr.
Monkeys sentences negative
and it will make sense.
Study this table.
subject verbs indirect object direct object place time
I will tell you the story at school tomorrow.
I will not tell you the story at school tomorrow.
It is the verbs that make a sentence negative.
Verbs take not or its contraction nt to change themselves into negative.
go do not go
goes does not go
wanted did not want
wrote did not write
dont go
doesnt go
didnt want
didnt write
For a simple present verb
without s ending, use do not.
For a simple present verb with s ending,
use does not + verb without s.
For a simple past verb, use did not
+ verb in the simple form.
Contracted forms are also possible.
Change these sentences into negative.
1. She speaks English.
2. I work in an office.
3. They get up early.
4. Rubi lives here.
5. You write neatly.
6. She spoke well of you.
7. It started raining in the morning.
8. We broke the rules.
9. Mother prepares the dinner.
10. The boys work hard.
am going am not going
should do should not do
Write these sentences in the negative.
1. He will come early.
2. I can lift the box.
3. We would say that.
4. She was going home.
5. They have seen it.
Practice
A
B
Just add not to be verb (am, is,
are, was, were) when alone.
When the verb has two parts, you
use not after the first verb, which
is an auxiliary or modal.
Practice
C
You can also make a sentence negative
by changing some to no or not any.
You can change always to
never in the negative.
They bought some rice.
They bought no rice.
They did not buy any rice.
They did not buy no rice.
I will always help you.
I will never help you.
Write these sentences in the negative.
1. I have some money.
2. We want to go somewhere.
3. There is something there.
4. Somebody is at the door.
5. The thief gave some information to the police.
6. He was fine.
7. He always gets up at four.
8. You can always win the race.
9. They have always helped me.
10. We were always friends.
These sentences have double negatives, which is
wrong. Rewrite them correctly.
Example: He didnt buy nothing.
He didnt buy anything. Or He bought nothing.
1. Sumi didnt go nowhere.
2. Ram doesnt know nothing.
3. I will not talk to nobody.
4. They didnt ask for no money.
5. You cannot say nothing about this.
Underline the negative words in the sentences below.
Then rewrite the sentences so that they have a positive
meaning.
1. I will never remember your help.
2. Nobody saw the accident.
3. He didnt have a pen.
4. She couldnt see anything.
5. She never goes to bed at eight.
6. We told it to no one.
7. My dog doesnt bark at strangers.
8. They dont go to school on time.
9. That wasnt a dream.
10. She isnt carrying an umbrella.
Practice
E
D
Production
Arrange the words to make negative sentences. Place
the time expressions at the end of the sentences.
1. our holiday / will / at home / we / not / spend / next year
2. did / I / him / see / not / last night / at the disco
3. to a party / not / we / tonight / going / are
4. will / a letter / not / next week / send / you / she
5. not / the truth / did / he / tell / you/ last time
6. to the cinema / we / want / not / do / tonight / to go
7. play / in the bar / did / he / last week / not / the piano
8. not / now / she / in England / is
9. eat / in winter / ice-cream / do / not / I
10. right now / have / not / we / time / do
Extension
Write these negative words in contracted forms.
are not might not
cannot must not
could not need not
did not shall not
does not should not
do not was not
has not were not
have not will not
had not would not
is not
Read this paragraph and look at the picture.
Frogs live on land and in water. They swim in water and hop when
they are on land. In the daytime in the summer, frogs like to sleep
in lily pads. Look at the frogs in the pond! They are sleeping in
the lily pads. One is not sleeping. It is looking towards the edge
of the pond. It has seen the snake. The snake has been waiting to
catch the frogs.
Now look at this picture and discuss what has happened
and what is happening.
18. The present tense
Presentation
Monkeys live on trees.
Those children go to school every day.
An owl lives on this tree.
I go
you read
they wash
plural noun
he goes
she reads
it washes
singular noun
The verbs in these sentences are in
the simple present tense. We use the
simple present tense to talk about
facts, habits and routine work.
Study this table.
Here are some sentences about facts, habits and
routine work. Write them using the verbs correctly
(with or without adding s/es).
1. Lions in jungles. They other animals for
food. They usually at night. (live / kill / hunt)
2. Meena at six in the morning. She a bath
and her homework. She to school at 9.
(get up / take / do / go)
3. Mr. Sharma us English. We him very
much. He us lots of homework, and we
it regularly. (teach / like / give / do)
4. I apples but my sister oranges. Whenever
our grandma us, she apples for me and
oranges for my sister. (like / like / visit / bring )
5. The sun us light and energy. We vitamin
D from sunlight. Plants sunlight to prepare food.
Animals plants, and energy from the sun
indirectly. People plants and animals, so they
energy from the sun indirectly too. (give / get / use
/ eat / derive / eat / get)
Practice
A
The present continuous tense is the
am/ is/ are + ing form of the verb.
The cat is looking for me, so I am running away.
I am verb+ ing
he
she is verb + ing
it
singular
you
we are verb + ing
they
plural
Practice
We use the present continuous
tense to say what is happening
at the time of speaking.
Study this table.
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences to
say what is happening in each picture.
The lion .

The mouse .

The monkey

The women .

The child .

The policeman

The teacher .

The students

The boy ..

It outside.
Practice
B
present past past participle
want wanted wanted
think thought thought
go went gone
write wrote written
come came come
I have climbed up the tree.
The present perfect tense is has/have
+ past participle form of the verb. How
do you form the past participle?
Oh, most verbs add -d or -ed as in the
past form but some verbs have their
own form. Look at this!
We use the present
perfect tense for an
action that is completed.
Practice
I
You
We have
They
Plural
He
She has
It
Singular
I have caught you.
Oh, no! The snake
has caught me.
Practice
broken
seen
known
caught
thrown
eaten
drunk
We also use present perfect
for a past action whose result
is there at the time of speaking.
C
Practice
Look at the pictures and say what has happened
in each picture. Complete the sentences.
The boy
.....
The girl
....
The lion
.....
Score board team A team B
2 0
Team A
....
He
....
Father

Practice
D
The present perfect continuous tense
is has/have been + ing form.
We use the present perfect continuous
to say something started in the past
and is still continuing.
I have been watching the monkeys for
a long time. I have been waiting for
them to come down.
Look at the pictures and say what has been
happening. Complete the sentences.
It
The children ...
They for the bus.
The dog
The man
E
Practice
Put in the correct form of the verb in the blank
spaces: simple present or present continuous.
1. She (wake up, usually) at 7 o'clock.
2. This time we (visit) grandma.
3. The flowers (be, normally) watered by Ram
who (be) at school right now.
4. Sam (be) so lazy that he (do, never)
anything to help his family.
5. I (not, understand) what you (talk)
because the music (be) too loud.
Complete the sentences using the present perfect
form of the given verbs.
1. Jay, I'm looking for my newspaper. ____________? (you,
see, it)
2. No, ____________. (I, not)
3. This is her first time here. ____________here before (never,
she, be)
4. I ____________ for my lost pen everywhere. Its nowhere.
(already, look)
5. Who ____________ my T-shirt? (take)
F
Production
Write one story you know using simple present tense
and present continuous tense telling others what
happens in that story.
Read what happened.
The house mysteriously caught fire last night. There was no one in
the house at that time. The family had locked it and they had left for
a holiday in Pokhara. A woman next door heard the fire cracking in
the middle of the night. She looked out of her window and saw that
her neighbours house was burning. It had been burning for some
time when she saw it. The flames were touching the roof. She phoned
the fire station. Soon, a fire truck arrived and put out the fire. Half of
the house had burnt down, but they saved the remaining half.
How do you think the fire started? Discuss.
If you know of an incident of fire like the one above, tell
the class about it.
Presentation
19. The past tense
I lived in that tree before.
I started living in this tree from yesterday.
go went
come came
drink drank
think thought
do did
eat ate
sleep slept
fly flew
leave left
We use the simple past tense to talk
about actions that happened in the past.
Most verbs add d/ed to make the past
form but some have their own past forms.
Look at the picture and say what happened. Use the
verbs given in the box in the past tense.
The bear .a bee hive in the tree. It .to
eat honey very much. So it .near the tree. It
.its hand into the hole. It .one
honeycomb. The bees .it furiously. It
.away with the honeycomb. The bees
.it. Some bees .it. The bear
.in pain and .to run even faster.
see want go put get attack
run follow sting cry begin
I/he/she/it/singular was
you/we/they/plural were
Practice
The past continuous tense is
was/were + ing form of the verb.
A
I was running across the field when the owl tried to catch me.
Heres a poem in the present continuous tense.
Rewrite it in the past continuous.
We are twisting,
We are turning
And our muscles are burning
We are jumping,
We are bumping
And our hearts are thumping
I am stretching
I am rolling
Because I am bowling
I am swaying,
I am playing
But my coach is saying, MORE EFFORT, PLEASE!
Practice
B
We use the past continuous for actions
going on at some point of time in the past.
I was hunting last night.
We also use the past continuous
to show an action going on when
another action happened.
Practice
Complete the sentences by putting in the missing parts
from the box.
1. hen the telephone bell woke me up.
2. ...............when they heard a lion roar.
3. ...when the accident occurred.
4. when she slipped on a banana peel.
5. ....when the teacher entered the class.
They were passing through the jungle
She was walking along the street
The students were talking noisily
I was sleeping soundly
He was speeding down the road
Find the missing parts of the sentences in the box and
complete the sentences.
1. She learnt Japanese....
2. She nearly drowned in the river.....
3. She found the missing letter......
4. She ate her breakfast
5. She met her old friend
while she was watching TV.
while she was living in Tokyo.
while she was walking to her office.
while she was swimming.
while she was cleaning the room.
C
D
The dinner was ready when I got home last evening. My wife
had caught some chickens and she had prepared chicken
soup.
Fill in the missing parts from the box to complete
the sentences.
1. I was late. when I reached school.
2. Grandpa got back from his visit to Pokhara.
3. His car ran out of petrol on the way because
4. I cant find my book today, but I know
5. I couldnt recognize my friend because
he had forgotten to refill
he had grown tall and fat
I had put it on the table yesterday
He had spent a week there
The classes had already begun
Practice
E
The past perfect tense is had + past
participle form of the verb.
We use the past perfect tense to say
that an action was completed before
some point of time in the past.
Practice
Fill in the missing parts from the box to complete the
statements.
1. She was tired because
2. when I fell asleep on the sofa.
3. The river was flooded as
4. I was at the bus stop until 9:30
5. and he was covered in dust.
it had been raining for a week.
she had been working all day
I had been watching TV
he had been dusting the furniture
I had been waiting for the bus
F
The past perfect continuous tense
is had been + ing form of the verb.
We use this tense to say something
continued to happen until some point
of time in the past.
Yes, I had been chasing the
mouse until it entered that hole.
Write an essay on an interesting trip that you have
taken. If you havent been on such a trip, you can
write about your visit to the zoo or a picnic or any
other event that you have attended. Use all the
different forms of the past tense.
Production
What do you think the monkey will tell the lion?
Presentation
20. The future tense
Hmmm! Let me see. You will have
good luck all your life. You will get
lots of honey to eat. Hunters will
not get you. Yes, you are going to
live a long life.
The future tense is usually will
+ verb, although we sometimes
use shall with I and we.
I will jump.
I will bump.
But I will get those grapes sweet.
I will somehow do it!
We also use am/is/are going to
+ verb for a future action.
When I grow up, I am going to be
the king of this jungle. I am going
to rule over all the animals. Im
going to pass a law that says,
Bats are not going to sleep during
the day.
Look at the pictures and write what each child is going to be in
the future. Also write what he or she is going to do. First look at
the example.
picture of a boy-a doctor in his thought bubble
Mahesh
Mahesh is going to be a doctor when he grows up. He is going
to work in a hospital. He is going to treat sick people.
1. Picture girl a nurse in her thought bubble-Suruchi
2. Picture- boy- a teacher in his thought bubble-Subash
3. Picture-girl-a pilot in her thought bubble-Monica
4. Picture-boy-an artist in her thought bubble-Nima
5. Picture-girl-a singer in her thought bubble-Sulochana
Practice
A
Picture- a huge tree-bird on the tree-two bear-cubs under the
tree removing honeycombs from a hole (bee-hive) in the tree
Bird saying: The future perfect tense is will have + past
participle form of the verb. We use it to say that an action will
be complete at some time in the future.
One bear under the tree saying: We will have removed all the
honeycombs by 6 oclock.
Second bear : How can we go home? It will have become dark
by that time.
Use the verbs in the brackets in the future perfect
tense to say what will have happened.
1. We (finish) this lesson by tomorrow.
2. I (become) an old person 50 years from now.
3. When I get home, mother (prepare) dinner.
4. You (start) going to college in ten years time.
5. Our country (develop) by 2020.
6. I (learn) to drive by the age of 18.
7. We (join) grade five by this time next year.
8. I (go) to bed by 11 pm tonight.
9. You (reach) school by 10 Am tomorrow.
10.The teacher (mark) our homework this time tomorrow.
Practice
B
We use the past continuous for actions
going on at some point of time in the past.
I was hunting last night.
Practice
Use the verbs in brackets in the future perfect
continuous tense to say what will have been
happening.
1. We (read) in grade 5 this time next year.
2. My friend (wait) for me at the airport when I get there.
3. He will join the office in January, so he (work) in that office
for two months by March.
4. I (wash) my clothes around this time on Saturday.
5. The match will start at 4, so we (play) at 4:30.
C
The future perfect continuous tense (will
have been + ing) is used for an action that
is going on for sometime in future.
Yawn! Dont call me at 3 tomorrow.
I will have been taking a nap. I
always nap from 2 to 4.
Write a few sentences in response to each of these questions.
1. What will you do next Saturday?
2. What will you do when you grow up?
3. What will your dad do this evening?
4. How will you enjoy next Dashain?
5. What will you do next year?
Answer these questions to say what will be happening?
1. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
2. What will you be doing at this time next Saturday?
3. What will you be doing at 10 pm tonight?
4. What will your friends be doing next Dashain?
5. What will your mother be doing at 7-tomorrow morning?
Sit in groups and talk about what you will do, will be
doing, will have done or will have been doing at these
times:
if you pass in the first division in the grade 4 final exams
at midnight tonight
this time tomorrow
when you are 16 years old
when you grow up
by the time you are 20 years old
Production
C
B
A