Design Considerations of Water Features

START
powered by
Slide 1 of 102 2007
Getting Started
Click on the start button
to begin this course
START
This Online Learning Seminar is
available through a professional
courtesy provided by:
60 Snow Boulevard
Concord, ON L4K 4B3
Tel: 905-660-6674
Fax: 905-660-6916
Toll-Free: 1-800-539-8858
Email: saecdaily@crystalfountains.com
Web: www.crystalfountains.com
2007 Crystal Fountains. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and
produced by Crystal Fountains and remains their property. Questions or concerns about the content of
this course should be directed to the program instructor.
Design Considerations of
Water Features
About the Instructor Ask an Expert
Slide 2 of 102
About the Sponsor
2007 Table of Contents
Design Considerations of Water Features
Presented By: Simon Gardiner
Crystal Fountains
60 Snow Boulevard
Concord, ON L4K 4B3
Description: Provides an overview of the types of water features including design considerations for traditional and
sequenced solutions, as well as a discussion of the history and development of water features and the influences that
have impacted todays designs.
To ensure the accuracy of this program material, this course is valid only when listed on AEC Daily's Online Learning
Center. Please click here to verify the status of this course.
If the course is not displayed on the above page, it is no longer offered.
This course is approved by other organizations. Please click here for details.
The American Institute of Architects Course No. AEC199; LUs 1.5 This program qualifies for HSW credit.
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this
program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the AIA or AEC Daily Corporation of any material or construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or
dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services should be directed to the program instructor.
Construction Specifications Institute Course No. CSI-A0009; CEUs 0.15 This program qualifies for HSW credit.
This program is a registered educational program with the Construction Specifications Institute of Alexandria, VA. The content within the program is not
created or endorsed by CSI nor should the content be construed as an approval of any product, building method, or service. Information on the specific
content can be addressed at the conclusion of the program, by the Registered Provider.
AEC Daily is a Registered Provider with the Construction Specifications Institute Construction Education Network (CEN). Credit earned for completing this
program will automatically be submitted to the CSI CEN. Completion certificates can be obtained by contacting the Provider directly.
This logo and statement identify Provider programs registered with CSI CEN and are limited to the educational program content.
Slide 3 of 102
About the Sponsor
To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down
arrow keys on your keyboard.
To exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize
the full-screen presentation and allow you to close the program.
Within this course is an exam password that you will be required to enter in order to
proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to remember or write down this
password so that you have it available for the test.
To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the
end of the course.
For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and
icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.
How to use this Online Learning Course
Slide 4 of 102
About the Sponsor
Learning Objectives
Upon completing this course, you will be able to:
Discuss the history of fountains and the influences that have impacted todays
fountain designs
State the design principles and considerations of water features required to
facilitate a successful installation
Describe methods of minimizing the impact of mechanical and electrical components
List the types and characteristics of various types of water features including
fountains, channels, vanishing edge pools, vertical water features, and sequenced
solutions
Section Title
Slide 5 of 102
About the Sponsor
Table of Contents
History of Fountains
Water Feature Design Principles
Types of Water Features
Sequenced Solutions
Summary
26
6
58
80
100
Click on title to view
Slide 6 of 102
About the Sponsor
Slide 7 of 102
About the Sponsor
What is a Fountain?
Originally, the word Fountain was used to
refer to a natural spring or source of water;
however, over time it has come to mean an
artificial structure that is designed to contain
and move water.
Potable water from a reliable source was one
of the first requirements of permanent
settlements.
In earliest settlements (similar to today) the
fountain was proudly displayed to illustrate the
power and civilization of a community.
Source of Potable Water
Slide 8 of 102
About the Sponsor
Four Principle Functions
In early civilization, the fountain had four
principle functions:
1. Supply drinking water for human
consumption
2. Supply water for animals
3. Used domestically for washing, cleaning,
and cooking
4. Used for display and as a
communication/gathering center.
Slide 9 of 102
About the Sponsor
Ancient Symbolism
Some of the earliest recorded water features
were found in the deserts of Egypt where the
waters were controlled and channeled for
irrigation purposes.
As evidenced in this tomb painting from 3000
B.C., the Egyptians planted gardens within the
walled enclosures surrounding their homes. A
central rectangular fish pond is flanked by rows
of fruit trees and ornamental plants.
Other irrigated gardens were developed around
the cultivation of food sources: mainly the
lotus and water lily.
In Mari (Mesopotamia) a stone fountain figure
dating around 2000 B.C. was discovered. This
figure a female goddess holding a vase into
which water is piped and poured into a basin,
can be considered a prototype for the types of
fountains made in gardens for thousands of
years thereafter.
Slide 10 of 102
About the Sponsor
Persian/Islamic Design
A traditional Persian garden was comprised of
four essentials: water for irrigation, display and
sound; shade trees for shelter; flowers for
scent and color; and music to delight the
auditory senses.
The designs typically included four water
channels in the form of a cross, dividing the
garden into four quadrants. Usually a pool or
small hill with a pavilion was positioned at the
intersection of the channels.
When Muslim Arabs conquered Persia, Persian
designs were readily assimilated into Islamic
garden design, since they closely resembled
the description of the Korans Garden of
Paradise.
Slide 11 of 102
About the Sponsor
Moorish Design
Moorish designs valued water as a resource and
made the most of a small quantity of water by
channeling it carefully for use in irrigation
after its display function was met.
The best example of water restraint is the
bubble fountain in which basins were designed
to be continually overflowing into a secondary
channel where the water would then be
channeled into a secondary area for alternate
uses.
The basins, believed to be used as a cooling
method for interior courts, was often facetted
or carved in a lotus pattern and mounted close
to the ground, barely rising above the surface
of the surrounding plane.
Slide 12 of 102
About the Sponsor
Moorish Design, contd
The Mugahals, in the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries, created similar gardens where flowers,
fruit trees, water, and shade were arranged in unified compositions.
The most notable examples are the Taj Mahal Gardens in Agra and the Shalimar
Gardens in Lahore.
The Mugahal gardens were developed with the expansion of the Arab Empire in
Northern India.
In areas with large amounts of water, the Mugahal designers were able to make use of
water in a way that would appear extravagant to the Arabs who inhabited less
generous climates.
Slide 13 of 102
About the Sponsor
Moorish Design, contd
At Shalamar Baghin Kashmir, at the foot hills of
the Himalayas, the Persian tradition of severe
water restraint was broken.
They created complex gardens and used the
ample water source to create pools, streams,
and waterfalls.
It was here that they invented a form of a
waterfall called the Chadar, which was built
in such a way to maximize the play of sunlight
on the water and which was directed to a
specific focal point.
An Example of a Chadar Waterfall
Slide 14 of 102
About the Sponsor
Chinese/Japanese Designs
The water feature in China played two roles: as a landscape feature and to grow water
lilies and lotus. In landscape terms, the Chinese used water as we do today, capturing
its stillness and reflective quality or utilizing its turbulent nature for waterfalls and
fountains.
Japanese water gardening is all about creating a picture for contemplation, which
brings the landscape of the countryside into the garden in a stylized, reduced form.
Pools contain islands and rocky shorelines; cliffs are created with stark rocks that jut
from the water.
Running water plays an important role, not just in streams and waterfalls, but also
through bamboo pipes in an array of configurations to create curves and ripples.
In Beijing, China, the Imperial City contained similar elaborate gardens with masterly-
placed potted plants, trees, artificial lakes, bridges and pavilions.
Slide 15 of 102
About the Sponsor
Chinese/Japanese Designs, contd
The gardens of the Orient have had considerable influence on European and North
American styles, although the view of what a garden should be, and the whole
philosophy of gardens and gardening is completely different.
The Japanese and Chinese choose to reflect the natural effect with which water
appears. Their designs are created around the theology that the garden is a place of
solitude and contemplation, working with water rather than manipulating and
overcoming its natural presence.
The stone water basin or fountain has had a time-honored place in Japanese gardens
for centuries. Stone basin fountains or chozubachi (top picture, next slide)
originated in ancient shrines and temples for worshipers to wash their hands and rinse
their mouths before entering the shrine as an act of purification of the mind and body.
The fountains were usually 16" or taller in height.
Slide 16 of 102
About the Sponsor
Chinese/Japanese Designs, contd
Tea masters later redesigned the fountain
bowls for Japanese tea gardens to 12" heights
or shorter to create the tsukubai, (bottom
image). The tsukubai or crouching bowl was
designed to humble guest and create the right
state of mind before guests joined the tea
ceremony.
Today, Japanese gardens have both the
chozubachi and tsukubai and are fed with
water from bamboo spouts called kakei.
The deer chaser or shisiodoshi was originally
developed by Japanese farmers to scare deer
and boar from crops, but was later used in the
gardens as an element of change. As water
flows from the bamboo fountain spout, the
knocking portion fills and spills the water,
creating a rhythmic knocking sound as it hits a
rock.
Chozubachi
Tsukubai
Shisiodoshi
Slide 17 of 102
About the Sponsor
Greek and Roman Influences
France, in the 17th century, replaced Italy as
the primary inspiration of architecture and
landscape design.
Rooted in Greek and Ancient Rome,
symmetrical arrangements were designed to
give an impression of limitless grandeur,
exemplified by the royal architecture of this
period. Grounds where intersected with radial
alleys, lined with trees or hedges, and
embellished with fountains, pavilions, and
statuary.
The development of the cascade or downward
falling fountains appears to have flourished in
the Renaissance gardens of Italy, particularly in
Rome, where the water supply was plentiful
and the local terrain allowed water to be
captured and piped into gravity-fed creations.
Slide 18 of 102
About the Sponsor
Greek and Roman Influences, contd
Throughout the Roman Imperial period, the civic and cultural leaders of Corinth
dignified and decorated their city with public fountains and water displays,
systematically laminating new aesthetics and social values over carefully selected
themes from the past.
Architectural facades bearing the names of mortal benefactors shelter reminders of
ancient monuments and statues of ageless deities.
Stylized grottoes and flowing water offered domesticated nature as a break from
hectic city life.
In no other class of landmarks did Roman Corinth articulate her place in the world so
clearly and none enjoyed greater fame.
Slide 19 of 102
About the Sponsor
Trevi Fountain
Trevi fountain, representing affirmation of the
water cycle, is an excellent example of a
Roman display fountain, probably the worlds
best known.
A sculpted Oceanus, a mystical protector of the
sea and a godfather to the Greek Pantheon,
towers in the center, guarding the well or
spring of life. His outreached arms point to two
winged stallions (one is tame and placid, the
other of violent and uncontrolled power)
symbolizing the arrival of fresh water.
Water is abounding, like that of the earth, and
collects in a basin from which jets shoot water
into the air simulating the completion of the
cycle.
Trevi Fountain
Slide 20 of 102
About the Sponsor
Trevi Fountain, contd
Carved reliefs above Oceanuss left shoulder depict the legend of the Virgin water.
According to the Legend of Trivia, a virgin spirit named Trivia lead a band of soldiers in
19 B.C. to the source of a secret spring near Salome, a town east of Rome. The waters
were believed to have magical powers to rejuvenate youth.
The master builder of the times, Marcus Agrippi, ordered the construction of the
aqueduct, known as the Aqua Virgo, (Latin for Virgin Water). The aqueduct was
eventually hooked up to more than 2,500 taps in Rome. Many drinking fountains were
placed in a central plaza close to the government buildings to facilitate peoples good
health and fulfillment of their civic duties. The architectural element is tied to the
symbolic references of good mind and moral spirit.
The Roman empire spread the engineering skills of the Romans across Europe and
Roman aqueducts can still be seen in the south of France and Segovia in Spain. At the
time of the first Gothic sacking of Rome in 410 A.D., eleven aqueducts were feeding
1,212 public fountains, 11 great imperial thermae, and 926 public baths. Much of the
modern water supply of Rome is based on these water engineering feats.
Slide 21 of 102
About the Sponsor
Other Famous Fountains
Following the completion of the formal gardens
at Versailles (1668), the cascade-style water
feature and the French Classical garden
became popular throughout Europe.
The Palazzo Reale, Caserta, near Naples is the
most extreme example of the formal cascade,
it is nearly 1.9 miles (3 km) long.
Manneken Pis Brussels is a well-known
sculpture (made by Jerome Duquesnoy in
1618), of a little boy emitting an arching jet
stream. According to 14th-century lore, the
lad extinguished a fire and thereby saved the
city from destruction. This fountain has been
hidden, stolen, captured, and during local
festivals, clothed and honored, with wine and
beer replacing the water.
Versailles
Manneken Pis Brussels
Slide 22 of 102
About the Sponsor
The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth
Interest in classical antiquity came to England,
influenced by France. The enclosed medieval
garden was eventually replaced by the
Renaissance pleasure garden which was very
much a formal garden, although the term
formal was not adopted until the end of the
19th century.
The principles of these enormous features are
just as relevant when the concept is translated
to a small suburban plot.
The gardens at Cascades at Chatsworth in
Derbyshire, have evolved since the 16th
century under the directions of the
descendants of Bess of Hardwick who had built
the original house and gardens.
Cascades at Chatsworth
Slide 23 of 102
About the Sponsor
The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth, contd
The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth was built
for the first duke and finished in 1996,
however, it was rebuilt only five years later on
a grander scale.
Water flows over varying numbers and widths
of paving stones to create 24 groups of grand
cascades. Each group has its own unique sound
and aesthetic.
Another distinctive design of Chatsworth is the
cascade house and its watery forecourt
containing a series of fountains and jets from
which the cascade is fed. Even the dome of the
house can be turned into a waterfall and the
interior is pierced with holes to soak the
surprised visitor.
Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth
Slide 24 of 102
About the Sponsor
Modern Water Features
Weather you have a fondness for formal,
traditional fountains, for stylized natural
stream and waterfalls, or for polished granite
spheres floating on low pressure jets, the
challenge for the water feature designer today
is to sift through all the data.
This involves such things as the clients desires,
the existing site conditions, the connection of
the installation, architectural references,
operational requirements and so forth in order
to bring to light those elements that will make
your water feature both beautiful and
meaningful.
Slide 25 of 102
About the Sponsor
Modern Water Features, contd
The largest impact to the modern design water
features is that of system integration and new
technological advances.
Many water features have evolved into
sophisticated water displays with sequencing
devices and LED RGB lighting.
Additional audio components and an enhanced
understanding of programmable water effects
has lead to the development of choreographed
water features, with their own unique
characteristics and personalities.
Slide 26 of 102
About the Sponsor
Slide 27 of 102
About the Sponsor
Introduction
The intent here is to present an overview of the basics and fundamentals of design
theory as related to water features. These fundamentals are: context, line/form,
materials, textures, light/color, motion/movement, sound, wind and concealed
components.
To begin, water is both simple and complicated. The simplicity of a silent and
reflective lake or pool is undeniable; however, when water moves, complex
interactions and forces, displacements, and energies control its dynamics.
Two forces that modify the horizontal surface of water are:
Adhesion (the attraction of water molecules and other materials) and
Cohesion (the attraction of water molecules to one another).
The key to designing a successful and captivating water feature is to direct the way
water moves, without losing control of the water or ruining the aesthetic with poor
execution.
Slide 28 of 102
About the Sponsor
Design Guidelines Traditional Pools
Traditional pools - water effect height to offset distance ration 1:1
Slide 29 of 102
About the Sponsor
Design Guidelines Elevated Water Tables
Elevated water tables - water effect height to offset distance ration 1:1.5
Slide 30 of 102
About the Sponsor
Aesthetic Factors
A designer usually incorporates water into a space as a visual element.
The aesthetic qualities of water, however, reach far beyond the visual aspect due to
the documented psychological effects of water and as a physical factor providing sound
and climatic modification.
The sound of water and the coolness associated with being near or touching water are
equally part of our emotional response to water in our environment.
Slide 31 of 102
About the Sponsor
Visual Impact
Water can function as a focal point within a
space or as a means of creating and
maintaining a sense of continuity.
A water display can strongly temper the
character of a space. A sense of calm and
serenity is created by a quiet stream or pool,
while excitement and drama can be achieved
by swiftly moving, densely massed, or strong
vertical displays.
The level of formality will be influenced by the
forms of the pools and displays, and the mood
further defined or reinforced by appropriate
lighting.
Slide 32 of 102
About the Sponsor
Context
Every water feature has elements of context
that must be considered during the design
process.
Contextual factors can be categorized as either
aesthetic or safety related.
Think about the surrounding architectural and
landscape forms: Is there an opportunity to
incorporate or use related design forms within
the water feature composition? Would it be
advantageous to consider using the same or
similar materials, finishes, or textures for this
water feature? If lighting is to be incorporated,
consider the existing or proposed ambient light
sources. A good water lighting scheme may end
up being overwhelmed by the surrounding
sources of ambient light.
Slide 33 of 102
About the Sponsor
Context, contd
Psychological Impact
It is an essential aspect of human behavior to
be drawn toward a riverbank, lake edge, or
seashore. We either live near water or convey
it to where we live, using canals or pipelines.
Our food supply, likewise, depends upon water
for growth and sustenance.
Auditory Impact
The intensity and frequency of the sound
generated by a water display can be used to
convey a sense of calm or excitement, and can
also mask unpleasant or distracting ambient
noise.
Slide 34 of 102
About the Sponsor
Context, contd
Sensory Impact
Airborne spray and evaporation from water
displays cause a cooling effect; droplets and
sprays from active, aerated displays are
particularly effective.
The Middle East fountains perfected this design
by creating small openings in the walls that
surrounded courtyards and garden enclosures.
Prevailing winds would be concentrated and
directed towards the fountains, which were
placed in line with the interior courtyards or
buildings.
Slide 35 of 102
About the Sponsor
Safety Context
Consideration of safety contextual factors
includes thinking about how the feature will be
utilized both during the day and in the evening.
Determine if there are safety issues that may
restrict or have serious implications on the
water feature design.
Interactive water features, in particular, have
unique spatial, water velocity, and water
treatment considerations. These considerations
may result in limitations on the type of water
effects, operational heights, and dynamics
designed into a feature. Also, consider if there
are any splash issues related to the areas
surrounding the feature. Adjacent plantings or
public walking areas may mean that splash will
not be tolerated due to liability concerns.
Slide 36 of 102
About the Sponsor
Line
Line is used to define a space as well as convey
distance, establish perspective, and express
emotion.
Line gives direction and movement to the eye
as it carries the eye along its route.
This eye movement prompts emotional and
psychological responses. For example, vertical
lines can be perceived as severe and emphatic
while horizontal lines can be perceived as
pleasant and satisfying.
Slide 37 of 102
About the Sponsor
Form
Since water is a liquid with no apparent shape
unto itself, its form is determined by the
characteristics and qualities of its
container/context. As a result, the same
volume of water can have an infinite number of
characteristics depending on such factors as
the play of light, materials, textures, color and
motion.
Form has a mass and volume within a space and
has degrees of symmetry and irregularity. The
more striking, unusual or contrasting a form is
from its surroundings, the stronger the visual
attraction.
Slide 38 of 102
About the Sponsor
Form, contd
As with all design, consider form and line as it relates to the design of any water
feature. Also, think about adding decorative line to supporting elements and material
details within the water feature. For instance, decorative grates are a creative way to
reflect surrounding design elements and can enhance the viewers experience.
Slide 39 of 102
About the Sponsor
Materials
Materials and their accompanying textures help to enrich the visual quality of a water
feature.
Texture comes from the size and shape of the surface material that the water runs
over.
Textural qualities can be identified as light or heavy, thin or dense, rough or smooth.
Smooth textures can be pleasant to touch, highly reflective, and complimentary to
surrounding forms.
Selecting the correct water feature materials can go a long way to conveying the right
aesthetic for a particular space.
A variety of materials can be applied to water feature designs including glass, stainless
steel, and stone.
Slide 40 of 102
About the Sponsor
Materials - Glass
The transparency, translucency, and
reflectivity of glass make it a rather unique
material to use in a water feature. These
characteristics can result in some spectacular
outcomes and effects.
Glass provides design versatility. It can be
utilized as castings or panels in a variety of
design options: frosted or textured,
transparent or translucent, clear crystalline or
colored.
Textures can be added internally or externally
and with the addition of light, these effects
can be further enhanced.
Slide 41 of 102
About the Sponsor
Materials Glass, contd
Water is expressed differently depending on the type of glass and lighting that is
utilized. Textured glass can help aerate and enhance the water flow over it. Water
that flows over a smooth glass texture can be almost undetectable, depending on the
lighting conditions.
Textured Glass Can Enhance Water Flow Water Flowing Over Smooth Glass is Barely Discernible
Slide 42 of 102
About the Sponsor
Materials - Stainless Steel
Because of its corrosion and oxidation
resistance, strength, and reflective properties,
stainless steel is often the metal of choice to
use in commercial water features.
It is important to carefully select the
appropriate grade for particular applications as
corrosion can result under certain conditions.
Stainless steel can be effectively used in
waterwall features and offers versatility as
both a practical and decorative element for a
variety of water displays.
As a practical element, stainless steel panels
can help to hide undesirable mechanical
components. It can also be sculpted and used
as a decorative element.
Slide 43 of 102
About the Sponsor
Materials - Stone
Natural stone has long been used in water
features. There are many colors, textures and
forms of stone that can be utilized, depending
on the design style. Naturalistic designs may
use less refined forms of stone while
contemporary designs may incorporate a more
refined stone finish with high reflectivity, such
as dark river-washed stones.
A stones porosity can also be a significant
consideration especially when designing water
walls.
A porous stone may actually allow water to
migrate along surrounding walls and run into
places where water is not intended to be.
Slide 44 of 102
About the Sponsor
Materials Stone, contd
The lack of uniformity with stone may also be considered its greatest asset. A variety
of textures allow for a range of water effects, from the aerated effects created when
using split-faced stone within cascades, to the smooth and calming effects created
with laminar flows over smooth-finished stones.
Slide 45 of 102
About the Sponsor
Color
Pure water is colorless and thus relies on its
surroundings/context to transfer color.
Light and color have strong influences on the
resultant mood that a water feature conveys.
Colors can soothe and evoke a sense of
calmness or they can arouse and promote a
sense of thrill and drama.
There are two primary sources of color that
should be considered when designing a water
feature: 1) color that originates from the
finished material pigments, and 2) color that is
derived from lighting effects.
Slide 46 of 102
About the Sponsor
Color - Material
Various colored materials can have different
impacts on a water features overall character.
Darker colored materials tend to showcase and
enhance both active and inactive water
effects. For instance, aerated water and the
associated shimmering effects stands out more
when run over darker surfaces.
Inactive water, such as that of a reflecting
pool, is most reflective over darker pool
finishes.
Slide 47 of 102
About the Sponsor
Color - Lighting Effects
Lighting can have a very dramatic effect on
almost any water feature.
Evening viewing for both interior and exterior
applications is dependant upon effective
lighting techniques.
White, submersible, incandescent halogen
lighting is particularly effective at evoking an
elegant character. Alternatively, color-
changing, submersible LED lighting can project
a very dramatic and eye-catching show.
The position of light sources (in front, behind,
within, and externally) also has an impact on
the waters visual character and overall
aesthetic.
Slide 48 of 102
About the Sponsor
Motion - Static
Water can be classified into two general
categories according to its motion: static (still)
or dynamic (moving).
Static water can be found in pools, ponds, and
gently flowing channels and streams.
Deemed visually placid, static water expresses
a balance and equilibrium with the force of
gravity.
Consider the visual power of a static water
display, especially when juxtaposed within a
dynamic environment such as an urban core.
Slide 49 of 102
About the Sponsor
Motion - Dynamic
Energetic and emotionally stimulating, dynamic
water is derived from moving, flowing, or
falling water techniques.
It easily captures the attention of the eye and
is often used as a focal point within a designed
space.
Water movement can be influenced by the
steepness of the slope, the introduction of
obstructions, the depth and width of the pool
or channel, and prevailing material textures.
Highly textured surfaces can slow water flow
and increase turbulence.
Slide 50 of 102
About the Sponsor
Motion - Dynamic, contd
Because of its fluid state, a given volume of
water expands outward until it is stopped and
contained; hence, the characteristics of water
flow are a result of the container it is in. For
instance, the same volume of water can be
rather placid in a wide container, but be quite
turbulent when funneled through a narrower
channel because of the increased resistance.
Higher rates of movement are related to
increased visual and sound characteristics.
Slide 51 of 102
About the Sponsor
Sound
A major characteristic of water is the ability to
emit sound when it is in motion or strikes a
surface.
Depending on the amount of movement and
volume of water involved, numerous sounds
can be produced that complement and enhance
the spatial experience.
The sounds of water can be manipulated to
produce trickles, dribbles, bubbles, gurgles,
roars, gushes, and splashes.
Attention to the audible aspects of water is
very important; too little can be irritating (i.e.
a dripping faucet); too much, especially in
confined spaces, can be considered
overpowering.
Slide 52 of 102
About the Sponsor
Sound, contd
The neutralizing characteristics of water sound can also be a significant tool. For
example, creating white noise can effectively temper external noise pollution.
Conversely, the absence or near absence of water sounds can also be perceived as a
source of emotional tranquility, as with a reflecting pool or a laminar water flow.
Slide 53 of 102
About the Sponsor
Wind
Wind can have a major impact on the character of water and water effects. As an
aesthetic element, the interplay of wind and a water surface can create interesting
variations within the same water feature.
Prevailing winds should be considered when designing any exterior water feature. For
instance, if a traditional water fountain pool is being located between two buildings
where a wind tunnel effect is likely present, consider limiting the maximum height of
the water jets to a value less than 1:1 (i.e., the maximum height of the vertical water
jet is set to less than the distance it is from the pool wall).
Wind sensors can also be used to regulate jet heights automatically.
The splash that can result from sweeping winds can be especially problematic in public
spaces where public safety is very critical. Additionally, in desert environments, sand,
moved by wind into a water feature, may have certain unfavorable mechanical
implications.
Slide 54 of 102
About the Sponsor
Concealed Components
The success of any water feature design is not
only dependent upon implementation of basic
design principals, it also hinges upon how the
execution is carried out.
In other words, has the detailed design of the
various mechanical and electrical components
incorporated low-impact solutions?
The various techniques that can help to
minimize the impact of these components will
be discussed in the following slides.
Slide 55 of 102
About the Sponsor
Suspended Paver Slabs
Mechanical and electrical components can be concealed with the use of suspended
paver slabs.
A pedestal system and/or stainless steel framework which allows water to flow
between each paver, typically supports these slabs. Penetrations are made to allow
water jets and lights to be incorporated (lights are often hung off of the slabs). All
equipment can be serviced by simply removing the suspended pavers.
Slide 56 of 102
About the Sponsor
Types of Concealed Components
Decorative Drain Plates:
A deck level drain plate can be
fabricated to have decorative grille
designs.
Submerged Water Jets
Sequencing Device:
Incorporating water jets that can be
submerged minimizes the impact of
hardware during non-active periods.
Slide 57 of 102
About the Sponsor
Types of Concealed Components, contd
Niche/Recessed Light Fixtures: Whenever possible, ensure that light fixtures are
concealed with a recessed fixture or behind some sort of shroud.
Suspended FRP Grating: Similar to suspended paver slabs, suspended FRP grating is an
open grid of fiber-reinforced plastic from which lights can be hung and water jets can
penetrate (refer to left image). A river-washed stone is usually applied over the grating
to conceal all of the components below. Maintenance and wash-down is easily
performed with this type of system.
Decorative Diffusion Plates: A fountain pool that is clad with stone can also have the
diffusion/inlet plate constructed of the same material. This allows for the pool bottom
to be virtually uninterrupted (see examples below).
Suspended FRP Grating Examples of Decorative Diffusion Plates
Slide 58 of 102
About the Sponsor
Slide 59 of 102
About the Sponsor
Introduction
In nature, water moves through the
environment in an endless variety of ways.
In response, water feature manufacturers
offer a multitude of products with diverse
water movement techniques that are available
to designers.
In this section of the presentation, we will
introduce the characteristics of architectural
styles of water features.
Slide 60 of 102
About the Sponsor
Traditional Fountains and Geysers
A traditional water feature is one composed of a pool with a freeboard and one or
several water effects within. The size and shape of the fountain can vary
tremendously. Often used as a focal point, it can also be used to divide space or
interrupt a vista, encouraging the visitor to pause before moving on. Alternatively, a
single jet or geyser can be incorporated to offset and balance another garden or
architectural feature nearby. Whether using single or multiple patterned fountain
sprays, always consider combining it with light. Few features can compare with a pool
in which a fountain is illuminated at night. Also, contemplate the possibility of
incorporating programmed music.
Slide 61 of 102
About the Sponsor
Waterwalls
A waterwall combines an elevated water source
(usually a trough) with a level and consistent
overflow edge.
It is especially important that the leading edge
or lip of the overflow coping allows for even,
clean water movement.
A weir strip is often incorporated to allow for
leveling adjustments, as required.
A projected coping or weir cape usually
requires a drip channel be cut into its
underside to prevent the water from running
back under the weir coping.
Slide 62 of 102
About the Sponsor
Waterwalls, contd
Recessed reglets or channels are typically
located at each end of the waterwall to
prevent water tracking over the adjacent
surfaces.
Waterwall materials can vary. Common
materials include stone, glass, and stainless
steel and can take many forms such as shingled
or shiplapped. Each material and material
configuration can create different effects from
clear stream flow to highly aerated flows.
Uplighting a waterwall feature can help to
create a far more dynamic and ever-changing
appearance.
Slide 63 of 102
About the Sponsor
Cascades
The look of water as it tumbles over a cascade or the patterns it creates as it sheets
over granite-faced steps can be very compelling. The stepped dimensions, finishes,
types of materials, and designed water flows used for a cascade all greatly influence
the final effect (center image illustrates the variations of cascade design). Consider
using non-traditional materials such as glass to create a truly unique cascade effect.
Spectacular results can be achieved by combining both internal and front uplighting on
a glass cascade water feature.
Slide 64 of 102
About the Sponsor
Waterfalls
Since contemporary waterfall features
generally consist of freefalling water flows, its
important to consider the volume of water that
is intended to flow over the top edge.
As with any vertical water feature, different
water flows can have dramatically varying
characteristics. Think about using different
types of freefall such as laminar flow (top
photo) and divided/compartmentalized flow
(bottom photo).
Varied heights can also have a significant
impact on the water effect and on the
potential splash issues that may result at the
bottom of a vertical feature.
Slide 65 of 102
About the Sponsor
Comb Weirs and Ejector Jets
When splash constraints and a more consistent flow control is desired, a comb weir or
ejector jet system may provide the solution. These two devices create individual
spouts through a weir or series of NEA nozzles placed on a supply manifold. These
effects require less water and are ideal when a reduced reservoir or water source is
required. The overall water effect will fall in a more controlled means and provides a
continuous broken sheet.
Slide 66 of 102
About the Sponsor
Spouts
Traditional spouts have been used to create large vertical drops with low volumes of
water. Usually complemented with an architectural facade or plaque, these effects
create a sense of source for large bodies of water. Large hedge row effects can be used
to suppress much of the splash of large elevation drops.
Slide 67 of 102
About the Sponsor
Water Curtains
Water curtains are a type of waterfall
consisting of individual strands or beads of
water that run down a series of laces of mylar
or stainless steel.
These water droplets can fall from great
heights in slow motion, quietly, and without
splash.
The laces can be installed up to 20 degrees
from vertical without compromising the effect
of the water curtain.
Slide 68 of 102
About the Sponsor
Schematic of a Water Curtain
Slide 69 of 102
About the Sponsor
Uphill Waterfalls
Technically, an uphill water display is not
considered a vertical water feature, although
the water appears to flow downwards. An
uphill water display is simply a row of closely
positioned aerating jets that are individually
valved and properly pressurized to shoot water
up a slanting base.
So spectators dont actually see the jets finish
their trajectory, the water is collected at the
top at a mock weir, which consists of a cap
overhanging the spray and a shallow hidden
cavity for the water to fall into.
The most interesting aspect of this feature
results from deflected water that runs back
down the incline to create a near herringbone
effect in combination with the uphill flow.
Slide 70 of 102
About the Sponsor
Channels - Rills
Channels have long been used as devices to
harness the power and beauty of water. These
types of water features lead the eye in a given
direction and form a physical link between
separate areas of water. The two types of
channels are known as rills and canals.
Rills are narrow (maximum 12" wide) and act to
visually compress the water, creating a feeling
of tension between one larger area of water to
another.
Rills are most effective when they cover a
longer distance and have no vegetation nearby
competing for visual attention.
Rill
Slide 71 of 102
About the Sponsor
Channels - Canals
Canals are similar to rills only on a larger scale
with greater width and length and, as a result,
aquatic plantings can be incorporated into the
design.
Considered a formal feature, a canal moves
substantial amounts of water from one larger
body of water to another and usually has a
highly reflective surface.
Factors of channel design that affect the
velocity and turbulence of the stream are
presented on the next few slides.
Canal
Slide 72 of 102
About the Sponsor
Turbulent Stream/Channel Design
As the stream cross section decreases, the velocity of any
given volume will increase in direct proportion.
As the slope increases, the velocity of the stream increases
and the water depth decreases.
As the stream changes direction, the
outer edge water flow speeds up and
turbulence increases.
Slide 73 of 102
About the Sponsor
Turbulent Stream/Channel Design, contd
A heavy texture on the bottom and/or
side of the channel, particularly in
conjunction with high velocity, will
cause substantial turbulence.
As the stream encounters obstructions,
directional changes and increased
velocity cause surface turbulence.
Slide 74 of 102
About the Sponsor
Vanishing Edge/Reflecting Pools
The vanishing edge or infinity edge pool is an
ideal solution for contemporary applications.
With a clean and simple character, a vanishing
edge pool redirects the focus of the water
feature from the water container to the water
itself. Providing there are no other water
effects within the pool, the surface of a
vanishing edge pool is highly reflective and can
complement the surrounding environment.
Vanishing edge pools are used to creating a
sense of serenity or mystery.
Usually a vanishing edge pool takes the form of
an overflow weir with a laminar flow of clear
water streaming into a collection trough.
Slide 75 of 102
About the Sponsor
Elevated Water Tables
New trends in the architectural world have led to the development of a water feature
type called an elevated water table. Consisting of a water body that has been
elevated to or above the pool wall, this water feature gives the water more presence
and increases the overall site lines. It also provides a structure where mechanical and
electrical trenches can be built which will conceal the components, without
penetrating the slab. This is an excellent water feature type for existing developments
and renovations.
Slide 76 of 102
About the Sponsor
Schematic of an Elevated Water Table
Slide 77 of 102
About the Sponsor
Elevated Water Table With Zero Edge Pool
Much like an elevated water table in a
traditional pool, zero edge water tables allow
the viewers to interact with a water skin that
descends the vertical wall of the structure.
Special attention to detail is required for the
collection trough and surface treatment
throughout the area as water can be tracked
away from the pool. This too provides a
structure where mechanical and electrical
trenches can be built which will conceal the
components, with minimum penetration of the
slab.
It is an excellent water feature type for
existing developments and renovations.
Slide 78 of 102
About the Sponsor
Vortex Water Effect
The vortex is a natural occurring effect that
can be mimicked within a pool. It is created by
large volumes of water being pushed around a
funnel structure generated by the interior pool
surface. A large drain line is required.
The effect can be dramatically increased by
including a variable frequency drive where the
overall water volume can be controlled from a
small water skin to a large turning vortex that
can overcome the structural elements of the
water surface and effect the entire pool.
Additional effects that may increase the
aesthetic impact can include a large vertical
column within the black hole and LED lights
that can be programmed to turn in an
alternative direction of the swirling water.
Slide 79 of 102
About the Sponsor
Water Void Effect
An aesthetic that nominally appears within a
reflecting pool or water body is known as a
water void effect.
A distinctive shape appears within the water
surface as a structural void is slowly drained.
Numerous shapes and configurations can be
used to emphasize trends or iconic symbols in
the surrounding architecture.
The interior surface can match the pool
structure and should be uplit to provide
optimal effect during night-time viewing.
Multiple voids and LED lighting can create a
subtle sequence effect. This type of feature is
ideally suited for elevated site lines and
provides a unique viewing experience from
multiple angles.
Slide 80 of 102
About the Sponsor
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 81 of 102
About the Sponsor
Introduction
Adding sequencing devices to a fountain can
result in a very versatile and visually dynamic
design feature.
Water character can take the form of a highly
choreographed and elegant fountain that is
intended to complement the surrounding
architectural forms and hardscape.
It can also be designed to form the heart of a
childrens interactive feature with both
random and rhythmic bursts.
The basic considerations when incorporating
sequenced elements within a water feature will
be discussed in this next section.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 82 of 102
About the Sponsor
Considerations
Operating Heights: Decide if the feature is to
be used strictly as a showpiece, as an
interactive piece, or as a dual-use element.
Always be mindful of safe operating heights
when designing interactive water features as
excessive water flows can lead to serious user
injuries.
Sequencing Speeds: Like music, water effects
can be choreographed to various speeds and
rhythms. The desired mood, style, and
character of a particular application will
dictate which speeds are appropriate.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 83 of 102
About the Sponsor
Considerations, contd
Music: Sequenced water effects can be further enhanced with the integration of music,
although the element of music usually adds considerable complexity and costs to a
choreographed water feature. Music added to a large exterior applications has the
additional challenge of having to consider time delays to ensure the water and sound
effects are synchronized.
Lighting: Adding lighting effects, especially color changing light effects, adds yet
another dimension to a water feature. Lighting is generally a crucial element for
commercial applications.
Quantity and Types of Water Jets: Many jet effects can be utilized to create a
sequenced solution. The right water effect positioned at the correct spacing and
overall configuration can enhance the types of sequencing that can be used. For
example, a circular configuration with a minimum quantity of jets allows for such
dynamic sequences as the tilting plate. Types of sequencing solutions include: the
sequencing device, the electric leaper, the fog column nozzle, and the burst jet.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 84 of 102
About the Sponsor
Sequencing Devices
Sequencing devices can be activated at 0.1 second intervals to create unique water
patterns and sequences. Grouped together or used in circular patterns, the sequencing
device can also produce interference patterns, so water is falling back down to the
source as newly released water bursts through. Individual effects called slugs,
balls, roman candles and popcorn can be combined together with an audio
component to create a choreographed show.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 85 of 102
About the Sponsor
Sequencing Devices, contd
At right is an example of the data
of a sequencing nozzle that is
typically supplied by a fountain
manufacturer listing its function,
specifications, options, any special
notes, and performance.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 86 of 102
About the Sponsor
Electrical Leaper
A leaper device can be activated at 0.1 second
intervals and is used to create dynamic
jumping and leaping water rod effects.
It is a unique product because once the water
is out of the projectile, it still follows the
parabolic curve of the normal operation.
Leaper jets may be used singularly or in groups,
in various layouts and cross-over patterns to
achieve exciting visual experiences.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 87 of 102
About the Sponsor
Electrical Leaper, contd
of an electrical leaper that is
specifications, any special notes,
and performance.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 88 of 102
About the Sponsor
Fog Column Nozzle
Sequencing fog effects can add a dramatic
quality to a water feature display. Fog effects
create mystery and also provide a blanket
effect for other sequencing device to emerge
from.
Variations in both air and water pressure can
tailor the aesthetic from a low, wide bushy
effect to a tall fog column and is particularly
beautiful at night when illuminated.
Sensitive to wind and humidity, these effects
are best utilized in childrens interactive
features and large water bodies.
Each system requires a fresh water source and
a pneumatic system to drive the device.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 89 of 102
About the Sponsor
Fog Column Nozzle, contd
of a fog column nozzle that is
specifications, options, any special
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 90 of 102
About the Sponsor
Burst Jet
A burst jet creates a large vertical effect that is programmed to erupt to heights of 75
feet and can be captured in a pool approximately 25 feet wide (interior conditions
only). As a key focal point, it is designed to create a sense of scale and drives attention
to the space. If offers outstanding effects for multiple site lines and levels with open
atriums.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 91 of 102
About the Sponsor
Burst Jet, contd
of a burst jet that is typically
supplied by a fountain
specification, options, any special
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 92 of 102
About the Sponsor
LED Lights
LED lighting has altered our ideas about the
function of light and how it can be applied.
LED lighting is now used in a wide range of
applications around the world: illuminating the
exteriors of office buildings; the interiors of
retail stores and residences; providing
entertaining lighting effects for hospitality
venues; and supplying versatile, high-
performance lighting for television and stage
sets.
In water features, LED lighting solutions can be
used in stand-alone or choreographed
applications and are becoming increasingly
popular in commercial, residential, and
municipal installations.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 93 of 102
About the Sponsor
LED Lights, contd
of LED lights that is typically
supplied by a fountain
manufacturer listing the
specifications for a variety of LED
light models.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 94 of 102
About the Sponsor
Dry Deck Interactive Water Features
Dry deck or dry plaza water features are
relatively new and have evolved out of the
development of sequencing devices. The entire
mechanical and electrical systems are
concealed below a deck structure.
A reservoir structure can be built below the
suspended deck system which can also collect
much of the water generated by the
sequencing nozzle effects.
Dry deck structures require a reservoir with a
minimum of 4000 gallons of water with a
turn-over rate for the entire water volume.
Best-practice design calls for a maximum of 20
feet per second or approximately 7 feet of
water height. Special attention to paver loads
and the support structure is required to create
a safe and easily accessible equipment pit.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 95 of 102
About the Sponsor
Schematic of a Dry Deck Water Feature
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 96 of 102
About the Sponsor
Slab Hung Sequencing Device with Lights
When designing a dry deck interactive water
feature that incorporates a slab hung
sequencing device with lights, allow 10 feet for
an additional run-out area with secondary area
drains that will collect any water that is
tracked out of the pool area.
A poured, non-slip finished material should be
utilized for the run-out area.
Chase sequences and unique patterns can be
created using different lines and shapes.
Intersection of lines and shapes also allows for
alternate paths and interference patterns.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 97 of 102
About the Sponsor
Slab Hung Sequencing Device with Lights, contd
of a slab hung sequencing device
with lights that is typically supplied
by a fountain manufacturer listing
its function, specifications, and
options.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 98 of 102
About the Sponsor
Application Test
Hydraulic testing is used to determine the
feasibility and design criteria for prototypical
effects and/or to fine tune such items as weir
configuration, splash containment, textured
water walls, or effect development.
Tests may be conducted by the designer to
determine a system design or verify a material
effect.
Generally, tests must be conducted at full
scale, since hydraulic factors such as surface
tension may be constant or vary in a non-linear
fashion. For most testing a single spout, a
short length of weir (5 feet), or a small area of
water wall surface is adequate.
Sequenced Solutions
Slide 99 of 102
About the Sponsor
Application Test, contd
The construction of the test assembly, the
variables to be evaluated, and the performance
criteria should be carefully specified prior to
testing in order that each item, such as weir
profiles, surface textures, water wall joints,
drip notches, pool depths, splash patterns, and
jet heights can be evaluated as fully as
possible.
Where appropriate, two or three variations of
each critical item should be tested.
Sequenced Solutions
Please remember the exam password FLOW. You will be required to enter it in order to
proceed with the online examination.
Slide 100 of 102
About the Sponsor
Summary
Slide 101 of 102
About the Sponsor
Important Points
In summary, we discussed:
The history of fountains beginning with the four principle functions of the fountain
in early civilization through to modern day while describing the characteristics of
Persian, Moorish, Asian, and European design influences.
Water feature design principles including context, form, line, materials, color/light,
motion, sound, wind, and concealed components
The types and characteristics of the different types of water features including
traditional fountains, geysers, waterwalls, cascades, waterfalls, comb weirs, spouts,
water curtains, channels, vanishing edge/reflecting pools, elevated water tables,
and vertical water features.
The factors to consider when incorporating sequenced solutions for traditional and
dry deck interactive water features such as operating heights, sequencing speeds,
music, lighting, quantity and types of water jets.
Summary
Slide 102 of 102
About the Sponsor
2007 Crystal Fountains. The material
contained in this course was researched,
assembled, and produced by Crystal
Fountains and remains their property.
Questions or concerns about this course
should be directed to the instructor.
Conclusion of This Program
Click Here To Take The Test
powered by
If you desire AIA/CES, CSI and/or state licensing continuing
education credits, please click on the button below to
commence your online examination. Upon successful (80% or
better) completion of the exam, please print your Certificate
of Completion.
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assistance, please
visit the Ask an Expert forum (click on the link above and
bookmark it in your browser).
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this seminar,
please let them know. Feel free to revisit the AEC Daily web
site to download additional programs from the Online Learning
Center.
Exit

Design Considerations of Water Features

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design Considerations of Water Features

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

START

You might also like