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A Study on Housing and Environmental Quality of Moniya
Community in Ibadan, Nigeria

(+(E,E* J.( and (-.N/I01N* 1.(
/e"artment of .r2an and 0egional !lanning3 School of Environmental 4echnolog5
6ederal .niversit5 of 4echnolog5* 17ure3 !.8.9 :%4 17ure* NI-E0I1

Abstract
4his "a"er investigates the effect of ur2an lounge on housing and environmental ;ualit5 of 8oni5a communit5
in I2adan* (5o State Nigeria with a view to determine ur2an "lanning efforts at addressing the "henomenon.
.sing S5stematic 0andom sam"ling techni;ue* data were collected with the aid of structured ;uestionnaires*
o2servation and "hoto-sna"s. Interviews were held to com"lement data from ;uestionnaire surve5 while
descri"tive statistic methods were em"lo5ed to resolve the o2<ectives set for the stud5. 6indings reveal the socio-
economic characteristics of residents and its effects on "h5sical environment of the area. It shows the level of
congestion* "oor state of roads and 2uildings* the inefficienc5 of infrastructure and "u2lic services and loss of
availa2le ones due to "oor maintenance culture of residents. 4he "a"er recommends effective and timel5
regional "lanning through economic develo"ment and s"atial integration as a wa5 to decongest and achieve
long-term environmental sustaina2ilit5 in the area. It advocates* essentiall5* for e=tensive ur2an renewal "rogram
through the "rovision of ur2an 2asic services in the area* which should 2e su""orted with im"roved sanitation
strategies for sustaina2le management of the area.
Keywords .r2an s"rawl* housing ;ualit5* infrastructure* environmental sustaina2ilit5* 8oni5a.

!"# IN$%&'(C$I&N
4he modern age is an age of ur2ani>ation* where villages are fast growing into towns and towns into cities. It is
therefore necessar5 to assess the im"act and rates at which areas develo" in other to advice on strategies for
conservation and e="loitation of resources* es"eciall5 lands. 8an5 "eri"heral areas around the ur2an centers are
ra"idl5 assuming most characteristics formerl5 associated with ur2an settlement. 4hus* the distinction 2etween
"eri"heral areas and ur2an centers have 2ecome so verge that man5 town "lanners and geogra"hers now 2elieve
that no effort at all should 2e made to differentiate 2etween the two (7afor and (no7erhora5e* 1&'6#. 0a"id
ur2ani>ation e=erts strong im"act on the "eri"heral areas in the wa7e of continuous ur2ani>ation and
moderni>ation "rocesses with the increased demands the5 ma7e for land* housing* "h5sical infrastructural
develo"ment and trans"ortation can affect significant changes in the "eri"heral areas?settlements. 6actors
attri2uting these changes are as a result of the im"rovement of infrastructural facilities as well as associated with
socio-economic develo"ment. 4hese "la5 crucial roles in organi>ation and changes in "eri"heral areas near the
ur2an centres. -enerall5* ur2ani>ation "rocesses introduces radical changes in the "attern of most "eri"heral
areas. 6or instance* a lot of villages are located near semi-ur2ani>ed settlements. In these areas* modern
2uildings are intermi=ed with traditional ones and modern infrastructure are "ut in "lace which 2rings changes in
the wa5 of life of the "eo"le* changes in occu"ation as well as in "o"ulation com"osition. 4hese areas ma5 2e
characteri>ed as the rural-ur2an fringes* which are descri2ed as >ones of inter"enetration of ur2an and rural
environment or incor"orated residential areas of non formal and formal dwellings outside the legal cities@
2oundar5 8annion* 1&&:#.
8oni5a is a nota2le town in 17in5ele Aocal -overnment 1rea of (5o State* which graduall5 2ecoming an ur2an
centre with the influence of ur2an e="ansion from the core to the "eri"heral areas. !resentl5* 8oni5a is the
head;uarters of 17in5ele A-1. 4his research underta7ing is meant to highlight the various im"act of
ur2ani>ation on the "eri"heral >one of the stud5 area. -enerall5* ur2ani>ation in (5o State is associated with a
variet5 of "ro2lems which ma5 include "ollution* high land value* "oor "lanning leading to "oor housing
conditions and scattered develo"ments* etc. 4hese "ro2lems in turn would lead to environmental "ro2lems such
as soil erosion* flooding and general environmental degradation. Bowever* the stud5 focuses on these "ro2lems
as the5 are related to growth "rocess of 8oni5a as a "eri-ur2an neigh2orhood in I2adan region. 4he thrust
therefore is to investigate the housing condition and environmental ;ualit5 of the town as well as the
conse;uential effects on the residents.

)"# C&NCE*$(A+ ISS(ES AN' +I$E%A$(%E A**%AISA+
4he conce"t of Cs"rawl@ was develo"ed 25 Earle /ra"er in 1&3: in the .nited States of 1merica (s2orn* 1&6$#*
the term which has 2een used 25 cit5 "lanners to refer to a wasteful t5"e of ur2an growth 9lac7* 1&&6#. .r2an
s"rawl is a "attern of uncontrolled develo"ment* an increasingl5 common feature of the 2uilt environment in
2oth the develo"ed and develo"ing countries of the world. Bowever* ra"id ur2ani>ation "articularl5 the growth
of large cities and the associated "ro2lems of unem"lo5ment* "overt5* inade;uate health facilities* "oor
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sanitation* ur2an slums and environmental degradation "ose a formida2le challenge in man5 develo"ing
countries. 1vaila2le statistics show that more than half of the world@s "o"ulation live in ur2an areas* crowded
into three "ercent of the earth@s land area .N6!1* 1&&3#.
4he "ro"ortion of the world@s "o"ulation living in ur2an areas* which was less than $.%D in 1'%% increased to
4:.%D in 2%%% and is e="ected to reach 66.$D in 2%3% .N* 1&&1#. Bowever* more than &%.%D of future
"o"ulation growth will 2e concentrated in cities in develo"ing countries and large "ercentage of this "o"ulation
will 2e "oor. In 1frica and 1sia where ur2ani>ation is still considera2l5 lower a2out 4%D#* 2oth are e="ected to
2e $4D ur2an 25 2%2$ .N-Ba2itat* 1&&$ and 2%%2#. 1lthough ur2ani>ation is the driving force for
moderni>ation* economic growth and develo"ment3 there is increasing concern on the effects of e="anding cities
"rinci"all5 on human health* livelihoods and the environment. 4he ;uestion that arises is whether the current
trend in ur2an growth is sustaina2l5 considering the accom"an5ing ur2an challenges such as unem"lo5ment*
slum develo"ment* "overt5 and environmental degradation* es"eciall5 in develo"ing countries li7e Nigeria.
Nigeria* li7e most other develo"ing countries* is e="eriencing un"recedented rates of ur2an growth. In the 1&$2
census* there were a2out $6 cities in Nigeria with "o"ulation of a2out 2%%*%%%. 4heir com2ined "o"ulation of
3.24 million was a2out 1%.2D of the total "o"ulation of 3%.4million. 4his rose dramaticall5 to some 1&.1D of the
nation@s "o"ulations of $$.: million in 1&63. 1nd it is 2een estimated that 25 the 5ear 2%2% more than 6'D of
Nigerians will 2e living under ur2an condition. !o"ulation increase accounts in "art for the ra"id e="ansion of
cities. 6or e=am"le3 the "h5sical e=tent of I2adan* the (5o State ca"ital was 1%3.' 7m
2
in 1&$2. 4his increased to
136 7m
2
in 1&'1* 21% 7m
2
and 24% 7m
2
in 1&'' and 1&'& res"ectivel5 1reola* 1&&4#. 95 2%%%* it had grown
more than dou2led* covering 4%% 7m
2
(ni2o7un and Eumu5i* 1&&6#. 4his gives account of s"atial e="ansion of
I2adan.
4he "h5sical growth of I2adan is an e=am"le of ur2an e="ansion in Nigeria which leads to demand for
"eri"heral land s"ace for develo"ment. 1ccording to -illham and 8aclean 2%%2# there are four main
characteristics of s"rawl* which mirror the earlier definition given 25 Nelson* et al 1&&$#. 4hese characteristics
are lea"frog or scattered develo"ment* commercial stri" develo"ment* low densit5* and large e="anses of single-
use develo"ment. Aea"frog and scattered develo"ment go 2e5ond the ur2an fringe to create 2uilt-u"
communities that are isolated from the cit5 25 areas of undevelo"ed land. In man5 wa5s* these can 2e seen as the
most e=treme e=am"les of ur2an s"rawl with a highl5 inefficient use of the land* and a greater need to 2uild
highwa5s and other infrastructure to service the outl5ing areas.
Flar7e 1&:$#* in his 2oo7 titled 1dvance -eogra"h5 of 1frica* identif5 three com"onents of ur2an growth
which includeG the e=tension of 2uilt-u" neigh2orhood into the "eri"heral areas* the natural increase in
"o"ulation* and the net immigration which lead to the e=tension of ur2an areas 25 centrifugal growth that
swallow u" the "eri"heral areas. Natural increase in "o"ulation is a much overloo7ed factor in ur2an growth and
e="ansion which ma7es demand for availa2le "eri"heral s"ace for develo"ment outside the cit5 centre. 8oni5a
settlement is graduall5 e="eriencing centrifugal e="ansion from the core of the cit5 to the "eri"heral settlings.
6ollowing the ur2ani>ation "rocess of I2adan3 the growth from the core towards 8oni5a "rovides a useful
outline of that ur2ani>ation involves much more than mere increase in num2er of "eo"le living and wor7ing in
towns and cities. It is driven 25 a series of interrelated "rocesses of change in economic* demogra"hic* "olitical*
cultural* environmental* social* and technological issues. It is also modified 25 local factors such as to"ogra"h5
and natural resources that cause changes in "attern of land use* social ecolog5 and the nature of ur2anism in the
2uilt environment.

,"# %ESEA%CH SE$$IN-, MA$E%IA+S AN' ME$H&'S
17in5ele is a Aocal -overnment 1rea in (5o State* Nigeria. It is one of the eleven local governments that ma7e
u" I2adan metro"olis. It was created in 1&:6* sharing 2oundaries with 1fi<io Aocal -overnment to the north*
Aagelu Aocal -overnment to the east* Ido Aocal -overnment to the west and I2adan North Aocal -overnment to
the south. It occu"ies a land area of 464.'&27m
2
with a "o"ulation of 211*'11 on a densit5 of $16 "ersons "er
7m
2
which is su2divided into 12 wards. (ne of them is 8oni5a* the main focus of this stud5 and the
head;uarters of the Aocal -overnment 1rea. It is located in ward $ at the "eri"her5 of I2adan* sharing
2oundaries with villages li7e (nilu* 1sanma<ana* 9alogun* 1"onmade* 1lade* amongst others.
4he cit5 of I2adan is 7nown to 2e the third largest metro"olitan area in Nigeria after Aagos and Eano. 4his is
2ecause it is one of the fastest ur2ani>ing cities in Nigeria. 4he increase in ur2ani>ation is attri2uted to the
"rovision of 2etter economic o""ortunities due to setting u" of factories and industries* which has led to
migration of "o"ulation from rural regions to the cit5. 1s a result* "eo"le s"read to the "eri"heral areas of the
ur2an fringes. 4his s"read is not "ro"erl5 "lanned3 it loo7s ha"ha>ard there25 causing a lot of health and
environmental distur2ances to the communit5. 4he most versatile land use in 8oni5a is "urel5 residential.
Bowever* few "ieces of land were found scattered around the area on which cro"s are cultivated as secondar5
means of livelihood for the residence.
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Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Showing Oyo State
Source: Google Earth, 2012 (Reproduced by Authors in AutoCAD ersion!


"igure 2: #ap o$ %badan &etropolis sho'ing its 11 (ocal Got Areas)
Source: *yo State #inistry o$ (ands and +ousing, %badan (201,!

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"igure ,: #ap o$ A-inyele (GA sho'ing #oniya (.he Study Area!
Source: *yo State #inistry o$ (ands and +ousing, %badan (201,!

4here are some educational institutions in the stud5 area which is either "rivatel5 or "u2licl5 owned. Aight
industries are found in the area too such as small 2loc7 molding industries* local food "rocessing industries*
among others. Fommercial activities ta7e "lace along the ma<or route with some loc7s-u" sho"s and mar7ets
where farm "roducts are sold. 4he Aam 1deshina Fattle mar7et located in the town serves as a "rominent feature
that attracts "eo"le to the area.
/ata collection for this stud5 was essentiall5 through "ersonal interviews* ;uestionnaires administration* field
"hotogra"h and o2servation. (ther sources include government ministries and esta2lishments* <ournals*
te=t2oo7s and internet facilities. 4he ;uestionnaires were administered using S5stematic 0andom Sam"ling
4echni;ue on 1'$ res"ondents* a 1%.%D sam"le of the total "o"ulation of the stud5 area. /ata collected were
anal5>ed and inter"reted using a descri"tive Statistics !ac7age for Social Scientist. 0esults were finall5
"resented in form of ta2les* charts and "hotogra"hs.

."# %ESEA%CH /IN'IN-S AN' 'ISC(SSI&N
0esearch findings in this stud5 are discussed under different su2-titles as followsG
."! S&CI&0EC&N&MIC CHA%AC$E%IS$ICS &/ %ES*&N'EN$S
Age, Se1 and Marital Status of %es2ondents
4here is "redominance of 5outh residents in the communit5. 4he age com"osition of the communit5 revealed
that 3'.&D are 2etween 1'-2$5ears* 2%.$D 2etween 26-3$5ears* 36.2D 2etween 36-4$5ears and 4.3D 2etween
46-6$5ears. +ith this distri2ution* $4.1D of the "o"ulation is male while 4$.&D are female. 4his im"lies that the
communit5 has a2le men that can 2e utili>ed in the la2our force. 6rom 4a2le 1 2elow* it indicates that a2out
4%.$D of the communit5 is single while $&.$D are married. 8a<orit5 of the residents are married. 4his im"lies
that there could 2e high natural growth rate of the "o"ulation 2ecause ma<orit5 of the inha2itants are still active
in "rocreating.
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.able 1: Age, Se/ and #arital Status o$ Respondents
3ariable
Age 'istribution
1'-2$ 5ears
26-3$ 5ears
3$-4$ 5ears
46-6$ 5ears
$otal
Se1 'istribution
8ale
6emale
$otal
Marital Status
Single
8arried
$otal
Source: "ield Surey, 2012
&ccu2ation and Income Structure of %e
(ut of the total num2er of the res"ondent sam"led* it was gathered that 3&.$6D were farmers* 31.':D were
traders* 16.&:D were self em"lo5ed* :.2%D were civil servant* 4.4%D were unem"lo5ment. 4his shows that most
of the res"ondents are farmers. 6igure 3 shows the monthl5 income of the res"ondents that were surve5ed. 4he
surve5 revealed that 4:.46D of the residents earn 2etween N2%*%%%
N6%*%%%-N&&*%%%3 6.$&D earn 2elow N2%*%%% while 1.&&D earn N1%%*%%% and a2ove
"igure ,: #onthly %nco&e o$ Respondents
Source: "ield Surey, 2012)
Educational Status and House4old Si5e
Surve5 revealed that $4.&$D of the residents have no formal education* 31.16D have !rimar5 School Aeaving
Fertificate while &.'&D have secondar5
school education. 4here is neither an adult literac5 school nor a vocational training centre in this communit5.
4his is a nota2le inde= of rural settings which has great conse;uences on
Surve5 on household si>e of res"ondents show that 44.:3D has 2etween 6
"ersons* 21.2$D has 2etween 3-6 "ersons* while 3.3%D has less than 3 "ersons. 4his goes a long wa5 to reflect
that 8oni5a is a high densit5 area as the high household si>e is a reflection of the overall "o"ulation of the stud5
area.
.") IN'ICES &/ *&&% EN3I%&NMEN$A+ Q(A+I$6 &/ M&NI6A
4he surve5 carried out revealed 8oni5a as a t5"ical slum communit5 with followi
Inade7uate 8asic Services
Surve5 shows that 8oni5a lac7 2asic
services include access to sanitation facilities* safe source of water su""l5* electricit5 su""l5* im"roved s
road conditions* and dominance foot"aths in the neigh2orhood.
Substandard Housing and 'erelict Structures
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%

%&4' (nline#
$$
.able 1: Age, Se/ and #arital Status o$ Respondents
/re7uency *ercentage

:3
3'
6:
%'
!9:

1%%
'$
!9:

:$
11%
!9:

3'.&
2%.$
36.3
4.3
!##"#

$4.1
4$.&
!##"#

4%.$
$&.$
!##"#
&ccu2ation and Income Structure of %es2ondents
(ut of the total num2er of the res"ondent sam"led* it was gathered that 3&.$6D were farmers* 31.':D were
traders* 16.&:D were self em"lo5ed* :.2%D were civil servant* 4.4%D were unem"lo5ment. 4his shows that most
igure 3 shows the monthl5 income of the res"ondents that were surve5ed. 4he
surve5 revealed that 4:.46D of the residents earn 2etween N2%*%%%-N$&*%%% monthl53 43.&6D earn 2etween
N&&*%%%3 6.$&D earn 2elow N2%*%%% while 1.&&D earn N1%%*%%% and a2ove.
"igure ,: #onthly %nco&e o$ Respondents
Educational Status and House4old Si5e
Surve5 revealed that $4.&$D of the residents have no formal education* 31.16D have !rimar5 School Aeaving
Fertificate while &.'&D have secondar5 education. 4his shows that ma<orit5 of the resident have onl5 "rimar5
school education. 4here is neither an adult literac5 school nor a vocational training centre in this communit5.
4his is a nota2le inde= of rural settings which has great conse;uences on their socio-economic characteristics.
Surve5 on household si>e of res"ondents show that 44.:3D has 2etween 6-1% "ersons* 3%.:2D has 1% and a2ove
6 "ersons* while 3.3%D has less than 3 "ersons. 4his goes a long wa5 to reflect
that 8oni5a is a high densit5 area as the high household si>e is a reflection of the overall "o"ulation of the stud5
IN'ICES &/ *&&% EN3I%&NMEN$A+ Q(A+I$6 &/ M&NI6A
4he surve5 carried out revealed 8oni5a as a t5"ical slum communit5 with following attri2utesG
Surve5 shows that 8oni5a lac7 2asic services that are essential to sustaina2le health5 environment. 4hese
services include access to sanitation facilities* safe source of water su""l5* electricit5 su""l5* im"roved s
road conditions* and dominance foot"aths in the neigh2orhood.
Substandard Housing and 'erelict Structures
6.59%
47.46%
43.96%
1.99%
www.iiste.org
*ercentage
(ut of the total num2er of the res"ondent sam"led* it was gathered that 3&.$6D were farmers* 31.':D were
traders* 16.&:D were self em"lo5ed* :.2%D were civil servant* 4.4%D were unem"lo5ment. 4his shows that most
igure 3 shows the monthl5 income of the res"ondents that were surve5ed. 4he
N$&*%%% monthl53 43.&6D earn 2etween


Surve5 revealed that $4.&$D of the residents have no formal education* 31.16D have !rimar5 School Aeaving
education. 4his shows that ma<orit5 of the resident have onl5 "rimar5
school education. 4here is neither an adult literac5 school nor a vocational training centre in this communit5.
economic characteristics.
1% "ersons* 3%.:2D has 1% and a2ove
6 "ersons* while 3.3%D has less than 3 "ersons. 4his goes a long wa5 to reflect
that 8oni5a is a high densit5 area as the high household si>e is a reflection of the overall "o"ulation of the stud5

ng attri2utesG
services that are essential to sustaina2le health5 environment. 4hese
services include access to sanitation facilities* safe source of water su""l5* electricit5 su""l5* im"roved surface
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4here is high num2er of su2standard 2uildings in the communit5* constructed with low ;ualit5 and non-
"ermanent materials unsuita2le for ur2an housing such as mud 2loc7s* iron sheet* stri"s of tim2er* etc as shown
in !late1 2elow. )arious s"ace and dwelling "lacement 25laws are e=tensivel5 violated as seen in lea"frog
"attern of develo"ment in the stud5 area.

0late 1: Archetypal e/a&ple o$ buildings predo&inant in the study area)
Source: "ield surey, 2012
&vercrowding and Congestion
(vercrowding in the stud5 area is as a result of low s"ace "er "erson* high occu"anc5 rates* coha2itation 25
different families and a high num2er of single-room units. 4he dwelling units in the stud5 area are overcrowded
with five or more "ersons sharing a room or a one-room unit used for multi"le "ur"oses li7e coo7ing* slee"ing
and as well used as living room. Fhea" housing is one factor that attracts "eo"le into the area. 4his is 2ecause
there are chea"er lands and housing in the su2ur2s as com"ared to what o2tain in ur2an centers. Bousehold
accommodation in ur2an centres cost ver5 high com"ared to those in the su2ur2s owing to rise in land value
which ma7es "urchase* mortgage rental rates higher. 4his has lured man5 to settle in this area. 1lso* from
"ersonal interviews conducted and o2servations made* it is evident that migrants came into this area due to the
fact that the5 were herdsmen. 4his was as a result of the "resence of agriculturall5 rich environment from which
animal can gra>e sufficientl5.
(n4ealt4y +iving Conditions and Ha5ardous +ocations
4hese are associated with air "ollution* water "ollution* overcrowding and "oor ventilation. In the stud5 area*
unhealth5 living conditions associated with the lac7 of 2asic services cou"led with visi2le o"en sewers*
uncontrolled dum"ing of wastes* and "olluted environments* among others are "redominant. Bouses are 2uilt on
ha>ardous locations or lands unsuita2le for settlement* "articularl5 in areas "rone to severe erosion. 4he la5out
of the settlement is ha>ardous 2ecause of lac7 of access wa5s to 2uildings and lac7 of airs"ace or o"en s"aces#
around 2uildings.
Insecure $enure, Irregular or Informal Settlements
4here is e=istence of s;uatter settlements* meaning that it is a t5"ical slum area. Informal or un"lanned
settlements were identified in the stud5 area. 8an5 definitions em"hasi>e 2oth informalit5 of occu"ation and the
noncom"liance of those settlements3 2ut essentiall5* the5 lac7 land-use "lans and structurall5 at variance with
"lanning standard.
*overty and Social E1clusion
Income and standard of living of residents in the stud5 area are ver5 low3 hence* the5 are characteri>ed with high
"overt5 rate. 4his constitutes 2arriers for residents to im"rove their "h5sical environment. 4hus* the environment
deteriorates and 2reed atmos"here that encourage slum develo"ment.
.", C&N'I$I&N &/ H&(SIN- AN' IN/%AS$%(C$(%A+ /ACI+I$IES
.","! Housing Condition
4he ;ualit5 of housing in the stud5 area* as shown in 4a2le 2* is ver5 low due to "oor ;ualit5 of 2uilding
materials used for construction* the inade;uate technolog5* and "oor "lanning standard in handling the 2uilding
com"onents. 12out 2&.'&D used mud material for constructing their 2uildings* 1.1%D used tim2er* 4$.'2D used
sun dried 2loc7s and 23.1&D used cement 2loc7s. Sun dried 2loc7s and mud accounts for the highest material
used for 2uilding in the stud5 area. (nl5 :.6&D of 2uildings are in good condition see !lates 2a and 22#.

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$:
.able 2: 1uilding Characteristics in the Study Area
Materials used for construction 6re;uenc5 !ercentage
;a< =alling H 8ud
- 8ud?Sun dried 2loc7s
- Fement 2loc7s
- 4im2er
$$
'$
43
%2
2&.'&
4$.'2
23.1&
%1.1%
$otal !9: !##"#
;b< %oofing HIinc?corrugated iron sheet
- 1luminum roofing
1::
%'
&$.:
2.4
$otal !9: !##"#
*4ysical Condition > -ood condition
- 6air condition
- !oor condition
- /ila"idated
14
4'
'&
34
%:.6&
26.%2
4'.%2
1'.2:
$otal !9: !##"#
Source: "ield Surey, 2012


0late 2a: .ypical +ousing and Eniron&ental Condition in the study area)
Source: "ield Surey, 2012


0late 2b: Sho'ing 1uildings 'ithout setbac- in the study area)
Source: "ield Surey, 2012
.",") Condition of Infrastructural /acilities
Source of =ater Su22ly
6indings shows that 63.:4D get water from hang-dug well* 1%.6'D "i"e 2orne water and 2$.$'D from 2orehole.
It can therefore 2e concluded that hand-dug well is the main source of water su""l5 in the environment. 4his
situation does not guarantee ade;uate su""l5 of good ;ualit5 water in the area. 8ost of the wells are located in
un7em"t surroundings* some of which are without cover while the water is used raw without treatment. 1reas
where there is evidence of 2ore holes* the5 are not functioning see !lates 3a and 32#. 4he rain water used as
su2stitute during raining season has the "ossi2ilit5 of 2eing contaminated as ma<orit5 of the roofing sheets are
rust and dirt5.
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0late ,a: An uncoered hand2dug 'ell) 0late ,b: A non2$unctional borehole in the Study Area
Source: "ield surey, 2012 Source: "ield surey, 2012
$oilet and 8at4room /acilities
12out 62.24D use "it latrine in their homes* 32.:'D use a;ua "riv5 while '.&D use water closet. 4his shows
that the use of "it latrine is dominant in the stud5 area. !late 4a and 42 show a t5"ical e=am"le of this "rimitive
method used for faecal waste dis"osal* the condition of se"tic tan7 of most of the +F s5stem and t5"es of
2athroom facilit5 "redominantl5 used in the area.

0late 3a: E/ternal pit toilet and bathroo& 0late 3b: Sho'ing dilapidated Septic .an-
Source: "ield Surey, 2012 Source: "ield surey, 2012
Source of Electricity Su22ly
Surve5 on source of electricit5 su""lied to the area shows that ma<orit5 a2out $6.'D# de"ends on !BFN which
is not regularl5 availa2le. (ver &%D of sam"led res"ondents res"onded that the5 e="erienced "oor and incessant
su""l5 of electricit5 to the area. (ther source used as alternative is either generator or hurricane lam".
Condition of 'rainages
Investigation on drainage condition reveals that 6%.44D is in a ver5 "oor condition* 21.&'D is in a "oor
condition and the remaining 1:.$'D is in average condition. 4his im"lies therefore that the condition of drainage
s5stem in the environment is generall5 ver5 "oor as shown in !late $.

0late 4: Sho'ing dilapidated 5 da&aged drainage Syste& in the study area
Source: "ield surey, 2012
Met4od of =aste 'is2osal
12out 6:.%3D of res"ondents dis"ose their wastes in o"en s"ace dum" sites# while 32.&:D 2urn theirs. 4he
modern s5stem of waste dis"osal 25 the +aste 8anagement 1uthorit5 is 5et to 2e em2raced in the area. 4his
reveals the "rimitive method used in the area as shown in !late 6.
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)ol.4* No.13* 2%14

$&

0late 6: %ndiscri&inate disposal o$ solid 'astes in open spaces in the study area
Source: "ield surey, 2012
Healt4 and Educational /acilities
4here is a 2asic health center in this communit5 2eing a local government head;uarters* 2ut in dearth of essential
facilities. 4here are other availa2le "rivatel5 owned health institutions such as clinics and maternit5 homes* onl5
that the5 are "oorl5 staffed. Educational facilities too in the area are mostl5 "rimar5 and secondar5 schools
which ma<orit5 is not in good condition. E=am"le is shown in "late :.

0late 7: Condition o$ Educational "acility in the study area
Source: "ield surey, 2012
Condition of Access %oads
0oad accesses to 2uildings in the area are mainl5 through foot"ath as revealed 25 :1.43D res"ondents while
onl5 2'.$:D access their 2uildings 25 road. 4he conditions of these roads are in sorr5 state as ma<orit5 of them
are not motor-a2le. See e=am"les in "late '.

0late 8: Condition o$ Access roads in the study area
Source: "ield surey, 2012

:"# *&+IC6 IM*+ICA$I&NS AN' %EC&MMEN'A$I&NS
It is o2vious from the surve5 carried out that the underline factors to the deterioration of "h5sical conditions of
8oni5a communit5 are largel5 related to lac7 of 2oth technical and social facilities* securit5 of tenure*
deterioration of 2uilding ;ualit5 and overcrowding. It is therefore im"erative to "ut u" some "olic5
recommendations that are necessar5 for the im"rovement of the stud5 area. Such "olicies* according to
(no7erora5e and (muta 2%%%# cited in (woe5e 2%12#* are classified into two categories - short and long term
"olicies. 4he short term "olic5 relates to various develo"mental "rogrammes aimed at u"grading the "h5sical
environment of an5 de"lora2le area. 4he aim of this "olic5 is to "rovide decent and ade;uate housing units as
well as health5 environment for dwellers of degraded neigh2orhood. 4his involves total redevelo"ment*
reha2ilitation and renovation a""roaches. 4he second categor5 which is long-term renewal strateg5 focused on
methods to "revent slum formation and develo"ment. Issues addressed here relates to ur2an em"lo5ment
generation* otherwise 7nown as Econo&ic Reitali9ation. (no7erhora5e 1&&$# argued that the ;ualit5 of life
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
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)ol.4* No.13* 2%14

6%
and ur2an environment cannot 2e significantl5 im"roved in Nigerian cities without increasing em"lo5ment
o""ortunities for ur2an dwellers. It therefore stands as mean of alleviating "overt5 rate in our cities. (ther issue
considered 25 the a""roach includes reduction in ur2an rate of "o"ulation growth as a wa5 to reduce
overcrowding and high resource "ressure.
1fter due consideration of the characteristics and "otentials of the stud5 area* including source of funds to
underta7e an5 gigantic "ro<ect in the stud5 area3 u"grading "rogramme through reha2ilitation?renovation
a""roach* "rovision of ur2an 2asic services and em"lo5ment generation are considered suita2le for the area. 4his
sim"l5 has to do with re<uvenation of the affected "arts of the area 25 retaining those structures that are
retaina2le* reha2ilitating some old 2uildings and structures* u"grading the roads "articularl5 the un-tarred ones
and o"ening u" the 2lighted areas. It also involves im"roving the e=isting infrastructural facilities as well as
"roviding new ones with a view to im"roving the structural ;ualit5 and aesthetics of the environment. Bowever*
the as"ect of <o2 "rovision cannot 2e neglected. -overnment should ma7e concerted efforts to create <o2s for the
unem"lo5ed through revitali>ation of mori2und local industries or esta2lishment of new ones# li7e cassava
"rocessing* tie and d5e* laundr5* 2a7er5* and 2loc7 ma7ing industries among others. 9esides* access to loans
should 2e granted in addition to "rovision of vocational s7ill ac;uisition schemes* which can 2e achieved
through "u2lic-"rivate "artnershi" initiatives. 4his has the "otential of re-orienting the "eo"le and revitali>ing
their economic 2ase which is 2elieved will offer them "rivileges to meet their 2asic needs and invest in the
im"rovement of their dwellings.
1s suggested in (woe5e and (mole 2%12# and (woe5e 2%13# in their studies on 17ure ur2an develo"ment3
effective and enforcea2le environmental "olicies ma5 2e difficult to develo" and im"lement in man5 su2-
Saharan countries including Nigeria* 2ut this a""ear to 2e a via2le solution if a countr5 must 2e environmentall5
secured and its cities more ha2ita2le. In this wise* the re-introduction of the old sanitar5 ins"ectors is
recommended as a sustaina2le strateg5 for an5 intending renewal and u"grading effort to 2e efficientl5 carried
out and sustained in such de"lora2le area. 9esides* residents of such area should 2e educated through
enlightenment cam"aign "rogram where25 the5 get ac;uainted with the 2enefits of health5 environments. Since
"overt5 has the tendenc5 to 2reed such activities that lead to slum formation and growth* the ongoing minimum
wage increase is here25 recommended to 2e e=tended to all and sundr5 so as to reduce the high rate of "overt5
that ravage the inha2itants of the area.

ACKN&+E'-EMEN$
4he commitment of 8iss EEEEE* 1.F. in collection of data used for this stud5 is well a""reciated.

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