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Rural Electrification

Overview of topics
Survey of OHL
Design of Transmission and distribution
system
Cost Estimate
Construction
Some pictures
Softwares you need
Autocad
MHP(Microhydro) design aids
MS Excel
Optional:
ETAP, Power world simulator, Netbas

T/D process

Survey Design Construction


Transmission and Distribution(T& D)


Types

Suspended Overhead on Poles (Overhead Line)

Buried Cables (Underground Cable)

OH Line(Features)

Less Expensive

Frequent Maintenance Required

Less cost per maintenance

Does not look aesthetically good in dense locality

Not preferred in areas which experience heavy snowfall
UG Cable

Costly Installation(if done per standard 6 times costly compared to OH)

Less Maintenance

Higher cost per maintenance

Highly desirable in densely located areas

Obvious choice for areas which experience heavy snowfall

ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) conductors are the norms
of the day(as against hard drawn copper which were used in earlier days)
Components used
Transformers
Poles
Insulators
Lightning arrestors and Earthing plates

Transformer

ONAN type
Step up transformer near to generating station
of high KVA rating and stepdown of smaller
KVA ratings near to load centers
Sizing is done taking load demand and dividing
by suitable power factor
Data sheet
Conductor

ASCR type
Mainly Dog, Rabbit, Weasel, and
Squirrel
If dog is on phase, rabbit is taken
in neutral ;similarly if rabbit is in
phase weasel in neutral and so on


Comparison between conductors
Poles
Voltage
level
230V 400V 11, 33kV
Insulator types
Shackle Insulators of suitable
voltage ratings upto 1000V
OH Line
Shackle Insulators ---
Supported(Clamped)by D-Iron
set which is a clamp made out
of galvanized steel
Shackle
S. No


Size

Dimensions

Weight Corresponding
conductor

1 Small

55 mm x 55
mm

200 gm

Squirrel,
service wire

2 Medium

75 mm x 90
mm

600 gm

Gopher, weasel
and rabbit

3 Large

100 mm x 110
mm

1300 gm

Dog

Disc insulator


Disc Insulators along
with suitable tension
Set are used for
deadening a line at
11kV or higher.








Pin Insulator

Pin Insulators are used for
straight runs of 11kV Line


Stay sets


Stay sets to support poles

Suitable Stay sets are
provided at first pole, at
line end, at all poles set at
an angle and at every fifth
pole even if the poles are
in a straight line

Two types 16mm dia for LT
and 20mm dia for HT

Lightning arrestor and
Earthing
Lightning Arrestors to
protect lines from
Lightning

0.5kV ,ZnO
(Gapless)Arrestors for
400Volt Line

12kV, 5kA ZnO(Gapless)
Arrestors for 11kV Line
Placed every 500m and on
junctions and last(end)
points

Drop Out(DO) Fuse to
Protect Transformers from
Over Current

Earthing system
600mm*600mm*3.15 mm
copper plate is used for
earthing purposes(weighs
around 10kg)

Plate is connected with
8SWG copper
wire(4.06dia)

Earth Resistance value <5
Ohm is desirable but in no
case should exceed 10
Ohm

Service wire
Aluminum cable
connecting from pole to
home
Generally flat twin
sheathed cable is used
Wrapped once or twice
around the pole to reduce
stress
Distance is taken average
of 30m
Survey
Equipment required:
Total power station(TPS), GPS receiver or measuring tapes and
compass
Steps:
Start from generating station
Take the shortest and straight route for transmission line
Fix the position of transformer
Transformer should be positioned at the center of load as far as
possible so as to reduce the voltage drop
Measure distribution lines length in similar way
For distribution, within a radius of 30m service wire, otherwise
extend the conductor
Note all the lengths, nodes and drawings on your notebook

c
5
3
3
c
10
100HH
Talu dada
10HH
20HH
Tr3
Tr1
5
Tr2
Sunera
Dharan
N
Design of Transmission system
Selection of voltage level
230/400/11,000/33,000Volts
Balanced loading is considered
Whole power system is radial

Design Criteria of OH distribution line:
Maximum allowable voltage drop at the
farthest end shall not exceed 10%


Find optimum line voltage
using = 5.5

1.6
+

100
0.5
where
l=length(kms) and P=Power in MW
Take the nearest standard voltage
Find line current using = / 3*V*pf
Select the ambient temperature(25degrees)
Select the allowable range of temperature and
find the resistance at new temp value
Use the relation: R = 20 ((
1

+) /(
1

+20))
Where R20= resistance of conductor at
20degrees
Calculate the total resistance multiplying by
length of line
Find efficiency using relation: =

+3
2

100
Model the transmission line as short and find
the receiving end parameters

=
1
0 1


Vs
Z
Vr
Is
Ir
Distribution line voltage drop
calculation


I1,1 I3,3
I2,2
Z Z
Sending end
voltage (V)
V1 V2 V3
Phase Current(A) Voltage drop (cV)
3phase P/(sqrt3*V*pf) Sqrt3*I*Z*L
1 phase P/(V*pf) 2*I*Z*L
Final design
c
89/5/3/sq
2/0.5/1/sq
1/1/3/sq
c
10/5/3/sq
100HH
10/1/3/dog
Talu dada
10HH
20HH
11/0.4
0.4/11
89/1/3/dog
11kV
0.5kV
A/B/C/D
A-power(kW)
B-length(km)
C-phase
D-conductor type
HH-House holds
lightning
arrestor
Typical drawings
Cost Estimation
Conductor estimate
Add 10% for sag obtained from design length
Calculate the length of phase conductors and neutral

Pole estimate
For HT lines, divide length by 50m to get no. of 8m steel tubular poles
For three phase section, divide length by 35m to get no. of 7m wooden poles
For single phase section, divide length by 35m to get no. of 6m wooden poles

Transformer estimate
Calculate the cost of no. of transformers in the project

Insulator estimate
HT
Multiply no. of steel tubular poles by 3 to get number of pin insulators
LT
For 7m poles multiply by 4 to get number of shackle insulators
Care must be taken to get medium and large size shackle insulator
Multiply no. of 6m poles by 2 to again obtain shackle insulator
Pole mounted substation
Each pole requires 6 disc and 6 pin insulators, 3 DO fuse, 3 lightning arrestors, 1 earthing set
and 1MCCB

Double station
Each station requires 4 steel tubular poles, 6 disc insulators and 3 pin insulators

Lightning arrestors
HT arrestors:
Divide the HT straight length by 500 and multiply by 3 o obtain no. Of lightning arrestors
LT arrestors:
Divide the LT straight length by 500 to obtain no. Of lightning arrestors. If its a 3phase
system multiply by 3 to get no. of lightning arrestors .
If its a single phase system only 1 LA is connected and thus no. is obtained

Stay set
On every first, fifth and last pole, it should be provided. Simply, divide total no. of tubular
poles by 5 which gives the no. of HT stay set
Similarly, divide total no. of 6m and 7m poles by 5 to get no. of LT stay set





Earthing set
Divide the HT straight length by 500 to obtain no. of earthing
sets
Divide the LT straight length by 500 to obtain no. Of earthing
sets
Service wire
Multiply house hold number by 30m and per metre cost to
get service wire cost
Multiply all numbers by respective cost to get total
transmission cost estimate

Sample of cost estimate
Construction
Choose a straight short line
Calculate the number of poles required for the
given length and mark it through pegs
The poles should be buried 1m with bitumen
paint
Fix D-iron and insulators
Insert the pole and check the verticality with a
plumb bob
Commence unrolling of conductor and install
using manual wire puller


Unrolling
Method of joining
Earthing
Lightning arrestor installation
Salient features
Low voltage transmission system is still
popular in under-developed and developed
countries where reach of national grid is
difficult
Off grid settlement or decentralized
generation
Help in fights on poverty elimination and
sustainable development which is the mean
motto of UNDP, Practical Action, GIZ etc

Pictures
References
MHP design aids, Pushpa Chitrakar, GIZ Nepal
Microhydro Design manual, Adam Harvey
Mini grid manual, Allan Inversin
www.etap.com
www.aepc.gov.np
Jayaram Karkee, Minigrid Engineer, Resource management
and rural Empowerment Center
Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering Third
edition, Dr C. R. Bayliss CEng FIET and B. J. Hardy ACGI CEng
FIET
A text book on power systems, BR Gupta

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