As Built Train Up A Child Structural Intergrity - Report

K.C.C.A Structural integrity report.
[M.T.L] Page 1

MACRO TECHNICS LIMITED

AS BUILT
TRAIN UP A CHILD PRIMARY SCHOOL ON PLOT NO. 33,
LUTHULI DRIVE

M.T.L
AUGUST 2013
Prepared by karija Paul.

Analysis and design calculations for key structural elements pertaining to the development of this project
are presented with in this report.
[M.T.L] Page 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5
1.1Basic details of Structure, Materials, and Loading ............................................................................... 6
1.2 Structural summary ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS ......................................................................... 8
2.1Design of maxspan/ribbed slabs .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Maxspan slab case 2 ...................................................................................................................... 9
General Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 9
3.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS ..................................................................... 13
3.1Critical floor beams ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.1.1 FBM 112 ..................................................................................................................................... 13
4.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS ............................................................................. 21
4.1 Briefing .............................................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Column C1 ........................................................................................................................................ 21
4.3Column C2 ......................................................................................................................................... 25
4.4Column C3 ......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS. ................................................................... 33
5.1 Briefing .............................................................................................................................................. 33
5.2 Footing F1 ......................................................................................................................................... 33
5.3 Footing F2 ......................................................................................................................................... 39
6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STAIRCASE ........................................................................... 46
6.1 Staircase type 1. ................................................................................................................................. 46
7.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL................................................................ 50
Indicative retaining wall reinforcement diagram .................................................................................... 59
8.0 APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................... 60
8.1 RING BEAM 01 ................................................................................................................................ 60
8.2 RING BEAM 02 ................................................................................................................................ 62
8.3 Maxspan slab case 1 ........................................................................................................................... 64
8.4 FBM 103 ........................................................................................................................................... 66
8.5 FBM 110 ........................................................................................................................................... 68
8.6 FBM 114 ........................................................................................................................................... 70

[M.T.L] Page 3

9.0 CHECKS FOR ADDITIONAL SECOND FLOOR. ................................................................. 74
9.1 COLUMN CHECKS ........................................................................................................................ 74
9.1.1 Column C1 ................................................................................................................................. 74
9.1.2 Column C2 ................................................................................................................................. 86
9.1.3 Column C3 ................................................................................................................................. 92
9.2 FOUNDATION CHECKS ............................................................................................................... 96
9.2.1 Footing F1 .................................................................................................................................. 96
9.2.2 Footing F2 ................................................................................................................................ 103
9.3 SYNOPSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 109
END... ..................................................................................................................................... 109

[M.T.L] Page 4

[M.T.L] Page 5

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Design calculations for the main structural elements are provided in this report with reference to
Reinforced concrete design codes Euro code 2 and BS8110. Computer aided analysis and design by
PROKON, CSC Tedds, and LIN PRO is also used as detailed and incorporated in this report.
The design calculations have concentrated on structural members which are of critical structural integrity
to the development. These include:
Ribbed Slabs-
Critical maxspan slab case 2.
Critical Floor beams
FBM103, FBM112, FBM 106 and FBM110
Columns C1, C2 & C3.
Foundation Footings F1 & F2.
Design for the means of access and egress (R.C) Stair case
Critical stair case type 1
Retaining wall.

[M.T.L] Page 6

1.1Basic details of Structure, Materials, and Loading
Design information
Client Peter Mutebi & Rebecca Mutebi.
Architect Arch. Geoffrey Muhanguzi
Eng. Responsible Eng. Mubiru Frederick.
Building Regulations Authority K.C.C.A
Relevant Building Regulations and
Design codes
1.0 BS8110- Structural use of concrete Part 1& Part 2
2.0 Euro code 2- Design of concrete structures
3.0 BS6399- Loading for buildings
Part1Code of practice for dead and imposed loads,
Part 2 Code of practice for wind loads, and
Part 3 Code of practice for imposed wind loads
Intended use of structure Primary school (Educational institution)
Fire resistance required 1 hour for all elements
General loading conditions
Roof imposed loading (pitch <=10deg with access)---0.5Kn/m
2
Floors imposed loading ---3.0Kn/m
2
Stairs imposed ---3.0Kn/m
2

Exposure conditions Mild(internal) and Moderate (external) BS8110 table 3.2
Subsoil conditions
Reddish brown soils
Allowable safe bearing capacity of the soil-250 Kn/m
2

Foundation type R.C footing to columns and strip foundation for the walls
Materials data
Concrete grade 25 i.e. C25/30 with 20mm max aggregate
Concrete self weight- 24 Kn/m
3

Characteristic strength, Main bars -460N/mm
2
,links- 250N/mm
2

Other relevant information
Self weights of other materials
Slates or tiles with boarded felt-----1.1 Kn/m
2
Concrete block work (solid stone aggregate) 230mmthick--5 Kn/m
2
(Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook Table 4)
Timber used in truss system (Using pitch pine)----- 6.6 Kn/m
2
All dimension in millimeters
Partial factors of safety for the loads used are provided basing on
BS8110 & Euro code 2.

[M.T.L] Page 7

1.2 Structural summary
Notes
Slabs; 350mm thick double maxspan slab & 250mm thick solid slab.
Beams; 500 X 230mm
Columns; 400X 230mm & 230 X 230mm
Column bases; F1& f2 pad footing distributing loading from column C1 & C2 respectively. Check
structural drawings for other varying pad sizes.
Wind resistance- Provided by 350mm thick slab acting as a horizontal beam, lateral bracing by masonry
infill of the blocks and concrete staircase.

Figure showing the typical 1
st
floor slab layout showing the critical elements whose analysis and design are to be
presented in this structural integrity report.
[M.T.L]

2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The design of the slabs was based on the ultimate limit states. The analysis of the slabs are done and
shown in the proceeding pages. The bending moment, shear force diagrams and the deflection diagrams
were plotted by the use of PROKON, a computer aided program. Reference was made to the BS8110
&Euro code in the design and analysis.
2.1Design of maxspan/ribbed slab
Design Data:
Steel Reinforcement bars (fy)
Concrete grade (fcu)
Concrete cover
Loading Data:
Slab thickness
Max-pan depth
Concrete Topping
Finishes (under-plaster & screed)
Mass of max-pan
Unit weight of concrete
Unit weight of finishes
Single max-pan dimensions

Figure showing design rib and the facing dimensions of a maxspan unit

DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS
the proceeding pages. The bending moment, shear force diagrams and the deflection diagrams
&Euro code in the design and analysis.
2.1Design of maxspan/ribbed slabs
Steel Reinforcement bars (fy) - 460 N/mm
2

Concrete grade (fcu) - 25 N/mm
2

Concrete cover - 25 mm
= 350mm
= 300mm
= 50mm
plaster & screed) = 50mm
pan = 9.0 kg/unit
Unit weight of concrete = 24 Kn/m
3

Unit weight of finishes = 24Kn/m
3

pan dimensions = (380x300x150)mm
howing design rib and the facing dimensions of a maxspan unit
Page 8
the proceeding pages. The bending moment, shear force diagrams and the deflection diagrams

[M.T.L] Page 9

2.1.1 Maxspan slab case 2
General Analysis
Loading per rib/ 0.45m length
Permanent loading, Gk
Total dead weight, Gk [1.62 + 0.594 +0.9] = 3.11 Kn/m

Variable load (Qk), for classroom loading = 3.0Kn/m
2

Qk = 3.0x0.45 = 1.35 Kn/m
W = (1.35 Gk + 1.5Qk)
W = (1.35 x 3.115) + (1.5 x 1.35) = 6.23 KN/0.45m strip
Using Prokon design program to analyze the rib, the dead and live loads, moments and shear reactions to
be taken up by the beams determined.

Figure .showing longitudinal and cross section through rib.
Results from Prokon,

Long term deflection drawing (Max 27.32mm)<L/D250=31.12mm

1 2 3 4
6.950
SPAN 1
Dead+
Own W
Live
3.21
1.35
2.230
SPAN 2
7.780
SPAN 3
SECTION 1
450
150
5
0
3
0
0
Long-term Deflections (All spans loaded - using entered reinforcement) Def max = 27.32mm @ 13.3m
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
-2.00
-4.00

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Concrete [(24 x0.45x0.05) + (24x0.15x0.3)] = 1.62 Kn/m
Maxspan [9x9.81/ (1000x0.3)] x2 = 0.59 Kn/m
Finishes 2[20 x 0.05x0.45] = 0.9 Kn/m
[M.T.L] Page 10

Max shear force, vED= 29.49Kn

Maximum span moment = 32.13Knm, Maximum support moment = 37.03Knm,
Reactions on the beams
Support Dead Load(kN) Live Load(kN) Ultimate(kN)
1 9.29 3.91 18.43
2 14.41 6.06 38.31
3 20.56 8.64 48.20 (onto beam FBM 24)
4 10.19 4.29 20.22
---------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR: X-X V max = 29.49kN @9.18m
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.00
5.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
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MOMENTS: X-X M max = -37.03kNm @ 9.18m
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15.0
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-5.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
-30.0
-35.0
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REFERENCE HOLLOW SLAB OUTPUT

EC2
2.5.3.5.5(2)
a)Longitudinal Reinforcement,
Span Reinforcement,
Maximum span moment ,Med=32.13Knm
Effective depth d= h-cover-0.5
d= 185 -20- 6
d = 319 mm
Reinforcement per rib
k= M/ (bd
2
fck)

k = 32.13x10
6
/ (450x319
2
x25)

[M.T.L] Page 11

EC2
4.3.2.3
Eqn 4.18
Table 4.8

4.4.3.2(5)
NAD table 7
k = 0.028 < 0.167
Therefore section is singly reinforced

z = d (0.5+ (0.25-k/1.134))
z = 319 (0.5+ (0.25-0.028 /1.134))
z = 310.89mm
As = M/(0.87fyz)
As =32.13x10
6
/ (0.87x460x310.89)
Asreq =258.23 mm
2
,
Provide 2Y16 As = 402.1 mm
2

Support reinforcement,
Maximum support moment = 37.03Knm,
k= M/ (bd
2
fck)
k = 37.03x10
6
/ (150x319
2
x25)
k = 0.097 < 0.167
Therefore section is singly reinforced
z = d (0.5+ (0.25-k/1.134))
z = 319 (0.5+ (0.25-0.097 /1.134))
z = 288.9mm
As = M/(0.87fyz)
As =37.03x10
6
/ (0.87x460x288.9)
Asreq =320.3mm
2
Provide 2Y16 As = 402.1 mm
2

b)Shear check
VRd1 = [Rd k (1.2+40) bwd]
From table 4.8
Rd = 0.3 for grade 25 concrete
k= 1.6 -0.319= 1.6 0.319= 1.281
= As/bwd
= 402.1/ (150x319)
= 0.0084
VRd1 = [0.3x1.281 (1.2+40x0.0084) x450x319] x10
-3
= 84.73kN
VRd1 = 84.73kN > VED= 29.49kN
Therefore shear reinforcement is not required.

c) Deflection check
For an end span of continuous beam or one-way continuous slab
or two-way spanning slab continuous over one long side

Provide 2Y16

Provide 2Y16

[M.T.L] Page 12

Check appendix for maxspan slab case 1 design results.

member 100As/bwd Basic span/d
highly stressed 1.5 20
considered 0.84 25.2
lightly stressed 0.5 27.83

100As/bwd = 100x0.0084= 0.84

Basic span/d ratio from table 7 = 32 for lightly stressed member
with fy= 400N/mm
2

for grade 460 steel,
Basic span/d ratio = 32x400/460 = 27.83 for lightly stressed
members

Basic span/d ratio from table 7 = 23 for highly stressed member
with fy= 400N/mm
2

Basic span/d ratio = 23x400/460 = 20 for highly stressed
members.
Allowable basic span/d = 25.2mm

Actual span/d ratio = 7780/319= 24.4< 25.2
Actual < Allowable deflection.

d)Check for cracking
Bar spacing 3d or 500mm
3d=3 x319= 957mm>rib thickness

e)Check Anchorage & lap length
From the table of lapping lengths in the appendix,
KA = KL
For apr. 25% bars lapped at section, KA=40
Bar lapping length

L= KA x bar dai = 40 x16 =640mm
Therefore take lapping length of 650mm.

Deflections are
acceptable

Safe against
cracking

La =650mm
[M.T.L] Page 13

3.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS
Beams are structural elements spanning between supports to carry vertical loads from floors, walls and the
any other superimposed loading.
The design of beams was based on the ultimate limit states. The run down analysis and design of the
beams is shown in the proceeding pages. The bending moment, shear force diagrams and the deflection
diagrams were plotted by the use of PROKON, a computer aided program. Reference was made to the
BS8110 &Euro code in the design and analysis.
3.1Critical floor beams
General Design data for beams,
Concrete cover=30mm, Assumed diameter of bars=16 mm, Concrete density=24kN/m
3
, Wall
density=5kN/m
2
for

a

230mm thick wall, Concrete grade=25N/mm
2
, Steel grade=450N/mm
2
, Weight of
finishes is negligible, Beam = 500X230mm, Maxspan slab loading, Gk= [3.11 /0.45] = 6.911Kn/m
2
3.1.1 FBM 112
Beam 24 designed as a rectangular beam
Total dead weight, Gk [34.59 +12.5+2.76] = 60.95 Kn/m

Variable load (Qk),
Qk = [8.64/0.45] = 19.2 Kn/m
W = (1.35 Gk + 1.5Qk)
W = (1.35 x 60.95) + (1.5 x 19.2) = 111.083Kn/m,

Using Prokon to analyze and design the beam, span and support reinforcements are designed for and
other limit states are checked as shown below.

From critical maxspan slab [20.56/0.45] = 45.69 Kn/m
From walling [5kN/m
2
(3-0.5)] = 12.5 Kn/m
Beam self weight [24kN/m
3
x 0.23 x0.5] = 2.76 Kn/m

111.083Kn/m
[M.T.L] Page 14

Results

Long term deflection drawing (Max 11.83mm)<L/D250=20 mm

Max shear force, vED= 339.5Kn

Maximum span moment, Med= 226.6Knm, Maximum support moment, Med= 308.7Knm,
Column reactions
Support Dead Load (kN) Live Load (kN) Ultimate(kN)
1 75.41 23.75 142.34
2 184.51 58.11 365.53
3 248.95 78.41 483.53
4 301.23 94.87 577.52
5 344.23 108.42 642.26
6 119.74 37.71 224.42
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Long-term Deflections (All spans loaded - using entered reinforcement) Def max = 11.83mm @ 18.6m
11.0
10.0
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
-1.00

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SHEAR: X-X V max = 339.5kN @ 15.9m
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50.0
50.0
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MOMENTS: X-X M max = -308.7kNm @ 15.9m
200
150
100
50.0
-50.0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300

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[M.T.L] Page 15

Column moments (Ultimate limit state)
Columns below
Support Bending Moment(kNm) Shear Force (kN)
No. Min. Max. Min. Max.
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.98 3.98 0.49 1.99
3 -7.60 -2.61 -3.80 -1.30
4 -2.12 6.27 -1.06 3.13
5 -10.27 -0.72 -5.13 -0.36
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Columns above
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.98 3.98 0.49 1.99
3 -7.60 -2.61 -3.80 -1.30
4 -2.12 6.27 -1.06 3.13
5 -10.27 -0.72 -5.13 -0.36
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCE FLOOR BEAMS OUTPUT

EC2 2.5.3.5.5(2)
a)Longitudinal Reinforcement,
Span Reinforcement,
Maximum span moment, Med= 226.6Knm
Effective depth d= h-cover-link -
main bar
d= 500 -30- 10- 16/2
d = 452 mm
Reinforcement per rib
k= M/ (bd
2
fck)

[M.T.L] Page 16

Table 15.5 of the
concise EC2

k = 226.6x10
6
/ (230x452
2
x25)
k = 0.193 > 0.167
Therefore section is doubly reinforced

Area of compression steel
;
where

Therefore provide3 Y16 having a total area of 603.2mm
2

Area of tension steel

Where;

Provide 3Y16

( )
( ) ' 87 . 0
2
'
d d f
bd f K K
A
yk
ck bal
s
=
bar of xdiameter er d
2
1
cov ' + =
2
2
2
1533.43
181.43
452 82 . 0 450 87 . 0
452 230 25 167 . 0
'
87 . 0
mm A
x x x
x x x
A
A
Z f
bd f K
A
s
s
s
bal yk
ck bal
s
=
+ =
+ =
( )
( )
2
2
181.4 '
22.0 452 450 87 . 0
452 230 25 167 . 0 193 . 0
'
mm A
x x
x x x
A
s
s
=
=
steel n compressio of area A
mm d
mm b
mm N f
mm N f
K
K
s
ck
yk
bal
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
'
452
230
2
/ 25
2
/ 450
193 . 0
167 . 0
mm x d .0 22 16
2
1
30 ' = + =
[M.T.L] Page 17

Provide 8Y16 As = 1608.5mm
2

Support reinforcement,
Maximum support moment, Med= 308.2Knm
k= M/ (bd
2
fck)
k = 308.2x10
6
/ (230x452
2
x25)
k = 0.262 > 0.167
Therefore section is doubly reinforced

Area of compression steel
;
where

Therefore provide4 Y16 having a total area of 804.2mm2

Area of tension steel

Provide 8Y16

Provide 4Y16

( )
( ) ' 87 . 0
2
'
d d f
bd f K K
A
yk
ck bal
s
=
bar of xdiameter er d
2
1
cov ' + =
( )
( )
2
2
662.93 '
22.0 452 450 87 . 0
452 230 25 167 . 0 262 . 0
'
mm A
x x
x x x
A
s
s
=
=
mm d
mm b
mm N f
mm N f
K
K
s
ck
yk
bal
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
'
452
230
2
/ 25
2
/ 450
262 . 0
167 . 0
mm x d .0 22 16
2
1
30 ' = + =
d Z
mm d
mm b
f
K
s
bal
ck
bal
=
=
=
=
=
=
'
82 . 0
452
230
25
167 . 0
[M.T.L] Page 18

Where;

Provide 12Y16 As = 2412.74mm
2

Check for minimum tension reinforcement;
Asmin> 0.0015bd , b = 230mm, d = 452mm.
Asmin > 0.0015x300x457
Asmin > 155.94mm
2

Asmin = 206 mm
2
< As prov = 2412.74 mm
2
ok

Check for maximum reinforcement.
As not greater than 0.04bd
0.04bd = 0.04x230x452 = 6000mm
2

As = 2412.74 mm
2
< 4158.4mm
2
ok

b) Design for shear.
Maximum shear = 339.5kN,
links = 10mm
Relating to shear force diagram, Shear at face of support, Vsd =
324.5KN

Using the standard method.

VRd2 = ( fcdbw0.9d)
= 0.7-25/200 = 0.575 > 0.5 ok
VRd2 = 1/2x0.575x25/1.5x230x0.9x452
= 448.33kN
VRd2 = 448.33kN > Vsd = 324.5KN ok

Provide 12Y16

Section is
d Z
mm d
mm b
f
K
s
bal
ck
bal
=
=
=
=
=
=
'
82 . 0
452
230
25
167 . 0
2
2
2
2014.93
662.93
452 82 . 0 450 87 . 0
452 230 25 167 . 0
'
87 . 0
mm A
x x x
x x x
A
A
Z f
bd f K
A
s
s
s
bal yk
ck bal
s
=
+ =
+ =
[M.T.L] Page 19

EC2
4.3.2.3
Eqn 4.18
Table 4.8

EC2
Table 5.5

Table NA5 of the
national annex to
EC2.

Concrete shear resistance, VRd1
VRd1 = (Rdk(1.2+401)+0.15cp)bwd
For fck = 25, Rd=0.3
K = 1.6-d > 1
= 1.6 0.452
= 1.148>1 ok
1 = Asprov/(bwd) At section , Asprov= 14Y16 bars= 2814.86
1 =2814.86/(230x452)
= 0.0213
VRd1 = (0.3x1.148(1.2+40x0.0282))x230x452
= 94669.3N
= 94.66kN
VRd1 = 94.66kN > Vsd =324.5KN
VRd3 = Vsd = VRd1 +Vwd
Vwd = Vsd-VRd1
= 324.5-94.66
= 229.85 kN
Vwd = Asw/s(0.9dfywd) = 229.85
fywd = 0.87fyk
Asw/s = 229.85 x10
3
/(0.9x452x.87x250)
Asw/s = 2.59, Asw= 2(10
2
/4)=157.1
s = 157/(2.59) = 60.62 mm, s = 50 mm
Provide R10 @ 50mm
Check minimum reinforcement
w = Asw/(sbw)
As /s= wbw
Assume S220 = 250 N/mm
2

w = 0.0024
s= As/(bww) = 157/(0.0024x230)
= 284.4 mm
Provide R10 @100 mm at low shear zones as shown in the
curtailed drawing

c) Deflection check
For an end span of continuous beam or one-way continuous slab
or two-way spanning slab continuous over one long side

member 100As/bwd Basic span/d
considered 2.13
highly stressed 1.5 23
lightly stressed 0.5 32
adequate

Provide R10 @
50mm for Main
shear

Provide R10 @
100mm for
nominal shear

[M.T.L] Page 20

Check appendix for other critical floor beam design results. The critical beams include; FBM 103, 114,
110.

Table A.6 of the
Mosley

11Y16 provided at midspan for tension reinforcement.
100As/bwd =
100x1211.68/(230x452)= 2.13>1.5 Hence highly stressed

Basic span/d ratio from table 7 = 23 for highly stressed member
with fy= 400N/mm
2

Basic span/d ratio = 23x400/250 = 36.8 for highly stressed
members.
Allowable basic span/d = 36.8mm

Actual span/d ratio = 5000/452= 11.06 < 36.8
Actual < Allowable deflection.

d)Check lap length
From the table of lapping lengths in the appendix,
For apr. 25% bars lapped at section, KA=40
Bar lapping length

L= KA x bar dai = 40 x16 =640mm
Therefore take lapping length of 650mm.

Safe against
deflection

LL=650mm
[M.T.L] Page 21

4.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS
4.1 Briefing
Columns are vertical compression structural members that carry loads from beams and slabs to
foundations. Columns may be classified as;
Short columns
Slender columns
The analysis & design of the example in this report was done based on BS8110
Note; The columns C1, C2 & C3 analysis and design is provided in this chapter.
4.2 Column C1
From analysis, Column C1 was found to be the critical (most loaded column).
Loading onto column from beams and slabs obtained from analysis of FBM 112 & 103 as shown in the
table below;
Loading,
Floor to floor height = 3m
Column self weight = 0.4x 0.23x24x3 Gk = 6.63KN
Gk Qk My Mx
1
st
floor slab & beams 433.75KN 108.42KN 6.4 Knm 10.27 Knm
Column self weight 6.63KN 0KN
Ring beams 100.26KN 11.34KN 3.82knm 3.23knm

i) At Ground level
Gk = 547.27KN Qk=119.76KN
Ultimate load =1.4Gk+ 1.6Qk =957.8KN
TEDDS calculation version 2.0.01

RC COLUMN DESIGN (BS8110:PART1:1997)
Column definition
Column depth (larger column dim); h = 400 mm
Nominal cover to all reinforcement (longer dim); ch = 30 mm
Depth to tension steel; h' = h - ch Ldia Dcol/2 = 354 mm
[M.T.L] Page 22

Column width (smaller column dim); b = 250 mm
Nominal cover to all reinforcement (shorter dim); cb = 30 mm
Depth to tension steel; b' = b - cb - Ldia Dcol/2 = 204 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 450 N/mm
2

Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 25 N/mm
2

Braced Column Design to cl 3.8.4
Check on overall column dimensions
Column OK - h < 4b
Braced column slenderness check
Column clear height; lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit; llimit = 60 b = 15000 mm
Column slenderness limit OK
Short column check for braced columns
Effect. height factor for braced columns - maj axis; x = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
Effective height major axis; lex = x lo = 1.875 m;
Slenderness check; lex/h = 4.69
The braced column is short (major axis)
Effect height factor for braced columns - minor axis; y = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
Effective height minor axis; ley = y lo = 1.875 m
Slenderness check; ley/b = 7.50
The braced column is short (minor axis)
Short column - bi-axial bending
Define column reinforcement
Main reinforcement in column
Assumed diameter of main reinforcement; Dcol = 16 mm
Assumed no. of bars in one face (assumed sym); Lncol = 3
Area of "tension" steel; Ast = Lncol Dcol
2
/ 4 = 603 mm
2

Area of compression steel; Asc = Ast = 603 mm
2

Total area of steel; Ascol = Ast + Asc = 1206.4 mm
2

Percentage of steel; (Ast + Asc) / (b h) = 1.2 %
[M.T.L] Page 23

Design ultimate loading
Design ultimate axial load; N = 958 kN
Design ultimate moment (major axis); Mx = 6 kNm
Design ultimate moment (minor axis); My = 10 kNm
Minimum design moments
Min design moment (major axis); Mxmin = min(0.05 h, 20 mm) N = 19.2 kNm
Min design moment (minor axis); Mymin = min(0.05 b, 20 mm) N = 12.0 kNm
Design moments
Design moment (major axis); Mxdes = max (abs(Mx), Mxmin) = 19.2 kNm
Design moment (minor axis); Mydes = max (abs(My) , Mymin) = 12.0 kNm
Simplified method for dealing with bi-axial bending:-
h' = 354 mm; b' = 204 mm
Approx uniaxial design moment (Cl 3.8.4.5)
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.55
Design moment;
Mdesign = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , Mydes + b'/h' Mxdes , Mxdes + h'/b' Mydes ) = 18.1 kNm
Set up section dimensions for design:-
Section depth; D = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , b, h) = 250.0 mm
Depth to "tension" steel; d = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , b', h') = 204.0 mm
Section width; B = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , h, b) = 400.0 mm
Check of design forces - symmetrically reinforced section
NOTE
Note:- the section dimensions used in the following calculation are:-
Section width (parallel to axis of bending); B = 400 mm
Section depth perpendicular to axis of bending); D = 250 mm
Depth to "tension" steel (symmetrical); d = 204 mm
Compression steel yields (0.9x<D)
Determine correct moment of resistance
NR =ceiling(if(xcalc<D/0.9, NR1 , NR2 ),0.001kN) = 957.9 kN
MR = ceiling(if(xcalc<D/0.9, MR1 , MR2 ) ,0.001kNm) = 51.9 kNm
Applied axial load; N = 957.9 kN
Check for moment; Mdesign = 18.1 kNm
Moment check satisfied

Check min and max areas of steel
Total area of concrete; Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
2

Area of steel (symmetrical); Ascol = 1206 mm
2

Minimum percentage of compression reinforcement; kc = 0.40 %
Minimum steel area; Asc_min = kc Aconc = 400 mm
2

Maximum steel area; As_max = 6 % Aconc = 6000 mm
2

Area of compression steel provided OK
Major axis Shear Resistance of Concrete Columns - (cl 3.8.4.6)
Column width; b = 250 mm
[M.T.L] Page 24

Column depth; h = 400 mm
Effective depth to steel; h' = 354 mm
Area of concrete; Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
2

Design ultimate shear force (major axis); Vx = 340 kN
2

Is a check required? (3.8.4.6)
Axial load; N = 957.9 kN
Major axis moment; Mx = 6.4 kNm
Eccentricity; e = Mx / N = 6.7 mm
Limit to eccentricity; elimit = 0.6 h = 240.0 mm
Actual shear stress; vx = Vx / (b h') = 3.8 N/mm
2

Allowable stress; vallowable = min ((0.8 N
1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

No shear check required
Define Containment Links Provided
Link spacing; sv = 150 mm; Link diameter; Ldia = 8 mm; No of links in each group; Ln = 1
Minimum Containment Steel (Cl 3.12.7)
Shear steel
Link spacing; sv = 150 mm
Link diameter; Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter; Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter; Llimit = max( (6 mm), Dcol/4) = 6.0 mm
Link diameter OK
Max spacing; slimit = 12 Dcol = 192.0 mm
Link spacing OK
Reinforcement Summary;
Ascrequired = 408 mm
PROVIDED 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c

At the First floor level
PROVIDED - 8Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 1608.5 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c

[M.T.L] Page 25

4.3Column C2
Loading onto column from beams and slabs obtained from analysis of FBM 1110 as shown in the table
below;
Loading,
Gk Qk My Mx
1
st
floor slab & beams 381.08KN 99.0KN 0 Knm 6.4 Knm

i) At Ground level
Gk = 495KN Qk=110.34KN
Column definition
2

2

[M.T.L] Page 26

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
BS8110:Table 3.19
2
/ 4 = 603 mm
2

2

2

Design moments
h' = 204 mm; b' = 354 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.59
Design moment;
[M.T.L] Page 27

NOTE

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 28

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK
Reinforcement summary;
PROVIDED 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c


[M.T.L] Page 29

4.4Column C3
table below;
Loading,
Gk Qk My Mx
1
st
floor slab & beams 245KN 34.94KN 13.98 Knm 2.03 Knm

i) At Ground level
Gk = 358.52KN Qk=46.3KN
Ultimate load =1.4Gk+ 1.6Qk =576KN
Column definition
2

2

1
8
4
2
3
0
3
0
[M.T.L] Page 30

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
BS8110:Table 3.19
2
/ 4 = 402 mm
2

2

2

Design moments
h' = 184 mm; b' = 354 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.71
Design moment;
[M.T.L] Page 31

NOTE

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 32

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK

PROVIDED 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 804.2 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c


[M.T.L] Page 33

5.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS.
5.1 Briefing
Foundations transfer and spread loads from columns and walls onto the ground. In order to achieve this,
the safe bearing capacity of the soil must not be exceeded.
In this particular design,
Pad foundations and combined footings are provided for columns. Combined footings are
provided were columns are close together in that their individual pads have to be joined so
that they do a combined action of transferring load.
Unreinforced strip foundations are provided for the strip walls.
Footings F1 & F 2 are the critical pads to be designed in this report.
5.2 Footing F1
Pad footing F1 carries loading from column C1;
Total column loading at Ground level , Gk = 547.3KN, Qk=119. 8Kn
Ultimate loading =1.4Gk+1.6Qk = 957.8Kn
Design information;
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 250kN/m
2

Strength of concrete = 24kN/m
2

Column 400x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm cover
16mm bars
a) Determining of pad size
Service load (Ns)
Ns = Gk + Qk + Wb where;
Gk = characteristic permanent load from column
Qk = characteristic variable load from column
Wb = weight of base
Wb= 10% of (Gk + Qk)
Gk + Qk= 667.1KN each column C1
Ns= 733.81 each column C1
Safe bearing pressure= 250kN/m
2

[M.T.L] Page 34

Area of footing = service load/ Bearing pressure
= 733.81 /250
= 2.94m
2
required
Considering a square footing of 1.8m x 1.8m. (3.24 m
2
)

PAD FOOTING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (BS8110-1:1997)
TEDDS calculation version 2.0.03.00

Pad footing details
Length of pad footing; L = 1800 mm
Width of pad footing; B = 1800 mm
Area of pad footing; A = L B = 3.240 m
2

Depth of pad footing; h = 350 mm
Depth of soil over pad footing; hsoil = 200 mm
Density of concrete; conc = 24.0 kN/m
3

Column details
Column base length; lA = 250 mm
Column base width; bA = 400 mm
Column eccentricity in x; ePxA = 0 mm
Column eccentricity in y; ePyA = 0 mm
Soil details
Density of soil; soil = 20.0 kN/m
3

Design shear strength; = 25.0 deg
Design base friction; = 19.3 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; Pbearing = 250 kN/m
2

Axial loading on column
Dead axial load on column; PGA = 547.3 kN
Imposed axial load on column; PQA = 119.8 kN
Wind axial load on column; PWA = 0.0 kN
Total axial load on column; PA = 667.1 kN
[M.T.L] Page 35

Foundation loads
Dead surcharge load; FGsur = 0.000 kN/m
2

Imposed surcharge load; FQsur = 0.000 kN/m
2

Pad footing self weight; Fswt = h conc = 8.400 kN/m
2

Soil self weight; Fsoil = hsoil soil = 4.000 kN/m
2

Total foundation load; F = A (FGsur + FQsur + Fswt + Fsoil) = 40.2 kN
Calculate pad base reaction
Total base reaction; T = F + PA = 707.3 kN
Eccentricity of base reaction in x; eTx = (PA ePxA + MxA + HxA h) / T = 0 mm
Eccentricity of base reaction in y; eTy = (PA ePyA + MyA + HyA h) / T = 0 mm
Check pad base reaction eccentricity
abs(eTx) / L + abs(eTy) / B = 0.000
Base reaction acts within middle third of base
Calculate pad base pressures
q1 = T / A - 6 T eTx / (L A) - 6 T eTy / (B A) =
218.295 kN/m
2

q2 = T / A - 6 T eTx / (L A) + 6 T eTy / (B A) =
218.295 kN/m
2

q3 = T / A + 6 T eTx / (L A) - 6 T eTy / (B A) =
218.295 kN/m
2

q4 = T / A + 6 T eTx / (L A) + 6 T eTy / (B A) =
218.295 kN/m
2

Minimum base pressure; qmin = min(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 218.295 kN/m
2

Maximum base pressure; qmax = max(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 218.295 kN/m
2

PASS - Maximum base pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure

Partial safety factors for loads
Partial safety factor for dead loads; fG = 1.40
Partial safety factor for imposed loads; fQ = 1.60
Partial safety factor for wind loads; fW = 0.00
[M.T.L] Page 36

Ultimate axial loading on column
Ultimate axial load on column; PuA = PGA fG + PQA fQ + PWA fW = 957.9 kN
Ultimate foundation loads
Ultimate foundation load; Fu = A [(FGsur + Fswt + Fsoil) fG + FQsur fQ] = 56.2 kN
Ultimate horizontal loading on column
Ultimate horizontal load in x direction; HxuA = HGxA fG + HQxA fQ + HWxA fW = 0.0 kN
Ultimate horizontal load in y direction; HyuA = HGyA fG + HQyA fQ + HWyA fW = 0.0 kN
Ultimate moment on column
Ultimate moment on column in x direction; MxuA = MGxA fG + MQxA fQ + MWxA fW = 0.000 kNm
Ultimate moment on column in y direction; MyuA = MGyA fG + MQyA fQ + MWyA fW = 0.000 kNm
Calculate ultimate pad base reaction
Ultimate base reaction; Tu = Fu + PuA = 1014.1 kN
Eccentricity of ultimate base reaction in x; eTxu = (PuA ePxA + MxuA + HxuA h) / Tu = 0 mm
Eccentricity of ultimate base reaction in y; eTyu = (PuA ePyA + MyuA + HyuA h) / Tu = 0 mm
Calculate ultimate pad base pressures
q1u = Tu/A - 6TueTxu/(LA) - 6TueTyu/(BA) = 313.008
kN/m
2

q2u = Tu/A - 6TueTxu/(LA) + 6Tu eTyu/(BA) = 313.008
kN/m
2

q3u = Tu/A + 6TueTxu/(LA) - 6TueTyu/(BA) = 313.008
kN/m
2

q4u = Tu/A + 6TueTxu/(LA) + 6TueTyu/(BA) = 313.008
kN/m
2

Minimum ultimate base pressure; qminu = min(q1u, q2u, q3u, q4u) = 313.008 kN/m
2

Maximum ultimate base pressure; qmaxu = max(q1u, q2u, q3u, q4u) = 313.008 kN/m
2

Calculate rate of change of base pressure in x direction
Left hand base reaction; fuL = (q1u + q2u) B / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Right hand base reaction; fuR = (q3u + q4u) B / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Length of base reaction; Lx = L = 1800 mm
Rate of change of base pressure; Cx = (fuR - fuL) / Lx = 0.000 kN/m/m
Calculate pad lengths in x direction
Left hand length; LL = L / 2 + ePxA = 900 mm
Right hand length; LR = L / 2 - ePxA = 900 mm
Calculate ultimate moments in x direction
Ultimate moment in x direction; Mx = fuLLL
2
/2+CxLL
3
/6-FuLL
2
/(2L) = 215.528 kNm
Calculate rate of change of base pressure in y direction
Top edge base reaction; fuT = (q2u + q4u) L / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Bottom edge base reaction; fuB = (q1u + q3u) L / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Length of base reaction; Ly = B = 1800 mm
Rate of change of base pressure; Cy = (fuB - fuT) / Ly = 0.000 kN/m/m
Calculate pad lengths in y direction
Top length; LT = B / 2 - ePyA = 900 mm
Bottom length; LB = B / 2 + ePyA = 900 mm
[M.T.L] Page 37

Calculate ultimate moments in y direction
Ultimate moment in y direction; My = fuTLT
2
/2+CyLT
3
/6-FuLT
2
/(2B) = 215.528 kNm
Material details
2

2

Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement; fyv = 250 N/mm
2

Nominal cover to reinforcement; cnom = 30 mm
Moment design in x direction
Diameter of tension reinforcement; xB = 12 mm
Depth of tension reinforcement; dx = h - cnom - xB / 2 = 314 mm
Design formula for rectangular beams (cl 3.4.4.4)
Kx = Mx / (B dx
2
fcu) = 0.049
Kx = 0.156
Kx < Kx' compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zx = dx min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kx / 0.9)], 0.95) = 296 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_x_req = Mx / (0.87 fy zx) = 1674 mm
2

Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_x_min = 0.0013 B h = 819 mm
2

Tension reinforcement provided; 17 No. 12 dia. bars bottom (100 centres)
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As_xB_prov = NxB xB
2
/ 4 = 1923 mm
2

PASS - Tension reinforcement provided exceeds tension reinforcement required
Moment design in y direction
Diameter of tension reinforcement; yB = 12 mm
Depth of tension reinforcement; dy = h - cnom - xB - yB / 2 = 302 mm
Ky = My / (L dy
2
fcu) = 0.053
Ky = 0.156
Ky < Ky' compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zy = dy min([0.5 + (0.25 - Ky / 0.9)], 0.95) = 283 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_y_req = My / (0.87 fy zy) = 1749 mm
2

Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_y_min = 0.0013 L h = 819 mm
2

Area of tension reinforcement provided; As_yB_prov = NyB yB
2
/ 4 = 1923 mm
2

Calculate ultimate shear force at d from right face of column
Ultimate pressure for shear; qsu = (q1u + Cx (L / 2 + ePxA + lA / 2 + dx) / B + q4u) / 2
qsu = 313.008 kN/m
2

Area loaded for shear; As = B min(3 (L / 2 - eTx), L / 2 - ePxA - lA / 2 - dx) = 0.830
m
2

Ultimate shear force; Vsu = As (qsu - Fu / A) = 245.329 kN
Shear stresses at d from right face of column (cl 3.5.5.2)
Design shear stress; vsu = Vsu / (B dx) = 0.434 N/mm
2

From BS 8110:Part 1:1997 - Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc = 0.469 N/mm
2

Allowable design shear stress; vmax = min(0.8N/mm
2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 38

PASS - vsu < vc - No shear reinforcement required
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at face of column
Ultimate pressure for punching shear; qpuA = q1u+[(L/2+ePxA-lA/2)+(lA)/2]Cx/B-[(B/2+ePyA-
bA/2)+(bA)/2]Cy/L
qpuA = 313.008 kN/m
2

Average effective depth of reinforcement; d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 308 mm
Area loaded for punching shear at column; ApA = (lA)(bA) = 0.100 m
2

Length of punching shear perimeter; upA = 2(lA)+2(bA) = 1300 mm
Ultimate shear force at shear perimeter; VpuA = PuA + (Fu / A - qpuA) ApA = 928.335 kN
Effective shear force at shear perimeter; VpuAeff = VpuA = 928.335 kN
Punching shear stresses at face of column (cl 3.7.7.2)
Design shear stress; vpuA = VpuAeff / (upA d) = 2.319 N/mm
2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

PASS - Design shear stress is less than allowable design shear stress
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column
Ultimate pressure for punching shear; qpuA1.5d = q1u+[(L/2+ePxA-lA/2-1.5d)+(lA+21.5d)/2]Cx/B-
[B/2]Cy/L
qpuA1.5d = 313.008 kN/m
2

Area loaded for punching shear at column; ApA1.5d = (lA+21.5d)B = 2.113 m
2

Length of punching shear perimeter; upA1.5d = 2B = 3600 mm
Ultimate shear force at shear perimeter; VpuA1.5d = PuA + (Fu / A - qpuA1.5d) ApA1.5d = 333.136 kN
Effective shear force at shear perimeter; VpuA1.5deff = VpuA1.5d 1.25 = 416.420 kN
Punching shear stresses at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column (cl 3.7.7.2)
Design shear stress; vpuA1.5d = VpuA1.5deff / (upA1.5d d) = 0.376 N/mm
2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

PASS - vpuA1.5d < vc - No shear reinforcement required

REQUIRED - Square footing of 1.8m X 1.8m, depth 350mm
[M.T.L] Page 39

PROVIDED - Combined footing of 4.5m X 2.5m, depth 500mm

5.3 Footing F2
Pad footing F2 carries loading from column C2;
Total column loading at Ground level , Gk = 495KN, Qk=110.34Kn
Design information;
2

2

Column 400x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm cover
16mm bars
Service load (Ns)
Wb = weight of base
Gk + Qk= 665.8KN
[M.T.L] Page 40

Ns= 665.87Kn
2

= = 665.87/250
= 2.66m
2
required
Considering a square footing of 1.8m x 1.8m. (3.24 m
2
)


Pad footing details
2

3

Column details
Soil details
3

1
8
0
0
7
0
0
7
0
0
[M.T.L] Page 41

2

Foundation loads
2

2

2

2

199.233 kN/m
2

199.233 kN/m
2

199.233 kN/m
2

199.233 kN/m
2

2

2


[M.T.L] Page 42

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

2

2

2
/2+CxLL
3
/6-FuLL
2
/(2L) = 195.647 kNm
[M.T.L] Page 43

2
/2+CyLT
3
/6-FuLT
2
/(2B) = 195.647 kNm
Material details
2

2

2

Kx = Mx / (B dx
2
fcu) = 0.045
Kx = 0.156
2

2

2
/ 4 = 2011 mm
2

Ky = My / (L dy
2
fcu) = 0.050
Ky = 0.156
2

2

2
/ 4 = 2011 mm
2

qsu = 285.738 kN/m
2

m
2

2

[M.T.L] Page 44

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

bA/2)+(bA)/2]Cy/L
qpuA = 285.738 kN/m
2

2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[B/2]Cy/L
qpuA1.5d = 285.738 kN/m
2

2

2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2


[M.T.L] Page 45

REQUIRED - Square footing of 1.8m X 1.8m, depth 350mm

PROVIDED - Square footing of 2.3m X 2.3m, depth 500mm

Shear at d from column face
Punching shear perimeter at 1.5 d from column face
10 No. 16 dia. bars btm (200 c/c)
Shear at d from column face
Punching shear perimeter at 1.5 d from column face
[M.T.L] Page 46

6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Design done here is for the staircase type 1.
The staircase is longitudinally spanned (spans in the direction of the flight) and is supported by beams
that are also supported by columns.
6.1 Staircase type 1.
Design information
QK= 3kN/m
2

Risers= 150mm
Goings = 250mm
50mm granolithic finish on treads and landings
50mm plaster finish on underside of stair flight and landing
fCK= 20 N/mm
175mm waist thickness
12mm bars with 30 mm cover
Unit weight of finishes and concrete = 24kN/m
3

RC STAIR DESIGN (BS8110-1:1997)

Stair geometry
Number of steps; Nsteps = 10
Waist depth for stair flight; hspan = 175 mm
Going of each step; Going = 250 mm
[M.T.L] Page 47

Rise of each step; Rise = 150 mm
Angle of stairs; Rake = atan(Rise / Going) = 30.96 deg
Upper landing geometry
Support condition; Continuous interior support
Landing length; Lupper = 250 mm
Depth of landing; hupper = 250 mm
Lower landing geometry
Support condition; Continuous first interior support
Landing length; Llower = 1215 mm
Depth of landing; hlower = 175 mm
Material details
2

2

3

Partial safety factors
Partial safety factor for imposed loading; fq = 1.60
Partial safety factor for dead loading; fg = 1.40
Loading details
Characteristic imposed loading; qk = 3.000 kN/m
2

Characteristic loading from finishes; gk_fin = 1.200 kN/m
2

Average stair self weight; gk_swt = (hspan / Cos(Rake) + Rise / 2) conc = 6.698 kN/m
2

Design load; F = (gk_swt + gk_fin) fg + qk fq = 15.857 kN/m
2

Mid span design
Midspan moment per metre width; Mspan = 0.063 F L
2
= 13.787 kNm/m
Diameter of tension reinforcement; span = 12 mm
Depth of reinforcement; dspan = hspan - cnom - span / 2 = 139 mm
Moment redistribution ratio; b = 1.25
Kspan = Mspan / (dspan
2
fcu) = 0.036
Kspan = 0.402 (b - 0.4) - 0.18 (b - 0.4)
2
= 0.212
Kspan < K'span compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zspan = dspan min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kspan / 0.9)], 0.95) = 132
mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_span_req = Mspan / (0.87 fy zspan) = 240 mm
2
/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_span_min = 0.13 hspan / 100 = 228 mm
2
/m
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 dia.bars @ 200 centres
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As_span_prov = 565 mm
2
/m
Basic span/effective depth ratio (cl 3.4.6.3)
From BS8110 : Part 1 : 1997 Table 3.9
Basic span/effective depth ratio; ratiobasic = 26.0
[M.T.L] Page 48

Modification of span/effective depth ratio for staircases without stringer beams (cl 3.10.2.2)
Modification factor for stairs without stringers; factorflight = 1.15
Modification of span/effective depth ratio for tension reinforcement (cl 3.4.6.5)
From BS8110 : Part 1 : 1997 Table 3.10
Design service stress; fs = 2 fy As_span_req / (3 As_span_prov b) = 113.189
N/mm
2

Modification factor for tension reinforcement; factortens = 0.55 + (477 N/mm
2
- fs)/(120 (0.9 N/mm
2
+ (Mspan
/ dspan
2
)))
factortens = 2.429
Check span/effective depth ratio (cl 3.4.6.1)
Allowable span/effective depth ratio; ratioadm = ratiobasic factorflight factortens = 72.623
Actual span/effective depth ratio; ratioact = L / dspan = 26.727
PASS - Span/effective depth ratio is adequate
Upper landing support design
Upper support moment per metre width; Mupper = 0.063 F L
2
= 13.787 kNm/m
Diameter of tension reinforcement; upper = 12 mm
Depth of reinforcement; dupper = hupper - cnom - upper / 2 = 214 mm
Kupper = Mupper / (dupper
2
fcu) = 0.015
Kupper = 0.402 (b - 0.4) - 0.18 (b - 0.4)
2
= 0.132
Kupper < K'upper compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zupper = dupper min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kupper / 0.9)], 0.95) = 203
mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_upper_req = Mupper / (0.87 fy zupper) = 156 mm
2
/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_upper_min = 0.13 hupper / 100 = 325 mm
2
/m
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As_upper_prov = 565 mm
2
/m
Shear stress in beam (cl 3.4.5.2)
Design shear force; Vupper = 0.500 F L = 29.455 kN/m
Design shear stress; vupper = Vupper / dupper = 0.138 N/mm
2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 3.578
N/mm
2

PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed allowable shear stress
Design concrete shear stress; vc_upper = 0.440 N/mm
2

PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed design concrete shear stress
Lower landing support design
Lower support moment per metre width; Mlower = 0.086 F L
2
= 18.821 kNm/m
Diameter of tension reinforcement; lower = 12 mm
Depth of reinforcement; dlower = hlower - cnom - getvar(lower, 12 mm) / 2 = 139 mm
[M.T.L] Page 49

Klower = Mlower / (dlower
2
fcu) = 0.049
Klower = 0.402 (b - 0.4) - 0.18 (b - 0.4)
2
= 0.132
Klower < K'lower compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zlower = dlower min([0.5 + (0.25 - Klower / 0.9)], 0.95) = 131
mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_lower_req = Mlower / (0.87 fy zlower) = 330 mm
2
/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_lower_min = 0.13 hlower / 100 = 228 mm
2
/m
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As_lower_prov = 565 mm
2
/m
Shear stress in beam (cl 3.4.5.2)
Design shear force; Vlower = 0.600 F L = 35.346 kN/m
Design shear stress; vlower = Vlower / dlower = 0.254 N/mm
2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 3.578
N/mm
2

PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed allowable shear stress
Design concrete shear stress; vc_lower = 0.566 N/mm
2

PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed design concrete shear stress

Distribution steel;
Greater of 20%Main steel or nominal steel;
20%Main steel =20%Asprovided
=20%565=113mm
2
OR
0.13%Ac =0.13%1000X175=227.5mm2
8 dia.bars @ 200 centres AS PROVIDED

[M.T.L] Page 50

8.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL.
Briefing;
Retaining wall provided for the need to retain earth. Loading on wall is due to self weight, wall on the floor
above and the retained earth.

Total dead weight, Gk = 20.2 Kn/m

RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)

Wall details
Retaining wall type; Unpropped cantilever
Height of retaining wall stem; hstem = 3000 mm
Thickness of wall stem; twall = 300 mm
Length of toe; ltoe = 900 mm
Length of heel; lheel = 1100 mm
Overall length of base; lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 2300 mm
Thickness of base; tbase = 350 mm
Depth of downstand; dds = 0 mm
Position of downstand; lds = 1550 mm
Thickness of downstand; tds = 350 mm
Self weight [0.2x24x1.0] = 7.2 Kn/m
From walling [5kN/m
2
(3-0.5)] = 13 Kn/m

[M.T.L] Page 51

Height of retaining wall; hwall = hstem + tbase + dds = 3350 mm
Depth of cover in front of wall; dcover = 0 mm
Depth of unplanned excavation; dexc = 0 mm
Height of ground water behind wall; hwater = 0 mm
Height of saturated fill above base; hsat = max(hwater - tbase - dds, 0 mm) = 0 mm
Density of wall construction; wall = 24.0 kN/m
3

Density of base construction; base = 24.0 kN/m
3

Angle of rear face of wall; = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall; = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; heff = hwall + lheel tan() = 3350 mm
Retained material details
Mobilisation factor; M = 1.5
Moist density of retained material; m = 18.0 kN/m
3

Saturated density of retained material; s = 21.0 kN/m
3

Design shear strength; ' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction; = 18.6 deg
Base material details
Moist density; mb = 18.0 kN/m
3

Design shear strength; 'b = 24.2 deg
Design base friction; b = 18.6 deg
2

Using Coulomb theory
Active pressure coefficient for retained material
Ka = sin( + ')
2
/ (sin()
2
sin( - ) [1 + (sin(' + ) sin(' - ) / (sin( - ) sin( + )))]
2
) = 0.369
Passive pressure coefficient for base material
Kp = sin(90 - 'b)
2
/ (sin(90 - b) [1 - (sin('b + b) sin('b) / (sin(90 + b)))]
2
) = 4.187
At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material; K0 = 1 sin() = 0.590
Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 10.0 kN/m
2

Applied vertical dead load on wall; Wdead = 20.2 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; Wlive = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; lload = 1050 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; Fdead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; Flive = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; hload = 0 mm

[M.T.L] Page 52

Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m
2

Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; wwall = hstem twall wall = 21.6 kN/m
Wall base; wbase = lbase tbase base = 19.3 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur = Surcharge lheel = 11 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w = lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 59.4 kN/m
Applied vertical load; Wv = Wdead + Wlive = 20.2 kN/m
Total vertical load; Wtotal = wwall + wbase + wsur + wm_w + Wv = 131.5 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge; Fsur = Ka cos(90 - + ) Surcharge heff = 11.7 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a = 0.5 Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - hwater)
2
= 35.3
kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal = Fsur + Fm_a = 47.1 kN/m
Calculate stability against sliding
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp = 0.5 Kp cos(b) (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)
2
mb =
4.4 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; Fres = Fp + Wtotal tan(b) = 48.6 kN/m
PASS - Resistance force is greater than sliding force
Overturning moments
Surcharge; Msur = Fsur (heff - 2 dds) / 2 = 19.6 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a = Fm_a (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 39.5 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot = Msur + Mm_a = 59.1 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall = wwall (ltoe + twall / 2) = 22.7 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = wbase lbase / 2 = 22.2 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r = wsur (lbase - lheel / 2) = 19.2 kNm/m
[M.T.L] Page 53

Moist backfill; Mm_r = (wm_w (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 104
kNm/m
Design vertical load; Mv = Wv lload = 21.2 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = Mwall + Mbase + Msur_r + Mm_r + Mv = 189.3 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning moment; Mot = 59.1 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = 189.3 kNm/m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Check bearing pressure
Total moment for bearing; Mtotal = Mrest - Mot = 130.2 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; R = Wtotal = 131.5 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar = Mtotal / R = 990 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar) = 160 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe = (R / lbase) + (6 R e / lbase
2
) = 81 kN/m
2

Bearing pressure at heel; pheel = (R / lbase) - (6 R e / lbase
2
) = 33.3 kN/m
2

PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure

[M.T.L] Page 54

RETAINING WALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)
Ultimate limit state load factors
Dead load factor; f_d = 1.4
Live load factor; f_l = 1.6
Earth and water pressure factor; f_e = 1.4
Factored vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; wwall_f = f_d hstem twall wall = 30.2 kN/m
Wall base; wbase_f = f_d lbase tbase base = 27 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur_f = f_l Surcharge lheel = 17.6 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w_f = f_d lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 83.2 kN/m
Applied vertical load; Wv_f = f_d Wdead + f_l Wlive = 28.3 kN/m
Total vertical load; Wtotal_f = wwall_f + wbase_f + wsur_f + wm_w_f + Wv_f = 186.3 kN/m
Factored horizontal at-rest forces on wall
Surcharge; Fsur_f = f_l K0 Surcharge heff = 31.6 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a_f = f_e 0.5 K0 m (heff - hwater)
2
= 83.4 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal_f = Fsur_f + Fm_a_f = 115.1 kN/m
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp_f = f_e 0.5 Kp cos(b) (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)
2

mb = 6.1 kN/m
Factored overturning moments
Surcharge; Msur_f = Fsur_f (heff - 2 dds) / 2 = 53 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a_f = Fm_a_f (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 93.2 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot_f = Msur_f + Mm_a_f = 146.2 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall_f = wwall_f (ltoe + twall / 2) = 31.8 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_f = wbase_f lbase / 2 = 31.1 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r_f = wsur_f (lbase - lheel / 2) = 30.8 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r_f = (wm_w_f (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s_f (lbase - lheel / 3)) =
145.5 kNm/m
Design vertical load; Mv_f = Wv_f lload = 29.7 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest_f = Mwall_f + Mbase_f + Msur_r_f + Mm_r_f + Mv_f = 268.9
kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning moment; Mot = 59.1 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = 189.3 kNm/m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Factored bearing pressure
Total moment for bearing; Mtotal_f = Mrest_f - Mot_f = 122.7 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; Rf = Wtotal_f = 186.3 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar_f = Mtotal_f / Rf = 659 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; ef = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar_f) = 491 mm
Reaction acts outside middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe_f = Rf / (1.5 xbar_f) = 188.6 kN/m
2

Bearing pressure at heel; pheel_f = 0 kN/m
2
= 0 kN/m
2

Rate of change of base reaction; rate = ptoe_f / (3 xbar_f) = 95.44 kN/m
2
/m
[M.T.L] Page 55

Bearing pressure at stem / toe; pstem_toe_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate ltoe), 0 kN/m
2
) = 102.7 kN/m
2

Bearing pressure at mid stem; pstem_mid_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate (ltoe + twall / 2)), 0 kN/m
2
) =
88.4 kN/m
2

Bearing pressure at stem / heel; pstem_heel_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate (ltoe + twall)), 0 kN/m
2
) = 74.1
kN/m
2

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall toe (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
2

2

Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in toe; ctoe = 30 mm
Calculate shear for toe design
Shear from bearing pressure; Vtoe_bear = (ptoe_f + pstem_toe_f) ltoe / 2 = 131.1 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vtoe_wt_base = f_d base ltoe tbase = 10.6 kN/m
Total shear for toe design; Vtoe = Vtoe_bear - Vtoe_wt_base = 120.5 kN/m
Calculate moment for toe design
Moment from bearing pressure; Mtoe_bear = (2 ptoe_f + pstem_mid_f) (ltoe + twall / 2)
2
/ 6 = 85.5
kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mtoe_wt_base = (f_d base tbase (ltoe + twall / 2)
2
/ 2) = 6.5
kNm/m
Total moment for toe design; Mtoe = Mtoe_bear - Mtoe_wt_base = 79.1 kNm/m

Check toe in bending
Width of toe; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dtoe = tbase ctoe (toe / 2) = 314.0 mm
Constant; Ktoe = Mtoe / (b dtoe
2
fcu) = 0.032
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; ztoe = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Ktoe, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dtoe
ztoe = 298 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_des = Mtoe / (0.87 fy ztoe) = 677 mm
2
/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_toe_min = k b tbase = 455 mm
2
/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_req = Max(As_toe_des, As_toe_min) = 677 mm
2
/m
Reinforcement provided; 12 mm dia.bars @ 100 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_toe_prov = 1131 mm
2
/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate
[M.T.L] Page 56

Check shear resistance at toe
Design shear stress; vtoe = Vtoe / (b dtoe) = 0.384 N/mm
2

Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8 (fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5) 1 N/mm
2
= 4.000
N/mm
2

PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_toe = 0.478 N/mm
2

vtoe < vc_toe - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall heel (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
2

2

Base details
Cover to reinforcement in heel; cheel = 30 mm
Calculate shear for heel design
Shear from bearing pressure; Vheel_bear = pstem_heel_f ((3 xbar_f) - ltoe - twall) / 2 = 28.7 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vheel_wt_base = f_d base lheel tbase = 12.9 kN/m
Shear from weight of moist backfill; Vheel_wt_m = wm_w_f = 83.2 kN/m
Shear from surcharge; Vheel_sur = wsur_f = 17.6 kN/m
Total shear for heel design; Vheel = - Vheel_bear + Vheel_wt_base + Vheel_wt_m + Vheel_sur = 85
kN/m
Calculate moment for heel design
Moment from bearing pressure; Mheel_bear = pstem_mid_f ((3 xbar_f) - ltoe - twall / 2)
2
/ 6 = 12.6
kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mheel_wt_base = (f_d base tbase (lheel + twall / 2)
2
/ 2) = 9.2
kNm/m
Moment from weight of moist backfill; Mheel_wt_m = wm_w_f (lheel + twall) / 2 = 58.2 kNm/m
Moment from surcharge; Mheel_sur = wsur_f (lheel + twall) / 2 = 12.3 kNm/m
Total moment for heel design; Mheel = - Mheel_bear + Mheel_wt_base + Mheel_wt_m + Mheel_sur =
67.1 kNm/m

Check heel in bending
Width of heel; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dheel = tbase cheel (heel / 2) = 314.0 mm
Constant; Kheel = Mheel / (b dheel
2
fcu) = 0.027
[M.T.L] Page 57

Lever arm; zheel = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kheel, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)
dheel
zheel = 298 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_des = Mheel / (0.87 fy zheel) = 574 mm
2
/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_heel_min = k b tbase = 455 mm
2
/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_req = Max(As_heel_des, As_heel_min) = 574 mm
2
/m
Area of reinforcement provided; As_heel_prov = 1131 mm
2
/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate
Check shear resistance at heel
Design shear stress; vheel = Vheel / (b dheel) = 0.271 N/mm
2

2
), 5) 1 N/mm
2
= 4.000
N/mm
2

Design concrete shear stress; vc_heel = 0.478 N/mm
2

vheel < vc_heel - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall stem (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
2

2

Wall details
Cover to reinforcement in stem; cstem = 30 mm
Cover to reinforcement in wall; cwall = 30 mm
Factored horizontal at-rest forces on stem
Surcharge; Fs_sur_f = f_l K0 Surcharge (heff - tbase - dds) = 28.3 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fs_m_a_f = 0.5 f_e K0 m (heff - tbase - dds - hsat)
2
= 66.9
kN/m
Calculate shear for stem design
Shear at base of stem; Vstem = Fs_sur_f + Fs_m_a_f = 95.2 kN/m
Calculate moment for stem design
Surcharge; Ms_sur = Fs_sur_f (hstem + tbase) / 2 = 47.4 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Ms_m_a = Fs_m_a_f (2 hsat + heff - dds + tbase / 2) / 3 = 78.6
kNm/m
Total moment for stem design; Mstem = Ms_sur + Ms_m_a = 126.1 kNm/m

Check wall stem in bending
Width of wall stem; b = 1000 mm/m
[M.T.L] Page 58

Depth of reinforcement; dstem = twall cstem (stem / 2) = 260.0 mm
Constant; Kstem = Mstem / (b dstem
2
fcu) = 0.075
Lever arm; zstem = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kstem, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)
dstem
zstem = 236 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_des = Mstem / (0.87 fy zstem) = 1363 mm
2
/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_stem_min = k b twall = 390 mm
2
/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_req = Max(As_stem_des, As_stem_min) = 1363 mm
2
/m
Area of reinforcement provided; As_stem_prov = 1571 mm
2
/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate
Check shear resistance at wall stem
Design shear stress; vstem = Vstem / (b dstem) = 0.366 N/mm
2

2
), 5) 1 N/mm
2
= 4.000
N/mm
2

Design concrete shear stress; vc_stem = 0.595 N/mm
2

vstem < vc_stem - No shear reinforcement required
[M.T.L] Page 59

Indicative retaining wall reinforcement diagram

Toe bars - 12 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (1131 mm
2
/m)
Heel bars - 12 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (1131 mm
2
/m)
Stem bars - 20 mm dia.@ 200 mm centres - (1571 mm
2
/m) - AS PROVIDED.

[M.T.L] Page 60

8.0 APPENDIX
8.1 RING BEAM 01

Gk= 9.63Kn/m, Qk = 1.64 Kn/m

Results;

1 2 3 4 5
3.000
SPAN1
Dead+
Own W
Live
9.63
1.46
5.000
SPAN2
5.000
SPAN3
5.000
SPAN4
230
3
5
0
Long-term Deflections (All spans loaded - using entered reinforcement) Def max = 8.885mm @15.8m
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00

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5
0
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0
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5
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2
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3
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4
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0
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0
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0
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5
0
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0
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8
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0
9
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0
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9
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0
1
0
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0
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1
1
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1
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0
1
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5
1
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0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
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5
0
2
.
0
0
2
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5
0
3
.
0
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3
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0
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5
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0
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8
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5
0
9
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0
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9
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0
1
0
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0
1
0
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5
1
1
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0
1
1
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5
1
2
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0
1
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1
3
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0
1
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1
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0
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1
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0
1
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1
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1
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0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
[M.T.L] Page 61

Reinforcement diagrams

COLUMN REACTIONS
Support Dead Load(kN) Live Load(kN) Dead + Live(kN) Ultimate(kN)
1 10.11 1.53 11.65 16.96
2 42.23 6.40 48.63 67.96
3 47.95 7.27 55.22 78.19
4 54.40 8.25 62.65 87.09
MOMENTS: X-X M max = -43.24kNm @13.0m
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.00
-5.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
-30.0
-35.0
-40.0
-45.0

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5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
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5
0
2
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0
0
2
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5
0
3
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0
0
3
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5
0
4
.
0
0
4
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5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
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5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
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0
1
1
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5
1
2
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0
1
2
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5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
SPAN1 - 3.000 SPAN2 - 5.000 SPAN3 - 5.000 SPAN4 - 5.000
2Y16-B 2Y16-C
2Y16-D 2Y16-A
MAIN REINFORCEMENT As max = 402.1mm2 @ .750m
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400

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5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
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5
0
2
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2
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0
3
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0
0
3
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5
0
4
.
0
0
4
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5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
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5
0
8
.
0
0
8
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5
0
9
.
0
0
9
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5
0
1
0
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0
1
0
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5
1
1
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0
1
1
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5
1
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0
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1
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0
1
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5
1
4
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0
1
4
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5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
10-SA-300 16-SA-300 16-SA-300 16-SA-300
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Asv max = .3680mm/mm @ 0.00m
.050
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
.350

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5
0
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1
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0
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0
7
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0
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5
0
8
.
0
0
8
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5
0
9
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0
0
9
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5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
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5
1
1
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0
1
1
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5
1
2
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0
1
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5
1
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0
1
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5
1
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0
1
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5
1
5
.
0
1
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5
1
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0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
[M.T.L] Page 62

5 18.68 2.83 21.52 29.80
---------------------------------------------------------------------
COLUMN MOMENTS (Ultimate limit state)
Columns below
1 -2.76 -1.44 -1.38 -0.72
2 -5.33 -3.00 -2.66 -1.50
3 -0.30 3.55 -0.15 1.78
4 -7.21 -2.81 -3.60 -1.41
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
8.2 RING BEAM 02

Gk= 6.57Kn/m, Qk = 0.5 Kn/m

Results;

1 2 3 4
6.960
SPAN1
Dead+
Own W
Li ve
6.57
0.50
2.230
SPAN2
7.780
SPAN3
230
3
5
0
32.0
30.0
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
-2.00
-4.00

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5
0
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9
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0
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0
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1
5
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0
1
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5
1
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.
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6
.
5
[M.T.L] Page 63

Reinforcement diagrams.
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
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5
0
3
.
0
0
3
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5
0
4
.
0
0
4
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0
5
.
0
0
5
.
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0
6
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0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
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5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
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0
0
9
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5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
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5
1
2
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0
1
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1
3
.
0
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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.
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1
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.
0
1
6
.
5
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
-40.0
-50.0

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5
0
0
1
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0
0
1
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5
0
2
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0
2
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5
0
3
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3
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0
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0
4
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0
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0
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0
0
6
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5
0
7
.
0
0
7
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5
0
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0
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8
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5
0
9
.
0
0
9
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5
0
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0
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5
1
1
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0
1
1
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5
1
2
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0
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
SPAN1 - 6.960 SPAN2 - 2.230 SPAN3 - 7.780
2Y16-B
2Y16-C
2Y16-D
2Y16-A
MAIN REINFORCEMENT As max = -564.1mm2 @ 9.44m
200
-200
-400

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5
0
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1
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0
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1
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2
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0
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4
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1
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1
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.
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1
6
.
5
SPAN1 - 6.960 SPAN2 - 2.230 SPAN3 - 7.780
23-SA-300 6-SA-300 25-SA-300
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Asv max = .3680mm/mm @ 0.00m
.050
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
.350

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5
0
0
1
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0
0
1
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1
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5
[M.T.L] Page 64

COLUMN REACTIONS
1 20.54 1.56 22.10 30.09
2 29.03 2.21 31.24 50.34
3 39.20 2.98 42.19 63.51
4 22.75 1.73 24.48 33.33
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Columns below
1 -13.53 -12.44 -6.76 -6.22
2 6.76 7.42 3.38 3.71
3 -8.37 -7.63 -4.18 -3.82
4 16.19 17.60 8.10 8.80
--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
8.3 Maxspan slab case 1

Gk= 14.78 Kn/m, Qk = 0 Kn/m

Results;

1 2 3 4 5
6.610
SPAN1
Dead+
Own W
Live
3.21
1.35
5.160
SPAN2
5.000
SPAN3
5.000
SPAN4
SECTION 1
450
150
5
0
3
0
0
[M.T.L] Page 65

Reinforcement diagram
SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 8.57 3.60 12.17 17.35
2 22.62 9.51 32.14 45.55
Elastic Deflections (Alternate spans loaded) Def max = 3.299mm @3.00m
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
-.500

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5
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2
0
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0
2
0
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5
2
1
.
0
2
1
.
5
SHEAR: X-X V max = -25.15kN @6.61m
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.00
5.00
10.0
15.0
20.0

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5
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1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
2
1
.
0
2
1
.
5
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.00
-5.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
2
1
.
0
2
1
.
5
1Y12-C 1Y15-C
2Y12-D
2Y12-B 2Y12-E
2Y12-F 2Y12-A
200
100
-100
-200
-300

1
.
0
0
2
.
0
0
3
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
6
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
8
.
0
0
9
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
0
1
2
.
0
1
3
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1
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7
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0
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1
.
0
[M.T.L] Page 66

3 13.80 5.80 19.60 32.21
4 18.63 7.84 26.47 37.49
5 6.26 2.63 8.89 12.98
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------

8.4 FBM 103

Gk= 14.78 Kn/m, Qk = 0 Kn/m

Results;

1 2 3 4
6.960
SPAN1
Dead+
Own W
Live
14.76
2.230
SPAN2
7.780
SPAN3
SECTION 1
230
5
0
0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
-2.00

.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.0
1
0
.5
1
1
.0
1
1
.5
1
2
.0
1
2
.5
1
3
.0
1
3
.5
1
4
.0
1
4
.5
1
5
.0
1
5
.5
1
6
.0
1
6
.5
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
.5
0
0
1
.0
0
1
.5
0
2
.0
0
2
.5
0
3
.0
0
3
.5
0
4
.0
0
4
.5
0
5
.0
0
5
.5
0
6
.0
0
6
.5
0
7
.0
0
7
.5
0
8
.0
0
8
.5
0
9
.0
0
9
.5
0
1
0
.0
1
0
.5
1
1
.0
1
1
.5
1
2
.0
1
2
.5
1
3
.0
1
3
.5
1
4
.0
1
4
.5
1
5
.0
1
5
.5
1
6
.0
1
6
.5
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
-80.0
-100

.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
4
.
0
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4
.
5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.0
1
0
.5
1
1
.0
1
1
.5
1
2
.0
1
2
.5
1
3
.0
1
3
.5
1
4
.0
1
4
.5
1
5
.0
1
5
.5
1
6
.0
1
6
.5
[M.T.L] Page 67

Reinforcement diagram.
COLUMN REACTIONS
1 45.35 0.00 45.35 61.22
2 65.48 0.00 65.48 102.38
3 89.52 0.00 89.52 131.70
4 50.13 0.00 50.13 67.67
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Columns below
1 -10.70 -10.70 -5.35 -5.35
2 5.68 5.68 2.84 2.84
3 -6.40 -6.40 -3.20 -3.20
4 13.98 13.98 6.99 6.99
Columns above
1 -10.70 -10.70 -5.35 -5.35
SPAN1 - 6.960 SPAN2 - 2.230 SPAN3 - 7.780
2Y16-A
2Y16-B
2Y16-D
2Y16-E
2Y16-F
1Y16-G 1Y16-C
400
200
-200
-400
-600
-800

.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
[M.T.L] Page 68

2 5.68 5.68 2.84 2.84
3 -6.40 -6.40 -3.20 -3.20
4 13.98 13.98 6.99 6.99
--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

8.5 FBM 110

Gk= 53.17 Kn/m, Qk = 17.7 Kn/m. Point load =93.74Kn

Results;

1 2 3
3.670
SPAN1
Dead+
Own W
Live
55.93
17.70
93.74
5.330
SPAN2
SECTION 1
230
5
0
0
11.0
10.0
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00

.
2
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
6
0
0
.
8
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
2
0
1
.
4
0
1
.
6
0
1
.
8
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
2
0
2
.
4
0
2
.
6
0
2
.
8
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
2
0
3
.
4
0
3
.
6
0
3
.
8
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
2
0
4
.
4
0
4
.
6
0
4
.
8
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
2
0
5
.
4
0
5
.
6
0
5
.
8
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
2
0
6
.
4
0
6
.
6
0
6
.
8
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
2
0
7
.
4
0
7
.
6
0
7
.
8
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
2
0
8
.
4
0
8
.
6
0
8
.
8
0
9
.
0
0
SHEAR: X-X V max = -341.5kN @3.67m
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50.0
50.0
100
150
200
250
300
350

.
2
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
6
0
0
.
8
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
2
0
1
.
4
0
1
.
6
0
1
.
8
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
2
0
2
.
4
0
2
.
6
0
2
.
8
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
2
0
3
.
4
0
3
.
6
0
3
.
8
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
2
0
4
.
4
0
4
.
6
0
4
.
8
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
2
0
5
.
4
0
5
.
6
0
5
.
8
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
2
0
6
.
4
0
6
.
6
0
6
.
8
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
2
0
7
.
4
0
7
.
6
0
7
.
8
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
2
0
8
.
4
0
8
.
6
0
8
.
8
0
9
.
0
0
[M.T.L] Page 69

Reinforcement diagram.
COLUMN REACTIONS
1 95.38 20.55 115.93 173.50
2 381.08 99.00 480.08 662.96
3 120.66 39.75 160.41 225.82
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Columns below
1 -9.68 -5.08 -4.84 -2.54
2 -6.40 -0.09 -3.20 -0.05
3 15.16 23.10 7.58 11.55
200
150
100
50.0
-50.0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300

.
2
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
6
0
0
.
8
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
2
0
1
.
4
0
1
.
6
0
1
.
8
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
2
0
2
.
4
0
2
.
6
0
2
.
8
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
2
0
3
.
4
0
3
.
6
0
3
.
8
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
2
0
4
.
4
0
4
.
6
0
4
.
8
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
2
0
5
.
4
0
5
.
6
0
5
.
8
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
2
0
6
.
4
0
6
.
6
0
6
.
8
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
2
0
7
.
4
0
7
.
6
0
7
.
8
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
2
0
8
.
4
0
8
.
6
0
8
.
8
0
9
.
0
0
SPAN1 - 3.670 SPAN2 - 5.330
3Y16-B
3Y16-F
2Y16-C
9Y16-D
1Y16-C 6Y16-G
MAIN REINFORCEMENT As max = -2413mm2 @ 2.73m
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500

.
2
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
6
0
0
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8
0
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1
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0
0
1
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2
0
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.
4
0
1
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6
0
1
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8
0
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0
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2
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2
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2
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4
0
2
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6
0
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8
0
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0
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3
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2
0
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4
0
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0
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8
0
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4
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2
0
4
.
4
0
4
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6
0
4
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8
0
5
.
0
0
5
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2
0
5
.
4
0
5
.
6
0
5
.
8
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
2
0
6
.
4
0
6
.
6
0
6
.
8
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
2
0
7
.
4
0
7
.
6
0
7
.
8
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
2
0
8
.
4
0
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6
0
8
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8
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9
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0
0
[M.T.L] Page 70

Columns above
1 -9.68 -5.08 -4.84 -2.54
2 -6.40 -0.09 -3.20 -0.05
3 15.16 23.10 7.58 11.55
--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

8.6 FBM 114

Gk= 22.27 Kn/m, Qk = 6.4 Kn/m.

Results;

1 2 3 4 5 6
2.960
SPAN1
Dead+
Own W
Live
35.66
6.40
3.000
SPAN2
4.900
SPAN3
4.900
SPAN4
4.900
SPAN5
SECTION 1
230
5
0
0
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
-.500

.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
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0
0
3
.
5
0
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0
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4
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5
0
5
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0
0
5
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5
0
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0
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.
5
0
7
.
0
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7
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5
0
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0
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8
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5
0
9
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0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
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0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
[M.T.L] Page 71

-140
-120
-100
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100
120
140
160
180
.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
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5
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4
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0
0
4
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5
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5
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0
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7
.
5
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8
.
0
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8
.
5
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9
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0
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9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
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0
1
1
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5
1
2
.
0
1
2
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5
1
3
.
0
1
3
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5
1
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0
1
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5
1
5
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0
1
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1
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1
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5
1
7
.
0
1
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.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
100
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
-80.0
-100
-120
-140

.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
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5
0
4
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0
0
4
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5
0
5
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0
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5
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5
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6
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5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
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8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
SPAN1 - 2.960 SPAN2 - 3.000 SPAN3 - 4.900 SPAN4 - 4.900 SPAN5 - 4.900
2Y16-B
2Y16-C
1Y16-D
2Y16-E
2Y16-F
3Y16-H
2Y16-I
2Y16-A
MAIN REINFORCEMENT As max = -1005mm2 @ 15.8m
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
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0
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2
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5
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3
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0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
SPAN1 - 2.960 SPAN2 - 3.000 SPAN3 - 4.900 SPAN4 - 4.900 SPAN5 - 4.900
18-SA-150 18-SA-150 4-SA-100
23-SA-150
5-SA-100
7-SA-100
21-SA-150
5-SA-100
9-SA-100
23-SA-150
2-SA-150
[M.T.L] Page 72

Reinforcement diagrams.
COLUMN REACTIONS
1 43.78 7.86 51.64 72.67
2 106.08 19.04 125.12 185.40
3 146.57 26.31 172.88 250.57
4 174.99 31.41 206.39 295.92
5 194.66 34.94 229.59 322.45
6 70.62 12.67 83.29 116.69
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Columns below
Support Bending Moment (kNm) Shear Force (kN)
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.40 0.88 0.20 0.44
3 -1.76 -0.95 -0.88 -0.48
4 -0.03 1.30 -0.01 0.65
5 -2.03 -0.57 -1.01 -0.29
6 4.07 5.50 2.04 2.75
Columns above
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Asv max = 1.050mm/mm @ 16.8m
.200
.400
.600
.800
1.00

.
5
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
5
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
5
0
9
.
0
0
9
.
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
.
5
1
2
.
0
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
0
1
3
.
5
1
4
.
0
1
4
.
5
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
0
1
6
.
5
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
5
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
5
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
5
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
5
[M.T.L] Page 73

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.40 0.88 0.20 0.44
3 -1.76 -0.95 -0.88 -0.48
4 -0.03 1.30 -0.01 0.65
5 -2.03 -0.57 -1.01 -0.29
6 4.07 5.50 2.04 2.75
--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

[M.T.L] Page 74

9.0 CHECKS FOR ADDITIONAL SECOND FLOOR.
The structure was initially designed to carry an additional (second). Therefore this chapter is concerned
with checking the adequacy of the structural members that were provided in the first phase of
construction.
Note; the first and second floors are typical hence same loading onto the structural members columns and
foundations.
9.1 COLUMN CHECKS
9.1.1 Column C1
From analysis, Column C1 was found to be the critical (most loaded column).
table below;
Loading,
Gk Qk My Mx
1
st
floor slab & beams 433.75KN 108.42KN 6.4 Knm 10.27 Knm
2
nd
floor slab & beams * 433.75KN 108.42KN 6.4 Knm 10.27 Knm

* Future Additional (second) floor.
Assumptions:
(1) The general conditions of clause 3.8.1 are applicable.
(2) The section is symmetrically reinforced.
(3) The specified design axial loads include the self-weight of the column.
(4) The design axial loads are taken constant over the height of the column.
Design approach:
The column is designed using the following procedure:
[M.T.L] Page 75

(1) The column design charts are constructed.
(2) The design axis and design ultimate moment is determined.
(3) The steel required for the design axial force and moment is read from the relevant design chart.
(4) The area steel perpendicular to the design axis is read from the relevant design chart.
Rectangular column design for C1 by PROKON
Design code: BS8110 1997
i) At Ground level
Gk = 987.65KN Qk=228.18KN
General design parameters and loads:

h (mm)
b (mm)
d'x (mm)
d'y (mm)
Lo (m)
fcu (MPa)
fy (MPa)
400
230
40
40
3
25
450
Load
case
Description
Ultimate Limit State Design Loads
P (kN) Mx top (kNm) My top (kNm) Mx bot (kNm) My bot (kNm)
1 D+L 1747.77 6.4 10.24 0 0
Mxtop=6.4 kNm
Moments about X-X axis( kNm)
Initial Additional Design
Mx=35.0 kNm
Mxmin=35.0 kNm
+ =
Mytop=10.2 kNm
Moments about Y-Y axis( kNm)
My=20.1 kNm
Mymin=20.1 kNm
+ =
[M.T.L] Page 76

General design parameters:
Given: h = 400 mm, b = 230 mm, d'x = 40 mm, d'y = 40 mm, Lo = 3.000 m, fcu = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa
Therefore:
, , .
Check column slenderness:
End fixity and bracing for bending about the X-X axis:
At the top end: Condition 2 (partially fixed).
At the bottom end: Condition 3 (pinned).
The column is braced.
x = 0.95 Table 3.21
End fixity and bracing for bending about the Y-Y axis:
At the top end: Condition 2 (partially fixed).
At the bottom end: Condition 3 (pinned).
The column is braced.
y = 0.95Table 3.21
Effective column height:
,
Column slenderness about both axes:
, .
Check if the column is slender:
= Ac b h
.
= .23 .4
= 0.0920 m
= h' h d'x -
= .4 .04 -
= 0.3600 m
= b' b d'y -
= .23 .04 -
= 0.1900 m
= lex x Lo
.
= 1.3 3
= 3.900 m
= ley y Lo
.
= .8 3
= 2.400 m
=
x
lex
h
=
2.85
.4
= 7.125
=
y
ley
b
=
2.85
.23
= 12.391
[M.T.L] Page 77

lx = 7.125 < 15, ly = 12.391 < 15
Therefore, the column is short.
Design ultimate load and moment:
Design axial load: Pu = 1747.8 KN
Initial moments:
The initial end moments about the X-X axis:
M1 = Smaller initial end moment = 0.0 Knm
M2 = Larger initial end moment = 6.4 Knm
, . Mi 0.4M2 = 6.4 Knm
The initial end moments about the Y-Y axis:
M1 = Smaller initial end moment = 0.0 Knm
M2 = Larger initial end moment = 10.2 Knm
The initial moment near mid-height of the column:
3.8.3.2
, , Therefore Mi 0.4M2 = 10.2 Knm
Design ultimate load and moment:
Design axial load:
Pu = 1747.8 KN
Check for minimum eccentricity:
3.8.2.4
For bi-axial bending, it is only necessary to ensure that the eccentricity exceeds the minimum about one
axis at a time.
For the worst effect, apply the minimum eccentricity about the minor axis:
Therefore Mmin = 20.1 about the Y-Y axis.
Design of column section for ULS:

= Mi 0.4 M1 0.6 M2
. .
- +
= 0.4 0 0.6 6.4 - +
= 3.840 kNm
= Mi2 0.4 M2
.
= 0.4 6.4
= 2.560 kNm
= Mi 0.4 M1 0.6 M2
. .
- +
= 0.4 0 0.6 10.24 - +
= 6.144 kNm
= Mi2 0.4 M2
.
= 0.4 10.24
= 4.096 kNm
[M.T.L] Page 78

Through inspection:
The critical section lies at the top end of the column.
The column is bi-axially bent. The moments are added vectorially to obtain the design moment:
Mx/h = 97.1 < My/b = 105.8
The effective uniaxial design moment about the Y-Y axis:
, .
For bending about the design axis:

Minimum reinforcement required for bending about the Y-Y axis only: From the design chart,
Asc = 2589 mm = 2.81%
Summary of design calculations:

Ascrequired = 2690 mm = 2.92%
Provided 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mm)
Links,
Diameter > bar dai/4 =25/4=7mm & Spacing, S<minimum bar Dai X 12 = 16x 12 = 192mm
R8 bars @150 c/c AS PROVIDED
Conclusion; - Column section adequate to carry additional second floor
= 1
7
6
N
b h fcu
. .
.
-
= 1
7
6
174810
3
.23 .4 250010
4

-
= 0.1133
= M'y My
b dcy
h dcx
Mx
- ( )
-
.
.
+
= 20099
.3 .23 .04
.4 .04
34955
- ( )
-
+
= 25.6310
3
kNm
Column design chart (Y-Y)
M
o
m
e
n
t

m
a
x

=

1
9
1
.
3
k
N
m

@

4
8
3

k
N
-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200

1
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
7
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
1
0
0

1
1
0

1
2
0

1
3
0

1
4
0

1
5
0

1
6
0

1
7
0

1
8
0

1
9
0

2
0
0

2
1
0

A
x
i
a
l

l
o
a
d

(
k
N
)
Bending moment (kNm)
6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0%
Load case Axis N (kN) M1 (kNm) M2 (kNm) Mi (kNm) Madd (kNm) Design M (kNm) M' (kNm) Asc (mm)
1
X-X
Y-Y
1747.8
0.0
0.0
6.4
10.2
6.4
10.2
0.0
0.0
Y-Y
Top
35.0
20.1

25.6
2589 (2.81%)
2690 (2.92%)
[M.T.L] Page 79

CHECK USING CSC TEDDS
i) At Ground level
Gk = 987.65KN Qk=228.18KN
Column definition
2

2

Mxtop=6.4 kNm
Mx=35.0 kNm
Mxmin=35.0 kNm
+ =
Mytop=10.2 kNm
My=20.1 kNm
Mymin=20.1 kNm
+ =
[M.T.L] Page 80

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
BS8110:Table 3.19
2
/ 4 = 1473 mm
2

2

2

[M.T.L] Page 81

Design moments
h' = 349 mm; b' = 199 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.30
Design moment;
NOTE

2

2

2

2

2

2

[M.T.L] Page 82

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK

Reinforcement Summary;
Provided 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c
Conclusion; Column section adequate to carry additional second floor

ii) At First floor level
Gk = 547.3KN Qk=119.8KN
Column definition
2

2

[M.T.L] Page 83

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
Mxtop=6.4 kNm
Mxbot=6.4 kNm
Mx=19.2 kNm
Mxmin=19.2 kNm
+ =
Mytop=10.2 kNm
Mybot=10.2 kNm
My=12.0 kNm
Mymin=12.0 kNm
+ =
[M.T.L] Page 84

BS8110:Table 3.19
2
/ 4 = 603 mm
2

2

2

Design moments
h' = 354 mm; b' = 204 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.55
Design moment;
NOTE
[M.T.L] Page 85


2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK
Provided 8Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 1608.5 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c
Conclusion; Column section more than adequate to carry additional second floor
[M.T.L] Page 86

9.1.2 Column C2
Loading onto column from beams and slabs obtained from analysis of FBM 1110 as shown in the table
below;
Loading,
Gk Qk My Mx
1
st
floor slab & beams 381.08KN 99.0KN 0 Knm 6.4 Knm
2
nd
floor slab & beams* 381.08KN 99.0KN 0 Knm 6.4 Knm

* Additional suspended floor.
i) At Ground level
Gk = 495KN Qk=110.34KN
Column definition
2

2

[M.T.L] Page 87

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
BS8110:Table 3.19
2
/ 4 = 1473 mm
2

2

2

Design moments
h' = 199 mm; b' = 349 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.30
Design moment;
[M.T.L] Page 88

NOTE

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 89

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK
Provided 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mm) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c
Conclusion; Column section adequate to carry additional second floor

i) At First Floor level
Gk = 610.15KN Qk=81.22KN
Column definition
2

2

[M.T.L] Page 90

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
BS8110:Table 3.19
2
/ 4 = 603 mm
2

2

2

Design moments
h' = 204 mm; b' = 354 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.59
Design moment;
[M.T.L] Page 91

NOTE

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 92

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK
Conclusion; Column section more than adequate to carry additional second floor

9.1.3 Column C3
table below;
Loading,
Gk Qk My Mx
1
st
floor slab & beams 245KN 34.94KN 13.98 Knm 2.03 Knm
2
nd
floor slab & beams * 245KN 34.94KN 13.98 Knm 2.03 Knm

* Additional suspended floor.
i) At Ground level
Gk = 610.15KN Qk=81.22KN
[M.T.L] Page 93

Column definition
2

2

Column OK - h < 4b
BS8110:Table 3.19
BS8110:Table 3.19
400
30
Minor axis (y)
Major axis (x)
Links - 8 dia links in 1s @ 150 centres
Reinforcement (each face) -2No. 16 dia bar(s)
Characteristic concrete strength - 25.0 N/mm
2
[M.T.L] Page 94

2
/ 4 = 402 mm
2

2

2

Design moments
h' = 184 mm; b' = 354 mm
= 1 - 1.165 min(0.6, N/(bhfcu)) = 0.50
Design moment;
NOTE

2

2

[M.T.L] Page 95

2

2

2

2

2

1/2
/mm) (fcu ), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

Shear steel
Column steel
Link diameter OK
Link spacing OK
Conclusion;
Column section adequate to carry additional second floor

[M.T.L] Page 96

9.2 FOUNDATION CHECKS
Adequacy for F1 and F2 are done
9.2.1 Footing F1
Total column loading at Ground level , Gk = 987.65KN, Qk=228.18Kn
Design information;
2

2

Column 400x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm cover
16mm bars

Service load (Ns)
Wb = weight of base
Gk + Qk= 1215.83KN each column C1
Ns= 1337.4 each column C1
Total Ns= 2674.83 kN for both columns
2

= 2674.83 /250
= 10.7m
2
required
Provided combined footing of 4.5m x 2.5m. (11.3 m
2
)

[M.T.L] Page 97


Pad footing details
2

3

Column details Column A Column B
Column base length; lA = 250 mm; lB = 250 mm
Column base width; bA = 400 mm; bB = 400 mm
Column eccentricity in x; ePxA = -1115 mm; ePxB = 1115 mm
Column eccentricity in y; ePyA = 0 mm; ePyB = 0 mm
Soil details
3

2

Axial loading on columns Column A Column B
Dead axial load on column; PGA = 987.7 kN; PGB = 987.7 kN
Imposed axial load on column; PQA = 228.2 kN; PQB = 228.2 kN
Wind axial load on column; PWA = 0.0 kN; PWB = 0.0 kN
Total axial load on column; PA = 1215.8 kN; PB = 1215.8 kN
Foundation loads
2

2

2

2

Total base reaction; T = F + PA + PB = 2584.7 kN
[M.T.L] Page 98

Eccentricity of base reaction in x; eTx = (PAePxA + PBePxB + MxA + MxB + (HxA + HxB)h) / T =
0 mm
Eccentricity of base reaction in y; eTy = (PAePyA + PBePyB + MyA + MyB + (HyA + HyB)h) / T =
0 mm
229.748 kN/m
2

229.748 kN/m
2

229.748 kN/m
2

229.748 kN/m
2

2

2


Ultimate axial loading on columns
Ultimate axial load on column A; PuA = PGA fG + PQA fQ + PWA fW = 1747.8 kN
Ultimate axial load on column B; PuB = PGB fG + PQB fQ + PWB fW = 1747.8 kN
[M.T.L] Page 99

Ultimate horizontal loading on column A
Ultimate horizontal loading on column B
Ultimate horizontal load in x direction; HxuB = HGxB fG + HQxB fQ + HWxB fW = 0.0 kN
Ultimate horizontal load in y direction; HyuB = HGyB fG + HQyB fQ + HWyB fW = 0.0 kN
Ultimate moment on column A
Ultimate moment on column B
Ultimate moment on column in x direction; MxuB = MGxB fG + MQxB fQ + MWxB fW = 0.000 kNm
Ultimate moment on column in y direction; MyuB = MGyB fG + MQyB fQ + MWyB fW = 0.000 kNm
Ultimate base reaction; Tu = Fu + PuA + PuB = 3709.8 kN
Eccentricity of ultimate base reaction in x; eTxu = (PuAePxA+PuBePxB+MxuA+MxuB+(HxuA+HxuB)h)/Tu = 0
mm
Eccentricity of ultimate base reaction in y; eTyu = (PuAePyA+PuBePyB+MyuA+MyuB+(HyuA+HyuB)h)/Tu = 0
mm
kN/m
2

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

2

2

Left hand length; LL = L / 2 + min(ePxA, ePxB) = 1135 mm
Middle length; LM = max(ePxA, ePxB) - min(ePxA, ePxB) = 2230 mm
Right hand length; LR = L / 2 - max(ePxA, ePxB) = 1135 mm
Calculate shear forces in x direction
Shear at left hand column; SL = fuL LL + Cx LL
2
/ 2 - Fu LL / L = 881.667 kN
Shear at right hand column; SR = fuL (LL + LM) + Cx (LL + LM)
2
/ 2 - PuA - Fu (LL + LM)
/ L = 866.131 kN
[M.T.L] Page 100

2
/2+CxLL
3
/6-FuLL
2
/(2L) = 500.346 kNm
2
/2+CyLT
3
/6-FuLT
2
/(2B) = 1092.374 kNm
Material details
2

2

2

Depth of tension reinforcement; dx = h - cnom - yB - xB / 2 = 346 mm
Kx = Mx / (B dx
2
fcu) = 0.067
Kx = 0.156
2

2

2
/ 4 = 4624 mm
2

Depth of tension reinforcement; dy = h - cnom - yB / 2 = 362 mm
Ky = My / (L dy
2
fcu) = 0.074
Ky = 0.156
2

2

2
/ 4 = 10053 mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 101

Calculate ultimate shear force at d from left face of column A
Ultimate pressure for shear; qsu = (q2u + Cx (L / 2 + ePxA - lA / 2 - dx) / B + q1u) / 2
qsu = 329.760 kN/m
2

Area loaded for shear; As = B min((L / 2 + ePxA - lA / 2 - dx), 3 (L / 2 + eTx)) =
1.660 m
2

Shear stresses at d from left face of column A (cl 3.5.5.2)
2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

vc < vsu < (vc + 0.4) - Minimum links required
Shear reinforcement (cl 3.5.5.3)
Diameter of shear reinforcement; sv = 8 mm
Spacing perpendicular to column face; sv_perp = 150 mm
Spacing parallel to column face; sv_par = 150 mm
Area of shear links required; Asv_req = 0.4 N/mm
2
/ (0.87 fyv) = 1839 mm
2
/m
2

Area of shear links provided; Asv_prov = sv
2
/ (4 sv_perp sv_par) = 2234 mm
2
/m
2

PASS - Area of shear links provided exceeds area of shear links required
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at face of column A
bA/2)+(bA)/2]Cy/L
qpuA = 329.760 kN/m
2

2

Punching shear stresses at face of column A (cl 3.7.7.2)
2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

Calculate ultimate punching shear force at face of column B
Ultimate pressure for punching shear; qpuB = q1u+[(L/2+ePxB-lB/2)+(lB)/2]Cx/B-[(B/2+ePyB-
bB/2)+(bB)/2]Cy/L
qpuB = 329.760 kN/m
2

Area loaded for punching shear at column; ApB = (lB)(bB) = 0.100 m
2

Length of punching shear perimeter; upB = 2(lB)+2(bB) = 1300 mm
Ultimate shear force at shear perimeter; VpuB = PuB + (Fu / A - qpuB) ApB = 1716.726 kN
Effective shear force at shear perimeter; VpuBeff = VpuB = 1716.726 kN
[M.T.L] Page 102

Punching shear stresses at face of column B (cl 3.7.7.2)
Design shear stress; vpuB = VpuBeff / (upB d) = 3.730 N/mm
2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

Calculate ultimate punching shear force at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column A and B
Ultimate pressure for punching shear; qpuC1.5d = q1u+[L/2]Cx/B-[(B/2+(LB+LC/2-B/2)-
(LC+(bA+bB)/2)/2-1.5d)+((LC+(bA+bB)/2)+21.5d)/2]Cy/L
qpuC1.5d = 329.760 kN/m
2

Area loaded for punching shear at column; ApC1.5d = L((LC+(bA+bB)/2)+21.5d) = 6.579 m
2

Length of punching shear perimeter; upC1.5d = 2L = 9000 mm
Ultimate shear force at shear perimeter; VpuC1.5d = PuA + PuB + (Fu / A - qpuC1.5d) ApC1.5d = 1451.371
kN
Effective shear force at shear perimeter; VpuC1.5deff = VpuC1.5d 1.25 = 1814.214 kN
Punching shear stresses at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column A and B (cl 3.7.7.2)
Design shear stress; vpuC1.5d = VpuC1.5deff / (upC1.5d d) = 0.569 N/mm
2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

vc < vpuC1.5d < 2 vc - Shear reinforcement required
Punching shear reinforcement (cl 3.7.7.5)
Diameter of shear reinforcement; pv = 8 mm
Spacing perpendicular to column face; spv_perp = 150 mm
Spacing parallel to column face; spv_par = 150 mm
Area of shear links required; Apv_req = 0.4 N/mm
2
/ (0.87 fyv) = 1839 mm
2
/m
2

Area of shear links provided; Apv_prov = pv
2
/ (4 spv_perp spv_par) = 2234 mm
2
/m
2

PASS - Area of punching shear links provided exceeds area of punching shear links required

Reinforcement - AS PROVIDED

Conclusion;
Existing footing F1 adequate to carry additional second floor
[M.T.L] Page 103

9.2.2 Footing F2
Pad footing measuring 2.3m x2.3m takes on loading from column C2.At Ground level, the forces from the
column C2 are;
Total column loading at Ground level , Gk = 882.31KN, Qk=209.34Kn
Design information;
2

2

Column 500x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm cover
16mm bars
Service load (Ns)
Wb = weight of base
Gk + Qk= 1091.5KN
Ns= 1200.8kn
Total Ns= 1200.8kn
2

= 1200.8/250
= 4.8m
2
required - >2.29mx2.12m pad
Provided square pad footing of 2.3m x 2.3m. (5.29 m
2
)

[M.T.L] Page 104


Pad footing details
2

3

Column details
Soil details
3

2

Foundation loads
2

[M.T.L] Page 105

2

2

2

222.361 kN/m
2

222.361 kN/m
2

222.361 kN/m
2

222.361 kN/m
2

2

2


[M.T.L] Page 106

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

kN/m
2

2

2

2
/2+CxLL
3
/6-FuLL
2
/(2L) = 451.426 kNm
2
/2+CyLT
3
/6-FuLT
2
/(2B) = 451.426 kNm
[M.T.L] Page 107

Material details
2

2

2

Kx = Mx / (B dx
2
fcu) = 0.037
Kx = 0.156
2

2

2
/ 4 = 2413 mm
2

Ky = My / (L dy
2
fcu) = 0.039
Ky = 0.156
2

2

2
/ 4 = 2614 mm
2

qsu = 319.220 kN/m
2

m
2

2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[M.T.L] Page 108

bA/2)+(bA)/2]Cy/L
qpuA = 319.220 kN/m
2

2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2

[B/2]Cy/L
qpuA1.5d = 319.220 kN/m
2

2

2

2

2
(fcu / 1 N/mm
2
), 5 N/mm
2
) = 4.000
N/mm
2


Reinforcement- AS PROVIDED
Conclusion;
Existing footing F2 adequate to carry additional second floor
[M.T.L] Page 109

9.3 SYNOPSIS
In conclusion, the critical existing structural members i.e columns, and pad foundations for the existing
structure are adequate for the second( additional) floor as proposed in the submitted extension
architectural drawings.

...END...

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