Summary 1: Overview of Signals and Systems

A. Signals:

Unit impulse function: ( ) t
0, 0
( )
, 0
t
t
t

=

=

, ( ) 1 t dt

0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) t t f t dt f t

Unit step function: ( ) u t
1, 0
( )
0, 0
t
u t
t
>

=

<

0
( )
( ), ( ) ( )
t
du t
t d u t
dt

= =

Unit ramp function:
0
, 0
( ) ( ) ( )
0, 0
t
t t
r t tu t u d
t

>

= = =

<

Sinusoidal function:
0 0 0
( ) cos(2 ), x t A f t = +
0
A =Amplitude
0
f =Frequency (Hz)
0
1/ T f = =Period (sec)
0
=Phase angle (rad)
Signum function:
1, 0
sgn( ) 2 ( ) 1
1, 0
t
t u t
t
>

= =

<

Rectangle function:
1, / 2 / 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0, | | / 2
T t T
t T T
rect u t u t
T
t T
< <

= + =

>

Unit triangle function:
1 | |, 1 1
( )
0, | | 1
t t
tri t
t
< <

=

>

Unit sinc function:
sin( )
sin ( )
t
c t
t

=
Unit comb function: ( ) ( ),
n
comb t t n n

=
=

an integer



B. Properties of Systems:






Linearity: a system is said to be linear such that if
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x t y t
x t y t

then
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ax t bx t ay t by t + + ; a and b are arbitrary constants
The property
1 1
( ) ( ) ax t ay t is referred to as homogeneity, and
the property
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x t x t y t y t + + is referred to as additivity

Time Invariance: a system is said to be time-invariant such that if
( ) ( ) x t y t
then
0 0
( ) ( ) x t t y t t ;
0
t is an arbitrary time-shift

Causality: a system is said to be causal if the output signal does not
depend on the future values of the input signal. Non-causal systems are
not realizable. For causal systems, if
0
( ) 0, x t for t t = <
then
0
( ) 0, y t for t t = <

Memory: a system is said to be memory-less if at any moment of time
the output depends on the input at that moment. A resistive circuit is a
memory-less system, whereas a circuit with capacitors and/or inductors
has memory.

Invertibility: a system is said to be invertible if unique inputs produce
unique outputs; that is, different inputs do not produce the same output
and one input does not produce different outputs.

Stability: a system is said to be (bounded input-bounded output or
BIBO) stable if bounded inputs result in bounded outputs.




System Input, x(t) y(t), Output

C. Convolution
Definition:
1 2 1 2
( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) f t f t f f t d

, convolution of
1
( ) f t and
2
( ) f t
For linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, the output response is the
convolution of the input signal ( ) x t and the impulse response ( ) h t ,

0 0
( ) ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
y t x t h t h x t d h t x d = = =



Properties of Convolution:

-
1 2 2 1
( )* ( ) ( )* ( ) f t f t f t f t =
-
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( )*[ ( ) ( )] ( )* ( ) ( )* ( ) f t f t f t f t f t f t f t + = +
-
1 2 3 1 2 3
[ ( )* ( )]* ( ) ( )*[ ( )* ( )] f t f t f t f t f t f t =

If ( ) ( )* ( ) y t x t h t = , then
-
0 0 0
( ) ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) y t t x t h t t x t t h t = =
-
( ) ( ) ( )
* ( ) ( )*
dy t dx t dh t
h t x t
dt dt dt
= = , assuming the derivatives exist
- ( ) [ ( ) ]* ( ) ( )*[ ( ) ]
t t t
y d x d h t x t h d

= =


- ( )* ( ) ( ) x t t x t =
-
0 0
( )* ( ) ( ) x t t t x t t =

Steady-State Response of LTI Systems to sinusoidal inputs:






If
0 0 0
( ) cos(2 ) x t A f t = + ,
0 0 0 0 0
( ) | ( )|cos[2 ( )]
ss
y t A H f f t H f = + + , steady-state response

If the system is represented by an electric circuit, the system function H(f)
is obtained by solving the circuit in the frequency domain using the trans-
formations , , 1/ ; 2 R R L j L C j C f = .
H(f) x(t) y(t)