Paper iii:

VARIOUS SECURITY FORCES IN INDIA:

Law enforcement in India by numerous law enforcement agencies. The nature of the Constitution
of India mandates law and order as a subject of the state, therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the
respective states and territories of India.
At the federal level, the many agencies are part of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, and
support the states in their duties. Larger cities also operate metropolitan police forces, under respective
state governments. All senior police officers in the state police forces, as well as those in the federal
agencies, are members of the Indian Police Service (IPS) and Indian Revenue Service (IRS), one of the
civil services.
The central agencies are controlled by the central Government of India. The majority of federal
law enforcement agencies are controlled by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The head of each of the
federal law enforcement agencies is always an Indian Police Service (IPS). The constitution assigns
responsibility for maintaining law and order to the states and territories, and almost all routine
policingincluding apprehension of criminalsis carried out by state-level police forces. The constitution
also permits the central government to participate in police operations and organisation by authorising the
creation of Indian Police Service.
Central police forces can assist the state's police force, but only if so requested by the state
governments. In practice, the central government has largely observed these limits. During the
Emergency of 1975-77, the constitution was amended (1976) to permit the central government to
dispatch and deploy its Central Armed Police forces without regard to the wishes of the states. This
action proved unpopular, and the use of the Central Police Forces was controversial. After the Emergency
was lifted, the constitution was amended in December 1978 to make deployment of central Police forces
once again dependent on the consent of the state government.
Ministry of Home Affairs:
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), which supervises a large number of government functions and
agencies operated and administered by the central government.
The ministry is concerned with all matters pertaining to the maintenance of public peace and
order.
The staffing and administration of the public services.
The delineation of internal boundaries, and the administration of union territories.
In addition to managing the Indian Police Service, the Ministry of Home Affairs maintains several
agencies and organisations dealing with police and security.
Police in the union territories comes directly under MHA.
The Central Bureau of Investigation investigates crimes that might involve public officials or have
ramifications for several states.
i)Central Armed Police Forces:
a) Border Security Force (Central Armed Police Force):
The Indian Border Security Force (BSF) is responsible for guarding India's land borders during
peacetime and preventing trans-border crimes. It is a central police force operating under the Union
Ministry of Home Affairs. The BSF's policing capabilities were used in the Indo-Pakistani War of
1971 against the Pakistani Armed Forces in areas where the Indian Armed Forces was thinly spread; BSF
troops took part in the Battle of Longewala. BSF is one of the Indian Police Force have his own Air Wing,
Water Wing and also provides Choppers, Dogs and others useful service to all State Police. Although
originally charged with guarding India's external boundaries, the BSF has more recently been given
the task of aiding the Indian Army in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.
e.g) When the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989, the Jammu and Kashmir state
police and the thinly-deployed Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) struggled to cope with the spiraling
violence, and the Indian government deployed the BSF to Jammu and Kashmir to combat Islamic militants.
b) Central Industrial Security Force:
The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is used to guard industrial installations around the
country owned by the Central government as well as securing seaports and airports. CISF also provides
security to certain NGOs, like Infosys.
CISF is the largest industrial security force in the world. Industrial sectors like atomic power
plants, space instalations, defence production units such as the Indian Ordnance Factories, DRDO,
mints, oil fields and refineries, major ports, heavy engineering, steel plants, barrages, fertilliser units,
airports and hydroelectric/thermal power plants, and currency note presses producing Indian currency are
protected by CISF.
CISF also provides consultancy services to private industries as well as other organisation within
the Indian government.
The CISF (Amendment) Bill, 2008.which also provides for deployment of CISF to protect Indian
missions abroad and its participation in the UN peacekeeping operations.CISF started providing
security to the Infosys Bangalore campus in July 31, 2009. The Jaipur Airport was the first airport
that came under the CISF's control on 3 February 2000.


c) Central Reserve Police Force:
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is one of the largest Central Police organisations in the
world.Its main objective is to assist and help state and union territories' law enforcement agencies in
maintaining law and order and to contain insurgency.
It is also deployed as anti-terrorist unit in various regions. It is even operating abroad as part
of United Nations peacekeeping missions. It is performing a variety of duties ranging from VIP security to
election duties, from guarding of vital installations to the counter-naxal operations.
d) Indo-Tibetan Border Police:
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is responsible for security along the Indo-Tibetan Border, covering
2115 km. The ITBP is trained in mountaineering, disaster management.ITBP has also very small Force with
strength of 90,000 personals. ITBP has facing arms and vehicles.
e) National Security Guards:
The National Security Guards (NSG) is a commando unit originally created for counter-terrorism
and hostage rescue missions. It is popularly known as the "Black Cats" for the uniform worn by its
operators. Like most military and elite security units in India, it is media-shy and the general Indian public is
largely unaware of its capabilities and operational details.
The NSG draws its members from the Indian Army and various central police units. It is India's
premier counter-terror outfit and is typically deployed in situations that would be beyond the capabilities of
regular police units. An NSG team with a dedicated transport aircraft is always stationed at Palam airport in
New Delhi, ready to deploy in 30 minutes. The NSG has also been increasingly tasked with protection
of VIPs. This role has expanded in recent years, as several politicians have come to view NSG protection
as a status symbol. This has caused some concern among senior NSG officers and Home Ministry officials.
f) Railway Protection Force:
The Railway Protection Force (RPF) is responsible for law enforcement on Indian Railways. They maintain
discipline on platforms as well as travel inside trains to keep passengers secure. Railway accidents are
also handled by them.
g) Special Protection Group
The Special Protection Group (SPG) is the executive protection agency of the Government of India. It
is responsible for the protection of the Prime Minister of India, other top officials, and their immediate
families. The force was established in 1985 after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. It provides the security
24 by 7 all over India to Prime Minister and his Family Members at any location across India. After
retirement, the protection & security is provided for the next 10 ( Ten ) years. Afterwards, it is the
responsibility of the respective State Government in which the Prime Minister is residing.
h) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
The Sashastra Seema Bal, formed in 1963 is a Central Armed Police Force deployed on the borders along
with Nepal and Bhutan. SSB is very small central Armed Police force has 82,000 personnal. SSB has no
theirs own proper vehicle and arms.SSB gives their duty on mountains and pahadi terrains.
ii) Central investigation and intelligence institutions:
a) Central Bureau of Investigations
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigative agency, responsible
for a wide variety of criminal and national security matters. It was established on 1 April 1963 and
evolved from the Special Police Establishment founded in 1941.
The Central Bureau of Investigation is controlled by the Department of Personnel and Training in
the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension of the Union Government usually headed by
a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister.
It is Indias official interpol unit. The CBI draws its officers from the
best IPS officers around the country. It is responsible for investigation into various crimes and national
security. The agency specializes in investigating crimes involving high ranking government officials
and politicians.
b) Indian Income-tax Department
The Indian Income-tax Department is India's premier financial agency, responsible for a wide variety
of financial and fiscal matters.
The Tax department is controlled by the Ministry of Finance of the Union Government headed by
a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister.The CBDT is a part of Department of Revenue in
the Ministry of Finance. On one hand, CBDT provides essential inputs for policy and planning of direct
taxes in India,at the same time it is also responsible for administration of direct tax laws through the Income
Tax Department..
c) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence:
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is an intelligence-based organisation responsible for the co-
ordination of India's anti-smuggling efforts. Officers in this organisation are drawn from Indian Revenue
Service(I.R.S.).
d) National Investigation Agency:
National Investigation Agency (NIA) is the central agency to combat terror in India. The agency is
empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the
states.
The NIA was created in response to the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks as need for a central
agency to combat terrorism was found. It also deals with drug trafficking and currency counterfeiting. It
draws its officers from IRS and IPS.
e) Narcotics Control Bureau:
The NCB is responsible for anti-narcotic operations all over the country. It checks the spread of
contraband as well as the cultivation of drugs. The officers in this organisation are drawn from IPS.
f) Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D):
The objective of the Government of India for the modernization of Police Forces. It is involved in a
research, relating to problems confronting the Indian police, the training of different ranks of Police in India,
and the introduction of technology at both federal and state levels.
g) National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
The National Police Commission recommended the creation of a "Nodal Agency" which suggested the
maintenance of criminal records at all the police stations in the country and to create shareable
databases at police stations and districts and at state and federal Level.On this recommendation
NCRB was created in 1986 .
iii) Central forensic institutions:
a) Central Forensic Science Laboratory:
The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) is a wing of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, which
fulfills the forensic requirements in the country. It houses the only DNA repository in South and Southeast
Asia.There are seven central forensic laboratories in India.The laboratory in New Delhi is under the control
of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and investigates cases on its behalf.
b) National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences (NICFSC):
The National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (formerly the "Institute of Criminology and
Forensic Science") to look into the applied aspects of education, training and research in the fields of
Criminology and Forensic Science to commensurate with the growing needs of the country in general
and the Criminal Justice System in India in particular.


iv) State police :
Each state and union territory of India has a state police force, headed by the Commissioner of Police
(State) or Director General of Police (DGP). Each state is controlled by the Chief Minister and Home
Minister. The state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the
rural areas.
States such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have taken steps to get their police force trained
by advanced police training schools notably the Scotland Yard, Atlanta City Police of the USA and the
World Police Academy of Canada.
The Tamil Nadu state police is at the forefront of advancement with the Tamil Nadu Police Academy
which now is seeking university status. Kerala Police is also the first police force in South Asia, to adopt
community policing for effective and pro-public friendly initiatives and action.
Metropolitan police
In addition to the state police, major Indian cities have their own police forces which follow the Police
Commissionerate System. The Chief of Metropolitan Police is the Police Commissioner. Reporting to the
Police Commissioner are the Joint Police Commissioner,Deputy Commissioner of Police and Assistant
Commissioner of Police.
The majority of metropolitan police forces are subordinate to the state government. The exception are
the Delhi Police, which as part of the Union Territory Cadre are directly under the federal Ministry of Home
Affairs . All other metropolitan forces report to their respective state governments.
Traffic Police:
Highway Police and Traffic Police in the small towns come under the state police, but Traffic Police in the
cities come under the metropolitan police. The Traffic Police are responsible for maintaining the smooth
flow of traffic and stopping offenders in the city or town, whilst the Highway Police are responsible for
securing the highways and for catching speeding offenders.
State Armed Police Forces:
The State Armed Police Forces are organisations which provide the state with policing in particularly violent
or serious situations. Such forces are often involved with combating banditry and Naxalites. Like
the Central Armed Police Forces, they are sometimes known unofficially as "paramilitary forces". Each
state police force maintains its own State Armed Police Force (known by names such as Provincial Armed
Constabulary (PAC), Special Armed Police, etc.) which is responsible for emergencies and crowd control
issues.
udhayakumar b