Experiment Number: 02

Name of the Experiment:

Standardization of Commercial Hydrochloric
Acid solution with standard Sodium Hydroxide
solution



Course: CHEM-114



Name:
Roll:
Group:
Partners Roll:
Department: CSE




Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
.








Objective:
The main theme of this experiment is to determine the
strength of Commercial Hydrochloric acid with a standard
Sodium Hydroxide solution . As Sodium Hydroxide is itself a
secondary standard substance, so it is standardized by the
standard Oxalic-acid solution.

Theory:
In this experiment we shall determine the strength of
commercial Hydrochloric Acid solution by a secondary standard
solution of NaOH. This is done by means of Titration. The
important matters that are related with the experiment are stated
below:

Titration:
In presence of a suitable indicator, the volumetric analysis in
which a standard solution is added in another solution (whose
strength is not known) to reach its end point to determine the
strength of that solution is called titration.

Standard Solution:
A solution of known concentration is called a standard
solution.

Secondary Standard Solution:
A Secondary Standard is a substance which may be used
for standardizations, and whose content of active substance has
been found by comparison against a primary standard. On the
other hand primary standard is a compound of sufficient purity
from which a standard solution can be prepared by direct
weighing of a quantity if it, followed by dilution to give a defined
volume of solution.

Indicator:
In our acid-base titration there is an important use of
indicator. An indicator is a chemical substance that detects the
equivalent point (i.e. the end point) of reaction by changing its
color. Indicators have different structures in acidic and in basic
solution.

Equivalent Point:
The equivalent point is the point in a titration when a
stoichiometric amount of reactant has been added.


Normality:
The number of gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter
of solution is called normality.
Normality (N) = gm equivalent of solute /liters per
solution.

It is known to us that both alkalimetry and acidimetry are
based on neutralization reaction.

Acid produces H
+
and alkali produces OH
-
ions (Hydrogen
and Hydroxyl ion respectively) and when they come in contact
with each other, they create H
2
O (water) by combining with one
another.

H
+
+ OH
-
= H
2
O

It is the basic concept of neutralization and by using this idea
a certain volume of standard solution is allowed to react with a
known volume of another solution until neutral point is achieved.
Some chemical reagents called indicators are used to determine
the neutral point.

If an acid-base reaction is such like that,

a ACID + b BASE = PRODUCT

then we know that

V
base
X S
base
= V
acid
X S
acid

so, S
acid
= ( V
base
X S
base
) / V
acid


here V represents the volume and S represents the strength of
the substance.

As NaOH is a secondary substance it will be first
standardized using primary standard substance Oxalic-acid.


Reaction:
Neutralization reaction between NaOH and Oxalic-acid is

2NaOH + HOOC- COOH > NaOOC- COONa +
2H
2
O

In order to determine the equivalent point in this reaction
Phenolphthalein is used. As the salt that forms due to the
neutralization reaction, produces more OH

, so the solution
becomes a basic one and thus it has a pH range above 7. We know
that the working environment needed for phenolphthalein is
basic; thus phenolphthalein becomes the perfect indicator for
determining the end point of this reaction.
The reaction between NaOH (alkali) and HCl (acid) is,

NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H
2
O


As both the acid and the base are strong in this reaction, we
can use any indicator. But since NaOH is a secondary standard
substance, a basic indicator can be used so that it reduces the
reaction of NaOH with the other substances of the environment.
With this end in view, Methyl Orange (pH range 2.9-4.6) is used as
indicator.


Name of the
Indicator

pH Range
Colour in
Alkaline
solution
Colour in
Acid solution
Phenolphthalein 8.3 - 10.0 Pink Colourless
Methyl Orange 2.9 4.6 Yellow Pink



Apparatus:
1. Conical flask
2. Burette
3. Pipette
4. Volumetric flask
5. Stand
6. Funnel


Indicator:
1) Phenolphthalein
2) Methyl Orange (as instructed)

Chemical Reagents:
1) Standardized NaOH solution
2) HCl solution
3) Distilled water
4) Oxalic Acid
5) Experimental Data:

Standardization of NaOH solution with standard Oxalic Acid
solution


Number
of
Obser-
-vation

Volum
e of
NaOH
in
ml
Burette reading
in ml

Volume
of
Acid
in
ml


Average
Reading
in
ml


Strength
Of
NaOH
N


Initial
Reading



Final
Reading

01 10 10 20.4 10.4
10.5

0.105 02 10 20.4 30.9 10.5
03 10 30.9 41.5 10.6


Standardization of HCl solution with standard NaOH solution


Number
of
Obser-
-vation

Volume
of
NaOH
in
ml
Burette reading
in ml

Volume
of
Acid
in
ml


Average
Reading
in
ml


Strength
Of
HCl
N



Initial
Reading



Final
Reading

01 10 14.6 24.5 9.9
9.8

5.1 02 10 24.5 34.5 10.0
03 10 34.5 44.3 9.8


Calculation: -

We know that, V
acid
X S
acid
= V
base
X S
base


Determination of the normality of NaOH :--
Here,
V
acid
= 10.5 ml
S
acid
= 0.1 N
V
base
= 10 ml
S
base
= ?
So, S
base
= ( 10.5 X 0.1) /10 N
= 0.105 N


Determination of normality of HCl :
Here,
V
acid
= 9.8 ml
S
acid
= ?
V
base
= 10 ml
S
base
= 0.105 N
So, S
HCl (dilute)
= ( 0.105 X 10 ) / 9.8
= 0.10714 N


we also know, V
concentrated
X S
concentrated
= V
dilute
X S
dilute
,

Here,
V
HCl(concentrated)
= 2.1 ml
S
HCl(concentrated)
= ?
V
HCl(dilute)
= 100 ml
S
HCl(dilute)
= 0.10714 N
so, S
HCl(concentrated)
= ( 100 X 0.10714 ) / 2.1
= 5.102 N

Result:
The strength of HCl
(dilute)
is found: 0.10714 N
The strength of the supplied HCl
(concentrated)
is: 5.102 N


Percentage of error:
Percentage of error
= (known value observed value) X 100 known value
= ( 5.3 - 5.102 ) X 100 / 5.3
= 3.735%
so, Percentage of error = 3.735%


Discussion:
The following causes can be assumed for the possible cause of
error :
1) It was told to take 2.2 ml of HCl from the burette. But
the exact amount was not taken. Near about 2.1 ml of
HCl was taken. This can be the cause for which the
error has occurred.
2) During volumetric analysis extra one or two drops of
Oxalic Acid may have dropped into the NaOH solution.
This can also be one of the reasons of the error.
If these causes could be avoided we could have get a perfect
result of the concentration of Commercial Hydrochloric Acid.