Pak Studies Lec-41,42

REVIEW

Pak India Relation

KASHMEER ISSUE

1. Before division, In India there were 600 states. Defense, Foreign Affairs, Communication was under the
Federal government while States had their own currency which is valid only within the state and as well as
all other issues will be handled by the state.
2. Among Indian states, Hyderabad and Kashmir were the most important and dominant states. In these,
Kashmir had Muslims in majority, while on the other hand Hyderabad had Hindus in majority but there
their ruler are in opposite religion, in Hyderabad, the ruler was Muslim while in Kashmir there is Hindu
ruler.
3. Kashmir is a very beautiful valley lies in the feet of Karakoram and Himalayas. Historically the valley always
remained a part from India. But it remained always away from the rulers of India. It was ruled by its own
rulers called Sultans.
4. Islam was introduced in Kashmir in 13th century by Syed Ali Hamdani, on a large scale and a large portion
of Kashmir’s embraced due to his preaching. The impact of Iranian Civilization on Kashmiri Civilization is so
effective that at one time Kashmir was called as Iran-e-Kochak (Small Iran).
5. In 16th century during the reign of Akbar, that Kashmir came under the rule of Indian ruler for the first
time in the known history. During the period of Mughals architecture flourished very much in Kashmir.
6. During the rule of British, Sub-continent was divided into three parts:
o British India consists of 11 provinces. In these provinces the British were direct rulers
and they control all the matters of the state.
o The rulers of the states who helped British during their invasions were allowed to rule
their states independently. These states were independent in all of their matters except
communication, defense and Foreign Affairs. These three matters were controlled by the
Central government.
o The third type were federally Administrated tribal areas, FATA in north of Pakistan and
NEFA in the north of India.
7. Sikhs were the rulers of Punjab, NWFP and Kashmir when British invaded Kashmir.
8. It was a common practice of British that the area conquered by them was included in their area of
Government. In 1846 Hindus occupy the Kashmir. Previously when ever Hindus occupy any area they made
it to the part of the British government or include it in to the Punjab. But this time, they sold the Kashmir in
7.5 million Indian rupees to Glab Sing the ruler of Jammu.
9. Hindu Raja exploited the Kashmir’s very much. Heavy taxes were imposed on the Kashmir’s and the
Kashmir’s lost their self respect. A point was reached when Kashmir’s has to pay tax even they travel from
one place to another.
10. The Kashmir’s born all these exploitations of the Hindu raja. Many of them migrated to the areas of
Rawalpindi, Gujrat, Lahore and other areas of Punjab. Kashmir’s were called as cowards in those days, it
was right up to some extent.
11. In 1930, a problem come due to Azan and a number of peoples were killed. This created the feelings of self
respect and took Kashmir’s in opposition of Maharaja.
12. They also formed a political party known as National Conference headed by Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhry
Ghulam Abbas. Gradually sheikh Abdullah joined hands with Congress while Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
became the supporter of Muslim League.
13. According to 3rd June Plan, the princely states were bound to join either Pakistan or India. The annexation
should follow following principles.
o The ruler should take into consideration the majority of population of his state. They
should join India if population is Hindu or vice versa.
o Secondly also there should be geographic border with the country the state is going to
join.
14. In case of Hyderabad Deccan the ruler was Muslim but the majority population was Hindu. In case of
Kashmir the situation was opposite.
15. By rules the Maharaja should announced the annexation with Pakistan but he deliberately delayed it. He
went into Stand Still Agreement with Pakistan till the further decision. The Maharaja did not want to join
Pakistan so he contacted the Congress Leadership.
16. In the mean time the 3rd June was altered even after its acceptance from the British Parliament. It was
done on the request of Nehru who was Mount Batten’s personal Guest in Shimla in those days.
17. Batten showed him the plan and asked him for suggestions, and then Nehru asked for land route to
Kashmir. The Tehsils of Zeera and PathanKot were given to India, in order to give them a land route to
Kashmir. The India was interested in Kashmir because they wanted to surround Pakistan from three sides
so that they can easily dictate Pakistan according to their wishes.
18. In that period the Muslims of Jammu were massacred by the Hindu extremists through a conspiracy. In
October 1947, the Muslims of Jammu were asked to collect so that they can be escorted to Pakistan in the
presence of state army. But in the way those innocent Muslims were massacred by the army of maharaja
and volunteers of RSS. This made the Muslims of Kashmir and Pakistan very angry.
19. A movement was started against the ruler from Poonch and soon the Mujahedeen from FATA also joined
hands with them. The movement spread so much that Maharaja left Kashmir and went to Jammu. By rule
he should have asked Pakistani Govt to help him against the rebels. But instead he requested the Indian
Government to help him suppressing the rabble.
20. The Indian Govt said they will help him with a condition that he will announce to join India instead of
Pakistan. So, Maharaja signed a disputed pact through which he announced to join with India.
21. Indian Govt entered its troops into Kashmir. Quaid-e-Azam asked general Graccy to let Pakistan army enter
Kashmir; he first refused but then ordered them to enter. Soon Indian Govt found that they cannot stop
Pakistan from capturing Kashmir so they went to UNO Security Council. There are 2 clauses in the charter
of Security Council:
o If one country attacks another country’s territory, then army of that country should be
moved back and areas to be returned back to the affected country.
o If the area is disputed than a cease fire is announced and UNO should find a solution of
the problem.
22. India went to UNO under the Clause 1and requested Security Council to ask Pakistan to leave its occupied
territories. Security Council accepted India’s request but under the 2nd Clause. A resolution was passed
stating that
o Cease Fire was announced and Cease Fire Line was demarcated and UN observers were
appointed.
o Both countries were asked to withdraw their armies form the area.
 o UN will hold referendum in the Kashmir so that Kashmiris can decide their future by
themselves (Right of Self Determination).
23. India accepted the first clause but refused to withdraw its army from Kashmir. India also refused to hold
referendum in Kashmir and thus deprived Kashmir’s from their right of Self Determination. Uno sent many
missions one after the other to solve the issue but due to unsuitable attitude of Indian Govt, no was
succeeded in finding any solution.
24. The most important of all these missions were Oven Dickson Mission. He after collaboration with the
leadership of both the countries he gave the following solution to the issue of Kashmir.
o He said that the problem of Kashmir is very complex and cannot be solved in the present
state.
o He therefore argues that Kashmir to be divided on the basis of population.
o The Muslim majority areas like Poonch, Kashmir to be given to Pakistan while Hindu
majority areas like Laddakh, Jammu to be given to India.
25. 1951, Muhammad Ali Bogra became the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He negotiated personally with the
Indian officials and it seemed at a time that the issue will be resolved very soon.
26. But in the mean time Pakistan signed defense treaties CETO and CENTO with America. India refused to
dialogue by making these pacts as base.
27. In 1952, an amendment was made in the Indian constitution and Kashmir was declared as part of India and
elections were held in Kashmir.
28. Stand Still Agreement: According to this each state keep on working after division with the previous one
condition and rules with the new country.
29. ……………..