Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 1

Chapter 9 Buckling of Columns

9.0 INTRODUCTION TO BCUKLING (SI&4
th
:649-652)
In discussing the analysis and design of various structures in the previous chapters, we had
two primary concerns: (1) the strength of the structure, i.e. its ability to support a specified
load without experiencing excessive stresses; (2) the ability of the structure to support a
specified load without undergoing unacceptable deformations. In this chapter, we shall be
concerned with stability of the structure, i.e. with its ability to support a given load without
experiencing a sudden change in its configuration. Our discussion will relate mainly to
column, i.e. to the analysis and design of vertical prismatic members supporting axial loads.

If a beam element is under a compressive load and its length if the orders of magnitude are
larger than either of its other dimensions such a beam is called a columns. Due to its size its
axial displacement is going to be very small compared to its lateral deflection called buckling.
Quite often the buckling of column can lead to sudden and dramatic failure. And as a result,
special attention must be given to design of column so that they can safely support the loads.

In looking at columns under this type of loading we are only going to look at three different
types of supports: pin-ended, doubly built-in and cantilever.


9.1 SLENDER PIN-ENDED COLUMN (SI 649-657; 4
th
:652-657; 3
rd
Ed p.653-
661)
Due to imperfections no column is really straight. At some critical compressive load it will
buckle. To determine the maximum compressive load (Buckling Load) we assume that
buckling has occurred as shown in Fig. 9.1,
x
y,v
P P
L

Fig. 9.1 Deflection column due to applied compressive load P

Look closely at the FBD of the left hand end of the beam as in Fig. 9.2:
y,v
P
x
v
P
V(x)
M(x)

Fig. 9.2 FBD of section of length x of deflected column

Equating moments at the cut end:
( ) 0 0 = + = =

x M Pv M ( ) Pv x M = (9.1)
But since the deflection of a beam is related with its bending moment distribution, then:
Pv
dx
v d
EI =
2
2
(9.2)
which simplifies to: 0
2
2
=

+ v
EI
P
dx
v d
(9.3)
where P/EI is a constant. This expression is in the form of a second order differential
equation of the following type:
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 2

0
2
2
2
= + v
dx
v d
(9.4)
where:
EI
P
=
2
(9.5)
The solution of this equation is:
( ) ( ) x sin B x cos A v + = (9.6)
where A and B are constants, which can be determined using the columns kinematic
boundary conditions.

Kinematic Boundary Conditions
at x = 0, v = 0: 0 = A + 0, giving that A = 0
at x = L , v = 0, then: ( ) L sin B = 0
If B = 0, No bending moment exists, so the only logical solution is for: ( ) 0 = L sin and the
only way that this can happen is if :
= n L , (9.7)
where L , , , n 3 2 1 = . But since:
2
2

= =
L
n
EI
P
(9.8)
then we get that buckling load as:
2
2
2
L
EI
n P

= (9.9)
The values of 'n' define the buckling mode shapes, as in Fig. 9.3:

First mode of buckling
Second mode of buckling
Third mode of buckling
2
2
1
L
EI
P

=
2
2
2
4
L
EI
P

=
2
2
3
9
L
EI
P

=
P
1
P
1
P
2
P
2
P
3
P
3


Fig. 9.3 First three modes of buckling loads

Critical Buckling Load
However, since P
1
< P
2
< P
3
, the column buckles at P
1
and never gets to

P
2
or P
3
unless
bracing is placed at the points where v = 0 to prevent buckling at lower loads.
The critical load for a pin ended column is therefore:
E Crit
P
L
EI
P =

=
2
2
(9.10)
which is also called Euler Buckling Load,
P
Crit
Critical or maximum axial load on the column just before it begins to buckle
E Youngs modulus of elasticity
I least second moment of area for the columns cross sectional area
L unsupported length of the column, whose ends are pinned
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 3



9.2 BUILT-IN COLUMN (SI&4
th
: 658-668; 3
rd
Ed p.662-672)
The critical load for other columns can be expressed in terms of the critical buckling load for
a pin- ended column P
E
. A built-in column looks like Fig. 9.4:

A
L
L/4 L/2 L/4
L
E
B P P
P P
Zero Bending Moment


Fig. 9.4 Built-in column at both ends showing the effective pin-ended length

From symmetry conditions, at the points of inflection
( ) x M
dx
v d
= = 0
2
2

which occurs at 1/4L points. Thus the middle half of the column can be taken out and treated
as a pin-ended column of length L
E
= L/2 as shown in Fig. 9.4. The critical load for this half
length is then :
E
E
Crit
P
L
EI
L
EI
P 4
4
2
2
2
2
=

= (9.11)


9.3 CANTILEVER COLUMN

A
L=L
E
/2
B
P
P
L
E


Fig. 9.5 Cantilever column and its effective length

This is similar to previous case. However, this span is equivalent to 1/2 of the Euler span L
E
,
as illustrated in Fig. 9.5, thus:
4
4
2
2
2
2
E
E
Crit
P
L
EI
L
EI
P =

= (9.12)

Note: Since P
Crit
is proportional to I, the column will buckle in the direction corresponding to
the minimum value of I, as shown in Fig. 9.6:
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 4

x
y
z
y
z
I
y
> I
z
Cross-section
P
P
Buckling Direction
A
b
h

Fig. 9.6 Column cross section showing the direction of buckling (here:
12 12
3 3
hb
I
bh
I
y z
= < = )

9.4 CRITICAL COLUMN STRESS
A column can either fail due to the material yielding, or because the column buckles, it is of
interest to the engineer to determine when this point of transition occurs.
Consider the Euler buckling equation 9.10
2
2
L
EI
P
E

=
Because of the large deflection caused by buckling, the least second moment of area term I
can be expressed as follows:
2
Ar I = (9.13)
where: A is the cross sectional area and r is called radius of gyration of the cross sectional
area, i.e. A / I r = . Note that the smallest radius of gyration of the column, i.e. the least
second moment of area I should be taken in order to find the critical stress.
Dividing the buckling equation by A, gives:
( )
2
2
r / L
E
A
P
E
E

= = (9.14)
where:
E
is the compressive stress in the column and must not exceed the yield stress
Y
of the
material, i.e.
E
<
Y
, L / r is called the slenderness ratio, it is a measure of the column's flexibility.
If this equation is plotted for steel it gives:
L/r

x
240MPa
89
( )
2
2
r / L
E
Crit

=

Y

Fig. 9.7 Critical stress vs slenderness ratio for steel

For a column not to fail by either yielding or buckling, its stress must remain underneath this
diagram in Fig. 9.7.

Example 9.1 A 2m long pin ended column of square cross section. Assuming E=12.5GPa,

allow
=12MPa for compression parallel to the grain, and using a factor of safety of 2.5 in
computing Eulers critical load for buckling, determining the size of the cross section if the
column is to safely support (a) a P = 100kN load and (b) a P = 200kN load.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 5

P
P
A
B
I
z
y
a
a
Section a-a
s
s

Part (a)
Second moment of area
12 12
1
4
3
s
ss I I
y z
= = =
Buckling criterion
Using given Factor of Safety FS=2.5

=
allow
fail
F
F
FS , we make the required critical load as
N kN . P FS P
Crit
3
10 250 100 5 2 = =
Based on Eulers formula, Eq. (9.10), we have
N
L
EI
P
Crit
3
2
2
10 250

=
E
L
I
2
2 3
10 250

or: mm . m .
. E
L
s
B
3 99 0993 0 12
10 5 12
2 10 250
12
10 250
4
9 2
2 3
4
2
2 3
1
= =


=

Stress criterion
allow
A
P
= =
allow
P
s A

=
2

i.e. mm . m .
P
s
allow
3 91 0913 0
10 12
10 100
6
3
1
= =

Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have { } mm . s , s max s
B
3 99
2 2
=

. In this
case, the design is taken against the buckling criterion. Finally, one may select a round-up
amount, e.g. s = 100mm, as the design of the size of cross section.

Part (b)
Buckling criterion
N kN . P FS P
Crit
3
10 500 200 5 2 = =
Step 2: Eulers formula N
L
EI
P
Crit
3
2
2
10 500

=
E
L
I
2
2 3
10 500

or: mm . m .
. E
L
s
B
1 118 1181 0 12
10 5 12
2 10 500
12
10 500
4
9 2
2 3
4
2
2 3
2
= =


=

Stress criterion
allow
A
P
= =
allow
P
s A

=
2

i.e. mm . m .
P
s
allow
1 129 1291 0
10 12
10 200
6
3
2
= =

Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have { } mm . s , s max s
B
1 129
2 2
=

. In this
case, the design is taken against the stress criterion. One may select s = 130mm as the design
of the size of cross section.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 6

Example 9.2 Determine the largest load P which may be applied to the structure as shown.
Assume that E=200GPa, allowable vertical deflection at point A
allow
=0.5mm and allowable
compressive and tensile stress
allow
=50MPa.
y
z
h=50mm
b=100mm
P
A
B
C
F
AB
F
AC
P
30
Pin A
A
8m
3m
30
Cross section for AB & AC

Step 1: Determine the members internal forces
P sin F F
AB y
= = +

30 0 P F
AB
2 = (+ tensile force)
AC AB x
F cos F F + = = +

30 0 P F
AC
3 = (- compressive force)

Step 2: Buckling criterion F
AB
is in tension, we do not considered its buckling. But bar AC is
a strut and we need to check for buckling. I about y and z is computed respectively

= =
4 6
3 3
10 04267 1
12
5 0 1 0
12
m .
. . bh
I
z
<

= =
4 6
3 3
10 667 41
12
1 0 5 0
12
m .
. . hb
I
y

( ) ( )
kN .
.
L
I E
P
AC
AC AC
AC , Crit
128 32
8
10 04267 1 10 200
2
6 9 2
2
2
=

=

=


But
B AC , Crit AC
P P F 3 = = , kN . / P P
Crit B
55 18 3 = =
Step 3: Strength criterion Consider tensile and compressive stresses in AB and AC respectively.
6
10 50
1 0 05 0
2
=

= =
allow
AB
AB
AB
. .
P
A
F
kN P 125
400
10 50
6
=

=
6
10 50
1 0 05 0
3
=

= =
allow
AC
AC
AC
. .
P
A
F
kN . P 3 144
400
10 50
6
=

=
From stress criterion, the maximum allowable load should be the smallest one i.e. P

=125kN

Step 4: Stiffness criterion Consider vertical deflection at point A using Castiglianos method.
Total strain energy due to axial forces:
AC AC
AC AC
AB AB
AB AB
i i i
i i
A E
L F
A E
L F
A E
L F
U
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ = =

The displacement can be then computed as: ( )

=

i i
i
i
i
i
i i i
i i
P
A E
L
P
F
F
A E
L F
P 2
2

Member F
i
(N) P F
i
L
i
(m) A
i
(m
2
) ( )( ) P F A E L F
i i i i i


AB 2P 2 6 0.05

2.410
-9
P
AC
- 3 P - 3
8 0.05 2.410
-9
P
Thus we have: ( ) ( )
allow P
P . P . P . = + =
9 9 9
10 8 4 10 4 2 10 4 2
kN .
.
.
P 17 104
10 8 4
0005 0
9
=

Step 5: Determine the maximum allowable load P from the above three criteria
Clearly, for the safety reason, we should pick the lowest level as the allowable load
{ } kN . P , P , P min P
B
55 18 = =