Initiation into Translation:

Text types
Lecture structure
1. Text types, genres, and domains using translation
2. Translation difficulties at word level
3. Translation techniques, methods, and strategies
4. Translation difficulties aove word level
!.Translation difficulties" the grammatical level
#. Translation evaluation
Text types
Language functions $%uehler, 1&34 in 'imitriu, 2((2)
1. *nformative $referent+oriented)
2. ,xpressive $source+oriented)
3. -perative. /ocative $audience+oriented)
There is in the aspect of London a certain magnificence" the magnificence of
weight, solidity, energy, imperturaility, and an unconquered continuance. *t is alive
from order to order, not an inch of it is not alive. *t exists, goes on, and has een going
on for so many centuries. 0ere and there a stone or the line of a causeway fixes a date. *f
you loo1 eyond it you loo1 into fog. *t sums up and includes ,ngland. 2aterially
,ngland is contained in it, and the soul of ,ngland has always inhaited it as a ody.
London . l nd3n. is the capital city of ,ngland and of the 4nited 5ingdom. *t is
the most populous region, uran 6one and metropolitan area in the 4nited 5ingdom.
7tanding on the 8iver Thames, London has een a ma9or settlement for two millennia, its
history going ac1 to its founding y the 8omans, who named it Londinium.
London is immersed in history. :ot so much that it;s intimidating, ut there;s
sufficient antiquity and historic splendour $Tower of London, <estminster =ey,
0ampton >ourt) to low you away. London;s uildings are eye+catching milestones in
the city;s unique and compelling iography. $?) =rchitectural grandeur rises up all
around you in the <est ,nd, ancient remains dot the >ity and charming pus punctuate
the Thames riverside. Ta1e your pic1.
7ee the world. /isit London.
@ic1 the est London family hotels and en9oy the capital with your children in
tow. <e have examined which top hotels in London love 1ids the most. @ic1 from hotels
in central London near the main attractions and museums + or opt for renting a spacious
family apartment near ama6ing London par1s. =lso, you always receive 2 for 1 attraction
tic1ets, discounts and special offers with your hotel oo1ing when you oo1 with
LondonTown.com.
Text types
Texts $according to the predominant function)"
1. *nformative $provide information aout the real world)A
2. ,xpressive $depend on what.how the writer.spea1er wants to say and have an
aesthetic component)A
3. -perative $persuade the reader to do something, or to ta1e a certain view) and
*nstructional $tell the reader how to perform certain actions).
8eiss $1&B&)
-de to a toothrush
Cueen of teeth and mistress of the gums,
rave farer of the mighty seas of flavorful mints,
efore thee ow legions of toothpic1s,
deft soldier of the dental floss.
Dou rule over sil1y marshes of toothpaste
and declare war never+ending to acteria.
Dou rise each morning li1e /enus
from the foams of the tooth powder.
* pledge allegiance to thee,
scraper of plaque,
in morrow, noon or eve.
Lexical Translation and >onceptual 0ierarchies
1 *ntroduction
This paper will illustrate a conflict etween a logical approach to multilingual
lexical dataase and the demands of lexicographic practice. The logical approach that will
e used is called simullda and is ased on the application of a logical framewor1 called
Eormal >oncept =nalysis to a multilingual lexical dataase. The resulting system allows
cross+linguistic comparison of lexical meanings, which in turn allows a proper treatment
of so+called lexical gaps" words in one language for which there is no translational
synonym in another.
$?)
%arecued chic1en with warm green ean salad
*ngredients
F 2 sprigs of fresh rosemary, leaves pic1ed
F 2 talespoons extra virgin olive oil
. . .
2ethod
@reheat the oven to 1((G>. @ound the rosemary leaves with a pinch of salt in a
pestle and mortar or flavour sha1er. 2ix with the olive oil and half the lemon 9uice and
6est.
Lay the chic1en on a chopping oard. 7lice one of the reasts hori6ontally, as if
you were going to cut it in half. >ut it B( per cent of the way through, then open it up li1e
a oo1. Elatten it out with the heel of your hand and repeat with the other three.
@our the rosemary marinade over the chic1en and put to one side to marinate for a
few minutes. 2a1e the dressing y mixing the mustard with the rest of the lemon 9uice
and twice as much olive oil. To roast your tomatoes, place on a tray, season and roast for
2( minutes.
$. . .)
The =ardvar1 $-rycteropus afer)
East Eacts
Type" 2ammal
'iet" -mnivore
=verage life span in captivity" 23 years
7i6e" 0ead and ody, 43 to !3 in $1(& to 13! cm)A Tail, 21 to 2# in $!3 to ## cm)
<eight" 11( to 1B( ls $!( to B2 1g)
'id you 1nowH
=n aardvar1Is tongue can e up to 12 in $3(.! cm) long and is stic1y to help
extract termites from the earthen mounds.
=ardvar1s live throughout =frica, south of the 7ahara. Their name comes from
7outh =fricaIs =fri1aans language and means Jearth pig.J = glimpse of the aardvar1Is
ody and $. . .)
KDL->=*:,L 1(M @42@ 7@8=D
Lignocaine
>onsumer 2edicine *nformation
<hat is in this leaflet
This leaflet answers some of the common questions people as1 aout Kylocaine
1(M @ump 7pray. *t does not contain all the information that is 1nown aout Kylocaine
1(M @ump 7pray.
*t does not ta1e the place of tal1ing to your doctor, pharmacist or dentist.
=ll medicines have ris1s and enefits.
*f you have any concerns aout using this medicine, as1 your doctor, pharmacist
or dentist.
5eep this leaflet. Dou may need to read it again. $?)
'*:*:N -4T <*T0 8-% %=L-:
0oover;s >oo1ing
2((2 2anor 8d.
=ustin, TK
-wner.>hef" 0oover =lexander
<hen it comes to down home coo1ing with a dash of soul food thrown in, 0oover
=lexander is to =ustin cuisine what <olfgang @uc1 is to Los =ngeles, or what %oy
Elay is to :ew Dor1, or ,meril Lagasse to :ew -rleans. 0e is the man. <elcome to
0ooverIs >oo1ing on 2anor 8oad.
0oover =lexanderIs culinary chops are legitimate. Erom the early >a9un days on
#th 7t. to the triumph of the legendary Nood ,ats Owhich ironically wasnIt so good after
0oover leftP, heIs left his mar1 on =ustin dining with an array of authentic and eminently
tasty chow.
* always li1e to egin with the =us Tex wings. These are spicy, tender, and messy
as hell ut $?)
1. *nformative texts
The center Q the external situation. the referent
=lternative term" explanatory
,xamples" textoo1s, technical reports, scientific articles, etc.
1. *nformative texts
>ontain facts and present information in a clear and understandale way
*ntroduce new concepts
>haracterise o9ects and structures
8eport
'efine
>lassify
Nive reasons
Nive examples
>ompare and contrast
'iscuss cause and effect
=rgue
'raw conclusions
2. ,xpressive texts
The center Q the writer
=lternative terms" descriptive and narrative
,xamples" imaginative literature $novels, poems, plays, etc), essays,
autoiographies, personal letters. correspondence, etc.
2. ,xpressive texts
:ot $usually) anonymous, the author expresses their feelings and tries to convey
these feelings to the reader.
7tylistic devices $metaphors, epithets, similes, hyperoles, etc.)
,xpressive means
=ppeal to readers; senses $descrie how certain items loo1, sound, smell, feel
and taste)
3. -perative texts
The center Q the audience. addressee. readership
=lternative terms" -perational
,xamples" advertisements, promotional texts, political speeches, propaganda
texts, sermons, persuasive writing, etc.
3. -perative texts
@ersuasive language, try to manipulate readers; opinion, and appeal to their
feelings.
-ften appeal to readers directly, using you as the main form of addressing.
,xclamation mar1s
8hetorical questions
,motional arguments
'irect appeal to readers; feelings
0umour
<ord play
4. *nstructional texts
The center Q the audience. addressee. readership $R the referent)
=lternative terms" *nstructive
,xamples" instructions, recipes, game rules, handoo1s, etc.
4. *nstructional texts
*nstructive texts tell the reader how to perform certain actions. They present steps
in the process.
They are often accompanied y pictures featuring stages in the process descried.
4sage of imperative mood $e.g. do, don;t do, open, chop, set etc.)
4sage of modals $must, must not, should, etc.)
!. =udio+medial texts
>ominations of other signs with written signs
$song lyrics, comic strips, sutitles, etc.)
Nenres
= grouping of texts with similar textual function
8eflect differences in external format and situations of use $Trosorg, 1&&S)
1. Literary. Eiction" novel, short story, poem, play, etcA
2. :on+literary. :on+fiction" report, scientific article, administrative letter, etc.
'omains using translation
1. %usiness and finance
Texts" usiness letters, contracts and agreements, insurance policies, reports, press
releases, advertising materials, 9ournal articles, maga6ine articles, handoo1s, instructions
for use, etc.
'omains using translation
2. *nternational organi6ations
Texts" reports, minutes, laws, statutes, resolutions, rochures, oo1lets, etc.
3. ,ducation, science, and technology
Texts" specialised articles. oo1s, textoo1s, astracts, etc.
'omains using translation
4. Tourist industry
Texts" guide oo1s, rochures, leaflets, posters, etc.
!. The mass media
Texts" news items, newspaper articles, interviews, films, documentaries, etc.
#. Legal matters
Texts" certificates, *' papers, letters of recommendation, medical records, >/;s,
etc.
%iliography
'imitriu, 8. 2((2. Theory and Practice of Translation. *ai" *nstitutul ,uropean
Lungu %adea, N. 2((!. Tendine n cercetarea traductologic. TimiToara" ,4/
@itar, 2. 2((S. Textul injonctiv. Repere teoretice. Timi oara" ,xcelsior =rt
8eiss, 5. 1&B&. UText types, translation types and translation assessmentV in
=ndrew >hesterman $ed.) Readings in Translation Theory. 1(!+11!. 0elsin1i" -y Einn
Lectura =
7uperceanu, 8. 2((&. Translating pragmatic texts. TimiToara" 4niversuri
4niversitare
Trosorg, =. $ed.) 1&&S. Text Typology and Translation. =msterdam.@hiladelphia"
Wohn %en9amins
PPT 2.
Translation difficulties and translation techniques
<ords" Lexical meaning
$%a1er, 2((3)
1. @ropositional
2. ,xpressive
3. @resupposed
4. ,vo1ed
1. @ropositional meaning
*t arises from the relation etween the word and what it refers to. descries in the
real world.
>lothes" Uarticles of dressV
2. ,xpressive meaning
*t relates to the spea1er;s feelings or attitudes.
Two words may have the same propositional meaning ut not the same expressive
meaning"
>lothes vs. rags
3. @resupposed meaning
*t arises from restrictions on what other words we expect to see efore. after a
lexical unit"
3.1. 7electional restrictions" logical cominatorial restrictions"
Neometrical $R o9ect)A studious $R humans)
3.2. >ollocational restrictions" aritrary cominatorial restrictions"
= se spXla pe faYX vs <ash one;s face
= se spXla pe dinYi vs
%rush one;s teeth
>eai tare vs
7trong tea
>afea cu lapte vs
<hite coffee
4. ,vo1ed meaning
*t arises from dialect and register variation.
4.1. 'ialect" a variety of language spo1en within a specific community"
4.1.1. Neographical" elevator vs lift.
4.1.2.Temporal" harvest vs autumn.
4.1.3. 7ocial" toilet vs lavatory.
4.2. 8egister" a language variety which a spea1er considers appropriate to a
specific situation.
4.2.1. Eield of discourse" context" ma1ing a political speech vs discussing politics.
4.2.2. Tenor of discourse" participants" mother vs child
4.2.3. 2ode of discourse" the role of language $speech, lecture, essay, a.s.o.) and
its medium of transmission $written, spo1en).
7emantic fields and lexical sets
7emantic fields $are concepts which) reflect the divisions $and su+divisions)
imposed y a linguistic community on reality.
,.g." 2otion, @lants, Time, 'imensions, etc.
2otion" on land, on water, in the air, etc.
Lexical sets
They are the actual words and expressions which elong to a semantic field.
,.g."
2otion on land" move, wal1, run, 9ump, crawl, s1ip, dodder, tiptoe, etc
Lexical sets are arranged hierarchically in a semantic field"
The most general word is called a superordinate. hyperonym.
The specific word is called a hyponym.
,.g." 2ove"
wal1, run, 9ump, crawl, swim, fly, etc
<al1"
stroll, roam, limp, strut, etc
Elower"
8ose, daisy, peony, carnation, lily+of+the+valley, etc
>ommon types of non+equivalence at word level
1. >ulture+specific concept. referent in the 7L"
=iring cupoard, Dor1shire pudding, coddler, paisley, terraced house, etc
2XrYiTor, sorcovX, ul6, sarma, ie, etc
Dor1shire pudding n $>oo1ery) %rit a light puffy a1ed pudding made from a
atter of flour, eggs, and mil1, traditionally served with roast eef
8omanian" un fel de sufleu care se serveTte de oicei cu carne de vacX prX9itX
7T" * went to a friendZs house and * had some Dor1shire pudding for the first time
in my life.
airing cupoard + a warm cupoard where you put newly washed clothes until
they are completely dry
8omanian" HHH
7T" =t the end of the wall * uilt an airing cupoard with an electric heater in the
ottom so ,lsie could dry all her washing.
7T" *tIs an ,gg >oddler" >rac1 the egg and place it inside, salt and pepper, add
seasonings to taste + simply screw on the lid and lower it into a hot pan of water, covering
it completely. =fter # minutes the egg should e coo1ed and ready to eat[
8omanian" coddle" $H) a fiere \nXu it
Terrace house" a house that is one of a row of identical houses situated side y
side and sharing common walls
8omanian" HHH
7T" =licia has transformed this terrace house at :etheroyd 0ill 8oad, Eixy and
in9ected it with character and charm.
1. The 7L word is semantically complex
scallop
to a1e $oysters, potatoes, etc.) in a scallop+shell or similar+shaped pan or plate with
read crums, cream, utter, and condiments
2. The 7L concept. referent is not lexicali6ed in the TL
7avoury" not sweet
Elight" = series of stairs rising from one landing to another.
7hallow" of little depth
3. The TL lac1s a superordinate
'otXri, instalaYii, mi9loace
Toe, finger $in ,veryday ,nglish)
8asperry, lac1erry, lueerry, gooseerry, etc.
4. The TL lac1s a hyponym
]ncheietura m^inii, \ncheietura degetelor
>arne de porc, carne de oaie, carne de viYel, carne de vitX, a.s.o.
= accepta tacit, a acepta p^nX la urmX, a inchide ochii $la ceva)
!. The 7L and TL ma1e different distinctions in meaning
= \mprumuta
:epot
= c^nta
#. 'ifferences in expressive meaning etween 7L and TL
>omplain, whinge, gripe, grouse.
%loody, son of a itchA fraier, moTule, a.s.o.
Erog, 5i1e, @addie, =ussie, a.s.o.
S. 'ifferences in form etween 7L and TL
trustee, dinee, enlistee, laughee, a.s.o.
>rawise, cloc1wise, anticloc1wise
Eortyish, 7ixish, 7ixty+fiveish, a.s.o.
=luni , peri , ste9Xri A fXget, rXdetA studen e te, muncitore te, rom^ne te,
engle6e te
B. The use of loan words in the 7L
8ende6+vous, chic, weltanschaung, a.s.o.
'idgeridoo, pinto, veldt, a.s.o.
&. Ealse friends. 'eceptive cognates
7ensile, crime, nervous, physician, lirary, a.s.o.
/est, iscuit, 9elly, a.s.o.
Techniques for dealing with translation difficulties at word level
1. Translation y a superordinate
They went for a stroll.
=u ieTit la plimare.
7hampoo the hair with a mild <ella+shampoo
7pXlaYi pXrul cu un delicat Tampon <ella.
2. Translation y a more neutral. less expressive word
The panda;s home is wet and lush.
0aitatul ursului panda este umed si luxuriant.
, un @XcalX...
0e;s such a 9ester. 9o1er?
3. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation
7he ought two %ig 2acs.
,a a cumpXrat doi %ig 2ac.
Neorge had some hog;s pudding.
Neorge a m^ncat niTte hog;s pudding $un fel de caltaoT).
4. Translation y paraphrase
%eautiful terraced gardens?
Erumoase grXdini amena9ate \n. su formX de terase?
0e nodded.
= dat din cap aproator.
The la1e is shallow.
Lacul e pu in ad^nc.
!. Translation y omission
Types of cupoards" 1itchen cupoards, athroom cupoards, airing cupoards,
etc.
Tipuri de dulapuri: dulapuri de buctrie, dulapuri de baie, etc.
PPT 3.
Translation techniques" 4niversal types
Translation technique vs translation strategy vs translation method
2ethod" refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the
translator;s o9ective, i.e., a gloal option that affects the whole text.
interpretative+communicative $translation of the sense), literal $linguistic
transcodification), free $modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and
philological $academic or critical translation).
7trategies" are the procedures $conscious or unconscious, veral or nonveral) used y
the translator to solve prolems that emerge when carrying out the translation process
with a particular o9ective in mind.
Translators use strategies for comprehension $e.g., distinguish main and secondary ideas,
estalish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation $e.g.,
paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original).
Techniques" procedures to analyse and classify how translation equivalence wor1s. They
have five asic characteristics"
1) They affect the result of the translation
2) They are classified y comparison with the original
3) They affect micro+units of text
4) They are y nature discursive and contextual
!) They are functional.
7L" source language
7T" source text
TL" target language
TT" target text
Translation techniques" 4niversal types
Loan transfer. %orrowing
To ta1e a word or expression straight from the source language text $7T).
2c<rap, glossy, selfie, metrosexual, nicotini, etc
:-T" >heeseurger, soft $ware), 1iltA miting, fotal, hochei, etc
2. Loan translation. >alque
Literal translation of a foreign word or phraseA it can e lexical or structural
iron curtain, =utoservire
7untem devastaYi de aceastX pierdere.
3. Literal translation
To translate $a word or) an expression word for word
<e play handall.
@XsXrile 6oarX.
4. Transposition
To change the 7L grammatical category in the TL.
*n the early 1&th century
Wean successfully dealt with the situation.
*t is popularly elieved that...
!. 2odulation
To change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the 7T.
dress rehearsal _
repetiYie generalX
ta1e Erench leave
clear one;s throat
as white as a sheet
as old as hills _
vechi de cand lumea
7he is rather plain.+
:u e prea frumoasX.
#. $,stalished) ,quivalence
To use a term or expression recogni6ed $y dictionaries or language in use) as an
equivalent in the TL.
:u se au6ea nici musca
La @aTtele cailor+
<hen pigs fly
Dou could have 1noc1ed me down with a feather+
=m rXmas mascX. lampX
S. =daptation
To replace a 7T cultural element with one from the target culture.
%aseall
2XmXliga
B. ,xplicitation
To introduce details that are not formulated in the 7T" information, explicative
paraphrasing.
`tefan cel 2are _ the $famous) 2oldavian prince `tefan cel 2are $7tephen the Nreat)
&. 'escription
To replace a term or expression with a description of its form or.and function.
sherry coler
XuturX din vin de Keres, lXm^ie Ti 6ahXr
1(. Neneralisation vs 11.@articularisation
To use a more general or neutral term vs
To use a more precise or concrete term.
NhiTeu a window
<indow a ghiTeu
12. Linguistic amplification vs
13. Linguistic compression
To add linguistic elements vs
To synthesi6e linguistic elements in the TT.
:o way[ a ]n niciun ca6[
]n niciun ca6[ a :o way[
=ixela, W. E. 1&&#. b>ulture+7pecific *tems in Translation; in Translation, @ower,
7uversion. =lvare6 c /idal $eds.). >levedon" 2ultilingual 2atters, pp. !2+SB, apud
'imitriu, 2((2
'umitriu, 8. 2((2. Theories and practice of translation. *aTi" *nstitutul ,uropean
2olina L. and =. 0urtado =lir. 2((2. bTranslation Techniques 8evisited" = 'ynamic
and Eunctionalist =pproach; in 2eta" TranslatorsI Wournal, vol. 4S no. 4, pp. 4&B+!12
/inay, W.@. c W. 'arelnet. 1&&#. >omparative 7tylistics of Erench and ,nglish. =
methodology for translation. =msterdam. @hiladelphia" Wohn %en9amins
PPT 4.
Translation difficulties and translation techniques above word level
Translation difficulties and translation techniques above word level
Phrasemes vs free combinations of words
@hrasemes" <ord cominations whose morpho+syntactic and lexical structure may e
varied only within definale limits.
Eree cominations of words" allow any structural changes as long as they do not violate
the rules of grammar.
,.g." promise s the moon vs promise s sth $a oo1, a cat, a house, to do sth, etc)
Translation difficulties and translation techniques aove word level
@hrasemes
>ollocations"
>ertain words which tend to co+occur regularly.
2a1e. rea1. 1eep a promise
*dioms"
Ero6en patterns of language which often carry meanings which cannot e deduced from
their individual components.
5ic1 the uc1etA ut promise s the moon
Eixed expressions"
Ero6en patterns of language which often carry transparent meanings.
=s a matter of fact, ladies and gentlemen, 2erry >hristmas, to whom it may concern, etc
>ollocations
promise1 noun
Ustatement that you will do sthV
='W. ig 0e ma1es all 1inds of ig promises he has little intention of 1eeping. d ro1en,
unfulfilled d empty, false, hollow d vague d inding, firm d campaign, election, pre+election

/,8% R @8-2*7, give s, ma1e $s) Dou gave me your promise * could use the car
tonight. *Ill consider it, ut * ma1e no promises. d fulfil, honour, 1eep d rea1, go ac1 on d
extract <e extracted a promise from them that they would repay the money y 2ay. d
hold s to The -pposition is determined to hold the government to its election promises.
@8,@. e aout TheyIve made all sorts of promises aout reforming the health system. d e
of promises of support
>ollocations
promise2
Usigns that s.sth will e successfulV
='W. considerale, great, real This new venture holds great promise for the future. d early,
youthful
/,8% R @8-2*7, hold, show d fulfil, live up to 0is career failed to fulfil its early
promise.
@8,@. of e a pianist of promise d e as 7he showed great promise as a runner.
@08=7,7 full of promise The year egan so full of promise, and ended in
disappointment
>ollocation+related pitfalls and prolems in translation
1. The influence of the 7L collocation
= se spXla pe dinYi
5eep a dog
%a1e a ca1e
8oast some por1 $in the 1itchen)
>ollocation+related pitfalls and prolems in translation
2. -ne of the collocates has a multiword equivalent in the TL. %oth collocates have a
mw. equivalent in the TL
= gun misfires
No on a 9aunt
= ell rings. clangs. peals. chimes. tolls
8eceding hairline
%ut" vastly overrated, flat ro1e[[[[[[[
>ollocation+related pitfalls and prolems in translation
3. 2isinterpreting the meaning of a 7L collocation
Turn down a page
4nderstudy a part
'rive a nail home, drive a point home
8aise a hem
>ollocation related pitfalls and prolems in translation
4. >ulture specific collocations
%at a all
7plit an infinitive
= pint of stout
*dioms and fixed expressions" translation difficulties
1. =n idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the TL
=rmatX uToarX, @oftX unX, 2ulYi \nainte, etc
7ay when, 0appy Than1sgiving, etc
*dioms and fixed expressions" translation difficulties
2. =n idiom may e used in the source text in oth its literal and idiomatic senses at the
same time
b%rea1 a leg[; he said all of a sudden.
=nd indeed my part in the play implied my falling down a ladder and rea1ing my left
leg.
The translation of idoms and fixed expressions" techniques
1. 4sing an idiom. fixed expression of similar meaning ut dissimilar form
5ic1 the uc1et, push up daisies, etc
>arry coals to :ewcastle
The translation of idoms and fixed expressions" techniques
2. Translation y paraphrase
@romises and piecrusts are made to e ro1en
,xercises" %a1er $2((3), pp &(+&&
PPT .
!rammatical equivalence: Translation difficulties and translation techniques
!rammar: "orpholo#$ % &$nta'
"orpholo#$
The way in which the form of a word changes in order to indicate specific contrasts in the
grammatical system.
%oo1. oo1sA
who.whose.whomA
drive. drove.driven.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Nrammar" 2orphology c 7yntax
7yntax
The way in which groups. classes of words $nouns, vers, advers and ad9ectives) and
clauses are arranged in sentences.
The way in which groups. classes of words $nouns, vers, advers and ad9ectives) and
clauses function in sentences $as su9ects, predicates, o9ects, adverials).
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Nrammatical vs. lexical categories
Nrammatical categories
>losed vs -pen
:umer vs. :oun
4sually expressed morphologically or syntactically
Tense, word order
-ligatory vs -ptional
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Nrammatical categories
:umer and =greement
>ase
Nender
@erson
>omparison
2ood
Tense and =spectA The 7equence of tenses
2odality
Transitivity and /alency
/oice
7u9ect
<ord order
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
:umer and =greement
,chipa9ul era pe punte.
/ine politia[
%anii sunt unde i+ai pus. 7faturile tale sunt de a9utor.
7tatistica e o ramurX a matematicii. 7tatisticile sunt \ngri9orXtoare.
@enseta e pe masX, iar usola e pe dulap.
>Xprioarele erau \n lumini .
7eria aceasta este remarcailX.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
>ase
Eemeia despre care vore ti este cumnata mea.
%Xiatul pe care l+ai \nt^lnit e un geniu.
%Xtr^nul cXruia i+ai dat farfuria a fost pre edintele Xrii.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Nender. @erson
f >e face eelu ulH f 'oarme.
i+am vX6ut iahtul. Tocmai ie ea din port.
f 74/+ul tXu strXluce te. f 'a, tocmai l+am spXlat.
f 'umneata ce dore tiH f Te rog sX mi te adrese6i cu dumneavoastrX.
4n ministru este deseori oligat sX+ i negli9e6e familia.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Tense and =spect
7imple vs. @rogressive. >ontinuous
2X duc la coalX \n fiecare 6i.
U>e faciHV U2X duc la coalXV.
'e oicei este foarte tXcutX, dar a6i e neoi nuit de vorXrea X.
7e face din ce \n ce mai cald.
-ri de c^te ori vreau sX trag un pui de somn, vecina c^ntX la vioarX.
@lecXm m^ine la S.. Trenul plecX m^ine la S.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Tense and =spect
@resent @erfect
VL+am \nt^lnit pe @aul.V V>^ndHV V*eri l+am \nt^lnit.V
]ncX nu am a9uns acasX.. =m a9uns de9a acasX.
=i mai vX6ut vreodatX a a cevaH
, prima oarX c^nd plec \n excursie singur.
7unte i de mult \mpreunXH
2ircea 'inescu a scris c^teva volume de poe6ie.
7i :ichita 7tXnescu a scris multe volume de poe6ie.
@ast
>^nd eram mic, m^ncam multX \nghe atX.
giceam cX eu eram tata i tu erai mama.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
The 7equence of tenses
@ast in the main clause
2i+a spus cX \i plac mititeii.
2i+a spus cX \i plXceau mititeii.
2i+a spus cX i+au plXcut mititeii.
2i+a spus cX \i plXcuserX mititeii $\nainte sX se \molnXveascX.)
2i+a spus cX \i vor plXcea mititeii $dacX i+a fXcut socru+sXu).
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
Euture in the main clause
- sX te a9ut c^nd $v)oi avea timp.
2i+a spus cX o sX mX a9ute c^nd va avea timp.
- sX te a9ut dupX ce scriu lucrarea.
2i+a 6is cX o sX mX a9ute dupX ce scrie lucrarea.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
4nreal events $wishes, possiilty, uncertainty, regrets) in the suordinate clause
]mi doresc sX fiu pre edintele 8usiei.
]mi doresc sX te vXd c^t mai repede.
]mi doresc sX fi fost mai atent c^nd m+ai salutat ieri.
2Xcar de+a mai avea o sXptXm^nX?
-, de+a fi tiut atunci ce tiu acum?
/ore te de parcX ar fi neun.
/ore te de parcX i+ar fi terminat de9a lucrarea.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
>onditional clauses
/oi veni. /in dacX voi avea am timp.
- sX vin dacX \mi termin treaa.
'acX eram de tept, mX fXceam fotalist.
'acX a fi \n locul tXu, a tXcea.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
2odality
=ility. @ossiility. @roaility. 8equest
:u pot deschide u a. re6olva prolema.
@oate cX nu este ea.
@oate cX te cunoa te.
7e poate sX te fi cunoscut.
7+ar putea sX te cunoascX.
7+ar putea sX te fi cunoscut.
@ot sX folosesc telefonulH
@ute i. = i putea sX deschide i geamul, vX rogH
@ute i. = i putea sX+mi da i solni a, vX rogH
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
:ecessity, -ligation, and *nterdiction
Treuie sX plec.
Treuie sX ne facem cu to ii treaa.
:u treuie sX vii i tu.
:u treuie, lXsa i.
Treuia sX tiu.
=r treui sX o a9u i.
:u a treuit sX ud florile.
:u treuia sX ud florile.
:u e voie sX deschi6i geamul.
Eumatul inter6is.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
The 7u9ect
*t
, important sX vinX.
= fost surprin6Xtor cX nu a venit.
7e pare cX nu \i place gramatica.
@louX de douX 6ile.
*+au cumpXrat o garsonierX, nu un apartament.
2ariei i+am dat cartea, nu lui ,vghenie.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
The su9ect
There
, cineva la u X. :u, nu e nimeni.
7unt niste cXr i pe masX.. @e masX sunt ni te cXr i.
'oarme o pisicX pe acoperi .
*+au dat un cadou prim+ministrului.
7ose te i ultimul concurent.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
The -9ect
*t
2i se pare gro6av cX a venit sX vX a9ute.
>red cX e important sX pleca i \n 6ori.
0ai sX mergem cu taxiul.
0ai sX mergem pe 9os p^nX acolo.
Nrammatical equivalence" Translation difficulties and translation techniques
<ord -rder
:iciodatX nu l+am vX6ut at^t de nervos.
:icXieri nu am mai \nt^lnit astfel de oameni.
]n nici un ca6 sX nu deschide i cutia.
'e+aia a9unse acasX cX+l i chemarX \napoi.
:umai ce deschise u a cX nevasta \l i lovi cu fXcXle ul.
'oar dupX ce am adormit a \nceput sX tundX iara.
:umai c^nd s+a uitat pe geam i+a dat seama cX intrase \n apartamentul vecinului.
:u mai cX a pXrXsit+o, dar i+a luat i cX elul.