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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded


plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings
Tawakol A. Enab
*
Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516,
Mansoura, Egypt
Received 9 October 2013; revised 25 February 2014; accepted 13 March 2014
KEYWORDS
Functionally graded material
(FGM);
Stress concentration factor
(SCF);
Elliptic hole;
Finite element method
(FEM);
Uniaxial tension;
Biaxial loading
Abstract Stress concentration factors (SCFs) at the root of an elliptic hole in unidirectional func-
tionally graded material (UDFGM) plates under uniaxial and biaxial loads are predicted. ANSYS
Parametric Design Language (APDL) was used to build the nite element models for the plates and
to run the analysis. A parametric study is performed for several geometric and material parameters
such as the elliptic hole major axis to plate width ratio, the elliptical shape factor, the gradation
direction of UDFGM. It is shown that, SCF in the nite plate can be signicantly reduced by
choosing the proper distribution of the functionally graded materials. The present study may pro-
vide designers an efcient way to estimate the hole effect on plate structures made of functionally
graded materials.
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1. Introduction
Functionally graded material (FGM) is a new kind of inhom-
ogeneous composite. It possesses continuously varying micro-
structure and mechanical properties. The main advantage of
FGM is that no internal boundaries exist and the interfacial
stress concentrations can be avoided. Furthermore, function-
ally graded materials (FGMs) can be designed to achieve par-
ticular desired properties and the gradation in properties of the
material can optimize stress distribution. Nowadays, there
have been increasingly many modern engineering applications
of FGMs, such as space shuttle, rocking-motor casings, and
packaging materials in microelectronic industry [1].
Stress concentrations around cutouts have great practical
importance because they are normally the cause of failure.
Stress concentration factor (SCF), K
t
, dened as the ratio of
the maximum stress in the presence of a geometric irregularity
or discontinuity to the stress away from the effect of such irreg-
ularity, i.e. applied stress. Majority of the studies performed
for the SCF have treated isotropic, orthotropic or composite
plates. However, due to the abrupt changes in the material
properties of the laminated composite structures in the trans-
verse direction and subsequently, possibility of local failure
occurrence, functionally graded materials were used as alterna-
tive materials in some applications.
Wu and Mu [2] proposed a simple computation method
based on the scale factors (SFs) to estimate the stress concen-
tration factors (SCFs) of nite-width isotropic/orthotropic
plates/cylinders with a circular cutout and under uniaxial or
biaxial tension. Ukadgaonker and Kakhandki [3] analyzed
*
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E-mail addresses: tenab@mans.edu.eg, tewmkaln@yahoo.com
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
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Ain Shams University
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
the stresses in an orthotropic plate with an irregular shaped
hole under different in-plane loading conditions and had well
matching with the FEM solutions. Rao et al. [4] gave analyti-
cal solution to get the stress distribution around square and
rectangular cutouts in symmetric laminates as well as in isotro-
pic plates. Darwish et al. [5,6] investigated the in-plane SCF in
countersunk rivet holes in orthotropic laminated plates under
uniaxial tension load using nite element analysis. They for-
mulated a general parametric equation for the maximum
SCF. The general stress functions for determining the stress
concentration around circular, elliptical and triangular cutouts
in laminated composite innite plate subjected to arbitrary
biaxial loading at innity using Muskhelishvilis complex var-
iable method obtained by Sharma [7].
Toubal et al. [8] compared their experimental results of the
tensile strain eld around circular hole in a composites plate
with the predictions of a theoretical model previously devel-
oped by Lekhnitskiis and a nite element study. For a plate
containing a hole subjected to uniaxial tension or out-of-plane
bending, Yang et al. [9,10] and Yang [11] examined the sensi-
tivity of the stress and strain concentration factors to plate
thickness as well as the Poissons ratio or moment ratio. More-
over, the stress concentration and the inuence of Poissons ra-
tio on the thickness-dependent SCF along the root of elliptic
holes in elastic plates subjected to tension investigated by
She and Guo [12] and Yu et al. [13] using 3D FEM and some
empirical formulae obtained by tting the numerical results.
Sitzer and Stavsky [14] found that the SCFs were to be quite
sensitive to changes in plate anisotropy and heterogeneity,
direction of external tensile force and form of hole in symmet-
rically laminated anisotropic plates under tension.
Arjyal et al. [15] employed the remote laser Raman spec-
troscopy to measure the stress concentration arising in a com-
posite Kevlar 49 ber/epoxy composite plate containing a
circular hole under different strain levels until fracture. They
found that both analytical and numerical models predicted
maximum values of stress concentration that were very close
to that determined experimentally. Additionally, extensive
experimental and numerical studies were done by Rhee et al.
[16,17] for optimizing the size and location of auxiliary holes
to minimize stress concentrations in uniaxially-loaded ortho-
tropic materials.
Kubair and Bhanu-Chandar [18] performed a parametric
study on functionally graded panels with circular hole under
uniaxial tension by varying the functional form and the direc-
tion of the material property gradation and showed that the
SCF was reduced when Youngs modulus progressively in-
creased away from the hole. Mohammadi et al. [19] analyzed
the effect of nonhomogeneous stiffness and varying Poissons
ratio upon the SCFs at circular hole in an innite plate made
of a functionally graded material subjected to uniform biaxial
tension and pure shear.
From the above discussion, it can be noted that, limited re-
searches have been performed to analyze the stress concentra-
tion due to circular hole in a functionally graded plate.
Moreover; to our knowledge; there are no studies carried out
to obtain the stress concentration due to elliptic hole in a func-
tionally graded plate. Therefore, the main objective of the pres-
ent research is to perform stress analysis of a nite functionally
graded material (FGM) plate with an elliptic hole under uniax-
ial and biaxial loading conditions. The two-dimensional distri-
butions of stresses near the elliptic hole are analyzed. The
sensitivity of the SCFs to FGM properties, such as gradation
direction and composition parameter, and the geometric
parameters is examined.
2. Functionally graded material (FGM)
Functionally graded material (FGM) characterized by
smoothly variation in properties with spatial position to ef-
ciently responds to the surrounding mechanical loads [20,21].
It comprises a multi-phase material with volume fractions of
the constituents varying gradually in a pre-determined and de-
signed prole. The concept of a FGM tries to overcome the
drawbacks of composites by resolving the problem of the
material property mismatch especially at the interfaces
[2224]. The advances in material synthesis technologies have
encouraged the development of FGM with promising applica-
tions in aerospace, transportation, energy, electronics and bio-
medical engineering [25]. Signicant advances in fabrication
and processing techniques have made it possible to produce
FGMs with complex properties and shapes using computer-
aided manufacturing techniques [26]. FGM manufacturing
processes include exposure to ultraviolet radiation, controlled
suspension of particles in polymer matrices, high-speed centrif-
ugal casting, depositing layers on a substrate, etc. [27,28].
2.1. Volume fractions and rule of mixtures of one-dimensional
FGM
Consider a plate of FGM with porosity that functionally
graded from two materials. The subscripts 1 and 2 denote
material 1 and material 2 of the basic constituents, respectively.
V
1
and V
2
are the volume fractions of material 1 and material
2 respectively. The volume fractions are distributed over the
x-direction (horizontal distribution, Fig. 1a), according to
the following relations [29,30]:
V
1

x
W

m
1
V
2
1 V
1
2
where W and x are the plate width and the horizontal position
of different points along it respectively. Moreover, m is a
parameter that controls the composition variation through
the plate. For material 1 rich composition m < 1, while for
material 2 rich composition m > 1. The variation of material
1 and material 2 composition is linear if m = 1. The porosity
p of the FGM may be represented for horizontal distribution
model by [29]:
p A
x
W

n
1
x
W

z
h i
3
where 0 A
n z=n
n
1 n=n z
z
4
A, n and z are arbitrary parameters that control the porosity
and equal to 0.1, 1 and 1 respectively [30].
FGM effective properties, with porosity and continuously
graded prole, are determined by employing the suspended
spherical grain model. It was derived on the base of the
assumption that the granular phase is in a matrix phase. Sub-
sequent relations give the rules of mixture for the elastic mod-
ulus [29].
2 T.A. Enab
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
E
E
0
1 p
1
p58v378v
81v238v
5
where E
0
E
2
E
2
E
1
E
2
V
2=3
1
E
2
E
1
E
2
V
2=3
1
V
1

2
4
3
5
6
v v
1
V
1
v
2
V
2
7
E
0
is the elastic modulus when the porosity equals zero, E
1
, v
1
and E
2
, v
2
are the elastic moduli and Poissons ratio of material
1 and material 2, respectively.
Different functionally graded material congurations can
be obtained by varying the gradation direction of the constit-
uent materials. Therefore, the volume fractions can be distrib-
uted over the x-direction (horizontal distribution, x-FGM
model, Fig. 1a), the y-direction (vertical distribution, y-FGM
model, Fig. 1b), the radial direction (r-FGM model, Fig. 1c)
and over the angular direction (h-FGM model, Fig. 1d). These
different models can be obtained simply by replacing the term
(x/W) in Eqs. (1) and (3) by:
(y/H) for y-FGM model,
(R/R
0
) for r-FGM model, where R

x
2
y
2
p
;
R
0

W
2
H
2
p
and
(h/h
0
) for h-FGM model, where h tan
1
y=x, h
0
= 90
due to quarter symmetry.
3. Model formulation
3.1. Plate geometry and parameters
The conguration of the plate containing an elliptic hole and
subjected to a uniaxial tensile load or biaxial load is shown
in Fig. 2. Cartesian coordinate system is used with origin
locating at the center of the elliptic hole in the plate. The x-axis
is parallel to the major axis of the elliptic hole and the y-axis is
parallel the minor axis. The width of the plate is 2W and its
height is 2H. The major axis of the elliptic hole is 2a, the minor
axis is 2b, the elliptical shape factor for the hole is t = b/a,
while the corresponding curvature radius q at the root of the
major axis is: q = b
2
/a = at
2
. Plates with ten different major
axes and four different elliptical shape factors are analyzed.
The geometrical parameters of the plate are chosen as follows:
2W = 2H = 200 mm;
a/W = 0.050.5 with a step of 0.05;
t = b/a = 0.25, 0.33, 0. 5, 1;
q = b
2
/a = at
2
ranged from 0.3125 to 50 depending on the
values of the major axis of the elliptic hole (2a) and the
elliptical shape factor (t).
3.2. Mechanical properties of materials
In this investigation, a study of stress concentration factors for
unidirectional functionally graded materials (UDFGM) plates
with central elliptical hole is carried out. The basic constituents
of the UDFGM are commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) (mate-
rial 1) and titanium monoboride (TiB) (material 2). The elastic
properties of the base materials are [31,32]: E
Ti
= 107 GPa,
v
Ti
= 0.34 and E
TiB
= 375 GPa, v
TiB
= 0.14. The graded
material is incorporated with an exponential material variation
as discussed above. Thus Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio
are functions of the coordinates.
3.3. Finite element modeling
The nite element method (FEM) is widely used for numerical
simulation and optimization of structural geometry most nota-
bly when dealing with stress raisers or concentrators [33].
ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) was used to
x
y
x
W
V
1
V
2
(a)
x
y
y
H
V
1
V
2
(b)
y
x
W
R
H
V
1
V
2
(c)
y
y
x
x
W
H
V
1
V
2
(d)
y
Figure 1 The gradation direction and volume fraction distribution of unidirectional functionally graded materials at (a) x-, (b) y-,
(c) r- and (d) h-directions. The origin of the coordinates coincides with the center of the elliptic hole.
Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates loadings 3
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
build the FE models and to run the analysis. Owing to the
symmetry, only one-quarter of each plate is modeled. The plate
was modeled in two dimensions using isoparametric quadrilat-
eral Plane 183 elements, which have eight nodes: four vertex
nodes and four midside nodes. Each node has two degrees of
freedom: translations in the nodal x- and y-directions. The
developed models ensure that sufcient control can be main-
tained over the mesh. An example of the mesh used is pre-
sented in Fig. 3. To improve solution accuracy, the mesh
was rened around the elliptic hole. The number of the element
is related to the curvature radius at the root of the major axis
q. The less of the q is, the more of the number of the element is.
The total numbers of elements of the models are different from
each other due to different q.
The boundary conditions of the quarter model were im-
posed by constraining the x-displacement (u
x
) at x = 0 and
the y-displacement (u
y
) at y = 0 to account for the planes of
symmetry of the full model. The plate was analyzed for uniax-
ial loading by applying a uniform tensile stress of r
0
in y-axis
direction. Fig. 3 shows the details of the boundary and loading
conditions of the quarter model. While, for biaxial loading the
uniform stresses of r
0
and kr
0
were applied to the plate ends in
y- and x-directions respectively.
3.3.1. Application of material gradient
Simulation of the FGM structure should reect material prop-
erties distribution. While signicant efforts have been made to
accurately incorporate continuous property variation into -
nite element formulations, many experimentally produced
FGMs exhibit a stepwise variation in properties and should
be modeled as such, bearing in mind the effective property
smoothing which may be applicable [34]. Actually, there is
no specied material module for the direct analysis of func-
tionally graded plate in ANSYS [35]. Consequently, in the
present work a simplest method involves the assignment of
properties to each element individually was used. In fact, this
leads to a discontinuous step-type variation in properties; how-
ever, this may provide a more appropriate representation of a
real graded component than an ideal smooth gradient.
Therefore, the unidirectional functionally graded medium
to be analyzed is usually divided into a number of layers.
Each layer has a different material denition depending on
the distribution direction (i.e. x-, y-, r-, or h-direction) and
the m parameter which controls the composition variation
through the material. Material properties assigned to each ele-
ment not to layers individually due to free meshing of the
plate. The elastic parameters for each element are taken from
the values at the element centroid. Consequently, a step-like
material property is assumed. Theoretically, when the number
of material elements increases, the real curve of UDFGM
property can be accurately represented. Thus using the com-
mercial nite element software ANSYS, a rened nite mesh
employed to achieve results with acceptable accuracy for
UDFGM.
Figure 3 Representative meshing for nite element model, showing (a) entire plate and (b) close-up of meshing at elliptic hole.
x
y
2a
2W
2
b

0
2
H

0
(i)
2W

x
y
2a
2W
2
b

0
2
H
(ii)
y

Figure 2 Geometry of a plate has an elliptic hole under (i) uniaxial and (ii) biaxial loadings.
4 T.A. Enab
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
4. Results and discussion
Since the analysis of the present investigation is entirely based
on nite element modeling and its results, the verication of
the developed nite element models is considered very essen-
tial. Consequently, the developed nite element models were
initially veried and then used to predict the maximum stress
concentration factors in functionally graded materials plates
with a central elliptical hole.
4.1. Verication analysis
The verication analysis was performed by using the developed
FE models for certain cases in the literature and reproducing
their results. Therefore, steel with modulus of elasticity
E = 210 GPa and Poissons ratio v = 0.3 is considered for
the modeling of the isotropic material plate. However, different
isotropic materials with different mechanical properties should
not affect the results of the stress concentration factor [6].
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
H = W H = 1.5 W
H = 2 W H = 2.5 W
H = 3 W H = 5 W
Heywood Isida
(a) t = b/a = 1
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
H = W H = 1.5 W
H = 2 W H = 2.5 W
H = 3 W H = 5 W
Isida
(b) t = b/a = 0.5
Figure 4 Comparison between the FE results and Heywoods and Isida equations [36] for (a) circular hole (t = 1) and (b) elliptical hole
(t = 0.5) at different plate height to width ratios (H/W).
0
3
6
9
12
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
t = 1/4
t = 1/3
t = 1/2
t = 1
(a) x-FGM
0
3
6
9
12
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
t = 1/4
t = 1/3
t = 1/2
t = 1
(b) y-FGM
0
3
6
9
12
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
t = 1/4
t = 1/3
t = 1/2
t = 1
(c) r-FGM
0
3
6
9
12
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
t = 1/4
t = 1/3
t = 1/2
t = 1
(d)
-FGM
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Figure 5 Inuence of elliptical hole shape factor (t) on the SCFs for UDFGM plates at different FGM congurations. UDFGM with (a)
horizontal distribution (x-FGM), (b) vertical distribution (y-FGM), (c) radial distribution (r-FGM) and (d) angular distribution (h-FGM).
Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates loadings 5
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
Comparison was made for the SCFs in a thin isotropic plate
having a central hole. Fig. 4 shows the FE results for SCF at
different normalized major radius ratios (a/W). For plate with
central circular hole (Fig. 4a), i.e. shape factor t = 1, the re-
sults of the developed FE models were compared with the
equations presented by Heywood and Isida [36]. It is noted
that, plate height to width ratio (H/W) has an important inu-
ence on the results of the stress concentration factors. The
maximum difference between the results of the developed FE
models and equations results found for plate height to width
ratio H/W = 1 at normalized major radius ratio a/W = 0.5.
By increasing H/W from 1 to 1.5 the maximum difference in
SCF reduced from about 50% to 9% comparing to the Hey-
woods equation results and from about 47% to 6% compar-
ing to the Isidas equations results. While, for H/W greater
than or equal 2 the maximum SCF was higher by about
2.3% than the results of Heywoods equation and was lower
by about 0.2% than the Isidas equations results.
On the other hand, for elliptical hole with shape factor
t = 0.5 (Fig. 4b) the results were compared with the equations
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)(a) t = 1/4
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)(b) t = 1/3
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)(c) t = 1/2
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)(d) t = 1
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Figure 6 Inuence of UDFGM congurations (i.e. x-, y-, r-, or h-FGM) on the SCFs for the different elliptical hole shape factor (t).
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Position ratio: (x / W) or (y / H) or (R / R0)
or ( / 0)
M
o
d
u
l
u
s

o
f

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

(
G
P
a
)
m = 0.1 m = 0.5 m = 1.0
m = 5.0 m = 10.0
(a)
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Position ratio: (x / W) or (y / H) or (R / R0)
or ( / 0)
P
o
i
s
s
o
n

s

r
a
t
i
o
m = 0.1 m = 0.5 m = 1.0
m = 5.0 m = 10.0
(b)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Figure 7 Variations in the (a) Modulus of elasticity and (b) Poissons ratio through the UDFGM plate used for the different
congurations (i.e. x-, y-, r-, or h-FGM).
6 T.A. Enab
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
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presented by Isida [36]. Similarly, at normalized major radius
ratio a/W = 0.5, increasing H/W from 1 to 1.5 the maximum
difference in SCF decreased from about 21% to 2% compar-
ing to the Isidas equation results. While, for H/W greater than
1.5 the maximum difference in SCF did not exceed 1.5%.
Therefore, based on the previous comparisons between the
results of the developed FE models and the literature equa-
tions for the two cases (i.e. circular and elliptical holes), it
can be stated that high condence is established in the present
FE results. Moreover, it is recommended to use plate height to
width ratio (H/W) equal to or greater than 2 to neutralize the
effect of plate height on the SCF results. But in the present
investigation the implemented models used to perform a para-
metric study to understand the effect of the material properties
and the gradation direction on the SCF due to an elliptical
hole in functionally graded plates. Plate height has no effect
on material gradation in x- and h-directions, while in the other
hand it will affect material gradation in y- and r-directions.
Thus, the current investigation uses plate height to width ratio
equal to one (H/W = 1) as a special case which already has
some technological applications and also used in some cases
in the literature such as in [5,9,12,13].
4.2. Uniaxial loading
The numerical results of stress concentration factors (SCFs)
are obtained for unidirectional functionally graded materials
(UDFGM) plates with central elliptic hole under uniaxial
loading conditions. Different elliptical hole shape factors and
UDFGM congurations are studied. Some of the results
are obtained for isotropic plate also for sake of comparison
since the SCFs of an isotropic plate under uniaxial tension
have been studied extensively and good results have been
reported.
It has been noted that, the position at which the tensile
stress becomes maximum always found at the root of the ma-
jor axis as it has the minimum radius of curvature (q) This
position of the maximum tensile stress does not affected by
the gradation direction of the FGM. However, its magnitude
is affected by the gradation direction. Fig. 5 presents the rela-
tionship between the normalized major radius of the elliptical
hole (a/W) and the maximum stress concentration due to this
opening hole. It shows the effect of elliptical hole shape
factor (t = b/a) on the SCFs for different UDFGM congu-
rations (i.e. for UDFGM with horizontal distribution
(x-FGM), vertical distribution (y-FGM), radial distribution
(r-FGM) and angular distribution (h-FGM)). All of these con-
gurations had linear composition variation through the
plate (m = 1, refer to Eq. (1)). The stress concentration
around elliptical hole varies as the ratio of lengths of elliptical
hole minor axis (2b) to its major axis (2a) varies. As the ellip-
tical hole shape factor decreased, the stress concentration at
the end of major axis of the ellipse increased for all UDFGM
congurations.
x-coordinate
y
-
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
20 40 60 80 100
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
0
10
(a) m = 0.1
x-coordinate
y
-
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
20 40 60 80 100
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
0
10
(b) m = 0.5
x-coordinate
y
-
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
20 40 60 80 100
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
0
10
(c) m = 1
x-coordinate
y
-
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
20 40 60 80 100
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
0
10
(d) m = 10
Figure 8 Elastic modulus 2D contour plots for horizontal distribution with m = 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 10.
Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates loadings 7
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
It should be noted that, by increasing the normalized major
radius of the elliptical hole (a/W) the stress concentration fac-
tors always increased for UDFGM with horizontal distribu-
tion (x-FGM) (Fig. 5a) and for radial distribution (r-FGM)
(Fig. 5c). On the other hand for UDFGM with vertical distri-
bution (y-FGM); SCFs had a small decreasing trend when the
ratio a/W increased from 0.05 to 0.15 followed by an increas-
ing in the SCFs when a/W ratio increased. As the elliptical hole
shape factor decreased this change in SCFs marked. Moreover,
for UDFGM with angular distribution (h-FGM) (Fig. 5d) the
SCFs decreased by increasing a/W ratio to achieve its minimal
value at a/W = 0.2. After that, SCFs return to increased by
increasing a/W ratio. This noticed obviously for all elliptical
hole shape factor (t). This variation in trends may be inter-
preted by the fact that as the a/W ratio varies there is no
change in material properties at the root of the major axis
for y- and h-FGM distributions. In contrast, material proper-
ties at the root of the major axis vary with the variation in
a/W ratio for x- and r-FGM distributions.
The effect of material gradation direction of UDFGM on
the SCFs for the different elliptical hole shape factors is shown
in Fig. 6. Results of SCFs for UDFGM distributed in x-, y-, r-,
or h-directions are compared with each others and with the
SCFs results of isotropic material plate. It can be noted that,
for all elliptical hole shape factors of UDFGM with x-,
y- and r-distributions the stress concentration factors at the
notch root of the plate are lower than the stress concentration
factors of the isotropic material plate. This shows the benet of
using FGM to reduce stress concentration in plates with open-
ing holes. However, SCFs of UDFGM distributed in h-direc-
tion are greater than SCFs of isotropic material plates for
small a/W ratios. While, for a/W ratio of about 0.2 or greater
the SCFs of UDFGM distributed in h-direction are reduced
compared to the SCFs of isotropic material plates.
Referring to Fig. 6, regardless of the value of elliptical hole
shape factor, x-FGM in which the material gradation is per-
pendicular to the loading direction presents the lower SCFs
up to a/W ratio of about 0.4. When a/W ratio is more than
0.4 graded material with gradient parallel to the direction of
loading (i.e. y-FGM) shows the lower SCFs. In the case of
the r-FGM distribution SCFs are lower than and very similar
in trend to the SCFs of the isotropic material plates. This is
obvious as a result of the parallelism between SCFs curves
for r-FGM and isotropic material for all elliptical hole shape
factors. Moreover, as the elliptical hole shape factor decreased
the difference between the different UDFGM congurations
increased nearly for all normalized major radius (a/W).
The material gradation controlled by the composition var-
iation parameter m as formulated in Eq. (1). The compositions
of constituent materials change as the position ratio x/W or y/
H or R/R
0
or h/h
0
in an exponential pattern by m. In other
words, parameter m governs the volume fraction of the
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
m = 0.1
m = 0.5
m = 1.0
m = 5.0
m = 10.0
(a) x-FGM
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
m = 0.1
m = 0.5
m = 1.0
m = 5.0
m = 10.0
(b) y-FGM
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
m = 0.1
m = 0.5
m = 1.0
m = 5.0
10
(c) r-FGM
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
m = 0.1
m = 0.5
m = 1.0
m = 5.0
m = 10.0
(d) -FGM
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Figure 9 Inuence of composition variation parameter (m) on the SCFs for UDFGM plate has central circular hole (t = 1) for different
UDFGM congurations.
8 T.A. Enab
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
constituent materials, thereby determining the gradation of the
mechanical properties (Fig. 7). To study the effect of composi-
tion variation parameter (m) on the SCFs ve m values were
used (m = 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10). Consequently, m = 10 has the
lowest gradation of Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio
starting from the elliptical hole center (origin of the coordi-
nates), whereas m = 0.1 has the highest gradation of the above
mentioned properties as illustrated in (Fig. 7). Moreover, to
illuminate the effect of composition variation parameter m
on the FGM distribution through the plate, Fig. 8 shows elas-
tic modulus 2D contour plots for horizontal distribution with
m = 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 10. Thus, regulating m enables us to tailor
property gradation, thereby achieving a better design of FGM
plate.
Fig. 9 illustrates the inuence of composition variation
parameter (m) on the SCFs for UDFGM plate has central cir-
cular hole (i.e. elliptical hole shape factor t = 1) for different
UDFGM congurations. It can be noted that changing the
composition variation parameter (m) does not necessarily im-
plies reduction in the SCFs. For example, at m = 5 or 10 the
stress concentration factors are increased for the different
UDFGM congurations compared to their values at m = 1.
At m = 0.5 there is a minor change in the SCFs depending
on the UDFGM conguration and the value of normalized
major radius. This change shows an increasing in the SCFs
for x-FGM and r-FGM at a/W greater than 0.15 whereas it
shows a decreasing in SCFs at a/W lower than 0.15.
Furthermore, for y-FGM and h-FGM using m = 0.5 results
in decreasing of SCFs for a/W lower than 0.35 and nearly
no signicant change for a/W greater than 0.35 (Fig. 9b and
d). Finally, decreasing the composition variation parameter
to m = 0.1 results in growing at SCFs for all UDFGM cong-
uration except for y-FGM at a/W lower than 0.15 and h-FGM
at a/W lower than 0.2.
4.3. Biaxial loading
The stress concentration occurs near the hole when the plate
containing an elliptical hole in the center and subjects to biax-
ial loads. The stress concentration grade depends on the biax-
ial loading ratio (k) (i.e. the ratio of loads applied in two
directions), and the elliptical hole shape factor (t = a/b). In
the developed FEM models, the arbitrary biaxial loading con-
dition is introduced into the boundary conditions by consider-
ing several cases of in-plane loads. This is achieved by
introducing the biaxial loading ratio (k) into the boundary
conditions (refer Fig. 2ii). Thus, by adopting any value of
the k, other type of biaxial loading conditions can be obtained.
Fig. 10 presents the effect of k on the SCFs at different normal-
ized major radius of the elliptical hole (a/W) for different
UDFGM congurations (i.e. x-, y-, r-, or h-FGM). As a simple
case, linear composition variation in the FGM through the
plate (m = 1) and unity elliptical hole shape factor (t = 1)
were considered.
1
3
5
7
9
11
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
(a) x-FGM

1
3
5
7
9
11
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
(b) y-FGM

1
3
5
7
9
11
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
(c) r-FGM

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
(d) -FGM

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Figure 10 Inuence of biaxial loading ratio (k) on stress concentration factors for the different UDFGM congurations using m = 1,
t = 1.
Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates loadings 9
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
Similar to the uniaxial case, it is worth to note that, the
SCFs increase gradually with the increasing of normalized
major radius of the elliptical hole (a/W) regardless of the value
of the biaxial loading ratio (k) for UDFGM with horizontal
or radial distribution (x- or r-FGM) (Fig. 10a and c).
Alternatively for vertical distribution UDFGM (y-FGM);
SCFs had a slight decreasing trend for a/W < 0.15 followed
by an obvious increasing trend for a/W > 0.15 (Fig. 10b).
Also, by increasing a/W ratio for angular distribution
UDFGM (h-FGM) (Fig. 10d) the SCFs decreased and attained
its minimal values at a/W of about 0.2. Then, SCFs increased
by increasing a/W ratio. Moreover, for all UDFGM
congurations the stress concentration is found higher when
uniaxial load (k = 0) is applied compared to equi-biaxial load-
ing (k = 1). While maximum SCFs are obtained at k =1 i.e.
at condition equivalent to pure shear oriented 45 to the ellipse
axes. In addition, it is found that, increasing positive biaxial
loading ratios result in decreasing the SCFs (i.e. increase the
stress attenuation rate). On the contrary, decreasing negative
biaxial loading ratios cause signicant increasing in stress con-
centration factors. This is valid for all UDFGM congurations
and can be obviously noticed for x-FGM at small values of a/
W and for h-FGM at higher values of a/W due to difference in
FGM distribution.
Fig. 11 shows the inuence of material gradation direction
of UDFGM on the SCFs for some biaxial loading ratios (k).
Results of SCFs for x-, y-, r-, and h-FGM are compared with
each others and with the SCFs results of isotropic material
plate. It is worth to note that, SCFs of UDFGM plates with
x-, y- and r-distributions are lower than the SCFs of the isotro-
pic material plate for all biaxial loading ratios. Comparing
SCFs of UDFGM distributed in h-direction with SCFs of iso-
tropic material plates show variable trend depending on the
value of biaxial loading ratio (k) and a/W ratio. For example,
SCFs of h-FGM are greater than those of isotropic material for
k = 1 (Fig. 11a and d). While, SCFs of h-FGM compared to
SCFs of isotropic material plates have the higher values for a/
W < 0.2 and have the lower values for a/W > 0.2 for
1 > k >1. Also, for biaxial loading ratios of k = 1 the
SCFs of x- and y-FGM are identical as expected since one
can obtain y-FGM distribution by rotating x-FGM distribu-
tion 90 and vice versa. Noting that, this is valid only for cir-
cular holes (i.e. elliptical shape factor of t = 1). For r-FGM
distribution SCFs are lower than and have similar trends com-
pared to SCFs of the isotropic material plates for all biaxial
loading ratios. This is observable as a result of the nearly par-
allelism between SCFs curves. Therefore, FGM with proper
distribution can be used to increase the stress attenuation rate
in plates with opening holes.
5. Conclusions
Stress concentration factor (SCF) due to elliptical hole in uni-
directional functionally graded materials (UDFGM) plate sub-
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
t-FGM
Isotropic
(a) = 1.0
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
t-FGM
Isotropic
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
(b) = 0.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
t-FGM
Isotropic
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
(c) = 0.5
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60
Normalized major radius (a / W)
S
t
r
e
s
s

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
S
C
F
)
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
t-FGM
Isotropic
(d) = 1.0
x-FGM
y-FGM
r-FGM
-FGM
Isotropic
Figure 11 Inuence of UDFGM congurations on the stress concentration factors for some biaxial loading ratios (k) (m = 1, t = 1).
10 T.A. Enab
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
jected to uniaxial or biaxial loadings conditions is obtained
using nite element method (FEM). The developed FEM mod-
els are efcient and well veried. From the numerical results
the following points can be concluded:
1. For both isotropic and UDFGM plates, the SCFs depend
on the normalized major radius of the elliptical hole
(a/W). Moreover, as the ratio of minor to major axis in
elliptical hole increases the stress concentration at the tip
of major axis decreases. Also, the SCFs increase gradually
with the decreasing of biaxial loading ratio (k).
2. SCFs are greatly affected by the gradation direction of
functionally graded materials. SCFs for x-, y-, and
r-FGM distributions are lower than the SCFs of the isotro-
pic material plate for all biaxial loading ratios. While, com-
paring SCFs of h-FGM with SCFs of isotropic material
plates show variable trend depending on the value of biaxial
loading ratio (k).
3. FGM composition variation parameter (m) has a signi-
cant effect on stress concentration and does not necessarily
imply reduction in the SCFs.
4. The solution presented here can be a tool for the designers
to analyze the stress concentration problem under uniaxial
or biaxial loading conditions.
5. Further study will be carried out to formulate a general
parametric equation for the maximum SCF in terms of
the geometric parameters, loading conditions and FGM
parameters.
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Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates loadings 11
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002
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Tawakol A. Enab is an Assistant Professor at
Production Engineering and Mechanical
Design Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. He
has received his Ph.D. from Savoie University,
Chambery, France. His research interests
comprise: the mechanical behavior of
advanced composite materials, piezoelectric
composites, functionally graded materials and
biomaterials.
12 T.A. Enab
Please cite this article in press as: Enab TA, Stress concentration analysis in functionally graded plates with elliptic holes under biaxial loadings,
Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.03.002

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