VOLUME XXVII OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2012 NUMBER IV

CONTENTS
RESEARCH ARTICLES
The Impact Of The Lean Technique Of Value Ann Francis 5
Stream Mapping In Indian Construction Sites Ashwin Mahalingam
On Reducing Carbon Emissions
Temporal Data In Three Dimensional Models Abhijeet S. Deshpande 21
For Improved Construction Planning Ossama M. Salem
Richard Alan Miller
A Dynamic Model Study For Real-Life Abhishek V. 29
ESIC Hospital Project Jagadeesh P.
Strength Properties Of Class 'C' Fly Ash Rama Mohan Rao P. 39
Concrete With Variable Aggregate Binder Ratio H. Sudarsana Rao
Application Of Public Private Partnership (PPP) In Siddesh K. Pai 45
Health Care Sector In India Ankit Tripathi
COMMUNICATION
Social Loss Estimation Due To Road Accidents Prasanta K. Sahu 55
Time Waste And Delays In Construction Projects : Safeer Ali Abbas Ali 63
A State Of The Art Report Arun C.
NICMAR
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Social Loss Estimation Due To Road Accidents
Prasanta K. Sahu
Abstract : India has a serious road accident problem with over 130,000 deaths
reported annually. These accidents not only cause considerable pain and
suffering but also they lead to direct economic costs and a large waste
of the national resources. The statistical estimates of years of life lost
due to premature mortality and the value of output forgone as a result
of road accident-related injury do not adequately communicate the depth
of human loss, grief, pain and suffering. However, investment decisions
on transport safety and research programs need to be made, and data
on accident numbers and severity, and their economic costs, can improve
the quality of those decisions. One of the prime uses of accident cost
information is assessing the benefits received from various transport
safety measures and programs. These measures and programs also impose
costs on society and it is necessary for the transport planners to determine
the appropriate balance of costs and benefits in order to ensure that
resources are used in a socially acceptable and efficient manner. Therefore,
it was thought to provide a concise review of some accident costing
methods developed worldwide including the key background information.
Keywords : Social Loss; Road Accidents; Human Capital.
COMMUNICATION - I
Application Of Public Private Partnership
(PPP) In Health Care Sector In India
Siddesh K. Pai and Ankit Tripathi
Abstract : Public private partnership or PPP in the context of health sector is an
instrument for improving the health of the population. With the rapid
growth of the Indian economy in recent times and the changing demographics
and socio-economic mix of the Indian population, there has been an
immense change in the healthcare requirements in the country. Today,
the healthcare system in India faces a challenge in raising the service
quality and addressing the increasing health needs of the country. This
challenge needs to be addressed through a concerted effort of both
public and private sectors by their agreeing on suitable public policy
initiatives which incentivize financing and provision of healthcare, and
thereby increase healthcare access to the people.
The paper presents the avenues of collaboration between the public and
private sectors of the healthcare industry, and to recommend public
policy initiatives that would foster Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)
and stimulate investment in healthcare sector to shape the future of
Indian Healthcare Industry. The paper encapsulates the success of PPP
in health sector in India.
Keywords : Public Private Partnership, Healthcare Industry.
Strength Properties Of Class 'C' Fly Ash
Concrete With Variable Aggregate Binder Ratio
Rama Mohan Rao P. and H. Sudarsana Rao
Abstract : In this paper the experimental work has been carried out to study the
strength characteristics of class 'C' fly ash concrete with cement replacement
levels by 30%, 40% and 50%. The aggregate to binder (a/b) ratio of 1.50
and 2.00 with water binder (w/b) ratios of 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50
for each concrete mix. In total twenty two fly ash concrete mixes each
of different mix proportions of fly ash, cement, water binder ratios were
cast and their characteristics were studied. For each fly ash concrete mix
consisting of standard sizes of cubes, cylindrical and prisms specimens
were cast and tested for compressive strength at 28 and 90 days and split
tensile strength, flexural strength. at the ages of 28 days. The test results
were analysed and compared among the two aggregate binder ratios. The
water/binder ratio increases, the compressive strength at 28 days for
30%, 40% and 50% fly ash replacement levels were reduced. The concrete
mix having 40% fly ash replacement and water/ binder ratio 0.40 shows
better split tensile strength of aggregate binder ratio of 2.00.
Keywords : Fly Ash, Aggregate Binder Ratio, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile
Strength, Flexural Strength
A Dynamic Model Study For Real-Life
ESIC Hospital Project
Abhishek V. and Jagadeesh P.
Abstract : All infrastructure projects are said to be inter-dependent, uncertain and
labour-intensive in nature. There is no exception for building services
subsector. For a real time project such as 'The construction, extension
and refurbishment of Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
Hospital at Tirupati with total area of 45,000 square feet at an estimated
cost of 110 crores, a generic process model is developed to simulate the
effect of set of identified variables on construction project. The 'Stocks
and Flows' of dynamic model afford relevant insights to project managers,
who apply this knowledge when designing better performance through
more appropriate project planning. It is concluded from the model-based
approach that building services works can be improved through specific
better focussed managerial efforts, such as increasing coordination effectiveness
at the planning stage, clarifying prerequisite conditions prior to installation,
etc. Otherwise, pending works arising from work clashes can lead to
knock-on effects resulting in productivity constraints and pressures, as
well as more rework and demolition. Current study reveals that the
model enables deep insight into various interdependent processes, thereby
improving construction performance levels, by addressing the dynamics
of the various identified critical input parameters.
Keywords : Construction Projects, Construction Project Performance, Dynamic Model
Structure, Endogenous Variables and Exogenous Variables.
Temporal Data In Three Dimensional Models
For Improved Construction Planning
Abhijeet S. Deshpande, Ossama M. Salem and Richard Alan Miller
Abstract : The methods typically used for construction project planning, viz. bar
charts and critical path method are effective in describing only one aspect
of project control, temporal description of the activities that are required
for successful completion of the project. The spatial description of the
activities may be provided textually in the schedule, but the spatial
interaction between various activities is not completely addressed. This
requires a significant effort on the part of project managers and various
subcontractors to ensure that all the subcontractors work harmoniously.
This paper describes a case study involving the construction of a large
industrial project in the US where the temporal data in the CPM schedule
was integrated with the three dimensional model using the Navisworks
software. This integration led to effective co-ordination of various sub-
contractors in the project and enabled the project team to identify
multiple cases of clashes. This case study highlights the use of 4D modeling,
which employs only a sub-set of capabilities of Building Information
Modeling. The potential advantage of use of this technology in construction
projects in India is discussed in this paper.
Keywords : Temporal Data, 4D Modeling, Building Information Modeling.
The Impact Of The Lean Technique Of Value
Stream Mapping In Indian Construction Sites
On Reducing Carbon Emissions
Ann Francis and Ashwin Mahalingam
Abstract : The construction industry is responsible for a considerable amount of
CO
2
and Greenhouse gas emissions. In the present day context, this is
a cause of considerable concern. Can 'Lean' construction techniques that
improve site productivity also improve site sustainability? Preliminary
evidence from other countries indicates that 'Lean' construction can
indeed lead to reduced emissions on construction sites. This paper attempts
to validate this notion on Indian construction sites and also attempts to
compare the extent of productivity enhancement and emission reduction
across a spectrum of construction activities, in order to achieve a better
understanding of where 'Lean' principles can be best used for improving
sustainability. We considered five different construction activities - Piling,
Construction of Open Foundations, Slab Concreting, Blockwork and
Fabricating Steel Trusses. We used Value Stream Mapping (VSM) - a
popularly used and standardized 'Lean' technique to map the current
execution process for each of these activities, and optimize productivity
using Lean techniques. Using simulation techniques, we simulated the
post-optimization performance of these activities. By comparing CO
2
equivalent emissions in the original state and in the optimized state for
each activity type, we were able to assess the role of Lean practices in
promoting sustainable construction. Our results indicate that while Lean
construction can lead to Green construction across all the activities that
we considered, the extent of emission reductions was highest in the
construction of open foundations followed by block work and piling.
Only negligible improvements were visible in concreting and structural
steel fabrication. Our findings are of relevance to policy makers, practitioners
and academics as they seek to make the construction industry more
sustainable.
Keywords : Sustainability, Lean Construction, Value Stream Mapping, Simulation,
CO
2
Equivalent Emissions.
Time Waste And Delays In Construction
Projects : A State Of The Art Report
Safeer Ali Abbas Ali and Arun C.
Abstract : Delays in construction sites occur due to systematic additions of time
waste in various activities that are part of the construction process. Time
waste of a particular activity is the waste in productive time that could
have been made productive. Different activities have different reasons
that contribute to time wastes of that particular activity.
Time management for construction activities is not activity oriented, but
process oriented. Scheduling of projects using bar charts, milestone
charts, Critical Path Method (CPM), Programme Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT) or even Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)
is done to maximize the project value by finishing the project at the
earliest by managing various activities most judiciously depending on the
sophistication of the method employed. However, these techniques are
less activity oriented, if the work is not discretized to minute level.
Studies indicating activity oriented time wastes for reduction in delay are
not many. Very few authors have studied certain activities in construction
in detail, while the detailed study on time waste generation, its reasons
and techniques for its reduction are almost nonexistent.
This paper gives a good insight into all presently available studies pertaining
to activity oriented as well as non-activity oriented time waste generation.
It is seen that the lean technique implementation has reduced wastages
in construction, reducing time wastes in the process. Further, studies
explaining delay analysis, ways to reduction of delay and betterment of
process are reported by a number of scholars. But time waste studies are
nominal and a lot of effort is required to be put into this area of study.
In case of delay in construction, which is chronic in today's sites delays
are to be eradicated or at least reduced substantially.
Keywords : Time Wastes, Time Management, Lean Construction, Construction Activities.
COMMUNICATION - II