61

1. What is .NET?
Answer-
The .NET is

1. It is a platform neutral framework.
2. Is a layer between the operating system and the
programming language.
3. It supports many programming languages,
including VB.NET, C# etc.
4. .NET provides a common set of class libraries,
which can be accessed from any .NET based
5. programming language. There will not be separate
set of classes and libraries for each language.
6. If you know any one .NET language, you can write
code in any .NET language!!
7. In future versions of Windows, .NET will be freely
distributed as part of operating system and
8. Users will never have to install .NET separately
9. . NET is not an operating system.
10. .NET is not a programming language

2. What is .Net Framework?
Answer-
The .NET Framework is a technology that supports building
and running the next generation of applications and XML
Web services. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the
following objectives:

1. To provide a consistent object-oriented
programming environment whether object code is
stored and executed locally, executed locally but
Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.
2. To provide a code-execution environment that
minimizes software deployment and versioning
conflicts.
promotes safe execution of code, including code
created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.
eliminates the performance problems of scripted
or interpreted environments.
5. To make the developer experience consistent
across widely varying types of applications, such
as Windows-based applications and Web-based
applications.
6. To build all communication on industry standards
to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework
can integrate with any other code.

3. What is .Net technology? Describe briefly its origins.
Answer-
Microsoft's .NET technology is a technology intended to
connect. What to connect? Well the whole thing that can be
linked through software - people, structures, computers, and
extra things as well as devices.
A further thorough explanation of .NET would be to it is a top
rank domain, at the start designed to be used by Internet
Service Providers (ISP), but now it has extended and
everybody can create use of a .net domain. It uses the
Internet domain Naming System (DNS) and it is a
contraction of the word 'Network'.

NET depends on four Internet standards:

1. HTTP
2. XML
3. SOAP
4. UDDI
Microsoft views this new technology as revolutionary,
enabling Internet users to do things that were never before
possible, such as integrate fax, e-mail and phone services,
centralize data storage and synchronize all of a users
computing devices to be automatically updated.

4. What is web service? How it is achieved using .Net
strategy?
Answer-
A Web service is a method of communication between two
electronic devices over r World Wide Web. A web service is
a software function provided at a network address over the
web or the cloud; it is a service that is "always on" as in the
concept ofutility computing.

5. What is Microsoft Intermediate Language ?
Answer-
Microsoft Intermediate Language is a CPU-independent
instruction set.
When you compile a .NET Framework application, it is
converted into MSIL.
When you execute the .NET Framework application on a
computer, the instructions specified in MSIL are translated
into the native code.
MSIL ensure cross-language integration.
Note that MSIL is not interpreted.

6. With what objectives .NET framework is designed.
Explain.
Answer-
The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the following
objectives:

To provide a consistent object-oriented
programming environment whether object code is
stored and executed locally, executed locally but
Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.
To provide a code-execution environment that
conflicts.
promotes safe execution of code, including code
eliminates the performance problems of scripte or
interpreted environments.
To make the developer experience consistent
across widely varying types of applications, such
as Windows-based applications and Web-based
applications.

Some Other Objectives of Dot Net Framework:
1. Supports platform independent concepts
2. Supports language independent concepts
3. Supports language interoperability concepts
4. Supports pure OOPs concepts
5. Supports to develop background processes with
the help of windows services
6. Supports to work with databases with the help of
ADO.NET
7. Supports to develop 3-tier architecture with the
help of Dot Net remoting
8. Supports to develop game programming with the
help of multi-threading
9. Supports to work with link programming
10. Supports to work with WPF for developing
animations.

7. What is Visual Studio.Net ?
Answer-
Visual Studio .NET is just an editor, provided by Microsoft to
help developers write .NET programs easily. VS.NET editor
automatically generates lot of code, allows developers to
drag and drop controls to a form, provide short
cuts to compile and build the application etc.

8. List the different languages supported by .NET?
Answer-
List of the different languages supported by .NET
C#, VB .Net, j#,C++ .
Cobol,Component Pascal ,Curriculum ,Eiffel ,Forth ,Fortran,
Haskell ,Java Language ,Microsoft JScript,Mercury
,Mondrian, Oberon ,Oz ,Pascal, Perl ,Python, RPG ,Scheme,
Small Talk, Standard ML,

9. With a neat diagram explain relationship of the
common language runtime and the class library to your
application.
Answer-

10. Explain salient features of common language
runtime.
Answer-
The Common Language Language Runtime is robust and
secure because it includes the following features:

Automatic lifetime management
Garbage collection for all .NET objects, Mulch-
generational mark-and-compact garbage
collection (GC)
No stray pointers, no circular references
Self-configuration, dynamic tuning
Exception handling, Error handling as a first-class
concept (not Boolean or HRESULTs), Dramatically
improved error reporting
Windows Language SEH integration
Several compilation models: Native (for example,
Managed C++) and Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL or IL) (for example, VB and C#)
Lack of an interpreter as the code compiles at
install-time or runtime
Code correctness and type safety, Verifiable IL
that guarantees type safety
No unsafe casts, no uninitialized variables, no out-
of-bounds array indexing
Evidence-based security, Both code- and user-
based security
Extensible permissions

11. Briefly explain what types of applications and
services can be developed using .NET framework.
Answer-

1. Console applications
2. Windows GUI applications.
3. Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
applications.
4. ASP.NET applications.
5. Web services.
6. Windows services.
7. Service-oriented applications using Windows
Communication Foundation (WCF).
8. Workflow-enabled applications using Windows
Workflow Foundation (WF).
--------------------

CHAPTER-2 (Overview of the .NET Framework)

1. What are the components of .NET framework?
Answer-
.Net Framework is a platform that provides tools and
technologies to develop Windows, Web and Enterprise
applications. It mainly contains two components,
1. Common Language Runtime (CLR)
2. .Net Framework Class Library.

2. What is Common Language Run-time?
Answer-
The .NET Framework provides a run-time environment
called the common language runtime, which runs the code
and provides services that make the development process
easier.

3. Enumerate major services provided by CLR.
Answer-
CLR is a common runtime environment for .NET languages.
The core services of CLR are
Execution management for .NET programs
Code Access Security
Type Safety
Memory management(Garbage collection)
Handling Exceptions
Interoperability with other applications
Side-by-side execution - multiple versions of same
application
Just In Time compilation (Compiling IL code
to machine code).

4. How does CLR implements C#program?
Answer-

5. What is Common Type System?
Answer-
The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing
a strict type-and-code-verification infrastructure called the
common type system (CTS). The CTS ensures that all
managed code is self describing.

6. What is common Language Specification?
Answer-
Common Language Specification is a standard for .net.
Common Language Specification is small set of specification
to make all languages as a .net compliant languages. cls
make a use of cts and clr. if my languages
(c#,vb.net,j#,vc++) wants to be compliant language it has to
follow cls standard.

7. What is manages code?
Answer-
Managed code is not compiled to machine code but to an
intermediate language which is interpreted and executed by
some service on a machine and is therefore operating within
a (hopefully!) secure framework which handles dangerous
things like memory and threads for you. In modern usage
this frequently means .NET but does not have to.

8. List some of the important services the Framework
Base Classes offer to the user.
Answer-

9. What are the benefits of .Net strategy advanced by
Microsoft?
Answer-
The main benefits of t.NET are:
* Makes programming easier thanks to Web services
* Allows the use of different programming languages
* Offers an integrated set of tools for building and integrating
Web services

10. Explain the following.
a. MetaData
--metadata is data about data. It is descriptive information
about a particular data set, object, or resource, including
how it is formatted, and when and by whom it was collected.

b. Cross Language Interoperability
--Language Interoperability means developing one
application with more than one language.
Suppose u are developing vb.net application and u need to
work with COM components of vb6.0,then it is called
language interoperability.

c. Assemblies
--Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework
applications; they form the fundamental unit of deployment,
version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security
permissions. An assembly is a collection of types and
resources that are built to work together and form a logical
unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common
language runtime with the information it needs to be aware
of type implementations.

d.Application Domains
--Application domains provide an isolation boundary for
security, reliability, and versioning, and for unloading
assemblies. Application domains are typically created by
runtime hosts, which are responsible for bootstrapping the
common language runtime before an application is run.

e. .NET framework class library
The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable
types that tightly integrate with the common language
runtime. The class library is object oriented, providing types
from which your own managed code can derive functionality.
This not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to use,
but also reduces the time associated with learning new
features of the .NET Framework. In addition, thirdparty
components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the
.NET Framework

f. System Namespace
--The System namespace is the root namespace for
fundamental types in the .NET Framework. This namespace
includes classes that represent the base data types used by
all applications: Object (the root of the inheritance hierarchy),
Byte, Char, Array, Int32, String, and so on. Many of these
types correspond to the primitive data types that your
programming language uses. When you write code using
.NET Framework types, you can use your languages
corresponding keyword when a .NET Framework base data
type is expect.

11. Briefly explain the different base data type supported
by .NET framework
Answer-
Script data type--C++ datatype--.NET Framework class (C#
data )
Number int Int32 (int)
Number long Int32 (int)
Number double Double (doubl
e)
Number float Single (float)
String BSTR String (string
)
Boolean VARIANT_BOOL Boolean (bo
ol)
Object Object Object (object)

--------------------
CHAPTER-3 (Architecture of .NET Framework)

1. With a neat diagram explain the architecture of .NET
framework.
Answer-

2. List out the objectives of .Net Framework.
Answer-
The Main Objectives of .NET Framework are-
1) Platform Independent
2) Language Independent
3) Language Interoperability
4) Security
5) Database Connectivity
6) Globalization of Application

Some Other Objectives of Dot Net Framework are:
1. Supports platform independent concepts
2. Supports language independent concepts
3. Supports language interoperability concepts
4. Supports pure OOPs concepts
5. Supports to develop background processes with
the help of windows services
6. Supports to work with databases with the help of
ADO.NET
7. Supports to develop 3-tier architecture with the
help of Dot Net remoting
8. Supports to develop game programming with the
help of multi-threading
9. Supports to work with link programming
10. Supports to work with WPF for developing
animations.

3. How the windows programming is different from .Net
programming?
Answer-
The windows programming is different from .Net
programming
-Windows Programming - In Windows Programming the
application programs call windows API function directly. The
applications run in the windows environment i.e. operating
system itself. These types of applications are called
unmanaged or unsafe applications.

.NET Programming - In .NET Programming the application
programs call .Net Base Class library functions which will
communicate with operating system. The applications run in
.Net Runtime environment. These types of applications are
called as managed or safe applications. The .Net Runtime
starts code execution, manages threads, provides services,
manages memory etc. The .Net Base classes are fully
object-oriented. It provides all functionalities of traditional
windows API along with functionalities in new areas like
accessing database, internet connections and web services.

4. What are the functionalists of CLR ? Give the steps
involved in managed code execution process.
Answer-
The CLR has the following functionalists:

The CLR uses metadata to locate and load
classes, lay out instances in memory, resolve
method invocations, generate native code, enforce
security, and set runtime context boundaries.
The CLR automatically handles object layout and
manages references to objects, releasing them
when they are no longer being used. Automatic
memory management eliminates memory leaks as
well as some other common programming errors.
The CLR makes it easy to design components and
applications whose objects interact across
languages. Objects written in different languages
can communicate with each other, and their
behaviors can be tightly integrated.

The managed execution process includes the following
steps:

1. Choosing an appropriate language compiler.
2. Compiling your code to MSIL or simply IL:
Compiling translates your source code into IL and
generates the required metadata.
3. Compiling IL to native code: At execution time, a
JIT compiler translates the IL into the native
machine code. During this compilation, the code
must pass a verification process that examines the
IL and metadata to find out whether the code can
be determined to be type safe.
4. Executing code: The CLR provides the
environment that enables execution as well as a
variety of services that can be used during
execution.

5. What are assemblies? What are static and dynamic
assemblies?
Answer-
Assemblies are the basic elements of packaging in .NET. An
assembly consists of IL code, metadata that describes what
is in the assembly, and any other files or information that the
application needs to run, such as graphics and sound files.

Static Assemblies can include .NET types (interfaces and
classes), as well as required resources for the assembly
(bitmaps, JPEG files, resource files, and so on). Static
assemblies are stored on disk in PE files.

Dynamic Assemblies are one which run directly from
memory and are not saved to disk before execution. They
can be saved to disk after they have executed.

6. How the .Net execution environment with application
domain differs from traditional way of execution?
Answer-
In the case of .NET Framework, application domains provide
a secure and versatile unit of processing that the CLR can
use to provide isolation between applications. Several
application domains can be run in a single process with the
same level of isolation that would exist as separate
processes, but without incurring the additional overhead of
making IPC calls or switching between processes.
Traditionally, the process boundaries have been used to
isolate applications running on the same computer. Each
application is loaded into a separate process, which isolates
one application from another applications running on the
same computer. The applications are isolated to provide
process security. As a result, the process cannot make direct
calls to another process. Instead, IPC techniques have to be
used to have communication between the processes. Each
application is a separate process.

7. What is CTS? Explain the classification of types in
CTS with a diagram.
Answer-
The CTS is a standardized set of basic data types. This
system provides a way to language interoperability. An
object implemented in one .NET supported language can
call an object implemented in another .NET supported
language.

Classification of Types The CTS supports two categories:
* Value Types It directly stores data in the variable. Value
types can be built-in type, user defined types or
enumerations.
* Reference Types It store a reference to the datas
memory address. Reference types can be self describing
types, pointer types or interface types. Self-describing types
are further split into arrays and class types. The class types
are user defined classes, boxed value types and delegates.
All types derive from the System.Object base type.

8. Write a note on metadata.
Answer-
Metadata is the key to a simpler programming model, and
eliminates the need for Interface Definition Language (IDL)
files, header files, or any external method of component
reference. Metadata enables .NET Framework languages to
describe themselves automatically in a language-neutral
manner, unseen by both the developer and the user.
Additionally, metadata is extensible through the use of
attributes.
Metadata provides the following major benefits:

*Self-describing files.
Common language runtime modules and assemblies are
self-describing. A modules metadata contains everything
needed to interact with another module. Metadata
automatically provides the functionality of IDL in COM, so
you can use one file for both definition and implementation.
Runtime modules and assemblies do not even require
registration with the operating system. As a result, the
descriptions used by the runtime always reflect the actual
code in your compiled file, which increases application
reliability.

*Language interoperability and easier component-based
design.Metadata provides all the information required about
compiled code for you to inherit a class from a PE file written
in a different language. You can create an instance of any
class written in any managed language (any language that
targets the common language runtime) without worrying
about explicit marshaling or using custom interoperability
code.

*Attributes.
The .NET Framework lets you declare specific kinds of
metadata, called attributes, in your compiled file. Attributes
can be found throughout the .NET Framework and are used
to control in more detail how your program behaves at run
time. Additionally, you can emit your own custom metadata
into .NET Framework files through user-defined custom
attributes

9. With a neat diagram explain the architecture of
Common Language Runtime.
Answer-

10. Briefly explain the following.
a. Managed Code
-> Managed code is code that has its execution managed by
the .NET Framework Common Language Runtime. It refers
to a contract of cooperation between natively executing code
and the runtime. This contract specifies that at any point of
execution, the runtime may stop an executing CPU and
retrieve information specific to the current CPU instruction
address. Information that must be query-able generally
pertains to runtime state, such as register or stack memory
contents.

b. Unmanaged Code
-> The code, which is developed outside .NET, Framework
is known as unmanaged code.
Applications that do not run under the control of the CLR are
said to be unmanaged, and certain languages such as C++
can be used to write such applications, which, for example,
access low - levefunctions of the operating system.
Background compatibility with code of VB, ASP and COM
are examples of unmanaged code.

c. Microsoft Intermediate Language
-> It is language independent code. When you compile code
that uses the .NET Framework library, you dont immediately
create operating system - specific native code.
Instead, you compile your code into Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL) code. The MSIL code is not specific to any
operating system or to any language.

d. J ust-In-Time Compiler
-> Just - in - Time (JIT) compiler, which compiles MSIL into
native code that is specific to the OS and machine
architecture being targeted. Only at this point can the OS
execute the application. The just - in -time part of the name
reflects the fact that MSIL code is only compiled as, and
when, it is needed.

e. Garbage Collector
-> One of the most important features of managed code is
the concept of garbage collection. This is the .NET method
of making sure that the memory used by an application is
freed up completely when the application is no longer in
use.
(As CLR is smart to free up the memory, so why Microsoft
has given option for pro grammatically calling Garbage
collect)

11. Explain the different process of executing the C#
code which is written using .NET framework
Answer-
The different process of executing the C# code which is
written using .NET framework -
Step 1-Application code is written using a .NET - compatible
language C#.
Step 2 -Code is compiled into MSIL, which is stored in an
assembly.
Step 3 -When this code is executed (either in its own right if
it is an executable or when it is used from other code), it
must first be compiled into native code using a JIT compiler.
Step 4 -The native code is executed in the context of the
managed CLR, along with any other running applications or
processes.
Note: One additional point concerning this process. The C#
code that compiles into MSIL in step 2 neednt be contained
in a single file. Its possible to split application code across
multiple source code files, which are then compiled together
into a single assembly. This extremely useful process is
known as linking.
This is because it is far easier to work with several smaller
files than one enormous one. You can separate out logically
related code into an individual file so that it can be worked
on independently and then practically forgotten about when
completed.

--------------------
CHAPTER-4 (Getting started with C# in the .NET
framework)

1. With a neat diagram explain the components of .NET
framework.
Answer-

2. Explain the important features of .NET.
Answer-
The important features of .NET are-

To provide an object-oriented programming
environment and to determine whether object
code is stored and executed locally, or executed
remotely.
conflicts.
guarantees safe execution of code, including code
eliminates the performance problems of scripted
or interpreted environments.
To ensure consistency across varying types of
applications, such as Windows-based applications
and Web-based applications.
To build all communication on industry standards
to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework
can integrate with any other code.
OTHER FEATURES--

*Common Type System -
Language interoperability under .NET is possible only when
all the languages share a common data type system. For
this, the common type system (CTS) is introduced. CTS
ensures that an int in C# is same as an int in VC++. Under
CTS, all the classes are derived from the System.Object
class and all the primitive data types are mapped to the
structures defined in base class library. CTS also specifies
the visibility level (from where the type should be accessible)
of data types.

*Intermediate Language -
A .NET programming language does not compile into
executable code; instead it compiles into an intermediate
code called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). IL is a
CPU-independent language. The IL code is sent to the CLR
that converts the code to machine language using the Just In
Time compiler, which is then run on the host machine. An
important aspect of the IL Windows Forms, Web
Forms, Web Services, etc.
(Developed in .NET compliant languages) .NET Framework
Base Classes (ADO.NET, XML, Threading,
I/O, Network) Common Language Runtime (Memory )
Management, Common Type System, Lifecycle
Monitoring) 33 language is that it provides the hardware
abstraction layer. We can view the IL code of our application
using the ILDASM tool shipped with Visual Studio.NET.

*JIT Compilation-
JIT (Just In Time) compiler is a crucial component of the
.NET framework. The JIT compiler converts IL code into
machine code, which is then executed. The JIT compiler
does not compile the entire code at once because it could
hamper the performance of the program. It compiles the
code at runtime, at the time it is called. The code that is
compiled gets stored until the execution comes to an end.
This avoids recompilation of code. The reason why
conversion from IL code to machine code takes place at
runtime is that the JIT first gets information on the processor
type and appropriately converts the IL code so that it would
run on that type of processor.

*Assemblies-
An assembly is a unit containing IL code of a program. It is
similar to a DLL file, but one
difference is that unlike DLL, an assembly is self-describing.
Assemblies contain assembly metadata (or manifest) that
gives details of the assembly, type metadata describing the
types, methods, etc, defined in the assembly and resources.
Garbage Collection Garbage Collection is a program that is
invoked by the CLR to free the memory that is not being
used by the application. Because of this technique the
programmers no more need to take care of memory
leakages, dangling pointers and clean up of memory.

Thats it for a brief introduction to the .NET framework. Let
us now create a simple program in C# hat uses the .NET
framework. It is assumed that you have installed Visual
Studio.NET on a machine running under Windows
NT/2000/XP

3. Write down the steps to be followed while creating a
C#program.
Answer-
The steps to create the program are given below.
(a) Start Microsoft Visual Studio.NET from Start | Program |
Microsoft Visual Studio.NETmenu option.
(b) Create a new C# project by selecting File | New | Project
menu option. A New Project
dialog would appear. From the New Project dialog box
select project type as Visual C#
Projects.
(c) Select Console Application from the list of Templates.
(d) Select a location where this project should get saved.
Name the project as Simple. Click the OK button.
(e) A Class1.cs file (cs stands for C Sharp) would get
created with the skeleton code given
below:

using System;
namespace Simple
{
class Class1
{
void Main ( string[ ] args )
{
Console.WriteLine ( Hello C# );
}
}
}

4. Describe the structure of typical C#program.
Answer-
C# program can consist of one or more files. Each file can
contain one or more namespaces. A namespace contains
group of related types such as classes, structs, interfaces,
enumerations, and delegates. Namespaces may be nested.
The following is the skeleton of a C# program that contains
all of these elements.
// A skeleton of a C# program
using System; namespace Namespace1
{
class Class1
{
}
struct Struct1
{
}
interface Interface1
{
}
delegate int Delegate1();
enum Enum1
{
}
namespace Namespace2
{
}
class Class2
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
}
}
}

5. Why do we use the using directive in a C#program?
Answer-
The using directive has two uses:
1. To allow the use of types in a namespace so that you do
not have to qualify the use of a type in that namespace:

using System.Text;

2.To create an alias for a namespace or a type. This is
called a using alias directive.

using Project = PC.MyCompany.Project;

6. What is the importance of the Main method in a C#
program?
Answer-
The Main method is the entry point of a C# console
application or windows application. When the application is
started, the Main method is the first method that is invoked.
(The program execution starts from the Main()function. Since
C# is a pure object-oriented language it does not allow us to
create global variables and fun

7. Why do we use comments in a program?
Answer-
Code comments are the "first line" of program
documentation. They are used to tell other programmers
how your code works, what it's doing, and what they need to
know in order to understand it as well as you do.

8. Describe the difference between the two styles of
comments used in C#.
Answer-
In C# language, the types are divided into two styles of
comments:

Value types: Variables of the value types directly
contain their data. With value types, the variables
have their own copy of the data.
Reference types: Variables of the reference types
store address of their data. With reference types, it
is possible for two variables to reference the same
object.

9. How does the Write() method is different from
WriteLine() method?
Answer-
The Write () method outputs one or more values to the
screen without a new line character.

The WriteLine() always appends a new line character to the
end of the string. this means any subsequent output will start
on a new line.
tions. Instead, all variables and functions including Main()
should be defined inside a class)

10. What is syntax error? How do we detect them?
Answer-
These are errors where the compiler finds something wrong
with your program, and you can't even try to execute it. For
example, you may have incorrect punctuation, or may be
trying to use a variable that hasn't been declared.

Syntax errors are the easiest to find and correct. The
compiler will tell you where it got into trouble, and its best
guess as to what you did wrong. Usually the error is on the
exact line indicated by the compiler, or the line just before it;
however, if the problem is incorrectly nested braces, the
actual error may be at the beginning of the nested block.

11. Write a C# program to display the text Hello C#.
Explain it.
Answer-
using System;
namespace Simple
{
class Class1
{
static void Main ( string[ ] args )
{
Console.WriteLine ( Hello C# );
}
}
--------------------

CHAPTER-5 (C# Language Syntax)

1. With an example explain how to declare variables in
C#.
Answer-
The following sample shows different ways you can declare
a variable:
int a;
int salary, incomeTax, sum;
int count = 10;
string name;
string fullName= ChandU;

2. With an example explain the following loop
statements in C#.
a. While
Answer-
int i = 0;
while ( i < 5 )
{
Console.WriteLine ( i );
++i;
}

(The above loop repeates 5 times and prints the value of i.
The output of above code would be like this :
0
1
2
3
4)

b. Do..While-
Answer-
int i = 0;
do
{
Console.WriteLine ( i );
i++;
}
while ( i < 5 );

(The above loop is pretty much same as the whileloop. The
only difference is, the condition is checked
only after executing the code inside the loop)

c. For-
Answer-
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
Console.Wr iteLine ( i );
}

(The above loop repeats 5 times just like the whileloop and
prints the value of i.
The output of above code would be like this :
0
1
2
3
4)

d. Foreach-
Answer-
string [ ] names = new string[ ]{
Abhilash",Balram,ChandU ,"Sekhar };
foreach ( string name in names )
{
Console.WriteLine ( name );
}

(foreach loop can be used to iterate through a collection like
array,
ArrayList etc.
The above code displays the following output.
Abhilash
Balram
ChandU
Sekhar)

3. With an example explain break and continue
statement in C#.
Answer-
Break --
breaks tatement is used to break out of loops
(while, for, switchetc).
string [] names = new string[]{ Abhilash",Balram,ChandU
,"Sekhar };
{
if ( name == ChandU )
break;
}
In the above sample, it iterates through the array of 4 items,
but when it encounters the name ChandU,
it exits the loop and will not continue in the loop anymore.

The output of above sample would be :
Abhilash
Balram
ChandU

Continue-- continue statement is also used to in the loops
(while, for, etc). When executed, continue statement will
move the execution to the next iteration in the loop, without
continuing the lines of code after the continue' inside the
loop.
string [ ] names = new string[ ]{
Abhilash",Balram,ChandU ,"Sekhar };
{
if ( name == ChandU )
continue;
}
In the above sample, when the value of name is ChandU, it
executes the continue which will change the execution to
the next iteration, without executing the lines below it. So, it
will not print the name, if the name is ChandU.
The output of above sample would be :
Abhilash
Balram
Sekhar

4. Write a program to print whether a given number is
even or odd.
Answer-
Program that finds odd numbers :-
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++)
{
if (IsOdd(i))
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
}
}
public static bool IsOdd(int value)
{
return value % 2 != 0;
}
}

Output- 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13,.................................99
----------

Program that finds even numbers:-

using System;
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++)
{
if (IsEven(i))
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
}
}
public static bool IsEven(int value)
{
return value % 2 == 0;
}
}

Output- 0., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26,
28,......................100.

5. Write a program to print all possible roots of the
quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0.
Answer-

6. Write a program to print the factorial of a given
number.
Answer-
You may write a class called 'Calculator' with a method
called 'Factorial()' taking one input parameter and returning
the Factorial of the input.

public class Calculator
{
public int Factorial(int a)
{
int factorial = 1;
while ( a > 0 )
{
factorial *= a;
--a;
}
return factorial;
}
}

7. Write a program to print the first n terms of the
Fibonacci series.
Answer-
using System;
class Program
{
public static int Fibonacci(int n)
{
int a = 0; int b = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
int temp = a; a = b; b = temp + b;
}
return a;
}
static void Main()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(Fibonacci(i));
}
}
}

Output- 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,
377,.........................n.

8. Write a program to reverse the given number.
Answer-
using System;
static class StringHelper
{
public static string ReverseString(string s)
{
char[ ] arr = s.ToCharArray();
Array.Reverse(arr); return new string(arr);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine(StringHelper.ReverseString("54
321"));
Console.WriteLine(StringHelper.ReverseString("98
765"));
}
}

Output- 12345, 56789

9. Write a program to find the sum of the digit of a given
number.
Answer-
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace SumOfDig
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
long modulo,sum=0;
Console.Write("Enter the Number:");
long number = long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
while (number > 0)
{
modulo = (number % 10);
sum = sum + modulo;
number = number / 10;
}
Console.WriteLine("The Sum of Digits of number
is {0}",sum);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

10. Demonstrate the typical use of goto statement.
Answer-
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
int main()
{
float num,average,sum;
int i,n; printf("Maximum no. of inputs: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;++i)
{
printf("Enter n%d: ",i);
scanf("%f",&num);
if(num<0.0)
goto jump;
sum=sum+num;
}
jump: average=sum/(i-1);
printf("Average: %.2f",average);
return 0;
}

11. Compare and contrast if..else statement and switch
statement.
Answer-
They are pretty similar but each has a few special features.
if-else

if allows complex expressions in the condition
while switch wants a constant
You can't accidentally forget the break between ifs
but you can forget the else (especially during
cut'n'paste)
it accepts all data types.

switch

switch is usually more compact than lots of nested
if else and therefore, more readable
If you omit the break between two switch cases,
you can fall through to the next case in many C-
like languages. With if else you'd need a goto
(which is not very nice to your readers ... if the
language supports goto at all).
In most languages, switch only accepts primitive
types as key and constants as cases. This means
it can be optimized by the compiler using a jump
table which is very fast.
In many languages, switch only accepts only some
data types.
--------------------

CHAPTER-6 (DataTypes in C#)

1. Briefly explain data types in C#and .NET.
Answer-
DataTypes are the basic building block of any language.
Microsoft has tried to standardise the datatypes in .NET
framework by introducing a limited, fixed set of types that
can be used to represent almost anything in programming
world.

C++ was very rich in datatypes, but that leads to confusion
too. Especially, when you write components that may be
consumed by applications written in other platforms, you
have to make sure the types used are compatible with other
platforms too!

.NET types start from a clean slate. All .NET languages
share the same types. So, they are all compatible and no
worries.This means, you can call C# code from VB.NET and
vice versa, without worrying about type conversions.

.NET data types are either structures or classes, part of the
System namespace. For example, the following data types
are implemented as struct in .NET:
*Int16
*Int32
*Double
(String is implemented as a class in .NET, for various
reasons.)

If you are not very familiar with struct and class, dont worry
about it. You can just use them as if they are simple data
types.

Here is how you can declare variables of type Int, Double
and String:
*Int16 age, employeeNumber;
*Double salary;
*String name, address;

You can use any of the .NET data types directly in any .NET
language - in C#, VB.NET or
xyz.NET.But in addition to the .NET types, each language
provides a set of primitive types, which map to the
corresponding types in .NET class library. This is why you
may see some people use string and some others use
String. There is no big difference. string is a primitive data
type in C# and String is the corresponding class in .NET
class library. The string in C# is mapped to the class in .NET
class library. So, whether you use string or String,there is no
real difference.

2. List the data types in C#and their corresponding
class/struct in .NET class library.
Answer-
The following list shows the list of data types available in C#
and their corresponding class/struct in .NET class library.

C# Data type Mapped to .NET class/struct
Sbyte Sys tem.SByte
Byte System.Byte
Char System.Char
Float System.Single
Decimal System.Decimal
Double System.Double
Ushort System.UInt16
Short System.Int16
Uint System.UInt32
Int System.Int32
Ulong System.UInt64
Long System.Int64
Bool System.Boolean
String System.String
Object System.Object

3. What is a literal?
Answer-
A literal is some data that's presented directly in the code,
rather than indirectly through a variable or function call.
(A literal is a value that is expressed as itself. For example,
the number 25 or the string "Hello World" are both literals. )

4. What is a constant?
Answer-
A constant is a value that never changes. The other type of
values that programs use is variables, symbols that can
represent different values throughout the course of a
program.

A constant can be
a number, like 25 or 3.6
a character, like a or $

5. What is variable?
Answer-
In programming, a variable is a value that can change,
depending on conditions or on information passed to the
program. Typically, a program consists of instruction s that
tell the computer what to do and data that the program uses
when it is running.

6. There are thirteen simple value types. List Them.
Answer-
Thirteen simple value types
1.SByte
2.byte
3.char
4.ULong
5.long
6.UInteger
7.int
8.double
9.short
10.UShort
11.float
12.bool
13.decimal

7. List the two different reference types.
Answer-
Variables of reference types store references to the actual
data. This section introduces the following keywords used to
declare reference types:
1.class
2.interface

8. Differentiate between value types and reference data
types in C#
Answer-
The differences between values types and reference types :-

1)value types allocated on stack but reference types
allocated on heap.

2). A value type variable contains the data
itself but reference type variable contains the
address of memory location where data is actually stored.

3). When you copy a value type variable to another one, the
actual data is copied and each variable can be
independently manipulated but when copying a reference
type variable to another variable, only the memory address
is copied. Both variables will still point to thesame memory
location, which means, if you change one variable, the value
will be changed for the other variable too.

4). Integer, float, boolean, double etc are value
types and string and object are reference types.
5). Struct is value type but classes and interfaces are
reference type

--------------------

CHAPTER-7 (Classes and Object model in .NET)

1. With an example explain class and methods.
Answer-
In modern object oriented programming, large computer
programs are divided into several classes. Typically, a large
project will have several hundred classes. A class represents
an entity in a program.
For example, if you are doing a small program called
calculator, you will typically have a single (or more) class
called Calculator(you can give any name for your class).
The class will have several methods, that will do the
functionality of the class.
So, your calculator may have methods like the following:
Add()
Subtract()
Multiply()
Divide()
A sample calculator class, written in C# is given below:

using System;
public class Calculator
{
public int Add(int value1, int value2)
{
return value1 + value2;
}
public int Subtract(int value1, int value2)
{
return value1 - value2;
}
public int Multiply(int value1, int value2)
{
return value1 * value2;
}
public int Divide(int value1, int value2)
{
return value1 / value2;
}
}

2. With an example explain get and set properties in a
class.
Answer-
public class Car
{
private string color;
public Car()
{
}
public string Color
{
get
{
if ( color == )
return GREEN;
else
return color;
}
set
{
if ( value == )
thrown new Exception (Wrong value.);
else
color = value;
}
}
}

3. How do we invoke a method in C#?
Answer-
using System;
using System.Reflection;
class Program
{
public void Win()
{
Console.WriteLine("{You're a winner}");
}
public void Lose()
{
}
public void Draw()
{
} static void Main()
{
Program p = new Program();
MethodInfo [ ] methods = type of(Program).GetMethods();
foreach (MethodInfo info in methods)
{
Console.WriteLine(info.Name);
if (info.Name == "Win")
{
info.Invoke(program, null);
}
}
}
}

4. What is nesting of methods? Give an example of
typical use of methods nesting?
Answer-
A type defined within a class or struct is called a nested type.
For example:

5. Describe three different ways of providing values to
instance variables of a class?
Answer-

6. Describe two ways of accessing the values of data
fields? Compare them.
Answer-

7. What is property? Why are they referred as smart
fields?
Answer-

8. List at least three important features of properties.
Answer-

9. Create a class to hold two integer values. Design a
method swap that would take two integer object as
parameters and swap their contents.
Answer-

10. What do you mean by name spaces. List the name
spaces available in .NET class library.

--------------------

CHAPTER-8 (WinForms)

1. Write a note on the following.
a. Winform-
WinForms is the most commonly used feature of .NET.
'Windows' based applications in .NET is called 'WinForms'.
The .NET framework comes with a good number of classes
to support 'Form' based application development.
A WinForm application will have atleast one Form(window),
which would be used for the interaction
between the application and user. A Form can contain other
controls like TextBox, Label, Button etc.
Large WinForms applications will have several Forms,
some of them used to capture data from user and
some of them used to display data to user. By performing
certain actions in each form, user can navigate
to other Formsin the application.

b. Event Driven Programming-
Event Driven programming model is the most commonly
used feature in modern programming. In this
model, you will write appropriate code for each event.
Examples for events are
Button Click
Mouse Move
Mouse Click
Key Press
In Winforms application, users interact with the application
using various actions in the window (likeclicking a button,
moving mouse, pressing keys in keyboard etc). These
actions will generate various
events. When an event is generated, the code written for
that event will be executed.

2. Write the steps to create Winform applications.
Answer-
TO CREATE WINFORMS APPLICATIONS:

1. Open Visual Studio .NET
2. Select the menu : File > New > Project
3. Choose from the project types : Visual C# Projects
4. From the Templates, choose the application type
Windows Application
5. Enter the project name in the space for Name.
6. Make sure the Locationis pointing to your folder.
You may press the Browse button to select
7. your personal folder, so that all your projects will
be saved in your folder.
8. Press OKto create the projet. By default the
project will be created with a sample form,
9. named Form1. You can drag and drop controls
into this form, from the Toolboxon the left
10. hand side of the VS.NET.

3. Briefly discuss the various controls available in
System.Windows.Froms.
Answer-

4. Write a C#program to create and display a window.
Answer-

5. Briefly explain the MessageBox class.
Answer-

6. Briefly explain the different types of event that can be
generated.
Answer-

7. With the help of an example program explain how to
add button control to the window.
Answer-

8. Write a program to display a message box and read
the data entered in the text box. Briefly explain.
Answer-

--------------------
CHAPTER-9 (Inheritance)

1. With an example program explain the inheritance
concept in C#.
Answer-
As with most programming concepts the subject of
inheritance in C# is perhaps best illustrated with an
example. In the previous chapter we created a class called
BankAccount:

public class BankAccount
{
public string accountName;
public int accountFee;
private int accountBalance;
private int accountNumber;
public int getAccountNumber()
{
return accountNumber;
}
public void setAccountNumber(int newNumber)
{
accountNumber = newNumber;
}
}

This class does a good job of defining characteristics
common to any type of bank account, such as
account holder name, account number and current balance.
Imagine, however, that our banking program
needs to support a number of specific types of account. For
example, the bank might offer its customers
an interest bearing savings account. A savings account will
have all the characteristics of our BankAccount
class but would also need a way to store the prevailing
interest rate. One option would be to create a
brand new class from the ground up called
SavingsAccountwhich duplicates everything we have in our
BankAccountclass, plus extra members needed for a
savings account. Another, more efficient method is
to derive a SavingsAccountclass from the BankAccountclass
and then add in the extra functionality
into this subclass.

2. What is re-usability of code? How it is achieved in
C#?
Answer-

3. What are two forms of inheritance? Give your own
examples.
Answer-

4. Describe the syntax of single inheritance in C#.
Answer-

5. Describe improvement characteristics of inheritance.
Answer-

6. How does a base class receive its arguments in order
to construct its members properly?
Answer-

7. When do we declare a class abstract?
Answer-
When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.
The keyword abstract can be used with both classes and
methods in C# to declare them as abstract.

The classes, which we can't initialize, are known as abstract
classes. They provide only partial implementations. But
another class can inherit from an abstract class and can
create their instances.

8. State the characteristics of abstract classes.
Answer-
The characteristics of abstract classes-
1. An abstract class can inherit from a class and one
or more interfaces.
2. An abstract class can implement code with non-
Abstract methods.
3. An Abstract class can have modifiers for methods,
properties etc.
4. An Abstract class can have constants and fields.
5. An abstract class can implement a property.
6. An abstract class can have constructors or
destruction.
7. An abstract class cannot be inherited from by
structures.
8. An abstract class cannot support multiple
inheritance.

9. What are the characteristics of abstract methods?
Answer-
Characteristics of abstract method are:-

1. It can not have implementation.
2. Its implementation must be provide in non-abstract
derived classes by overriding the method.
3. It can be declared only in abstract classes.
4. It can not take either static or virtual modifier.
5. An abstract declaration is permitted to override a
virtual method.
10. What is virtual method?
Answer-
A virtual method is a method that can be redefined in derived
classes. A virtual method has an implementation in a base
class as well as derived the class. It is used when a
method's basic functionality is the same but sometimes more
functionality is needed in the derived class. A virtual method
is created in the base class that can be overriden in the
derived class. We create a virtual method in the base class
using the virtual keyword and that method is overriden in the
derived class using the override keyword

11. With an example program explain how to pass
arguments to the base class constructors.
Answer-
using System;
class Net
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public Net(Perl perl)
{
// Use name from Perl instance.
this.Name = perl.Name;
}
}
class Perl
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public Perl(string name)
{
this.Name = name;
// Pass this instance as a parameter!
Net net = new Net(this);
// The Net instance now has the same
name . Console.WriteLine(net.Nam
e);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Perl perl = new Perl("Sam");
}
}

12. Write a note on abstract class.
Answer-
Often a base class is not intended to be instantiated and is
provided solely for the purpose of providing an outline for
subclasses. Such a class is known as an abstract class.

13. Differentiate between abstract and virtual members.
Answer-
- Only abstract classes can have abstract members.
- A non-abstract class that inherits from an abstract
class mustoverride its abstract members.
- An abstract method is implicitly virtual.
- An abstract method cannot provide any implementation.
- A class can have a virtual method.
- The virtual method has an implementation. When you
inherit from a class that has a virtual method, you can
override the virtual method.

--------------------

CHAPTER-10 (Exception Handling)

1. What are compile time errors? Give some examples.
How are they detected?
Answer-

2. What are run time errors? Give some examples. How
are they detected?

3. What is exception? Give some examples.
Answer-
When an error occurs within a method, the method creates
an object and hands it off to the runtime system. The object,
called an exception object, contains information about the
error, including its type and the state of the program when
the error occurred. Creating an exception object and handing
it to the runtime system is called throwing an exception.

Some examples of exception:-
UNCAUGHT EXCEPTIONS
MULTIPLE CATCH BLOCKS
THROWING AN EXCEPTION
STANDARD EXCEPTIONS
USER-DEFINED EXCEPTIONS

4. Why is it necessary to handle an exception by a
special code?
Answer-

5. Describe the tasks involved in handling exceptions.
Answer-

6. How do you define the following.
a) try block--
If any exception occurs inside the try block, the control
transfers to the appropriate catch block and later to the
finally block. But in C#, both catch and finally blocks are
optional. The try block can exist either with one or more
catch blocks or a finally block or with both catch and finally
blocks.

b) catch block--
In catch we handle exceptions. The try-catch pattern in the
C# language provides an alternative flow control. It traps
errors in an efficient and clear way. The catch block allows
an optional variable.
Multiple catch blocks can be stacked to provide more
control. The final one does not require a variable type.

c) finally block--
If there is no exception occurred inside the try block, the
control directly transfers to finally block. We can say that the
statements inside the finally block is executed always. Note
that it is an error to transfer control out of a finally block by
using break, continue, return or goto.

7. What do you mean by Exceptions? With the help of an
example program explain how exception is handled in
C#.
Answer-
An exception is any error condition or unexpected behavior
encountered by a program in execution. Exceptions can be
raised because of:
Fault in the code or in shared library.
Unavailability of operating system resources.
Unexpected conditions encountered by the CLR encounters.

Exceptions are handled by a try statement. When an
exception occurs, the system searches for the nearest catch
block that can handle the exception. Once a matching catch
block is found, the control is transferred to the first statement
of the catch block and the catch block executes. If no
matching catch block or finally block is found, then the
execution of the thread is terminated.

8. List at least four exceptions that occur in C#
programs.
Answer-

9. What happens when a try block is neither followed by
a try block nor ny a finally block.
Answer-

10. What is the purpose of using finally block? Give
some examples.
Answer-

11. When do you consider it necessary to define your
own exception classes?
Answer-

12. With an example program explain how to throw your
own exceptions.
Answer-

13. Briefly explain Standard Exceptions.
Answer-

14. Write a note on user defined Exceptions.
Answer-

--------------------
CHAPTER-11 (Arrays)

1. What do you mean by arrays? Explain how define and
initialize arrays in C#.
Answer-

2. Differentiate between Rectangular arrays and J agged
arrays.
C# supports two types of multidimensional arrays:
Rectangular and Jagged.
A rectangular array is a single array with more than one
dimension, with the dimensionssizes fixed in the arrays
declaration. The following code creates a 2 by 3 multi-
dimensional array.
A jagged arrays, one can create multidimensional arrays
with irregular dimensions. This flexibility
derives from the fact that multidimensional arrays are
implemented as arrays of arrays. The following
piece of code demonstrates how one might declare an array
made up of a group of 4 and a group of 6
elements:

3. Explain the need for array variables.
Answer-

4. What is a variable size array? How is it different from
a rectangular array?
Answer-

5. Give an example of typical use of variable size array.
Answer-

6. Write a program to add two matrices.
Answer-
using System;
using System.Text;
namespace Add_Two_Matrix
{
class Program
{
{
int[,] a = {{1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 }, { 7,8,9} };
int[,] b ={ { 4, 8, 7 }, { 6,5,4}, {3,2,1 } };
int[,] c = new int[3,3];
int f = c.Length;
int i, m = 0;
int j = 0;
int n = 0;
for ( i = 0;i<3;i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(" ");
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
Console.Write(" " + a[i, j]);
}
}
Console.Write("\n");
for ( m = 0; m < 3; m++)
{
Console.WriteLine(" ");
for ( n = 0; n < 3; n++)
{
Console.Write(" " + b[m, n]);
}
}
Console.Write("\n");
for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
{
Console.WriteLine("");
for (int l = 0; l < 3; l++)
{
Console.Write(a[k, l] + b[k, l] + "\t");
}
}
Console.WriteLine();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

7. Write a program to multiply two matrices.
Answer-
The following C# program will take two matrices of 2*2 order
in its input and then print the product of them.

using System;
using System.Text;

namespace matrix_muliplication
{
class Program
{
{

int i,j,k,l;
int[,] matrix=new int[2,2];
int[,] matri=new int [2,2];
int[,] matr=new int [2,2];
Console.WriteLine("Enter 1st 2*2 matrix: \n");
for (i=0;i<2;++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter "+ (i+1) +"# row: ");
for (j=0;j<2;++j)
{
matrix[i,j]=Int32.Parse( Console.ReadLine());
}
}
Console.WriteLine("\n");
Console.WriteLine("Enter 2nd 2*2 matrix: \n");
for (i=0;i<2;++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter "+(i+1)+" # row: ");
for (j=0;j<2;++j)
matri[i,j]=Int32.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
}
Console.WriteLine("Matrix muliplication");
for (j=0;j<2;++j)
{
for (i=0;i<2;++i)
{
for (l = 0; l < 2; ++l)
{
matr[i, j] = matr[i, j] + (matrix[i, l]) * (matri[l, j]);
}
}
}
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++)
{
Console.Write(matr[i, j] + "\t");
}
}
}
}
}

8. Write a program to find row sum and column sum of a
matrix.
Answer-

using System;
using System.Text;
class mat
{
int i, j, m, n;
int[,] a = new int[20, 20];
public void get()
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter Row Value");
m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Enter Column Value");
n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Enter Elements one by one");
for (i = 1; i <= m; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)
{
a[i, j] = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
}
}
Console.WriteLine("Given Matrix");
for (i = 1; i <= m; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)
{
Console.Write("\t{0}", a[i, j]);
}
}
}
public void diag()
{
int d;
d = 0;
if (m == n)
{
for (i = 1; i <= m; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)
{
if (i == j)
{
d = d + a[i, j];
}
}
}
Console.WriteLine("Diagonal Sum= {0}", d);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Can't Perform Diagonal Sum");
}
}
class matsum
{
{
mat ma = new mat();
ma.get();
ma.diag();
Console.Read();
}
}
}

OUTPUT-
Enter Row Value : 2
Enter Column Value : 2
Enter Elements One by One : 2, 2
2 ,2
Given Matrix : 2, 2
2 , 2
Diagonal Sum :4

9. Write a program to verify whether a given matrix is
identity matrix or not.
Answer-
include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat[5][5];
int n=3,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n Enter the order: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(" %d,%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if((i==j && mat[i][j]==1)||(i!=j && mat[i][j]==0))
continue;
else
{
printf("It is not identity matrix \n");
i=j=n;
}
}
}
if(i==j && i==n)
printf("It is identity matrix \n");
getch();
}

--------------------

CHAPTER-12 (C# Collection Classes)

1. What are C#collection classes? Explain briefly.
Answer-
A class is a collection of variables and methods. The class
defines all the common properties of the different objects
that belong to it. Class declarations are reference types. A
class can inherit from another class and can implement
interfaces. Class members can include constants, fields,
methods, properties, events, indexers, operators, instance
constructors, destructors, static constructors, and nested
type declarations. Each member has an associated
accessibility, which controls the portion of the program code
that is able to access the member. There are five forms of
accessibility. These are as follows:

Public, which is selected by including a public
modifier in the member declaration. The intuitive
meaning of public is access not limited.
Protected internal (meaning protected or internal),
which is selected by including both a protected
and an internal modifier in the member
declaration. The intuitive meaning of protected
internal is access limited to this program or types
derived from the containing class.
Protected, which is selected by including a
protected modifier in the member declaration. The
intuitive meaning of protected is access limited to
the containing class or types derived from the
containing class.
Internal, which is selected by including an internal
modifier in the member declaration. The intuitive
meaning of internal is access limited to the
program. Private, which is selected by including a
private modifier in the member declaration. The
intuitive meaning of private is access limited to
the containing type.

2. How does an array of ArrayList class different from
Array class?
Answer-

3. When do we decide to use the ArrayList class over
the Array class?
Answer-

4. With an example explain how to create List and
ArrayList classes in C#.
Answer-

5. With an example explain the following.
a. Adding items to list.
--Once a List object has been created there are a number of
methods which may be called to perform tasks on the list.
Once such method is the Add()method which, as the name
suggests, is used to add items to the list object:

List<string> colorList = new List<string>();
colorList.Add (Red);
colorList.Add (Green);
colorList.Add (Yellow);
colorList.Add (Purple);
colorList.Add (Orange);

b. Accessing list items.
Individual items in a list may be accessed using the index
value of the item (keeping in mind that the first item is index
0, the second index 1 and so on). The index value is placed
in square brackets after the list name. For example, to
access the second item in the colorListobject:

Console.WriteLine (colorList[1]);
A list item value can similarly be changed using the index
combined with the assignment operator. For example, to
change the color from Yellow to Ingido:

colorList[2] = Indigo;
All the items in a list may be accessed using a foreachloop.
For example-
foreach (string color in colorList)
{
Console.WriteLine ( color );
}
When compiled and executed, the above code will output
each of the color strings in the colorList object.
--
c. Removing items from list.
Items may be removed from a list using the
Remove()method. This method takes the value of the item to
be removed as an argument. For example, to remove the
Redstring from the colorList object:
colorList.Remove(Red);

d. Inserting items into a list
--The Insert()method is provided for this specific purpose.
Insert()takes two arguments, an integer indicating the index
location of the insertion and the item to be inserted at that
location. For example, to insert an item at location 2 in our
example list:
colorList.Insert(2, White);

e. Sorting lists.
--There is no way to tell C# to automatically sort a list as
items are added. If the items in a list are required to be
always sorted into order the Sort()method should be called
after new items are added-
colorList.Sort();

f. Finding items in a list
--A number of methods are provided with the List and
ArrayList classes for the purposes of finding items. The most
basic method is the Contains()method, which when called on
a List or ArrayList object returns trueif the specified item is
found in the list, or falseif it is not.
The IndexOf()method returns the index value of a matching
item in a list. For example, the following code sample will
output the value 2, which is the index position of the
Yellowstring:

List<string> colorList = new List<string>();
colorList.Add (Red);
colorList.Add (Green);
colorList.Add (Yellow);
colorList.Add (Purple);
colorList.Add (Orange);
Console.WriteLine(colorList.IndexOf(Yellow));

If the item is not found in the List a value of -1 is returned by
the IndexOf()method.
This technique could be used to replace a specific value with
another. For example, without knowing
in advance the index value of the Yellowstring we can
change to Black:
colorList[colorList.IndexOf(Yellow)] = Black;
The LastIndexOf()method returns the index value of the last
item in the list to match the specified item. This is particularly
useful when a list contains duplicate items.

g. Clearing the list.
--All the items in a list may be removed using the
Clear()method:
colorList.Clear();
The Clear()method removes the items from the list and sets
the Countproperty to zero. The Capacity property, however,
remains unchanged. To remove the capacity of a list follow
the Clear()method call with a call to TrimExcess().
--------------------

CHAPTER-13 (Introduction to ADO.NET)

1. Give the overall concept of ADO.NET.
Answer-
ActiveX Data Objects for the .NET Framework (ADO.NET) is
a set of classes that provide data access services to the
.NET programmer. ADO.NET provides a rich set of
components for creating distributed, data-sharing
applications. It is an integral part of the .NET Framework,
providing access to relational database, XML, and
application data.
ADO.NET supports a variety of development needs,
including the creation of front end database clients and
middle tier business objects used by applications, tools,
languages, or Internet browsers. ADO.NET provides
consistent access to data sources such as Microsoft SQL
Server, or data sources exposed via OLE DB and XML. Data
sharing applications can use ADO.NET to connect to these
data sources and retrieve, manipulate, and update data.

The data residing in a database is retrieved through data
provider. Different components of the data provider retrieve
data from the database, provide the data to the Visual Basic
.NET application, and update the database with the changes
made in the application. An application can access data
either through a dataset or through a DataReader object:

Using a dataset: In this case, the data is cached in a
dataset and the application accesses the data from the
dataset.

Using a data reader: In this method, a DataReader object,
which is a component of the data provider, uses the
Connection object to connect to the database, uses the
Command object to retrieve data, and provides data to the
application in a read-only and forward-only mode.

2. Explain in detail ADO.NET architecture.
Answer-
The ADO.NET components have been designed for easy
access and manipulation of data. There are two central
components of ADO.NET, DataSet and .NET Data Provider.

The ADO.NET DataSet is the core component of the
disconnected architecture of ADO.NET. The DataSet is
explicitly designed for data access independent of any data
source. It can be used with multiple and different data
sources, used with XML data, or used to manage data local
to the application. The DataSet contains a collection of one
or more DataTable objects.

The other core element of the ADO.NET architecture is the
.NET Data Provider, whose components (Connection,
Command, DataReader, and DataAdapter) are explicitly
designed for data manipulation. The Connection object
provides connectivity to a data source. The Command object
enables access to database commands to return data,
modify data, run stored procedures, and so on. The
DataReader provides a high-performance stream of data
from the data source. Finally, the DataAdapter provides the
bridge between the DataSet object and the data source. The
DataAdapter uses Command objects to execute SQL
commands at the data source to both load the DataSet with
data, and to update changes made to the data in the
DataSet back to the data source.

3. What is a data set? Explain.
Answer-
A dataset is a cached set of database records. ADO.NET is
based on a disconnected data structure, therefore it is not
possible for the application to interact with the database for
processing each record. Therefore, the data is retrieved and
stored in datasets. A dataset is the most common method of
accessing data as it implements a disconnected architecture.
You can work with the records stored in a dataset as you
work with real data; the only difference being that the dataset
is independent of data source and you remain disconnected
from the data source.

ADO.NET supports scalability by working with datasets.
Database operations are performed on the dataset instead
of on the database. As a result, resources are saved, and
the database can meet the increasing demands of users
more efficiently. The dataset acts like a virtual database
containing tables, rows, and columns. An application works
with the database records stored in the dataset.

4. Write a program to show the demonstration of
ADO.NET.
Answer-
The following program demonstrates the use of ADO.NET.
Write the following code in the Click event of a button named
Delete:
Private Sub Delete_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim result As Intege
Dim conn As New OleDb.OleDbConnection
("Provider=SQLOLEDB;User
ID=sa;Password=sql2008;Trusted_Connection=yes;Initial
Catalog=CallCenter11;data source=localhost")
con n.Open()
Dim deleteEMP As OleDb.OleDbCommand = New
OleDb.OleDbCommand("delete from Employees where
EmpID='E003'", con n)
result = deleteEMP.ExecuteNonQuery()
End Sub
In the code given for the Click event of the Delete button, a
connection object conn is created by providing the
information about the provider, the data source server,
database name that is to be accessed, and the ID and
password for connecting to the data source. Then, the
connection with the database is opened and a
DataCommand object deleteEMP is created from the
OleDbCommand class. The DataCommand object
deleteEMP is initialized by setting the SQL statement to be
executed using the Connection object conn. Then, the
command is executed and the number of rows affected by
the execution of the command is stored in an integer result.

5. What do you mean by ADO.NET data providers?
Explain briefly.
Answer-
A .NET data provider is a software library consisting of
classes that provide data access services such as
connecting to a data source, executing commands at a data
source and fetching data from a data source with support to
execute commands within transactions. It resides as a
lightweight layer between data source and code, providing
data access services with increased performance.
The .NET data provider is a component of ADO.NET, a
subset of the .NET framework class library.
There are two types of data providers:
OLE DB data provider: This type of data provider works
with all the OLE DB providers, such as SQL OLE DB
provider, Oracle OLE DB provider, and Jet OLE DB provider.
The OLE DB Data provider classes are present in the
System.Data.OleDb namespace.
SQL Server data provider: This type of data provider is
used to work specifically with Microsoft SQL Server. A SQL
Server data provider is recommended for working with a
Microsoft SQL Server data source, because a SQL Server
data provider allows fast access to a data source without
going through an OLE DB or ODBC layer. The SQL Server
data provider classes are present in the
System.Data.SqlClient namespace.

6. Briefly explain the following ADO.NET objects.
A. the SqlConnectionObject
--To interact with a database, you must have a connection to
it. The connection helps identify the database server, the
database name, user name, password, and other
parameters that are required for connecting to the data base.
A connection object is used by command objects so they will
know which database to execute the command on.

B. the SqlCommandObject
--The process of interacting with a database means that you
must specify the actions you want to occur. This is done with
a command object. You use a command object to send SQL
statements to the database. A command object uses a
connection object to figure out which database to
communicate with. You can use a command object alone, to
execute a command directly, or assign a reference to a
command object to an SqlDataAdapter, which holds a set of
commands that work on a group of data as
described.

C. the SqlDataReaderObject
--Many data operations require that you only get a stream of
data for reading. The data reader object allows you to obtain
the results of a SELECT statement from a command object.
For performance reasons, the data returned from a data
reader is a fast forward-only stream of data. This means that
you can only pull the data from the stream in a sequential
manner. This is good for speed, but if you need to
manipulate data, then a DataSet is a better object to work
with.

D. the DataSetObject
--DataSet objects are in-memory representations of data.
They contain multiple Datatable objects, which contain
columns and rows, just like normal database tables. You can
even define relations between tables to create parent-child
relationships. The DataSet is specifically designed to help
manage data in
memory and to support disconnected operations on data,
when such a scenario make sense. The DataSet is an object
that is used by all of the Data Providers, which is why it does
not have a Data Provider specific prefix.

E. the SqlDataAdapterObject
--Sometimes the data you work with is primarily read-only
and you rarely need to make changes to the underlying data
source. Some situations also call for caching data in memory
to minimize the number of database calls for data that does
not change. The data adapter makes it easy for you to
accomplish these things by helping to manage data in a
disconnected mode. The data adapter fills a DataSet object
when reading the data and writes in a single batch when
persisting changes back to the database. A data adapter
contains a reference to the connection object and opens and
closes the connection automatically when reading from or
writing to the database. Additionally, the data adapter
contains command object references for SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE operations on the data. You will
have a data adapter defined for each table in a DataSet and
it will take care of all communication with the database for
you. All you need to do is tell the data adapter when to load
from or write to the database.

**Differences between DataSet and DataReader?
Answer-Following are some major differences between
DataSet and DataReader:

DataReader provides forward-only and read-only
access to data, while the DataSet object can hold
more than one table (in other words, more than
one row set) from the same data source as well as
the relationships between them.
DataSet is a disconnected architecture while
DataReader is a connected architecture.
DataSet can persist contents while DataReader
cannot persist contents, they are forward only.

--------------------

CHAPTER-14 (Introduction to ASP.NET)

1. What is a web service ? Explain its working.
Answer-
Web service refers to a platform on which you can build
distributed applications. A Web service exposes a number of
methods that provide functionality that can be used by one
or more applications, regardless of the programming
languages, operating systems, and hardware platforms used
to develop them. In other words, a Web service ensures
interoperability.

The functionality exposed by a Web service can be
accessed by applications by using Internet standards, such
as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). SOAP is a
protocol that uses extensible Markup Language (XML) to
describe data and HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to
transmit application data. An application that uses a Web
service is called a Web service client. The client sends a
request to the Web service. The cloud in the figure refers to
the Internet. If the Web service calls some other service to
get the answer or response, the Web service can take a
while to respond. While it is waiting for the response, the
client can perform other operations.

2. How does the web service is different from web page?
Answer-
The differences between a Web service and a Web page are
the following-
1.Web Services have No User Interface
but Web Page Has a User Interface.
2.Web Services Interacts with application and Web Page
Interacts with the user.
3.Web Services Works with any type of client but Web Page
Works with web browser client.

3. What is ASP.NET?
Answer-
ASP.NET is a framework for developing high performance
Web applications. It is a compiled, .NET-based environment.
You can write applications in any .NET compatible language,
including VB.NET, C#, and JScript .NET. Additionally, the
entire .NET Framework is available to any ASP.NET
application .

4. What is use of ASP.NET?
Answer-
ASP.NET provides a new programming model and
infrastructure for more secure, scalable, and stable
applications. You can write applications in any .NET
compatible language, including VB.NET, C#, and JScript
.NET. Developers can easily use the benefits of these
technologies, which include the managed CLR environment,
type safety, inheritance, and so on. ASP.NET has been
designed to work seamlessly with What You See Is What
You Get (WYSIWYG) HTML editors and other programming
tools, including Microsoft Visual Studio .NET. Not only it
makes Web development easier, but it also provides all the
benefits that tools offer, including a GUI that developers can
use to drop server controls onto a Web page and fully
integrated debugging support.

5. Write a program to display Welcome to ASP.NET 8
times in increasing order of their font size using
ASP.NET.
Answer-
The following program displays Welcome to ASP.NET
eight times in increasing order of their font size.

In the following code, the Web application name
WebApplication9 is application specific:

<%@ Page language="c#"
Codebehind="WebForm1.aspx.cs" AutoEventWireup="false"
Inherits="WebApplication9.WebForm1" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0
Transitional//EN" >
<html>
<head>
<title>WebForm1</title>
<meta name="GENERATOR" Content="Microsoft Visual
Studio .NET 7.1">
<meta name="CODE_LANGUAGE" Content="C#">
<meta name=vs_defaultClientScript
content="JavaScript">
<meta name=vs_targetSchema
content="http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5">
</head>
<body MS_POSITIONING="GridLayout">
<form id="Form2" method="post" runat="server">
<%for(int i=0;i<8;i++){%>
<font size="<%=i%>">Welcome to ASP.NET
ChandU</font><br/></font>
<%}%>
</form>
</body>
</html>

6. What is the role of System.Web?
Answer-
The System.Web namespace supplies classes and
interfaces that enable browser and server communication.
This namespace includes the HttpRequest class that
provides extensive information about the current HTTP
request, the HttpResponse class that manages HTTP output
to the client, and the HttpServerUtility class that provides
access to server-side utilities and processes. System.Web
also includes classes for cookie manipulation, file transfer,
exception information, and output cache control.

7. Write a program to demonstrate handling of server
control programs.
Answer-
1. Select Start -> Programs -> Microsoft Visual
Studio .NET 2003 -> Microsoft Visual Studio
.NET 2003 to open the Start Page of Visual Studio
.NET IDE
2. Select File -> New -> Project to open the New
Project dialog box.
3. Select Visual C# Projects from the Project
Types pane andASP.NET Web Application from
the Templates pane. Click the OK button.
4. Select View -> Toolbox from the main menu.
The Toolboxwindow is displayed in the left pane.
5. Using the Web Forms tab of Toolbox, add the
following controls to WebForm1.aspx and change
the properties of the controls, as shown in the
following table.
6. The text boxes
for Password and Confirm Password fields need
to display asterisks (*) when a user enters a value.
To enable this, set the TextMode property of
these two text boxes to Password in
the Properties window.
7. Add three RequiredFieldValidator controls to
theWebForm1.aspx form by using the Web
Forms tab of the Toolbox.
8. Add one CompareValidator control to
the WebForm1.aspxform by using the Web
Forms tab of the Toolbox.
9. Double-click the WebForm1.aspx form to open
the code-behind file with a .cs extension. In the
Load event of the page, enter the following lines of
code:
ddlcountry.Items.Add("Bangladesh");
ddlcountry.Items.Add("Bhutan");
ddlcountry.Items.Add("India");
ddlcountry.Items.Add("Nepal");
ddlcountry.Items.Add("Pakistan");
ddlcountry.Items.Add("Sri Lanka");
CompareValidator1.ControlToValidate="txtcpassword";Comp
areValidator1.ControlToCompare="txtpassword";CompareVa
lidator1.Text="The values of Password and Confirm
Password fields does not match";
RequiredFieldValidator1.ControlToValidate="txtuname";Req
uiredFieldValidator1.Text="Please enter a user name";
RequiredFieldValidator2.ControlToValidate="txtpassword";R
equiredFieldValidator2.Text="Please enter a password";
RequiredFieldValidator3.ControlToValidate="txtcpassword";
RequiredFieldValidator3.Text="Please re-enter the
password";
10. In the Click event of btnsubmit, enter the following
code:
if(IsValid)
{

lblmessage.Text="Welcome "+ txtfname.Text +"
"+txtlname.Text +
".You have successfully registered.";
}

11. Execute the application.

8. Explain briefly the web services provided by
ASP.NET.
Answer-

9. Write a note on ASP.NET class library.
Answer-
The .NET Framework class library is a library of classes,
interfaces, and value types that provide access to system
functionality. It is the foundation on which .NET Framework
applications, components, and controls are built.
--------------------

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