Acronyms and Abbreviations

Based on SKG & wikipedia

Copy by Hoang =)

+ACK positive ACKnowledgment

+ADB Apple Destop Bus

+AI Artigicial Intelligence

+AIFF Audio Imgae File Format

+ALGOLF ALGOrithmic Language a problem- oriented, high- level programming

language for mathematical and scientigic use

+ALU Arithumetic Logic Unit

+AMD Advanced Micro Divices a manufacture of microprocessor

+API Application Program Interface

+ASCII The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-

encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent
text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most
modern character-encoding schemes, which support many more characters than did the
original, are based on ASCII.

+AT Advanced Technology The AT was born in 1984 with the introduction of the IBM
PC- AT. Most ATs have 286 processor

+AT&T American Telephone& Telegraph company

+ATM Adobe Type Manager - Automated Telling Machine

+AVI Audio Video Interleave, known by its acronym AVI, is a multimedia container
format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows
technology. AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows
synchronous audio-with-video playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support
multiple streaming audio and video, although these features are seldom used

+BASIC In computer programming, BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose

Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. The
original BASIC was designed in 1964 by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene
Kurtz at Dartmouth in New Hampshire, USA to provide computer access to non-science
students. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software,
which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to be able to do. The
language and its variants became widespread on microcomputers in the late 1970s and
1980s. BASIC remains popular to this day in a handful of highly modified dialects and
new languages influenced by BASIC such as Microsoft Visual Basic.

+BCC Blind Carbon Copy addresses in the Bcc : line of an emial with receive a copy of
the message but the identity of the recipient will be kept secret

+BBS A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a computer system running software that
allows users to connect and log in to the system using a terminal program

+BCPL system programming language from which the languge C was derived

+BIOS basic input/output system The BIOS is boot firmware, designed to be the first
code run by a PC when powered on. The initial function of the BIOS is to identify, test,
and initialize system devices such as the video display card, hard disk, floppy disk and
other hardware

+BIT In computing and telecommunications a bit is a basic unit of information storage

and communication (a contraction of "binary digit"). It is the maximum amount of
information that can be stored by a device or other physical system that can normally
exist in only two distinct states.

+BPS In telecommunications and computing, bitrate (sometimes written bit rate, data rate
or as a variable R or fb) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of
time.

The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second (bit/s or bps) unit, often in conjunction
with an SI prefix such as kilo- (kbit/s or kbps), mega- (Mbit/s or Mbps), giga- (Gbit/s or
Gbps) or tera- (Tbit/s or Tbps)

+BUS In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between

computer components inside a computer or between computers.

+C A high- level language designed for system programming, usually for software
development in the UNIX environment

+CAD Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the design of
objects, real or virtual CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-
dimensional ("2D") space; or curves, surfaces, or solids in three-dimensional ("3D")
objects.

+CAE Computer-aided engineering (often referred to as CAE) is the use of information

technology to support engineers in tasks such as analysis, simulation, design,
manufacture, planning, diagnosis, and repair.
+CAI Computer-aided inspection (CAI) is the use of computer-based software tools that
assist quality engineers, machinists and inspectors in manufacturing product components.
Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components with more
precise dimensions and material consistency

+CALL Computer- Assisted Language Learning

+CAM Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer-based software

tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product
components

+CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE), in the field of Software

Engineering is the scientific application of a set of tools and methods to a software
system which is meant to result in high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable software
products.[1] It also refers to methods for the development of information systems
together with automated tools that can be used in the software development process.

+CC Carbon Copy Addresses on the CC : line of an email will receive the same message

+CD A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. It
was originally developed to store sound recordings exclusively, but later it also allowed
the preservation of other types of data

+CD-R A CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) is a variation of the Compact Disc invented

by Philips and Sony. CD-R is a Write Once Read Many (WORM) optical medium,
though the whole disk does not have to be entirely written in the same session

+CD-ROM CD-ROM (an initialism of "compact disc read-only memory") is a pre-

pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for
data storage and music playback, the 1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony
and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.

CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and
multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc)

+CD-RW Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format.

Known as CD-Erasable (CD-E) during its development, CD-RW was introduced in 1997,
and was preceded by the never officially released CD-MO in 1988.

+CGA The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), originally also called the Color/Graphics
Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapterintroduced in 1981, was IBM's first
color graphics card, and the first color computer display standard for the IBM PC

+CMYB Cyan, Mangenta, Yellow, Black

+COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for
COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance,
and administrative systems for companies and governments.

+COM Computer Output on Microfilm

+CPS Characters Per Second / Cycles Per Second

+CPU The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor is the portion of a computer
system that carries out the instructions of a computer program,and is the primary element
carrying out the computer's functions

+CR Originally, carriage return was the term for the control character in Baudot code on
a teletypewriter for end of line return to beginning of line and did not include line feed.
Later it was used for a mechanism or lever on a typewriter that would cause the cylinder
on which the paper was held (the carriage) to return to the left side of the paper after a
line of text had been typed, and would usually move the paper to the next line as well.

+CRT The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun (a source
of electrons) and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and
deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the
fluorescent screen.

+CU A control unit in general is a central (or sometimes distributed but clearly
distinguishable) part of whatsoever machinery that controls its operation, provided that a
piece of machinery is complex and organized enough to contain any such unit. One
domain in which the term is specifically used is the area of computer design. In the
automotive industry, the control unit helps maintain various functions of the motor
vehicle.

+DA Desk Accessory

+DAC In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is a device for

converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or electric
charge)

+DAT Digital Audiotape DAT desks are becoming the standard for professional music
recording / DAT desks are becoming the standard for professional music recording

+DBMS A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that

controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database of an organization and its
end users.

+DD Disk Driver / Double Density

+DDE Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a technology for communication between
multiple applications under Microsoft Windows or OS/2.

+DEC Digital Equipment Corporation

+DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers,
services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network

+DOS Disk Operating System

+DPI Dots per inch (DPI) is a measure of spatial printing or video dot density, in
particular the number of individual dots that can be placed within the span of one linear
inch (2.54 cm)

+DRAW Direct read after write is a procedure that compares data recorded onto a
medium against the source. A typical example would CD burning software which reads a
CD-ROM once it has been burned onto, effectively ensuring that data written is the same
as the data it was copied from.

+DR DOS DR-DOS is a DOS-type operating system for IBM PC-compatible personal
computers, originally developed by Gary Kildall's Digital Research and derived from
CP/M-86

+DS DISKs Double side Disks

+DTP Desktop Publishing

+DTV Destop Video

+DVD DVD, also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, is an optical
disc storage media format, and was founded in 1995. Its main uses are video and data
storage. DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than
six times as much data.

+DVI Device Independent

+EAROM EEPROM (also written E2PROM and pronounced "e-e-prom," "double-e

prom" or simply "e-squared") stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic
devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g.,
calibration tables or device configuration.

+ECMA Ecma International (Ecma) is an international, private (membership-based) non-

profit standards organization for information and communication systems. It acquired its
name in 1994, when the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA)
changed its name to reflect the organization's international reach. As a consequence, the
name is no longer considered an acronym and no longer uses full capitalization.

+EDIF EDIF stands for Electronic Design Interchange Format, and has been
predominantly used as a vendor neutral format in which to store Electronic netlists and
schematics. It was one of the first attempts to establish a neutral data exchange format for
the electronic design automation (EDA) industry

+EGA Enhance Graphic Adaptor

+EOD Erasable Optical Disk

+EPS Encapsulated PostScript, or EPS, is a DSC-conforming PostScript document with

additional restrictions intended to make EPS files usable as a graphics file format. In
other words, EPS files are more-or-less self-contained, reasonably predictable PostScript
documents that describe an image or drawing, that can be placed within another
PostScript document.

+FAQ Frequently Asked Questions : a file that containing answers to questions that the
Internet users frequently ask

+FD A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible
("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell.
Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD

+FDD Floopy Disk Driver

+FDDI Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) provides a standard for data transmission
in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 kilometers (124 miles)

+FDHD SuperDrive is a trademark used by Apple Inc. for two different storage drives:
from 1988–1999 to refer to a high-density floppy disk drive capable of reading all major
3.5" disk formats; and from 2001 onwards to refer to a combined CD/DVD reader/writer
(and since 2006, the SuperDrive is also a double-layer DVD/CD burner).

+FORTRAN Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural,

imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and
scientific computing

+FPU Floating Pont Units

+PTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to exchange and
manipulate files over an Internet Protocol computer network, such as the Internet

+GB The gigabyte is an SI-multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage. Since
the giga- prefix means 109, gigabyte means 1000000000bytes (10003, 109).
However, this term is often colloquially used for or confused with the concept of a
gibibyte, meaning 1073741824bytes (10243, 230).

+GCR In computer science, group code recording (GCR) refers to several distinct but
related encoding methods for magnetic media

+GHZ Gigahertz : one billion cycles per second

+GIF The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a bitmap image format that was
introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the
World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability.

+GNU Gnu’s Not Unix

+GUI Graphic User Interface

+HD Hard Disk / High Density Disk

+HDD A hard disk drive[2] (often shortened as hard disk[3], hard drive[4], or HDD) is a
non-volatile storage device that stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters
with magnetic surfaces.

+HDTV High-Definition Television (or HDTV) is a digital television broadcasting

system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition TV,
or SDTV). HDTV is digitally broadcast; the earliest implementations used analog
broadcasting, but today digital television (DTV) signals are used, requiring less
bandwidth due to digital video compression.

+HP Hewllet Packard

+HTML HTML, which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, is the predominant
markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for
links, quotes, and other items/ Codes used for web pages

+HZ Hertz unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second, named after Heirich Hertz

+IAC Interapplication Communications, the previous name of Mac OS X's Apple events.

+IBM International Business Machine

+IC In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip,

silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of
semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the
surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in
almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of
electronics.

+ICR In computer science, intelligent character recognition (ICR) is an advanced optical

character recognition (OCR) or - rather more specific - Handwriting recognition system
that allows fonts and different styles of handwriting to be learned by a computer during
processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels.

+IDE Integrated Drive Electronics a standard hard disk controller

+IGES The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) (pronounced eye-jess)

defines a neutral data format that allows the digital exchange of information among
Computer-aided design (CAD) systems.

+I/F : interface

+I/O In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an

information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world – possibly a
human, or another information processing system

+IP The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-
switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.

+IRC Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet text messaging (chat) or
synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion
forums, called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private messageas
well as chat and data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client

+ISA Industry Standard Architecture : an ISA bus is 16 bits wide

+ISDN Intergrated Services Digital Netword

+ISO The International Organization for Standardization (Organisation internationale de

normalisation), widely known as ISO is an international-standard-setting body composed
of representatives from various national standards organizations.

+ISP An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access provider, or IAP) is a
company that offers its customers access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its
customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet
Protocol datagrams, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-
speed interconnects.

+IT Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association

of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or
management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications
and computer hardware
+JPEG In computing, JPEG is a commonly used method of compression for
photographic images. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable
tradeoff between storage size and image quality

+K kilo used to denote a thousand / 1.024 bytes

+KB kilobytes 1.024 bytes

+KBPS kilobits per second

+KHZ kilohertz 1.000 cycles per second

+LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area,
like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport

+LASER A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process
called stimulated emission / Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

+LCD A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically
displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. Its uses include
monitors for computers, televisions, instrument panels, and other devices ranging from
aircraft cockpit displays, to every-day consumer devices such as video players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones

+LIMDOW Light Intensity Modulated Direct OverWrite (LIMDOW) technology uses a

different write technology which significantly improves on the performance levels of
earlier Magneto-optical devices and claims to be a viable alternative to hard disk drives in
terms of performance and cost of ownership. / a method that allows you to overwrite data
on optical disks

+LISP LISt Processing : high- level language used for artificial intelligence research Lisp
(or LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a
distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax

+LP In mathematics, linear programming (LP) is a technique for optimization of a linear

objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints

+LQ Letter Quality

+MB megabyte : one million bytes / Mother Board

+MBPS MegaBits Per Second

+MC A memory card or flash memory card is solid-state electronic flash memory data
storage device capable of storing digital contents.
+MCA Micro Channel Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to MCA) was a
proprietary 16- or 32-bit parallel computer bus created by IBM in the 1980s for use on
their new PS/2 computers.

+MDA The Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA, also MDA card, Monochrome
Display and Printer Adapter, MDPA) introduced in 1981 was IBM's standard video
display card and computer display standard for the PC

+MFM Modified Frequency Modulation : format to recognize disks : IBM and

compatibles

+MHZ megahertz : one million cycles per second

+MIDI MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is an industry-standard protocol

defined in 1982 that enables electronic musical instruments such as keyboard controllers,
computers, and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize
with each other

+MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that

extends the format of e-mail to support:
Text in character sets other than ASCII
Non-text attachments
Message bodies with multiple parts
Header information in non-ASCII character sets
A standard for attaching file to email message

+MIPS Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many
reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction
sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions
and applications, some of which take longer to execute than others

+MMX Multimedia Extensions Modem Modulator/ DEModulator

+MP3 Moving Picture Expert’s group : standard for compressing decompressing image

+MS milisecond : thousandth of a second

+MS-DOS MS-DOS (short for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system
commercialized by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS
family of operating systems and was the main operating system for personal computers
during the 1980s

+MTBF Mean Time Between Failure : refer to the average rate of hours for a hard disk
+NAK In telecommunications, a negative-acknowledge character (NAK or NACK) is a
transmission control character sent by a station as a negative response to the station with
which the connection has been set up.

+NAS Network Application Support

+NIC A network interface controller (NIC) is a hardware device that handles an interface
to a computer network and allows a network-capable device to access that network. The
NIC has a ROM chip that contains a unique number, the multiple access control (MAC)
Address burned into it. The MAC address identifies the device uniquely on the LAN. The
NIC exists on both the 'Physical Layer' (Layer 1) and the 'Data Link Layer' (Layer 2) of
the OSI model.

+NLQ Near Letter Quality

+NUI Network User Identifier

+OCR Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or

electronic translation of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text (usually
captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text.

+OLE Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) is a technology that allows embedding and
linking to documents and other objects developed by Microsoft. For developers, it
brought OLE Control eXtension (OCX), a way to develop and use custom user interface
elements. On a technical level, an OLE object is any object that implements the
IOleObject interface, possibly along with a wide range of other interfaces, depending on
the object's needs.

+OOP Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses

"objects" – data structures consisting of datafields and methods – and their interactions to
design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include
features such as information hiding, data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity,
polymorphism, and inheritance

+OROM Optical Read Only Memory, a type of computer memory

+OS An Operating System (OS) is an interface between hardware and user which is
responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the
resources of the computer that acts as a host for computing applications run on the
machine

+OSF The Open Software Foundation (OSF) was a not-for-profit organization founded in
1988 under the U. S. National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 to create an open
standard for an implementation of the UNIX operating system. [1] [2]
+OSI Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is an effort to standardize networking that
was started in 1977[1] by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), along
with the ITU-T.

+PC A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities,
and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be
operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator

+PCI Conventional PCI (part of the PCI Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI)
is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer. These devices can take
either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar
device in the PCI specification, or an expansion card that fits into a slot

+PDF Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format created by Adobe Systems in
1993 for document exchange. PDF is used for representing two-dimensional documents
in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system/
PDF to distribute text files over the Internet, it can be read with Adobe Acrobat

+PDS Processor Direct Slot or PDS, was a solution (actually, a whole number of
different solutions) introduced by Apple Computer, in several of their Macintosh models,
to providing a limited measure of hardware expandibility, without going to the expense
(in both desktop space and selling price) of providing full-fledged bus expansion slots.

+PERT The Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly
abbreviated PERT, is a model for project management designed to analyze and represent
the tasks involved in completing a given project.

+PGA Professional Graphic Adaptor

+PICON picture icon

+PIXEL picture element

+PHIGS PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an API

standard for rendering 3D computer graphics, at one time considered to be the 3D
graphics standard for the 1990s. Instead a combination of features and power led to the
rise of OpenGL, which remains the de facto 3D standard to this day. PHIGS is no longer
used

+PL/1 A programming language is an artificial language designed to express

computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming
languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to
express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication.

+PMMU A memory management unit (MMU), sometimes called paged memory

management unit (PMMU), is a computer hardware component responsible for handling
accesses to memory requested by the central processing unit (CPU). Its functions include
translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses (i.e., virtual memory management),
memory protection, cache control, bus arbitration, and, in simpler computer architectures
(especially 8-bit systems), bank switching.

+PPD PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files are created by vendors to describe the
entire set of features and capabilities available for their PostScript printers.

+ppi pixel per inch

+POP A point-of-presence (POP) is an artificial demarcation point or interface point

between communications entities./ The location you dial into when you want access to
the Internet

+PPP In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol

commonly used to establish a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can
provide connection authentication, transmission encryption privacy, and compression./
Allows computers to use modems and to have access to the Internet

+PROM A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or field programmable read-only

memory (FPROM) or one-time programmable non-volatile memory (OTP NVM) is a
form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse or antifuse. Such
PROMs are used to store programs permanently. The key difference from a strict ROM is
that the programming is applied after the device is constructed.

+PS Postscript, a message appended to a letter after the writer's signature

+RAM Random-access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a form of

computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored
data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact
that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical
location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.[1

+RGB Red, Green, Blue

+RIP A raster image processor (RIP) is a component used in a printing system which
produces a raster image also known as a bitmap. The bitmap is then sent to a printing
device for output

+RISC The acronym RISC (pronounced as risk), for reduced instruction set computer,
represents a CPU design strategy emphasizing the insight that simplified instructions that
"do less" may still provide for higher performance if this simplicity can be utilized to
make instructions execute very quickly

+ROM Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage
media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because data stored in ROM
cannot be modified (at least not very quickly or easily), it is mainly used to distribute
firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to require
frequent updates)

+RS series Requirement Specification : refering to the interconnection standerds for

computing devices : RS 232, RS 322, and RS423

+SCSI Small Computer System Interface, or SCSI (pronounced scuzzy[1]), is a set of

standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and
peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, and electrical and
optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but it can
connect a wide range of other devices, including scanners and CD drives

+SIMMS A SIMM, or single in-line memory module, is a type of memory module

containing random access memory used in computers from the early 1980s to the late
1990s. It differs from a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), the most predominant
form of memory module today, in that the contacts on a SIMM are redundant on both
sides of the module./ Circuit boards which contain RAM chips

+SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail
(e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks

+SNA Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking

architecture created in 1974. It is a complete protocol stack for interconnecting computers
and their resources. SNA describes the protocol and is, in itself, not actually a program /
Data network protocol developed by IBM

+TB terabyte : one million megabytes

+TCP/IP The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of
communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named
from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in
this standard / The language used for data transfer on the Internet

+TELEX TELeprinter EXchange

+TIFF Tagged Image File Format (abbreviated TIFF) is a file format for storing images,
including photographs and line art / The kind of graphics- file format created by a
scanner

+TFT Thin Film Transistor : in a TFT display, each pixel is produced by three tiny
transistor : one of each for red, green, and blue. This allows for very clear and stable
picture
A thin-film transistor (TFT) is a special kind of field-effect transistor made by depositing
thin films of a semiconductor active layer as well as the dielectric layer and metallic
contacts over a supporting substrate. A common substrate is glass, since the primary
application of TFTs is in liquid crystal displays. This differs from the conventional
transistor where the semiconductor material typically is the substrate, such as a silicon
wafer.

+TOS Tramiel Operating System

+URL an address of a web site's location on the internet In computing, a Uniform

Resource Locator (URL) is a subset of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that
specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it

+USB USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a way of setting up communication between a

computer and peripheral devices

+VAT Value added tax (VAT), or goods and services tax (GST) is a consumption tax
(CT) levied on any value that is added to a product

+VAX "VAX" was originally an acronym for Virtual Address eXtension, both because
the VAX was seen as a 32-bit extension of the older 16-bit PDP-11 and because it was
(after Prime Computer) an early adopter of virtual memory to manage this larger address
space

+VDT A text terminal, or often just terminal (sometimes text console) is a serial
computer interface for text entry and display. Information is presented as an array of pre-
selected formed characters. When such devices use a video display such as a cathode-ray
tube, they are called a "video display unit" or "visual display unit" (VDU) or "video
display terminal" (VDT).

+VGA The term Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware
first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987,[1] but through its
widespread adoption has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard,
the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640×480 resolution itself. While this
resolution has been superseded in the personal computer market, it is becoming a popular
resolution on mobile devices

+VMS The VMU, or Visual Memory Unit is a memory card peripheral for the Sega
Dreamcast. Its official name was changed by Sega for each of the three key regions:-
Japan = Visual Memory System (VMS)
USA = Visual Memory Unit (VMU)
Europe = Visual Memory (VM)

+VRAM VRAM, or Video RAM, is a dual-ported variant of DRAM, or Dynamic RAM,

which was once commonly used to store the frame-buffer in some graphics adaptors.

+VRML VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language, pronounced vermal or by its

initials, originally — before 1995 — known as the Virtual Reality Markup Language) is a
standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D) interactive vector graphics,
designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind.

+WAN A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e.,
any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries [1]). This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area
networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs)
which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g.,
a city) respectively. The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

+WFW Windows for Workgroups is an extension that allowed users to share their
resources and to request those of others without a centralized authentication server. It
used the SMB protocol over NetBIOS.

+WIMP In human–computer interaction, WIMP stands for "window, icon, menu,

pointing device", denoting a style of interaction using these elements. It was coined by
Merzouga Wilberts in 1980

+WORM Write Once, Read Many (alternatively Write One, Read Multiple or WORM)
refers to computer data storage systems, data storage devices, and data storage media that
can be written to once, but read from multiple times.

+WP A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a

computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting,
and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.

+WWW The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed
via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks.

+WYSIWYG WYSIWYG is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get, used in
computing to describe a system in which content displayed during editing appears very
similar to the final output, which might be a printed document, web page, slide
presentation or even the lighting for a theatrical event

+XGA XGA, the Extended Graphics Array, is an IBM display standard introduced in
1990. Today, it is the most common appellation of the 1024×768 pixels display
resolution, but the official definition is broader than that.

+XT eXtended Technology : the XT was born in 1983 with the launch of the IBM PC-
XT