A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters. Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
Original Title
Influence of Provenance in Seed and Emergence Characteristics of a Gigantic Liana- Entada Pursaetha DC.
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters. Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters. Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters. Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability. 032-037 | JRPS | 2011 | Vol 1 | No 1 This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution, and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.plantsciences.info Authors: Sai Vishnu Priya K 1 ,
Srinivasa Rao JV 1* .
Institution: 1 Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati- 517 501, Andhra Pradesh, India. * PNCKR College of PG studies, Palnad Road, Narasaraopet -522 601, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Corresponding author: Sai Vishnu Priya K
Email: saivishnupriya@yahoo.com
Web Address: http://plantsciences.info/ documents/PS0006.pdf.
Dates: Received: 09 Nov 2011 /Accepted: 14 Nov 2011 /Published: 08 Dec 2011 Article Citation: Sai Vishnu Priya K,
Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC. Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 032-037 Original Research Paper Journal of Research in Plant Sciences J o u r n a l
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R e s e a r c h
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Journal of Research in Plant Sciences An International Scientific Research Journal An International Scientific Research Journal INTRODUCTION Entada pursaetha is a gigantic woody climber among legumes, which produces long giant woody pods (90-150 cm) with flat, orbicular horny seeds (5- 30 number/pod) characterized with hard coat. It is an important tribal pulse, with a variety of medicinal uses. Due to its wide array of chemical compounds and the seeds are considered to have alexiteric, narcotic, tonic, emetic, anthelmintic, antipyretic and febrifuge properties (Das,
1994). Locally, it is known as the soap plant as all of its parts are used in the soap industry. Less natural seed germination due to hard seed coat had thrown this species to endangered level in Eastern ghats, India (Jadhav et al., 2001). In the selection of the best available geographic source of seeds or planting materials, the genetic and epigenetic variations in seed characteristics and germination behavior of a species will be helpful
(Kertadikara & Part, 1995). Abideen et al. (1993) reported that the proper growth of the seedlings and subsequent survival in the field depends mainly on the quality of seed and vigour of seedlings. Provenance trial is one of the methods in any tree improvement programmes (Wright, 1976). Seed characteristics like seed dimensions and seed weight play an important role when such trials are laid out on International level. Proper selection method of provenance for seeds will ensure better vigour and easy establishment of seedlings. In the present investigation five provenances belonging to Eastern ghats, India were selected to study the variability in their seed characteristics and germination parameters using correlation, regression, hierarchical cluster analysis and genetic parameter analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Five E. pursaetha growing geographical regions (Table 1) of Eastern ghats of India viz., Araku valley of the north-eastern ghats, Rollapenta of the central region, Talakona and Tirumala hills in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, and the Kolli hills of south eastern ghats in Tamil Nadu were selected for this study. Three best individuals were identified based on saponin content (Unpublished data) from each provenance and fifty uniform seeds of each individual were separated from fresh morphologically mature pods. The collected seeds were spread out to dry in the sun, and then stored in gunny bags at room temperature (28 C - 31 0 C). Length, maximum and minimum seed width of 150 seeds belonging to each provenance were measured individually using high precision vernier calipers along with their individual seed weight. Seeds were pretreated with hot water (100 C) for 10 min and washed thoroughly with running tap water for 10 min and then subjected to hardening process like wetting (hydration) in tap water for 12 h followed by air drying (dehydration) for subsequent 12 h till the membranes of the hard coat became soft (Unpublished data). Priya et al.,2011 033 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 032-037 Name of the localities Longitude Latitude Altitude (M) Mean Temperature Mean Annual Rain fall (mm)
Summer Winter Max (C) Min (C) Max (C) Min (C) Araku Valley (Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh) 82520E 181960N 911 36 22 19 12 1,000 - 1,100 Rollapenta (Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh) 78490E 155260N 644 45 26 21 12 900 - 1,000 Talakona (Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh) 798E 1343N 667 43 25 31 16 800 - 1,000 Tirumala Hills (Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh) 792060E 134060N 869 40 22 30 14 850 - 1,010 Kolli Hills (Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu) 7830E 1130N 1,000 1,300 30 20 20 10 950 - 1,043 Table 1 : Details of the locality factors of E. pursaetha provenances After hardening process the treated and untreated seeds were thoroughly washed with water and were then sown in earthenware pots of 60x120 cm size, filled with potting mixture sand: soil (3:1) to assess the emergence performance. The seeds were dispersed from one another at 5 cm distance and at 1 cm depth. The pots were maintained in glass house at 302 0 C and 75 % relative humidity and monitored daily. Plumule protrusion to 2-3 mm from the soil was scored as emergence. The emergence performance was calculated on alternate days, from the first day of emergence till no further increase. The percentage of emergence was calculated as described by ISTA (1985). Seedling vigour, expressed in terms of total seedling length was calculated with some modifications of Abdul Baki & Anderson (1973) as
Seedling vigour = Mean emergence (%) x Mean seedlings length (cm)
Three replicates were used for each provenance; each replicate consisted of 150 seeds of three individuals. For comparison of multiple means, one-way ANOVA was made and the significant means were separated by using the Tukeys test. All statistical tests were conducted at P=0.01 using SPSS/ PC + version 9.0 statistical package. Linear equations: Linear equation of the form y=a+bx was used to express the dependence of emergence percentage on the other seed characteristics. Hierarchical cluster analysis were conducted using SPSS/PC + version 9.0 statistical package among five provenances based on seed characteristics and emergence performance. The data were statistically analyzed and the variation due to genotype and phenotype, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and heritability (H 2 ) were worked out (Singh & Chaudhary, 1985). Genetic advance (GA) and genetic gain (GG) were determined by Johnson et al. (1955).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seed characteristics like length, maximum and minimum seed width, and seed weight were the highest in seeds collected from Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills, moderate in Araku valley, Rollapenta, and Tirumala (Table 2). Environmental influences during the development of seeds combined with genetic variability can result in variations in seed dimensions (Willian, 1985). The highest seed dimensions could be attributed to better differential seed filling based on locality or site factors. Similar results have been observed in teak by Dabral (1976). Toon et al. (1990) have reported that bigger seed size indicates better quality of seeds and genetic potential. The seeds collected from Talakona took about 15 days for completion of emergence while, seeds from Rollapenta took 19 days. Differences in seed dimensions and emergence characteristics due to variation in provenances have been observed by earlier workers (Kumar, 1979; Bedell, 1989). However, emergence percentage and seedling vigour were highest in seeds of Talakona compared to the remaining provenances (Table 3). The present observations point to the fact that, emergence percentage and seedling vigour are governed by genetic factors of the provenances as has been reported by several researches (Farmer, 1980; Jayasankar et al., 1999). Coefficients of correlation between seed characters and emergence percentage (Table 4) showed maximum seed width as the best predictor variable (r = 0.743) for emergence percentage followed by seed length (r =0.699), seed weight (r = 0.670). Seed vigour also showed high positive correlation with seed length (r = 0.980), emergence percentage (r = 0.787) and seed weight (r = 0.724). A multiple regression models for prediction Priya et al.,2011 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 032-037 034 Provenance Seed length (cm)
Araku Valley 5.82 5.32 4.91 a 602.00 Rollapenta 5.77 5.21 a 5.11 595.00 Talakona 6.11 5.49 5.22 624.00 Tirumala Hills 5.62 5.24 a 5.02 a 591.50 a
Kolli Hills 5.30 4.74 4.27 591.00 a
Values are mean of three replicates; Mean values having the same letter in each column do not differ at 5% level of significance (Tukey test) Table 2: Variation in individual seed parameters of Entada pursaetha
of emergence, and seedling vigour from seed dimensions were estimated, given below. EP = 99.992 0.842 X SLN + 0.632 X SW1 0.543 X SW2 0.004 X SWT - 0.780 X SeL 0.007 X SV (r 2 = 0.999) SV = -12563.7 + 108.264 X SLN 76.930 X SW1 + 69.558 X SW3 593.00 X SWT + 0.125 X EP + 98.605 X SeL (r 2 = 1.00) Where; SLN= Seed length; SW1= Seed width maximum; SW2= Seed width minimum; SWT= Seed weight; EP= Emergence performance; SeL= Seedling length; SV= Seedling vigour. Studies in many species indicated that the seed characters can be an indicative for the quality of the seed by their strong correlation with emergence (Toon et al., 1990). The same findings were observed in the present results, which had shown a strong correlation between seed characteristics and emergence. Distance matrix revealed that the close proximity existence between the provenances Araku valley and Kolli hills (D = 91.55), while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the largest (D = 3697.71) (Table 5). The proximity of geographically different provenances of E. pursaetha may be attributed to the fact that factors other than geographic diversity might be responsible for their genetic uniformity
(Kumar & Toky, 1996). Genotypic and phenotypic variations were high in seed vigour, seed weight. The heritability was highest for the maximum seed width followed by minimum seed width (Table 6). Moderate values were recorded for seed length, seed weight, Priya et al.,2011 035 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 032-037 Table 4: Intercorrleation coefficience matrix of seed characteristics in five provinces SLN SW1 SW2 SWT EP SeL SV SLN 1 SW1 0.866** 1 SW2 0.857** 0.900** 1 SWT 0.633* 0.682** 0.501 1 EP 0.699** 0.743** 0.575* 0.670** 1 SeL 0.222 0.282 -0.011 0.673** 0.650** 1 SV 0.371 0.426 0.147 0.724** 0.787** 0.980** 1 **Correlation is siganificant at the 0.01 level; *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level SLN= Seed length; SW1= Seed width maximum; SW2= Seed width minimum; SWT= Seed weight; EP= Emergence performance; SeL= Seedling length; SV= Seedling vigour Table 3: Emergence behavior of Entada pursaetha provinces Provenance Days taken to complete emergence Emergence Percentage (%) Seedling Length (cm) Seedling Vigour Araku Valley 17.23 a 96.68 132.50 12819.17 Rollapenta 19.35 94.96 118.68 11272.53 Talakona 15.33 100.00 149.70 14970.00 Tirumala Hills 18.69 95.90 127.00 12189.13 Kolli Hills 17.12 a 93.96 135.47 12728.38 Values are mean of three replicates; Mean values having the same letter in each column do not differ at 5% level of significance (Tukey test) Araku valley Rollapenta Talakona Tirumala Kolli hills Araku valley 0 Rollapenta 1546.72 0 Talakona 2151.00 3697.71 0 Tirumala 630.15 916.64 2781.15 0 Kolli hills 91.55 1455.95 2241.91 539.32 0 Table 5: Dissimilarity matrix between provenances seedling length, seedling vigour. The low value for heritability was recorded in case of emergence. The differences between GCV and PCV for seed characteristics were small (Table 6) indicating negligible or no influence of environment in the expression of the characters. According to Burton (1952) the study of the GCV together with heritability estimates would give the best picture of progress to be expected from selection. Johnson et al. (1955)
reported that heritability estimates are reliable only when they are accompanied by a high genetic gain.
CONCLUSION In the present investigation, seeds collected from Talakona provenance showed good emergence performance compared to other provenances. The seed characters and emergence were tightly correlated. Close proximity was noticed in Araku and Kolli hills. The observations of the genetic parameters revealed that heritability was highest in maximum seed width followed by minimum seed width.
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