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PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPE
SUMMARY
To determine the pressure loss or flowrate through pipe knowledge of the friction
between the fluid and the pipe is required. This article describes how to
incorporate friction into pressure loss or fluid flow calculations. It also outlines
several methods for determining the Darcy friction factor for rough and smooth
pipes in both he turbulent and laminar flow regime. Finally this article discusses
which correlation for pressure loss in pipe is the most appropriate.
1. DEFINITIONS
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: Absolute Roughness
Dh
: Hydraulic Diameter
Rh
: Hydraulic Radius
: Darcy Friction Factor
f
f
: Pipe Diameter
/D
: Relative Roughness
Re
: Reynolds Number
: Length of Pipe
hf
: Average Velocity
: Gravity
: Pressure
: Density
2. INTRODUCTION
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Pressure loss in piping without any size changes or fittings occurs due to friction
between the fluid and the pipe walls. There have been a number of methods
developed to describe this relationship; generally a friction factor is used to
determine the pressure loss. The most important methods of determining this
friction factor are described in this article.
The key influences on the pressure drop as a fluid moves through a pipe are
Reynolds Number of the fluid and the roughness of the pipe.
factors. The Darcy friction factor is also known as the DarcyWeisbach friction
factor or the Moody friction factor. It is important to understand which friction
factor is being described in an equation or chart to prevent error in pressure loss,
or fluid flow calculation results.
The difference between the two friction factors is that the value of the Darcy
friction factor is 4 times that of the Fanning friction factor. In all other aspects
they are identical, and by applying the conversion factor of 4 the friction factors
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Unless stated otherwise the Darcy friction factor is used in this article.
hf = f
2g
Pressure Drop:
L
p = f
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The Darcy friction factor is a dimensionless number; the pipe roughness and the
pipe diameter which are used to determine the friction factor should be
dimensionally consistent (e.g. use roughness and diameter both measured in mm,
or both measured in inches)
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3.2 Which method should I use to calculate the Darcy Friction Factor?
There are many relationships available to determine the Darcy friction factor.
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for describing the Darcy friction factor. The only drawback to using this equation
is that it is implicit, and will require iteration to solve. Where iteration is possible
and there are no constraints on computation speed, calculation via the Colebrook
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equation is appropriate.
If calculating by hand calculator or by computer where iteration is difficult
Serghides equation (See 2.4) is most appropriate as it is explicit and has very low
error (less than 0.003%).
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Here we detail some of the most common relationship for the Darcy friction
factor for reference. For a discussion of the most appropriate relationships to use
see above.
64
f =
Re
taking into account experimental results for the flow through both smooth and
rough pipe. It is valid only in the turbulent regime for fluid filled pipes. It is
widely accepted and most of the relationships discussed in this article are merely
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explicit approximations for this relationship. Due to the implicit nature of this
equation it must be solved iteratively. A result of suitable accuracy for almost all
industrial applications will be achieved in less than 10 iterations.
The Colebrook equation may be calculated as follows:
for Re < 2300 and Re > 4000
1
f
= 2log 10 (
/Dh
3.7
2.51
)
+
Ref
solve for the Darcy friction factor explicitly. It is applied to fluid flowing in a
filled circular pipe. The equation is presented using 3 intermediate values for
simplicity. It provides and explicit approximation for the Colebrook equation that
is highly accurate over a wide range of values for both surface roughness and
Reynolds number. This method will result in errors of less than 0.003% in the
ranges: Reynolds number 4000-1x1010, relative roughness 1x10-7 1.
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The friction factor from the Serghide's approximation may be calculated from
following set of equations:
/D
A = 2log 10 (
12
3.7
Re
/D
B = 2log 10 (
2.51A
)
+
3.7
Re
/D
C = 2log 10 (
2.51B
)
+
3.7
Re
2
(B A)
f = (A
)
C 2B + A
the Darcy friction factor explicitly. It is applied to fluid flowing in a filled circular
pipe.
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= 2log
10
1.1098
(/D)
5.0452
3.7065
log
Re
10
5.5806
+
2.8257
0.8981
))
Re
to solve for the Darcy friction factor explicitly. It is applied to fluid flowing in a
filled circular pipe.
/D
1
f
= 2log 10 (
3.7
/D
5.02
Re
log 10 (
12
))
+
3.7
Re
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for the Darcy friction factor explicitly. It is applied to fluid flowing in a filled
circular pipe and may be calculated as follows:
for Re < 2300 and Re > 4000
/D
1
f
= 1.8log 10 (
6.9
)
+
3.7
Re
solve for the Darcy friction factor explicitly. It is applied to fluid flowing in a
filled circular pipe and may be calculated as follows:
for Re < 2300 and Re > 4000
0.25
f =
/D
log 10 (
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5.74
3.7
Re
0.9
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data used to construct the Moody diagram. This model also provides an estimate
for the intermediate (transition) region, however this should be used with
caution.
The Churchill equation shows very good agreement with the Darcy equation for
laminar flow, accuracy through the transitional flow regime is unknown, in the
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12
8
f = 8[(
1
+
Re
1.5
(A + B)
16
A = 2.457ln
1
0.9
7
(
+ 0.27
Re
16
37, 530
B = (
)
Re
ARTICLE TAGS
Flow Regime
Pipe Diameter
Fluid Flow
Laminar Flow
Pipe
Transitional Flow
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Friction Factor
Roughness
Turbulent Flow
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