Removal of High Density Gaussian Noise in Images

with Fuzzy Rule Based Filtering Using MA!AB

"rof# $# %# Rai
&le'troni's and $ommuni'ation
U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University
Dwar*a( New Delhi( India
'srai+i)u#a'#in
,idhi
&le'troni's and $ommuni'ation
U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University
Dwar*a( New Delhi( India
vidhee-.+gmail#'om
Munish /umar
&le'troni's and $ommuni'ation
U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University
Dwar*a( New Delhi( India
munish*m0121+gmail#'om
,ee3hore ,arun
&le'troni's and $ommuni'ation
U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University
Dwar*a( New Delhi( India
vee3hore#varun+gmail#'om
Abstract This paper presents a robust and detailed
approach to design a fuzzy filter for the reduction of additive
noise in colored as well as black and white images. A fuzzy filter
is based on a set of IF-T!" rules. The filter consists of two
stages. In the first stage# fuzzy derivative values for all the eight
directions that is !# $# "# %# "!# "$# %!# %$ with reference to
the central pi&el are calculated for determining noisy pi&els. In
the second stage# another fuzzy rule based system is employed. It
uses the output of the previous fuzzy system to perform fuzzy
smoothing by weighting the contribution of neighboring pi&els.
'oth stages can also be implemented through membership
functions using (Fuzzy )ogic* toolbo&# which is also an inbuilt
toolbo& in +AT)A'. For a particular value of an adaptive
parameter ,# the fuzzy logic is iteratively used on the corrupted
image till a desired value of -%". comes. 'y the e&perimental
results# proposed fuzzy rule based filtering provides
appro&imately same performance results as that of filters like
$einer and +edian filter. The results are compared using
numerical measures /like -%".# and +%!0 and also through
visual inspection.
KeywordsAdditive noise, histogram, filtering, fuzzification,
defuzzification, membership function, edge preserving filtering,
noise reduction, Wiener filter, Median filter, correction term, image
processing
I# INR4DU$I4N
Noise removal and image smoothing are one of the most
im)ortant )re)ro'essing ste)s in image )ro'essing# Digital
image )ro'essing fo'uses on two ma5or tas*s #Im)rovement of
)i'torial information for human inter)retation and )ro'essing
of image data for storage( transmission and re)resentation for
autonomous ma'hine )er'e)tion 678# In re'ent years( many
resear'hers have a))lied the fuzzy set theory to develo) new
te'hni9ues for image enhan'ement# Fuzzy set theory is the
e:tension of 'onventional ;'ris)< set theory# It handles the
'on'e)t of )artial truth ;truth values 3etween 0 ;'om)letely
true< and . ;'om)letely false<<# he idea of fuzzy sets is
sim)le and natural# he a))li'ation of fuzzy te'hni9ues in
image )ro'essing is a )romising field 608# Already several
fuzzy filters have 3een designed for several domains of image
)ro'essing ;e#g# filtering( inter)olation 6=8 and mor)hology 6-8
6>8<# hese filters have num3er of a))li'ations in )ra'ti'al day
to day life 6?8#
Most of the filters 3ased on fuzzy logi' are used for the noise
redu'tion of images 'orru)ted with im)ulse noise i#e# flat
tailed noise# hey do not )rodu'e good results when su35e'ted
to narrow@tailed and medium narrow@tailed noise# Hen'e a
system has 3een )ro)osed to mainly deal with additive noise#
o 'om)ute the value that e:)resses the degree to whi'h the
fuzzy derivative in a 'ertain dire'tion is small( mem3ershi)
fun'tion for )ro)erty small is as follows@
where / is an ada)tive )arameter#
Figure 0# Mem3ershi) fun'tionsA a< %mall 3#< "ositive
'#< Negative
II# BA$/GR4UND R&,I&B AND "R4"4%&D A""R4A$H
A. PROPOSED FUZZY FILTER
he main aim of the )ro)osed filter is to average a )i:el using
other neigh3oring )i:els# Here we ta*e the neigh3oring )i:els
3ased on the dire'tions su'h as North( &ast( et'# his filter
mainly distinguishes lo'al variations due to noise and due to
image stru'tures# In order to a''om)lish this( for ea'h )i:el
we derive a value that e:)resses the degree in whi'h the
derivative in a 'ertain dire'tion is small# %u'h a value is
derived for ea'h dire'tion 'orres)onding to the neigh3oring
)i:els of the )ro'essed )i:el 3y a fuzzy rule# he further
'onstru'tion of the filter is then 3ased on the o3servation that a
small fuzzy derivative most li*ely is 'aused 3y noise( while a
large fuzzy derivative most li*ely is 'aused 3y an edge in the
image# For ea'h dire'tion we will a))ly two fuzzy rules that
ta*e this o3servation into a''ount ;and thus distinguish
3etween lo'al variations due to noise and due to image
stru'ture<( and that determine the 'ontri3ution of the
neigh3oring )i:el values# hus the result of these rules ;07 in
total< is defuzzified and a C'orre'tion termD is o3tained for the
)ro'essed )i:el value# he 'orre'tion term o3tained 'an 3e
re)la'ed with the 'entral )i:el there 3y removing the 'ertain
amount of noise at that )osition and this same )ro'ess is
a))lied to the ne:t neigh3oring )i:els until the total image is
)ro'essed and this filter is a))lied re)etitively until the noise
is removed# he )ro)osed filter is effe'tive in )reserving the
original details in the image 3y ta*ing 'are of im)ortant image
stru'tures su'h as edges#
B. Estimation of the Fuzzy Deriatie

Figure =# Neigh3orhood of 'entral )i:el ;:( y<

"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"orth-$est
If an edge is )assing through %B@N& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate
the dire'tive value in the NB dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el
and neigh3oring )i:els#
"orth-!ast
If an edge is )assing through NB@%& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate
the dire'tive value in the N& dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and
neigh3oring )i:els#
%outh-$est
If an edge is )assing through %&@NB dire'tion( then 'al'ulate
the dire'tive value in the %B dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el
and neigh3oring )i:els#
%outh-!ast
If an edge is )assing through %B@N& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate
the dire'tive value in the NB dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el
and neigh3oring )i:els#
"orth
If an edge is )assing through &@B dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the
dire'tive value in the N dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and
neigh3oring )i:els#
!ast
If an edge is )assing through %@N dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the
dire'tive value in the & dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and
neigh3oring )i:els#
%outh
If an edge is )assing through B@& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the
dire'tive value in the % dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and
neigh3oring )i:els#
$est
If an edge is )assing through N@% dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the
dire'tive value in the B dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and
neigh3oring )i:els#
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
"$ " "!
$ /&# y0 !
%$ % %!
Ees
No
Figure -# Flow 'hart for a))lying fuzzy rules to noisy image
he algorithm for the fuzzy image filtering 'onsists of the
following ste)s@
1. he image on whi'h filtering is 3e )erformed is
'hosen# his 'an 3e done 3y using FimreadG in
MA!AB#
2. Gaussian noise is added to the image#
3. If the image is RGB( then it should 3e first 'onverted
to gray s'ale image# his 'an 3e done as followsA
6width height dim8 H size;image<I
For 'olored images( value of FdimG will 3e - and for
gray s'ale images( its value is =#
4. o start with( a mas* of ?:? is ta*en# he )ro'ess
'onsists sim)ly of moving the filter mas* from )oint
to )oint in an image# At ea'h )oint ;:( y< the res)onse
of the filter at that )oint is 'al'ulated using the
following se9uen'e#
a# For ea'h 'entral )i:el( the 2 neigh3ors in the
eight dire'tions are 'onsidered and for ea'h
dire'tion sim)le derivative value is 'om)uted
using following e:)ressionsA

where N;:( y<( NB;:( y< re)resents the sim)le
derivative value in north and north@west dire'tion
res)e'tively# I;:( y< re)resent the intensity value at ;:(
y<#
5. hen we would 'al'ulate the fuzzy derivative values
for a )arti'ular dire'tion ;say NB< as followsJ
If ;NB;:( y< is small and NB;:@0( y@0< is small< or
;NB;:( y< is small and NB;:K0( y@0< is small< or
;NB;:@0( yK0< is small and NB;:K0( y@0< is small<
hen
F
NB;:( y< is small#
6. Next, fuzzy smoothing is performed by
cacuating the truthness !
"
N#
and L
@
NB of
these fuzzy deri$ati$e $aues for each
direction.
%. &fter cacuating truthness for each direction,
the correction term is cacuated and added
to that centra
pixe of the
seected mas'.
It 'an 3e 'al'ulated asA

"&RF4RMAN$& &,A!UAI4N M&RI$%
In order to evaluate the )erforman'e of the )ro)osed
te'hni9ue( there are some 9uality measures su'h as M%&
;mean s9uare error<(
"%NR ;)ea* signal to
noise ratio<( and N$$
;normalized 'ross
'orrelation<#
%elect the
image# I
%elect the
image# I
Add 1aussian
noise to I
Add 1aussian
noise to I
Is I
an
.1'
image
2
Is I
an
.1'
image
2
3onvert I to
gray scale
image
3onvert I to
gray scale
image
Take $indow of
4&4 size over the
image
Take $indow of
4&4 size over the
image
Apply fuzzy rules in 5
directions to compute
degree of
membership of fuzzy
derivatives
Apply fuzzy rules in 5
directions to compute
degree of
membership of fuzzy
derivatives
3alculate 6
7
8
and 6
7
-
for
all directions#
3alculate 6
7
8
and 6
7
-
for
all directions#
3alculate 9# which is
given by:
9;) < /6
7
8
- 6
7
-
0 = 5
3alculate 9# which is
given by:
9;) < /6
7
8
- 6
7
-
0 = 5
9 is added to pi&el
value of location /&# y0
9 is added to pi&el
value of location /&# y0
"%NR is widely used to measure im)er'e)ti3ility 3etween the
original image and 'orre'ted image# It is defined 3y e9n# ;0<#
he similarity
3etween original and 'orre'ted image is used to re)resent how
algorithm is ro3ust against noise( is 'al'ulated 3y N$$ value#
N$$ value is defined 3y e9n# ;-<#
&M"&RIM&NA! R&%U!% AND ANA!E%I%
Bhen the algorithm for the fuzzy 3ased filtering is em)loyed
and 'om)ared with the wiener and median filter( it yields
'om)ara3le results in terms of visual 9uality( "%NR values et'#
o 'om)are )erforman'e of the a3ove a))roa'hes( these
e:)eriments have 3een re)eated several times and the results
are 'om)ared on the 3asis of "%NR values# Median filter
mainly 'on'entrate on im)ulsive noise# Gaussian Noise is not
s)e'ifi'ally 'on'entrated# Median filter does not distinguish
lo'al variations due to noise and image stru'ture 3ut the
)ro)osed filter distinguishes 3etween the two#
AB!& I# C$AM&RAMAND BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N
,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&

3ameraman image
with mean;> ?
different variance
3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values
"oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected
Image
istogram of noisy
Image
3ameraman.tif
-%".;@.@5@A ,;B# -%".;AC.CDA
-%".;@.4BBEF ,;B# -%".;AC.D4B
-%".;@.BB>E5 ,;F# -%".;AB.>>B
-%".;@.A4E@C ,;F# -%".;AB.AFE
-%".;@.>FA4E ,;C# -%".;AB.A>>
AB!& II# CB4A%D BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F
,ARIAN$&

'oats image with
mean;> ? different
variance
3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values
"oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected
image
istogram of noisy
image
'oats.Gpg
-%".;@.DAEC ,;F# -%".;AC.5@@
-%".;@.EF>5B ,;B# -%".;AB.@>F
-%".;@.F@B5 ,;F# -%".;AB.D54
-%".;@.BF@> ,;B# -%".;AF.BCA
-%".;@.CACD ,;B# -%".;AF.B>C
AB!& III# C!&NAD BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F
,ARIAN$&

)ena image with
mean;> ? different
variance
3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values
"oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected
image
istogram of noisy
image
)ena.bmp
-%".;@.554DB ,;F# -%".;AB.>EF
-%".;@.EC4B ,;F# -%".;AB.5B>
-%".;@.FFACA ,;F# -%".;AF.CC>
-%".;@.B>DD ,;B# -%".;AF.4EF
-%".;@.A554CC ,;B# -%".;AF.5DF
AB!& I,# C$4!4R&D BAB44ND BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N
,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&
3olored 'aboon
image with mean;>
? different variance
3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values
"oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected
image
istogram of noisy
image
'aboon.Gpg
-%".;@.DCBCD ,;F# -%".;AB.>BD
-%".;@.E5CB ,;F# -%".;AF.>BC
-%".;@.4>5A ,;# -%".;AF.FC5A
-%".;@.B5D5F ,;B# -%".;AF.@C5
-%".;@.C@5B
,;B# -%".;AF.@EA
AB!& ,# C$4!4R&D !&NAD BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N
,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&

3olored )ena image
with mean;> ?
different variance

3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values
"oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected
Image
istogram of noisy
Image
)enaHcoloured.Gpg
-%".;@.5EAD5 ,;4# -%".;AB.>
-%".;@.EAF>F
,;B# -%".;AB.DC5
-%".;@.FFEFCA ,;4# -%".;AF.CFE
-%".;@.BAFF ,;B# -%".;AF.@AF
-%".;@.AE54AD ,;C# -%".;AF.BD@
Acknowledgment
Be would li*e to e:)ress our foremost and sin'ere gratitude to
Dr# $#% Rai( our guide( who has 3een a 'onstant sour'e of
*nowledge and ins)iration to us( throughout the 'ourse of this
re)ort#
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Figure ># "%NR gra)hs of various images for different values of varian'e



PSNR values of Lena_coloured.jpgin presence of
Gaussian noise for various values of variance
For variance,
2
=0.
For variance,
2
=0.!
For variance,
2
=0."
For variance,
2
=0.#
For variance,
2
=0.$
PSNR values of %a&oon_coloured.jpgin presence of
Gaussian noise for various values of variance
For variance,
2
=0.
For variance,
2
=0.!
For variance,
2
=0."
For variance,
2
=0.#
For variance,
2
=0.$
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