INSTITUTO POLITCNICO NACIONAL

ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE CMPUTO

LABORATORIO DE ANLISIS FUNDAMENTAL DE CIRCUITOS

PRCTICA No. 1 (2da parte):
INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIN,
MANEJO DEL OSCILOSCOPIO
UNIDAD DE APRENDIZAJE:
ANLISIS FUNDAMENTAL DE CIRCUITOS
GRUPO: 1CV3
EQUIPO: __7__
INTEGRANTES:
ABAROA CORCHADO ALVARO OMAR
CASILLAS PREZ SEBASTIN
CASTILLO SANDOVAL ESTEFANY GUADALUPE
PROFESOR:
HERNNDEZ AGUILAR JOS LUIS
FECHA DE REALIZACIN:
6 de Febrero de 2014
FECHA DE ENTREGA:
13 de Febrero de 2014
COMENTARIOS:
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Objectives:
When this lab exercise is done, the student will be able to:
Control correctly a conventional oscilloscope and its function.
Evaluate the signal of adjustment for the probes of the conventional oscilloscope.
Operate a voltage signal generator on sinusoidal, squared and triangled signals.
Measure the voltage on a D.C. using the horizontal and the vertical entrances on the oscilloscope.
Sketch and understand voltage vs. time graphs in simple circuits to measure the amplitude, period and
frequency of their voltage signal.
Utilize both oscilloscope entrances to measure the phase difference between two Sinusoidal signals by
the Y(t) and the figures of Lissajous on mode xy methods.
Equipment given by Lab: Materials bought by students:
1 - Oscilloscope
1 - Functions generator
1 - Voltage Supply
1 - Multimeter
1 - 4.7k with watt
2 - 10k with watt
1 - 0.1 F.Capacitor
1 - Protoboard
1 - Wire
3 - Oscilloscope test probe cables
6 - Banana/Alligator Test Probe Cable
1 - BNC/BNC Test Probe Cable

I. Theoretical Introduction (Operation of an Oscilloscope)
An Oscilloscope is an instrument used to measure electronic signals, graphing them against time for easy
interpretation. Oscilloscopes are classified depending on their internal workings and can be either digital or
analog. The operation of this measurement tool is similar to that of a kinescope of a TV; the electron
gun(Cathode) sends a ray to the fosforent material covered screen. In the meantime, the rays cross through
focusing grids and suffer acceleration which creates light when the waves finally hit the screen. It is possible to
alter the waves with help of deflecting plates and thus making them show information on the screen;
something impossible otherwise.
II. Experiment Development
II.1. Measurements of the oscilloscope test signal for calibration
Turn on the oscilloscope and locate in its main interface the calibration test terminal, then connect it to
Channel 1 by using an Oscilloscope only cable followed by selecting the supplys release(make sure
everything is on channel 1). Adjust the scale for the measurement by using the controls(Volts/Div) to measure
voltage-amplitude or the (Time/Div) to measure its period; this will make the tool to show adequately the
complete cycle of the calibration signal. Sketch on the grid below the resulting signal and note its
characteristics including its amplitude and frequency. Proceed to make the same steps on channel 2 but with
different scales.




















Channel 1
Time/Div=____________________Seg/Div
Volts/Div=____________________Volts/Div
Channel 2
Time/Div=____________________Seg/Div
Volts/Div=____________________Volts/Div

Period(T) is calculated as follows:
T= (TIME/DIV) X (Number of times the curve divides horizontally the x axis in one cycle)
For Channel 1: For channel 2:
T=______X______Seg. T=_______X________Seg.
Frequency value is calculated as follows: F=1/T
For Channel 1: For Channel 2:
F=1/_______=___________Hz. F=1/______=____________Hz.
Amplitude value(Peak to peak) is calculated as follows:
V= (VOLTS/DIV) X (Number of vertical divisions in the test signal)
For Channel 1: For Channel 2:
V=_______X________=_______Vpp. V=_______X________=________Vpp.
Important Note: Calibration test signal is internally generated by the oscilloscope and its
values(frequency & amplitude) must reproduce those shown on the legend exposed in the
oscilloscopes interface.
II.2. Correct operation of the signal generator.
II.2.1. Energize the signal generator and connect the main output to the channel 1 on the oscilloscope using
the BNC/BNC cable. Adjust the output to 10KHz frequency and 10Vpp amplitude. Select the different type of
signals on the function generator and complete the tables below.
Function Amplitud Period Frequency Signal shape
Vpp(Volts) T(Sec)
Sinusoidal








TIME/DIV=__________Seg/Div
VOLTS/DIV=__________Volts/Div
Triangle








TIME/DIV=__________Seg/Div
VOLTS/DIV=__________Volts/Div
Square








TIME/DIV=__________Seg/Div
VOLTS/DIV=__________Volts/Div

II.2.2 Create a triangular signal with 5Vpp and a 10KHz Frequency. Connect the Function generator to the
Oscilloscope and select GND on the option Attachment Position. Verify that the curve is represented on the
center of the graph. Next, select D.C. on the Attachment Position of the Oscilloscope. Activate the voltage
generator Offset and find the min and max values to sketch the obtained result in the next grids.




















Max D.C. Voltage added to the signal
Offset(max)=_____________Volts
Min D.C. Voltage added to the signal
Offset(min)=_____________Volts

II.3. Using the Oscilloscope as an X-Y grapher for D.C. signals.
The Cartesian displacement of the electronic signal in its different polar tensions on a D.C. created by the
Oscilloscope will be measured. Furthermore, a dot that changes position according to the applied voltage will
be shown on the oscilloscope screen and it represents a specific coordinate.
Set the Oscilloscope on the X-Y mode with the hookup selection on both channels to ground. Use the
PositionX and PositionY controls to set both curves in both channels to the origin of the graph in the middle of
the oscilloscope(establish the center on 0Vx and 0Vy)

Important Note:
To the the operation mode on some Oscilloscopes you will need to turn the Time/Div knob to the X-Y
position, in others you can simply press a button to select the desired mode.
Subsequently put together the circuit shown in the figure below and connect A, B and C nodes to the
oscilloscope using the proper cables. Measure what is asked below in D.C. and 5 Volt/Div. Graph every result
in the same grid but with a different colours and indicating each one with numbers.

Measure to be done with the test probes help on the oscilloscope:
1.) Cables positive end to channel X, node A and negative to node C.
2.) Cables positive end to channel Y node B and negative to node C.
3.) Cables positive end to channel X node A, other cables positive end to channel Y node B; both negative
ends to node C.
4.) Same as 3 but with Y connections inverted.
5.) Cables positive end to channel X node B, Cables positive end to channel Y node C, both cables negative
ends to node A and channel Y inverted.
II.4.- Oscilloscope ad grapher XY with D.C signals.
The lag angle () that exists between ingoing and outgoing signals of a RC circuit power by a sinusoidal
voltage will be measured
The shapes show two methods of measurement of the lag angle () and the different equations for its
calculation. The first method consists of using the oscilloscope sketching against time in Y(t) mode. The
second method is done by using the oscilloscope and sketching a plane, mode XY, and is known and
Lissajous method.

To do the first method, put together the next circuit and connect it to the oscilloscope as shown. Adjust the
scale of the oscilloscope with values that show two sinusoidal signals with different phases like in the last
figure. Measure the a and the T values to make it easier to calculate the angle. The results of this values
can be made even if the Y scale(Volts/DIV) is different in the different signals. Sketch the resulting signal in the
grid suggested for mode Y(T).
To apply the second method adjust the oscilloscope in X-Y mode with the hookup selector selected to ground
for both channels to make signals appear near the center of the screen in the origin. afterward put the hookup
selector in channel X and Y on the oscilloscope to the D.C. position and scale it to 2 Volts/Div vertically.
Obtained will be an ellipse as shown in the last figure. Sketch the graph in the grid suggested for the XY mode
and measure the values for A and B.
Estimate the values for the resulting Lag angle for each used method by using the corresponding equation
and gist it below.























MODO Y(t)
Volts/div=____________
Time/div=____________
MODO XY
Volts/div=____________
Time/div=____________

=______________degrees. =______________degrees.
III.- Questionary
1.-How is an Oscilloscope used to measure the voltage and the frequency?
To measure voltage you have to multiply the scale by the number of vertical divisions on the x axis. Care to
remember that each subdivision equals of division. To calculate frequency each horizontal division in the
graphed signal is multiplied by the scale Para voltaje se multiplica la escala por el nmero de divisiones
verticales, recordando que cada sub divisin equivale a de divisin.
2.- What does the function generator do?
The function generator is a tool capable of producing different variable signals with different times that may be
applies to a test circuit. The most common types of signal waves are triangular, squared and sinusoidal. TTL
signals are also common and are used to test digital circuits.
3.-What is the use of a Lissajou Graph?
The Lissajou graph is the result of the method to measure the lag angle between two signals. The diagram
allows to compare two different signals in just one graph created by the oscilloscope when the signals are
merged together. This graph is called after the famous physician and mathematician Jules Antoine
Lissajous(1822-1880)
4.-For what are the Y(T) and the XY mode used?
To graph different signals on A.C. and to measure the Lag angle between them.
5.-What does the hookup on D.C means?
The hookup on D.C. describes the addon on the signal that is composed by both AC and DC components.
6.-What is an Offset Signal?
The offset signal is the sum of a constant signal D.C and the variable signal A.C. which displaces the values
of the total signal. The displacement is the current value of A.C. signal plus the constant direct current
applies(negative values apply).
7.- What does a displacement between two signals mean?
That the two signals don't have the same origin point which directly implies that one of them is either displaced
right or left.
Bibliography
[1] DEFINICION, USO Y TIPOS DE OSCILOSCOPIOS, [En lnea]. Available:
http://www.equiposylaboratorio.com/sitio/contenidos_mo.php?it=1484. [ltimo acceso: 4 Febrero 2014].
[2] C. Cuesta, OSCILOSCOPIO tcnicas de medidas, [En lnea]. Available:
http://rabfis15.uco.es/lvct/tutorial/22/ayuda/tecnicas.htm. [ltimo acceso: 4 Febrero 2014].
[3] El generador de funciones, [En lnea]. Available: http://www.electronicam.es/generador_funciones.html.
[ltimo acceso: 4 FEBRERO 2014].
[4] Informacin Bsica Sobre Acoplamiento AC y DC, 11 Noviembre 2011. [En lnea]. Available:
http://digital.ni.com/public.nsf/allkb/33400D1ACDEE19B68625760800789319. [ltimo acceso: 4 FEBRERO
2014].
[5] Caractersticas de las seales elctricas, 30 Mayo 2008. [En lnea]. Available:
http://www.eet6sannicolas.edu.ar/biblioteca/alumnos/2%20polimodal/2do.%20A%F1o%20Electronica%20-
%20TTP%20I%20-%20Caracter%EDsticas%20de%20las%20se%F1ales%20el%E9ctricas.pdf. [ltimo
acceso: 4 Febrero 2014].




















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Objective: The student will understand the correct usage of the measurement instruments; furthermore, the
student will have the next abilities at the end of the exercise:
Utilize correctly a digital Ohmmeter.
Utilize correctly a digital Voltmeter.
Utilize correctly a digital Amp-meter.
Comprehend and ply correctly the Ohm Law.
Tools Material
1 Digital Multimeter
1 Power Source with variable Voltage.
6 Banana/Alligator Test Probe Cable
6 Alligator/Alligator Test Probe Cable
1 Protoboard
1 Resistor Ohm - 1K Ohm to 1/4W
1 Resistor Ohm - 560 Ohm to 1/4W
1 Resistor Ohm - 680 Ohm to 1/4W
1 Resistor Ohm - 2.2k Ohm to 1/4W
Connection wire

I. Theoric Introduction
The electrical current is described as the flow of electrical charges in a space with determined direction, but we
can only conclude this if there is a clear flow from one side to another in that space.
Electrical Circuit is defined as the road in which the electrical current flows in. This road, which starts in a
pole of a power source and ends in the other pole, has various elements that consume energy from the current
when used as parts of the road itself; these elements are known as resistors.
The Voltage, also known as the potential electrical energy, and measurement obviously in Volts is defined as
the difference in voltage when the charge goes from point A to point B in a circuit and equals the Work that
has to be done to move the Charge between this two points against an electric field.
Anything connected to the poles of a power source is considered a circuit because it enables the pass of
charge from those two points, but the intensity in the circuit depends on the electrical resistance of the
elements. Any material, as can be part of the circuit, has an Electrical Resistance and it is the property of
materials to oppose to an electrical flow. In the materials known as Conductors, this resistance is
characteristically low; likewise, the materials with great resistance against this flow are called insulators.
The electrical current and the voltage can be both measured by Amp-meters and Voltmeters respectively.
Figures 1 and 2 show common appearance of an analogical and a digital measuring tool respectively. The
analogical tool ports a needle to indicate the results of each measurement in a measured scale you need to
caliber for different experiments. On the other side, the digital measuring tool ports a digital screen in which
the results will appear. Figure number 2 shows the symbols the Voltmeter and the Amp-meter are represented
with in an electrical circuit diagram.

Figura 1. a)medidor analgico Figura 2. Smbolo de cada medidor
b)medidor digital
To measure correctly the intensity of the current one must open the circuit and the Amp-meter must be
connected serially with the element that is to be measured in that opening. A serial connection is the one that
connects 2 elements by one of their ends, each, and nothing more. This serial connection between the Amp-
meter and the resistor makes the current flow through both and allows the Amp-meter to calculate the flow
intensity that will, before or after, flow through the resistor.
To measure the Voltage correctly between two places the Voltmeter must be connected parallel to the
resistance to be measured. Two elements are connected in parallel when their two ends are connected to the
other ones ends meanwhile this two connections are also connected as part or element of a bigger circuit.
The essential part of all this process is that the voltage through this two elements will be the same.
II. Development
II.1 Usage of an Ohmmeter
Without organizing a circuit, measure accurately the amount of resistance each element presents like it is
shown in figure number 3. Proceed to complete table 1.


Figure 3. Ohmmeter connection.
Table 1. Resistors measurement.
Resistors Measurement with digital
Ohmmeter
Color Code
R1= 1K
R2= 560
R3= 680
R4= 2.2K

II.2 Amp-meter measurement
Figure 4 shows how an Amp-meter must be connected for the electrical flow measurement through a desired
element.

Figure 4. Example of an Amp-meter connection.

Figure 5. Parallel Circuit.
With the power source turned off, construct the circuit shown on figure number 5. Once you are done, turn on
the power source and complete table number 2.
Table 2. Current Measurement.

II.3 Voltmeter usage.
Figure 6 shows how to measure voltage through an element. Construct the circuit shown on figure 7 with the
power source turned off. Once you are done, power on the source and complete table 3.

Figure 6. Voltmeter connection Example.

Figure 7. Serially connected Circuit.
Table 3. Voltage measurement.

II.4 Ohms Law (Voltage dependency).
To verify Ohms law we must establish and analyze the behaviour of the electrical current depending on the
voltages changes applied to the resistors array shown on figure 7. With the obtained values, draw a graph that
shows the dependency of Electrical current vs Voltage change using the data on table 3.


Does the obtained graph shows the expected results? Why or why not?
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III. Questionary:
1. Which is the Characteristic of a serial circuit connection?
A circuit connected serially is just that when one end of an element is connected to an end of another element
and there is nothing more connected in that intersection.
2. Which is the characteristic of a parallel connected circuit?
The principal characteristic of a circuit connected in parallel is that the voltage through every one of the
elements connected is the same.
3. Which is the main difference between analogical and digital measurement tools?
An analogic tool has a needle used as indicator of the obtained data, and the result is shown in a scale; this
creates a disadvantage because you must calibrate the tool for your special needs and sometimes it limits the
data that can be obtained. Instead, the Analogic tool shows the result in a digital screen which gives you the
advantage of negative values and more without special calibration.
4. Why must the Amp-meter must never be connected parallel to an element?
It is probable that connecting the tool like this gives current another road to go in and creating a short circuit
and a high intensity of electrical current caused by the minimal resistance the tool represents.
5. Explain why does a circuit must be de-energized when the resistance of an element is been calculated in an
electrical circuit.
The tool that measures resistance works by creating its own circuit and acting as the power source. If there
are more power sources than the one of the tool it is possible for the tool not to calculate correctly the outgoing
and incoming electrical current itself is creating and thus giving incorrect values.



IV. Conclusions
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V. Bibliography
F. A. Lpez, Resistencias, [En lnea]. Available:
http://fresno.pntic.mec.es/~fagl0000/resistencia_electrica.htm. [ltimo acceso: 28 Enero 2014].
M. O. R. Nave, Voltaje, [En lnea]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/electric/elevol.html. [ltimo acceso: 28 Enero 2014].
CENIT, Corriente Elctrica, 2008. [En lnea]. Available:
http://www.rena.edu.ve/TerceraEtapa/Fisica/CorrienteElectrica.html. [ltimo acceso: 28 Enero 2014].
M. O. R. Nave, Corriente Elctrica, [En lnea]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/electric/elecur.html. [ltimo acceso: 28 Enero 2014].

Appendix "A"
The Resistor is an element with a resistance property in a circuit. This resistance can be stable or variable and
there exists various classifications for each.
The nominal value of a resistor and its tolerance is shown as a pattern added to the element as color stripes
surrounding its body. The next image gives a pattern-value definition.

Colored stripes means different things depending its position and it is as follows:
First stripe next to one end of the resistor equals the first digit of the two digit number that shows the
resistance.
Second stripe equals the next digit of that number.
Third stripe equals the number of times the number constructed by the two digits obtained before is
multiplied by 10.
The fourth stipe equals the tolerance the nominal value of the resistor has.
Color code:
Appendix B
A Protoboard is a board that makes it possible for anyone to make an experimental circuit in a straightforward
and simple way. Generally a protoboard is 175x67x8mm in area but there exists various sizes which enable
different type of experiments. Another characteristic is the protoboards also can be joined to make larger and
more complete protoboards.
As the diagram shows, each orifice in the protoboard is a terminal used to connect different elements by
basically by just inserting them. Diagram shows the 4 different sections.
Section number one contains 3 different groups and 25 different terminals, each and everyone on of which is
connected to the nodes. The nodes are interconnections between this orifices. in conclusion we have 4
different nodes in section one; section 4 is exactly the same.
Section 2 contains 64 groups of 5 terminals each and is equivalent to having 64 nodes to make 5 different
elements connected to each node. Section 3 is similar.
It is important to notice that sections 1 and 4 groups are formed by 25 terminals horizontally and in sections 2
and 3 groups are formed vertically by 5 terminals.
In general, sections 1 and 4 are used to function as the voltage, positive and negative, of the source, some
protoboards even suggest with red a blue lines that source can ought to be connected there.