Capitalization

Capitalize
We saw a movie last night. It was very good.
I met George Adams yesterday.
I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith.
Do you know Professor (Prof.) Alston?
I was born in April.
Bob arrived last Monday.
It snowed on Thanksgiving Day.
City He lives in Chicago.
State/province She was born in California.
Country They are from Mexico.
Continent Tibet is in Asia.
Ocean They crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
Lake Chicago is on Lake Michigan.
River The Nile River flows north.
Desert The Sahara Desert is in Africa.
Mountain We visited the Rocky Mountains.
School I go to the University of Florida.
Business I work for the General Electric Company.
Street He lives on Grand Avenue.
Building We have class in Ritter Hall.
Park, zoo I went jogging in Forest Park.
I'm taking Chemistry 101 this term.
She speaks Spanish.
We discussed Japanese customs.
Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
and Judaism are major religions in the world.
Talal is a Moslem.
Yesterday I fell off my bycycle.
7. The names of languages and nationalities
8. The names of religions.
9. The pronoun " I "
Capitalize = use a big letter, not a small letter.
1. The first word of a sentence.
2. The names of people.
3. Titles used with the names of people.
4. Months, days, holidays.
5. The names of places
6. The name of courses.
We saw a movie last night. It was very good.
I met George Adams yesterday.
I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith. I saw a doctor.
Do you know Professor (Prof.) Alston? I saw Doctor Wilson.
Seasons are not capitalized.
Bob arrived last Monday. spring, summer, fall/autumn, winter.
It snowed on Thanksgiving Day.
She lives in a city.
She was born in California. She lives in New York City.
They crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They crossed a river.
Chicago is on Lake Michigan. They crossed the Yellow River.
The Nile River flows north.
The Sahara Desert is in Africa.
We visited the Rocky Mountains.
I go to the University of Florida. I go to a university.
I work for the General Electric Company. I go to the University of Texas.
He lives on Grand Avenue. We went to a park.
We have class in Ritter Hall. We went to Central Park.
I went jogging in Forest Park.
I'm taking Chemistry 101 this term. I'm reading a book about psychology.
I'm taking Psychology 101 this term.
We discussed Japanese customs.
Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam Words that refer to the names of religions
and Judaism are major religions in the world. are always capitalized.
Yesterday I fell off my bycycle. The pronoun " I " is always capitalized.
Words that refer to the names of nations, nationalities and
languages are always capitalized.
Words that refer to the names of nations, nationalities and
languages are always capitalized.
Pronouns
1 person I Me
2 person You Singular You
3 person She, he, it Her, him, it
1 person We Us
2 person You Plural You
3 person They Them
I sat by myself on the park bench
Greg lives by himself
I enjoyed myself at the fair
You (one person) saw yourself
She saw herself
He saw himself
Do you know Greg Smith? He is a friend of mine
We ate dinner with a friend of Bill's
The Smiths are friends of mine
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
I saw myself in the mirror
A FRIEND OF POSSESIVE
A friend of + a possesive noun/pronoun is a special or idiomatic expression.
It is used to identify another person as one friend among many friends.
The students are in class. They are taking a test.
Kate and Tom are married. They have two children.
Kate is my friend. I know her well.
Mike has a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday.
Ann walked between Eric and me
Mike is in class. He is taking a test.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A pronoun refers to a noun. It is used in place of a noun.
It can refer to a single noun or a noun phrase.
Kate is married. She has two children.
Ann met Eric and me at the museum.
Eric and I are good friends.
Believe in yourself
Blame yourself
Cut yourself
Enjoy yourself
Feel sorry for yourself
Help yourself

They saw themselves
Reflexive pronouns are used when the
subject and the object are the same
person.
It (e.g, the kitten) saw itself
We saw ourselves
You (plural) saw yourselves
I have a book. Its cover is black.
I sat by myself on the park bench
Greg lives by himself
I enjoyed myself at the fair
A possesive pronoun is
used alone, without a noun
following it.
A possesive adjective is used
only with a noun following it.
They have theirs
I have my pen
POSSESIVE PRONOUNS POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES
They have their pens
You have your pens
We have our pens
He has his pen
She has her pen
You have your pen
You have yours
POSSESIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
I have mine
You have yours
She has hers
He has his
We have ours
Hurt yourself Take care of yourself
Give yourself (something) Talk to yourself
Introduce yourself Teach yourself
Kill yourself Tell yourself
Pinch yourself Work for yourself
Be proud of yourself Wish yourself (luck)
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns
Singular Plural
One bird Two birds
One street Two streets
One rose Two roses
One dish Two dishes
One match Two matches
One class Two classes
One box Two boxes
One baby Two babies
One city Two cities
One knife Two knives
One shelf Two shelves
One tomato Two tomatoes
One zoo Two zoos
One zero Two zeroes/zeros
One child Two children
One foot Two feet
One goose Two geese
One man Two men
One mouse Two mice
One tooth Two teeth
One woman Two women
Two people
One deer Two deer
One fish Two fish
One sheep Two sheep
One offspring Two offspring
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
One species Two species
One bacterium Two bacteria
One cactus Two cacti
One crisis Two crises
One phenomenon Two phenomena
subject verb
The sun shines
(noun) (verb)
subject verb
Plants grow
(noun) (verb)
Subject Verb Object
Plants need water
(noun) (verb) (noun)
Subject Verb Object
Bob is reading a book
(noun) (verb) (noun)
Subject verb Object
Ann puts her books
Subject verb Preposition
A leaf fell to
Many English sentences have prepositional phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition.
The object of a preposition is a noun.
Bob is reading a good book
Adjective Noun
OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
SUBJECTS, VERBS AND OBJECTS
The tall woman wore a new dress
Roses are beautiful flowers
Roses are beautifuls flowers
A flowers garden
The shoes store
Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives.
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
Flower garden
Adjective Noun
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ANOTHER
One apple Another apple Another apple
THE OTHER
The short woman wore an old dress
The young woman wore a short dress
Mary is eating one apple. If she is still hungry after that, she can eat another apple.
USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES
I have a flower garden
The shoe store also sells socks
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
I know the student's name
I know the students' names
Another means "one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) I've already talked about.
Another is a combination of an + other, written as one word.
I know the childrens names
SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER; ANOTHER vs THE OTHER
The girl is eating one apple. The boy is eating the other (apple)
Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another apple
another one
another
Paul ate one apple. Sara ate the other apple
the other one
the other
Adjective Pronoun
Singular another apple another
Plural other apples others
Singular the other apple the other
Plural the other apples the others
Singular Plural
Count noun
a chair
chairs
one chair two chairs
three chairs
some chairs
several chairs
an apple a lot of chairs
many chairs
a few chairs
Noncount noun furniture
some furniture
a lot of furniture
COUNT/ NONCOUNT NOUNS

The other means "the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a
given number of similar items".
Another and the other can be used as an adjective in front of a noun (e.g., apple, one)
Another and the other can also be used alone as a pronoun (Then he ate another).
much furniture
a little furniture
A clothing B Homework
equipment Housework
food Work
fruit
furniture C Advice
garbage information
hardware news
jewelry
machinery D history
mail literature
makeup music
money poetry
cash
change E English
postage Arabic
scenery Chinese, etc
stuff
traffic
Liquids
beer milk bread
blood oil butter
coffee shampoo cheese
cream soup ice
gasoline tea ice cream
honey water lettuce
juice wine toast
Gases Natural phenomena
air weather
fog rain
oxygen snow
pollution lightning
smog thunder
smoke humidity
steam darkness
Abstractions
SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS: WHOLE GROUPS
MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS
Solids and semisolids

anger enjoyment happiness

beauty entertainment hate
confidence experience health
courage fun help
cowardice generosity honesty
education greed hospitality
Noncount noun
Glass
Hair
Iron
Light
Paper
Time
Work
Coffee
Chicken/fish/lamb
two cups
one piece of
a cup of
a bowl of
a pound of
a quart of
a bar of soap
a sheet of paper
Using A or
Singular count nouns
A dog makes a good pet.
Generalization A banana is yellow.
A pencil contains led.
Unit of measure
Container
Amount
Shape
GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
I need some paper to write a letter.
I have some work to do tonight.
I had some coffee after dinner.
I had some chicken/some fish/some lamb for dinner.
How much time do you need to finish your homework?
USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS.
NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
Windows are made of glass.
Rita has brown hair.
Iron is a metal.
I opened the curtain to let in some light.
Plural count nouns
Dogs make good pets.
Bananas are yellow.
Pencils contain led.
Noncount nouns
Fruit is good for you.
Coffee contains caffeine.
I like music.
I need some yellow paper.
I don't have any. Ask Matt. I think he has some.
I understand you're a baseball fan.
Have you gone to a lot of baseball games?
Yes. I've gone to many. I saw three just last week.
In general:
Any = used in negative sentences.
Some = used in affirmative sentences.
I need some blank tapes. (nonspecific)
I don't have any. But Jack has some.
Where are the blank tapes that were on my desk? (specific)
Rita has them.
I need a blank tape. (nonspecific)
I think you can get one from Jack.
Where's the blank tape that was on my desk? (specific)
Rita has it.
Would you like some coffee? (non specific)
No thanks, I just had some. I don't want any right now.
I drank it.
USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS
NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS: SOME, ANY, AND ONE.
Your cup is empty. What happened to your coffee? (specific)
Some, any, many, much, a lot (of), a few, a little, two, a couple (of), three, several, etc.
ADJECTIVES
opposite
Absent
Accurate innacurate
Angry
Bad good
Bald
Beautiful ugly
Big little small
Bright
Busy
Calm
Certain uncertain
Cheap expensive
Clean dirty
Clear unclear
Cold hot
Comfortable uncomfortable
Common uncommon
Complete incomplete
Convenient inconvenient
Cool warm
Dangerous safe
Dark light
Dead
Deep shallow
Delicious
Delightful
Dependent independent
Different same
Difficult simple
Direct indirect
Dizzy
Dry wet
Early late
East west
Empty full
Essential
Fair unfair
Familiar unfamiliar
Famous
Fast slow
Fat thin
First last
Flat
Foolish
Foreign
Free
Fresh
Funny
Glad
Great
Handsome
Happy sad/unhappy
Hard easy soft
Healthy ill sick/unhealthy
Heavy light
High low
Humid
Hungry
Important unimportant
Intelligent stupid
Interesting uninteresting
Kind unkind
Large little small
Lawful unlawful
Lazy
Left right
Legal illegal
Logical illogical
Long short
Mad
Messy neat
Modern old-fashioned
Narrow wide
Native
Necessary unnecessary
Nervous
Nice
Noisy quiet
Normal abnormal
North south
Old new young
Pleasant unpleasant
Polite impolite
Poor rich
Possible impossible
Pretty
Private public
Proper improper
Proud
Rapid
Rational irrational
Real unreal
Regular irregular
Responsible irresponsible
Right wrong
Ripe
Rough smooth
Round
Serious
Sharp
Short tall
Sorry
Sour sweet
Special
Strange
Strong weak
Sure unsure
Terrific
Tough
True untrue
Unique
Usual unusual
Various
Visible invisible
Whole
Wild
Wise
Wonderful
If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the "y" to "i" and add -es. (Note: If -y is preceded by a
vowel, add only -s: boys, days, keys.)
If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the ending to -ves. (Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.)
The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.
oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes, mosquitoes
os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos
oes or os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadoes/tornados
Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (Note: The singular form of people can be person, woman,
man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people.)
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
Add -es to nouns ending in -sh,-ch, -ss, and -x
To make most nouns plural, add -s
Sometimes a VERB is followed by an OBJECT.
Preposition Object of preposition
on the desk
(Noun)
Object of preposition
the ground
(Noun)
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition.
Words that describe nouns are called adjectives.
An English sentence has a SUBJECT and a VERB
The SUBJECT is a noun. Sun is a noun and it is the subject of the verb shines.
The OBJECT of a verb is a noun. Water is the object of the verb need.
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.
Adjectives modify nouns by giving more information about
them.
Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives.
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
My baby's name A man's name
My babies' names Men's names
Another Another
Adjectives modify nouns by giving more information about
them.
Mary is eating one apple. If she is still hungry after that, she can eat another apple.
Adjectives are neither singular nor plural. They do not have a
plural form.
Another means "one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) I've already talked about.
Another is a combination of an + other, written as one word.
SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER; ANOTHER vs THE OTHER
The boy is eating the other (apple)
NONCOUNT NOUNS
Individual parts
Count nouns
Chairs
Tables
Beds
Letters
Postcards
Bills
Pennies
The other means "the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a
given number of similar items".
Another and the other can be used as an adjective in front of a noun (e.g., apple, one)
Another and the other can also be used alone as a pronoun (Then he ate another).
Nickels
Dollars
Apples
Bananas
Oranges
Rings
Bracelets
Necklaces
F grammar
slang
vocabulary
G corn
dirt
dust
flour
grass
hair
pepper
rice
meat chalk
beef copper
chicken cotton
fish glass
ham gold
lamb iron
pork paper
light
sunshine
ignorance luck
intelligence patience
justice peace
knowledge poverty
laughter pride
love progress
Count noun
I drank a glass of water.
There's a hair on my jacket.
I pressed my shirt with an iron.
Please turn off the lights (lamps).
I wrote a paper for Prof. Lee.
The painting is a work of art.
Two coffees, please.
Using A or some
I saw a dog in my yard.
Mary ate a banana.
I need a pencil.
I need some paper to write a letter.
I have some work to do tonight.
I had some coffee after dinner.
I had some chicken/some fish/some lamb for dinner.
How much time do you need to finish your homework?
USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS.
How many times have you been in
Mexico?
She drew a picture of a chicken/ a
fish/a lamb.
Windows are made of glass.
Rita has brown hair.
Iron is a metal.
I opened the curtain to let in some light.
I saw some dogs in my yard.
Mary bought some bananas.
Bob has some pencils in his pocket.
I bought some fruit.
Bob drank some coffee.
Would you like to listen to some music?
Specific
it, her, him.
NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS: SOME, ANY, AND ONE.
Some, any, many, much, a lot (of), a few, a little, two, a couple (of), three, several, etc.
Adjective clauses
I met a man
who is kind to everybody.
who is a famous poet.
who lives in Chicago.
The man who lives next to me is friendly.
The man that lives next to me is friendly.
The man whom I met was friendly.
The man that I met was friendly.
The man I met was friendly.
The river which flows through town is polluted.
The river that flows through town is polluted.
The books which I bought were expensive.
The books that I bought were expensive.
The books I bought were expensive.
I know the man who is sitting over there.
I know the people who are sitting over there.
The man whom I talked to was helpful.
The man that I talked to was helpful.
The man I talked to was helpful.
The man to whom I talked was helpful.
The chair which I am sitting in is hard.
The chair that I am sitting in is hard.
The chair I am sitting in is hard.
The chair in which I am sitting is hard.
The man whose car was stolen called the police.
I know a girl whose brother is a movie star.
The people whose house we bought were friendly.
Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses
Using prepositions in adjective clauses
If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the "y" to "i" and add -es. (Note: If -y is preceded by a
vowel, add only -s: boys, days, keys.)
If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the ending to -ves. (Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.)
The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.
oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes, mosquitoes
os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos
oes or os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadoes/tornados
Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (Note: The singular form of people can be person, woman,
man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people.)
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
Add -es to nouns ending in -sh,-ch, -ss, and -x
To make most nouns plural, add -s
An English sentence has a SUBJECT and a VERB
The SUBJECT is a noun. Sun is a noun and it is the subject of the verb shines.
The OBJECT of a verb is a noun. Water is the object of the verb need.
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.
OTHER(S)
One apple other apples other apples others
Others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
Others = other apples
There are other apples in a bowl Adjective + noun
PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) vs THE OTHER(S)
Other(s) (without the) means "several more out of a group of similar items, several in addition to the
one(s) Ive already talked about.".
The adjective other (without an -s) can be used with a plural noun (e.g., apples) or with the word ones.
There are other ones on a plate Adjective + ones
There are others on a chair Pronoun
THE OTHER(S)
One apple The other apples
The others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
The others = The other apples
Sara is going to take the other apples Adjective + noun
She is going to take the other ones Adjective + ones
She is going to take the others Pronoun
The whole
A non count noun
Furniture
Mail
Money

The other(s) means "the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar items."
The other (without an -s) can be used as an adjective in front of a noun or the word ones.
salt
sand
sugar
wheat
rubber
silver
soap
tin
toothpaste
wood
wool
Jewelry
Money
Fruit
recreation
research
stupidity
time
violence
wealth
Janet wears glasses when she reads.
I bought a paper (a newspaper).
Using the
Did you feed the dog?
I gave the banana to Mary.
The pencil on that desk is Jim's.
Did you feed the dogs?
I gave the bananas to Mary.
The pencils on that desk are Jim's.
The fruit in this bowl is ripe.
I drank some coffee and some milk. The coffee was hot.
I can't hear you. The music is too loud.
The air is cold today.
Other(s) (without the) means "several more out of a group of similar items, several in addition to the
one(s) Ive already talked about.".
The adjective other (without an -s) can be used with a plural noun (e.g., apples) or with the word ones.


The other(s) means "the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar items."
The other (without an -s) can be used as an adjective in front of a noun or the word ones.
Prepositions
(Far) away from
About
Above
Across (from)
After
Against I fell asleep at 9:30.
Along He is busy at present.
Among
Around
At
At the bottom of
At the top of
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside
Besides
Between
Beyond
By be absent from
Close to be accustomed to
Despite add (this) to (that)
Down be acquainted with
During admire (someone) for (something)
For be afraid of
From agree with (someone) about/on (something)
In be angry at/with
In (the) front of apologize to (someone) for something
In back of apply to (a place) for (something)
In the back of approve of
In the corner of argue with (someone) about (something)
In the middle of arrive at (a building, a room)
Into arrive in (a city, a country)
Like ask (someone) about (something)
Near ask (someone) for (something)
Next to be aware of
Of be bad for
Off believe in
On belong to
Preposition combinations
* In future - please be on time in future (British English).
** In expressions with the seasons, the is optional: Summer (the summer)
I was born in the twentieth century
The weather is hot in (the) summer**.
I was born on October 31, 1975
I went to a movie on Thursday.
I have class on Thursday morning(s)
I was asleep at midnight.
We sleep at night.
I was born in October
I was born in 1975
List of prepositions
Prepositions of time IN, AT, ON
I usually watch TV in the evening.
Please be on time in the future
On (the) top of be bored with/by
On the corner of borrow (something) from (someone)
Out be clear to
Over compare (this) to/with (that)
Since complain to (someone) about (something)
Through be composed of
Throughout concentrate on
Till consist of
To be crazy about
Toward(s) be crowded with
Under depend on/upon (someone) for (something)
Until be dependent on/upon (someone) for (something)
Up be devoted to
Upon be different from
With disagree with (someone) about (something)
Within be disappointed in
Without discuss (something) with (someone)
divide (this) into (that)
be divorced from
be done with
dream about/of
be engaged to
be equal to
escape from
be excited about
excuse (someone) for (something)
be exhausted from
be familiar with
ba famous for
be finished with
forgive (someone) for (something)
be friendly to/ with
be frightened of/ by
be full of
get rid of
be gone from
be good for
graduate from
happen to
hear about/of
at present, at the moment, at the present time
hear from
help (someone) with (something)
hide (something) from (someone)
hope for
admire (someone) for (something) be hungry for
insist on
agree with (someone) about/on (something) be interested in
introduce (someone) to (someone)
apologize to (someone) for something invite (someone) to (something)
apply to (a place) for (something) be involved in
be kind to
argue with (someone) about (something) know about
arrive at (a building, a room) laugh at
listen to
ask (someone) about (something) look at
ask (someone) for (something) look for
look forward to
be mad at
be made of
be married to
Preposition combinations
* In future - please be on time in future (British English).
** In expressions with the seasons, the is optional: Summer (the summer)
I was born in the twentieth century
The weather is hot in (the) summer**.
in + a month/a year/a century/a season
I was born on October 31, 1975
I went to a movie on Thursday.
I have class on Thursday morning(s)
on + a date/ a weekday
on + weekday morning(s), afternnoon(s), evening(s)
at + "clock time" (eg,. 6:30 PM)
at noon, at night, at midnight
I was born in October
I was born in 1975
Prepositions of time IN, AT, ON
I usually watch TV in the evening.
Please be on time in the future in the past, in the present, in the future*
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
matter to
borrow (something) from (someone) be the matter with
multiply (this) by (that)
compare (this) to/with (that) be nice to
complain to (someone) about (something) be opposed to
pay for
be patient with
be pleased with
point at
be polite to
depend on/upon (someone) for (something) be prepared for
be dependent on/upon (someone) for (something) protect (this) from (that)
be proud of
be qualified for
disagree with (someone) about (something) be ready for
be related to
discuss (something) with (someone) rely on/upon
be responsible for
be satisfied with
be scared of/by
search for
separate (this) from (that)
be similar to
be sorry about (something)
be sorry for (someone)
excuse (someone) for (something) speak to/with (someone) about (something)
stare at
subtract (this) from (that)
be sure of
take care of
forgive (someone) for (something) talk to/with (someone) about (something)
tell (someone) about (something)
be terrified of/by
thank (someone) for (something)
be thirsty for
be tired from
be tired of
travel to
wait for
wait on
be worried about
Adverbs
Always 100%
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Rarely
Never 0%
Adverbs
Actually
Afterward(s)
Again
Ago
Almost
Already
Also
Anymore
Anywhere
Apparently
Carefully
Certainly
Completely
Constantly
Downtown
Early
Easily
Enough
Entirely
Especially
Ever
Everywhere
Extremely
Fast
Finally
Fortunately
Generally
Hard
Here
Immediately
Just
Frequency adverbs
I usually have breakfast at 7:00 AM
I never have breakfast after 10:00 AM
Late
Later
Maybe
Never
Next
Now
Obviously
Occasionally
Often
Once
Only
Perhaps
Probably
Quickly
Quietly
Rarely
Really
Regularly
Seldom
Seriously
Slowly
Sometimes
Somewhere
Soon
Still
Suddenly
Surely
Then
There
Today
Together
Tomorrow
Tonight
Too
Usually
Very
Well
Yesterday
Yet
Verbs
Visit Visits
Speak
Speaks
Answer Answers
Happen Happens
Hope Hopes
Write Writes
Catch Catches
Wash Washes
Pass Passes
Fix Fixes
Buzz Buzzes
Do Does
Go Goes
Study Studies
Try Tries
Pay Pays
Buy Buys
Simple form Simple past Past participle Present participle
Be was,were been Being
Beat beat beaten beating
Become became become becoming
Begin began began beginning
Bend bent bent bending
Bite bit bitten biting
Blow blew blown blowing
Break broke broken braking
Bring brought brought bringing
Broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasting
Build built built building
Burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burning
Buy bought bought buying
Catch caught caught catching
Choose chose chosen choosing
If a verb ends in a vowel + -y, simply add -s
(Incorrect: pais, payes)
Irregular verbs
SPELLING: FINAL -S vs -ES
Final -s, not -es, is added to most verbs.
(Incorrect: visites, speakes, answeres, happenes)
Many verbs end in -e. Final -s is simply added.
Final -es is added if the verb ends in -ch, -sh, -
s, -x or -z
Final -es is added to do and go
If a verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the -y
to -i and add -es (Incorrect studys)
Come came come coming
Cost cost cost costing
Cut cut cut cutting
Dig dug dug digging
Do did done doing
Draw drew drawn drawing
Dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed dreaming
Drink drank drunk drinking
Drive drove driven driving
Eat ate eaten eating
Fall fell fallen falling
Feed fed fed feeding
Feel felt felt feeling
Fight fought fought fighting
Find found found finding
Fit fit fit fitting
Fly flew flown flying
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Freeze froze frozen freezing
Get got gotten (got) getting
Give gave given giving
Go went gone going
Grow grew grown growing
Hang hung hung hanging
Have had had having
Hear heard heard
Hide hid hidden hiding
Hit hit hit hitting
Hold held held holding
Hurry hurried hurried hurrying
Hurt hurt hurt hurting
Keep kept kept keeping
Know knew known
Lay laid laid laying
Lead led led leading
Leave left left leaving
Lend lent lent lending
Let let let letting
Lie lay lain Lying
Light lit (lighted) lit (lighted) lighting
Lose lost lost losing
Make made made making
Mean meant meant meaning
Meet met met meeting
Pay paid paid paying
Put put put putting
Quit quit quit quiting
Read read read reading
Ride rode ridden riding
Ring rang rung ringing
Rise rose risen rising
Run ran run running
Say said said saying
See saw seen
Sell sold sold selling
Send sent sent sending
Set set set setting
Shake shook shaken shaking
Shoot shot shot shooting
Shut shut shut shutting
Sing sang sung singing
Sit sat sat sitting
Sleep slept slept sleeping
Slide slid slid sliding
Speak spoke spoken speaking
Spend spent spent spending
Spread spread spread spreading
Stand stood stood standing
Steal stole stolen stealing
Stick stuck stuck sticking
Strike struck struck striking
Swear swore sworn swearing
Sweep swept swept sweeping
Swim swam swum swimming
Take took taken taking
Teach taught taught teaching
Tear tore torn tearing
Tell told told telling
Think thought thought thinking
Throw threw thrown throwing
Understand understood understood
Upset upset upset upsetting
Wake woke waked (woken) waking
Wear wore worn wearing
Win won won winning
Withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdrewing
Write wrote written writing
Simple form Simple past Past participle Present participle
Accept accepted accepted accepting
Act acted acted acting
Add added added adding
Agree agreed agreed agreeing
Allow allowed allowed allowing
Answer answered answered answering
Regular verbs
Appear appeared appeared appearing
Arrive arrived arrived arriving
Ask asked asked asking
Attempt attempted attempted attempting
Attend attended attended attending
Believe believed believed
Blow blowed blowed blowing
Borrow borrowed borrowed borrowing
Call called called calling
Carry carried carried carrying
Cause caused caused causing
Change changed changed changing
Close closed closed closing
Collect collected collected collecting
Complete completed completed completing
Consider considered considered considering
Contain contained contained containing
Continue continued continued continuing
Control controlled controlled controlling
Cook cooked cooked cooking
Count counted counted counting
Cover covered covered covering
Cross crossed crossed crossing
Cry cried cried crying
Dance danced danced dancing
Decide decided decided deciding
Die died died dying
Discover discovered discovered discovering
Dissapear dissapeared dissapeared dissapearing
Divide divided divided dividing
Doubt doubted doubted doubting
Dress dressed dressed dressing
Drop dropped dropped dropping
End ended ended ending
Enjoy enjoyed enjoyed enjoying
Enter entered entered entering
Exist existed existed
Expect expected expected
Explain explained explained explaining
Fail failed failed failing
Fill filled filled filling
Finish finished finished finishing
Fit fitted fitted fitting
Fix fixed fixed fixing
Flow flowed flowed flowing
Guess guessed guessed guessing
Happen happened happened happening
Hate hated hated
Hope hoped hoped
Improve improved improved improving
Include included included including
Interest interested interested interesting
Introduce introduced introduced introducing
Invite invited invited inviting
Join joined joined joining
Jump jumped jumped jumping
Kill killed killed killing
Kiss kissed kissed kissing
Laugh laughed laughed laughing
Learn learned learned learning
Lift lifted lifted lifting
Like liked liked
Listen listened listened listening
Live lived lived living
Look looked looked looking
Love loved loved
Marry married married marrying
Move moved moved moving
Notice noticed noticed
Need needed needed
Obtain obtained obtained obtaining
Offer offered offered offering
Open opened opened opening
Order ordered ordered ordering
Own owned owned
Pass passed passed passing
Pay payed payed paying
Permit permitted permitted permitting
Pick picked picked picking
Plan planned planned planning
Play played played playing
Point pointed pointed pointing
Pour poured poured pouring
Practice practiced practiced practicing
Prepare prepared prepared prepairing
Promise promised promised promising
Prove proved proved proving
Provide provided provided providing
Pull pulled pulled pulling
Push pushed pushed pushing
Rain rained rained raining
Reach reached reached reaching
Realice realized realized realizing
Receive received received receiving
Recognize recognized recognized recognizing
Refuse refused refused refusing
Remember remembered remembered
Repeat repeated repeated repeating
Reply replied replied replying
Report reported reported reporting
Require required required requiring
Return returned returned returning
Save saved saved saving
Search searched searched searching
Seem seemed seemed seeming
Separate separated separated separating
Serve served served serving
Share shared shared sharing
Shout shouted shouted shouting
Show showed showed showing
Sign signed signed signing
Smell smelled smelled
Spell spelled spelled spelling
Start started started starting
Stay stayed stayed staying
Study studied studied studying
Stop stopped stopped stopping
Succeed succeeded succeeded succeeding
Suggest suggested suggested suggesting
Supply supplied supplied supplying
Surprise surprised surprised surprising
Surround surrounded surrounded surrounding
Talk talked talked talking
Taste tasted tasted
Thank thanked thanked thanking
Tie tied tied tying
Touch touched touched touching
Travel traveled traveled traveling
Try tried tried trying
Turn turned turned turning
Use used used using
Visit visited visited visiting
Wait waited waited waiting
Walk walked walked walking
Want wanted wanted
Wash washed washed washing
Watch watched watched watching
Wave waved waved waving
Wish wished wished
Wonder wondered wondered wondering
Work worked worked working
Worry worried worried
SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS
Smile Smiling Smiled
Hope Hoping Hoped
Help Helping Helped
Learn Learning Learned
Rain Raining Rained
Heat Heating Heated
Stop Stopping Stopped
Plan Planning Planned
Visit Visiting Visited
Offer Offering Offered
Prefer Preferring Preferred
Admit Admitting Admitted
Play Playing Played
Enjoy Enjoying Enjoyed
Worry Worrying Worried
Study Studying Studied
Die Dying Died
Tie Tying Tied
Jim makes his bed and cleans up his room every morning.
Verb 1 Verb 2
Ann is cooking dinner and (is) talking on the phone at the same time.
Hear Possess
Nonprogressive verbs
Pararell verbs
Two
consonants
Yes
No
No
No e
End of verb
Double the
consonant
Simple form ING ED
No
Yes
One vowel +
one consonant
Two vowels +
one consonant
y No
ie
Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses.
I will stay home and (will) study tonight.
I am going to stay home and (am going to) study tonight.
Exceptions: Do not double w or x: snow, snowing, snowed, fix, fixing, fixed.
See Belong
Believe Need
Think* Want
Understand Prefer
Know Like
Be Love
Exist Hate
Own Forget
Have* Remember
I am having a good time (Idiomatic expresssion)
I enjoy music I am listening to the teacher right now.
I enjoy listening to music (present progressive)
I enjoy listening to music
I want a sandwich
I want to eat a sandwich
I want to eat a sandwich
I enjoy going to the beach
Ted wants to go to the beach.
It began raining.
It began to rain.
I enjoy working in my garden.
Bob finished studying at midnight.
It stopped raining a few minutes ago.
David quit smoking.
Would you mind opening the window?
I postponed doing my homework.
I put off doing my homework.
Keep working. Don't stop.
Keep on working. Don't stop.
I'm considering going to Hawaii.
I'm thinking about going to Hawaii.
They discussed getting a new car.
They talked about getting a new car.
Gerunds and infinitives
Common verbs followed by gerunds
I think that grammar is easy.
I am thinking about grammar right now (thoughts)
Tom has a car
I considered not going to class.
* I stopped to pick it up (my pen).
I stopped walking in order to pick it up.
Go + ING
Did you go shopping yesterday?
I went swimming last week.
Bob hasn't gone fishing in years.
go boating go sailing
go bowling go (window) shopping
go camping go sightseeing
go dancing go skating
go fishing go (water) skiing
go hiking go skydiving
go jogging go swimming
go running
Tom offered to lend me some money.
I've decided to buy a new car.
I've decided not to keep my old car.
want to agree to
need to refuse to
would like to seem to
would love to appear to
hope to pretend to
expect to forget to
plan to learn (how) to
intend to try to
mean to (can't) afford to
decide to (can't) wait to
promise to
offer to
Verb + Gerund or Infinitive
It began to rain It began raining
begin to begin working
start to start working
continue to continue working
like to like going
love to love playing
hate to hate going
Verb + Infinitive
can't stand to can't stand working
Uncompleted infinitives
I've never met Rita, but I'd like to.
I don't want to leave, but I have to.
Sam doesn't go to school here, but he used to.
Preposition + Gerund
Kate insisted on coming with us.
We're excited about going to Tahiti.
I apologized for being late.
Using by and with to express how something is done
By Means of transportation and communication.
Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing the stop button.
Mary goes to work by bus .
by airplane by mail
by boat by (tele) phone
by bus by fax
by car by air
by subway by land
by taxi by sea
by train
by foot (on foot)
Others:
by chance
by choice
by mistake
by check (but in cash)
by hand (made by a person).
With Instruments or parts of the body.
Andrea stirred her coffee with a spoon.
I cut down the tree with an ax. (by using an ax)
I swept the floor with a broom.
She pointed to a spot on the map with her finger.
Using gerunds as subjects
Riding horses is fun. It is fun to ride horses.
Coming to class on time is important. It is important to come to class on time.
IT + Infinitive: Using for (someone)
You should study hard. It is important for you to study hard.
Mary should study hard. It is important for Mary to study hard.
We don't have to go to the meeting. It isn't necessary for us to go to the meeting.
A dog can't talk. It is impossible for a dog to talk.
Using in order to To express purpose
I went to the post office because I wanted to mail a letter.
I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.
I went to the post office to mail a letter.
I went to the post office for some stamps.
I went to the post office to buy some stamps.
Using infinitives with too and enough
A piano is too heavy to lift.
That box is too heavy for me to lift.
That box is too heavy for Bob to lift.
I don't have enough money to buy that car.
Did you have enough time to finish the test?
Jimmy isn't old enough to go to school.
Are you hungry enough to eat three sandwiches?
It is important to come to class on time.
It isn't necessary for us to go to the meeting.
Tenses
Statement worked yesterday
ate breakfast
Negative work yesterday
eat breakfast
Question
Short answer Yes, did
No, didn't
Verb to be
Statement I, She, He, It was sick yesterday
You, We, They were sick yesterday
Negative I, She, He, It was not (wasn't) sick yesterday
You, We, They were not (weren't) sick yesterday
Question Was I, she, he, it sick yesterday?
Were you, we, they sick yesterday?
Simple past
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
Did
work yesterday?
eat breakfast?
Mary walked downtown yesterday
I slept for eight hours last night
The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began and
ended at a particular time in the past (e.g., yesterday, last night, two days ago,
in 1990).
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
did not (didn't)
did not (didn't)
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
Yes, I, she, he, it was
Short answer you, we, they were
No, I, she, he, it wasn't
you, we, they weren't
Statement I, She, He, It was working yesterday
You, We, They were
Negative I, She, He, It working yesterday
You, We, They working yesterday
Question Was I, she, he, it
Were you, we, they
I, she, he, it was
Short answer you, we, they were
I, she, he, it wasn't
you, we, they weren't
I visited my uncle when I went to Chicago
While I was watching TV, the phone rang
Time clause Main clause
When I went to Chicago, I visited my uncle
The phone rang while I was watching TV
Expressing past time: Using time clauses.
working yesterday?
working yesterday?
working yesterday
When two actions are in progress at the same time, the past progressive can
be used in both parts of the sentence.
were not (weren't)
was not (wasn't)
No,
Past Progressive
When the phone rang, I was sleeping.
The phone rang while I was sleeping
When = at that time
Yes,
While = during that time
While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV
When, after, before, and while introduce time clauses.
When
After
Before
While
I used to live with my parents
Did you use to live in Paris?
I didn't use to drink coffee at breakfast
I never used to drink coffee at breakfast
Subject Verb
Expressing past habit: Used to.
Babies cry
Statement I, You, We, They work at home
She, He, It works at home
Negative I, You, We, They
She, He, It
Question Do I, you, we, they
Does she, he, it
she, he, it does
Short answer I, you, we, they do
she, he, it doesn't
I, you, we, they dont

Verb to be
Statement I am
She, He, It is
You, We, They are
Negative I am not (I'm not)
She, He, It is not (isn't)
You, We, They are not (aren't)
Question Am I
Is she, he, it
Are you, we, they
Ann takes a shower everyday
I usually eat lunch at the cafeteria
The simple present expresses daily habits or usual activities and general statements of fact. In
sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually, or habitually in
the past, present, and future.
does not (doesn't)
Yes,
No,
sick
sick
sick?
Simple present
work at home?
do not (don't)
I am
she, he, it is
Short answer you, we, they are
I am not (I'm not)
she, he, it isn't
you, we, they aren't
Statement I am
She, He, It is
You, We, They are
Negative I am not (I'm not)
She, He, It is not (isn't)
You, We, They are not (aren't)
Question Am I
Is she, he, it
Are you, we, they
I
she, he, it
Short answer you, we, they
I
she, he, it
you, we, they
The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress (is ocurring, is
happening), right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying
the sentence. The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will probably
continue into the future.
When = at that time
Yes,
No,
Present Progressive
While = during that time
While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV
No,
She is watching TV at home
We are reading a book
Yes,
I am eating lunch at the cafeteria right now
Contractions of pronouns with be: I'm, you're, we're, they're, hes, she's, it's
Contractions of verbs with not: don't, doesn't, aren't, isn't
Statement
Negative
Question
Short answer
Verb to be
Statement I
She, He, It
You, We, They
Negative I
She, He, It
You, We, They
Question Am
Is
Are
I, You, She, He,
It, We, They
I, You, She, He,
It, We, They
Yes,
Will
Marie will be at the meeting tonight
Will is used to volunteer or express willingness.
Be going to is used to express a preconceived plan.
No,
The use of shall (with I or we), to express future time is infrequent and informal.
Future time
I will leave at nine tomorrow morning.
I am going to leave at nine tomorrow morning.
Marie is going to be at the meeting tonight
The simple present expresses daily habits or usual activities and general statements of fact. In
sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually, or habitually in
the past, present, and future.
work at home
work at home?
Short answer
Expressing future time in time clauses and "If clauses".
If it rains tomorrow, I'm going to stay home.
I'm buying that used car tomorrow morning!.
am
is
are
am not (I'm not)
isn't
aren't
Ann probably will go to the park tomorrow
Before I go to class tomorrow, I'm going to eat breakfast.
After I eat dinner, I'm going to study in my room.
As soon as the rain stops, I'm going to walk downtown.
I'll give Mary your message when I see her tomorrow.
Yes,
No,
The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress (is ocurring, is
happening), right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying
the sentence. The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will probably
continue into the future.
We are reading a book
eating lunch right
now
The simple present is used in a future time.
Contractions with will
I'll, you'll, she'll, he'll, it'll, we'll, they'll.
eating lunch right
now
eating lunch right
now?
Using probably with will
Using the present progressive to express future time
Don is coming to the party tomorrow night
We are going to a movie tonight.
I'm staying home tonight.
Ann is flying to Chicago next week
A definite plan, a definite intention, a definite future activity.
Verbs such as come, go, stay, arrive, leave express definite plans.
Verbs expressing planned means of transportation like fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi,
etc). A very
strong statement in the future.
Using the simple present to express future time
My plane arrives at 7:35 tomorrow evening .
Tom's new job starts next week .
The semester ends in two more weeks.
There is a meeting at ten tomorrow morning .
Contractions of pronouns with be: I'm, you're, we're, they're, hes, she's, it's
Contractions of verbs with not: don't, doesn't, aren't, isn't
Immediate future
The movie is about to begin.
The idiom be about to do something expresses an activity that will happen
in the immediate future, usually between five minutes.
The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite
schedule or timetable. The most common verbs are: arrive, leave, start, begin,
end, finish, open, close, be.
Present plans for future activities: Using intend, plan, hope.
I'm intending/I intend to go to Paris.
I'm planning/I plan to take a trip next month .
I'm hoping/I hope to fly to Paris next month .
(Going to)
am going to
is going to
are going to
am not (I'm not) going to
is not (isn't) going to
are not (aren't) going to
I going to
she, he, it going to
you, we, they going to
come tomorrow
come tomorrow?
will come tomorrow
will not (won't) come tomorrow
come tomorrow?
I, you, she, he,it, we, they
I, you, she, he,it, we, they
will
Marie will be at the meeting tonight
I shall leave at nine tomorrow morning
We shall leave at nine tomorrow morning.
Will is used to volunteer or express willingness.
Be going to is used to express a preconceived plan.
I, you, she, he,it, we, they
won't
The use of shall (with I or we), to express future time is infrequent and informal.
Future time
I will leave at nine tomorrow morning.
I am going to leave at nine tomorrow morning.
Marie is going to be at the meeting tonight
come tomorrow
I am
she, he, it is
you, we, they are
I am not (I'm not)
she, he, it isn't
you, we, they aren't
Expressing future time in time clauses and "If clauses".
If it rains tomorrow, I'm going to stay home.
I'm buying that used car tomorrow morning!.
Ann probably will go to the park tomorrow
Before I go to class tomorrow, I'm going to eat breakfast.
After I eat dinner, I'm going to study in my room.
As soon as the rain stops, I'm going to walk downtown.
I'll give Mary your message when I see her tomorrow.
The simple present is used in a future time.
I'll, you'll, she'll, he'll, it'll, we'll, they'll.
Using the present progressive to express future time
Don is coming to the party tomorrow night
We are going to a movie tonight.
I'm staying home tonight.
Ann is flying to Chicago next week
A definite plan, a definite intention, a definite future activity.
Verbs such as come, go, stay, arrive, leave express definite plans.
Verbs expressing planned means of transportation like fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi,
etc). A very
strong statement in the future.
Using the simple present to express future time
My plane arrives at 7:35 tomorrow evening .
Tom's new job starts next week .
The semester ends in two more weeks.
There is a meeting at ten tomorrow morning .
The idiom be about to do something expresses an activity that will happen
in the immediate future, usually between five minutes.
The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite
schedule or timetable. The most common verbs are: arrive, leave, start, begin,
end, finish, open, close, be.
Present plans for future activities: Using intend, plan, hope.
I'm intending/I intend to go to Paris.
I'm planning/I plan to take a trip next month .
I'm hoping/I hope to fly to Paris next month .
The past participle
Simple form Simple past Past participle
Regular verbs Finish Finished Finished
Stop Stopped Stopped
Wait Waited Waited
Irregular verbs Simple form Simple past Past participle
See Saw Seen
Make Made Made
Put Put Put
Before 1:00PM 1:00 PM
Finished eating Bob came
Statement
Negative
Question
Short answer Yes, had
No, hadn't
I was not hungry at 1:00 PM. I had already eaten.
I had eaten when Bob came.
Past perfect
The past perfect expresses an activity that ocurred before another time in the
past. It also expresses an activity that was completed before a particular time in
the past.
Had
I, You, She, He,
It, We, They
I, you, she, he, It,
we, they
had not (hadn't) eaten when she came.
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
had already eaten when she came.
eaten when she came?
12:00M 1:00 PM
Bob came
Statement
Negative
Question
Short answer Yes, had
No, hadn't
been sleeping for two hours when she
came?.
I had been sleeping for one hour when Bob came.
had not (hadn't) been sleeping for two hours when she
came.
I, you, she, he, It,
we, they
Past perfect progressive
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
The past perfect progressive expresses an activity that was happening before
another time in the past. It also expresses an activity that was in progress,
before another activity in the past.
I, You, She, He,
It, We, They
Had
I, you, she, he,
It, we, they
had been sleeping for two hours when she came.
Perfect tenses
SINCE
eight o'clock
Tuesday
May
She has been here 1989
I have been here January 3, 1988
the beginning of the semester.
yesterday
last month
Time?
Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?

Statement
Negative
Question
Short answer
Jim has already eaten lunch.
Ann hasn't eaten lunch yet.
The past perfect expresses an activity that ocurred before another time in the
past. It also expresses an activity that was completed before a particular time in
the past.
The present perfect expresses activities or
situations that ocurred (or did not occcur)
"before now" at some unspecified time in
the past.
I've never eaten there.
since
had not (hadn't) eaten when she came.
eaten when she came?
I have been studying English since May.
Statement
Negative
Question
Short answer
been sleeping for two hours when she
came?.
had not (hadn't) been sleeping for two hours when she
came.
The present perfect progressive is used to express the duration of an activity
that is in progress..
The past perfect progressive expresses an activity that was happening before
another time in the past. It also expresses an activity that was in progress,
before another activity in the past.
had been sleeping for two hours when she came.
The present perfect progressive
FOR
ten minutes
two hours
five days
She has been here about three weeks
I have been here almost six months
the beginning of the semester. many years
a long time
Erica has lived in this city since 1989.
I, You, We, They have lived there for ten years.
She, He, It
I, You, We, They have not (haven't)
She, He, It has not (hasn't)
Have I, you, we, they
Has she, he, it
she, he, it has
I, you, we, they have
she, he, it hasn't
I, you, we, they haven't
We've been in class since ten o'clock this
morning.
Present perfect
Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times.
I've been to that theater five or six times.
I've had three tests so far this week.
The present perfect expresses activities that were repeated
several or many times in the past. The exact times are
unspecified.
No,
lived there for ten years?.
for
I have known Ben for ten years.
When the present perfect is used with since
or for, it expresses situations that began in
the past and continue to the present.
lived there for ten
years
Yes,
has lived there for ten years.
I have been studying English since May.
I, You, We, They
She, He, It
I, You, We, They have not (haven't)
She, He, It has not (hasn't)
Have I, you, we, they
Has she, he, it

she, he, it has
I, you, we, they have
she, he, it hasn't
I, you, we, they haven't
No,
has been sleeping for two hours.
been sleeping for two hours?.
Yes,
The present perfect progressive is used to express the duration of an activity
that is in progress..
have been sleeping for two hours.
been sleeping for two hours.
The present perfect progressive
about three weeks
almost six months
Erica has lived in this city since 1989.
We've been in class since ten o'clock this
morning.
I have known Ben for ten years.
When the present perfect is used with since
or for, it expresses situations that began in
the past and continue to the present.
Modals
Expressing possibility: May and might.
Yes.
Yes. Of course.
Yes. Certainly.
Of course. Can you please open the door?
Possible answers.
Will you please open the door?
Asking for assistance
Would you please open the door?
Could can mean past ability, but also present or future possibility.
Maybe John is sick.
John may be sick.
May and might expresses possibility in the present or future.
Maybe means perhaps.
Could you please open the door?
The past form of can is could.
I had better study tonight
I will be in class tomorrow
Would you please close the door?
I have to study tonight.
Expressing ability: Can and could.
Bob can play the piano.
You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store.
I (can't, cannot, can not) understand that sentence.
Our son could talk when he was two years old.
The form of modal auxiliaries
I can speak English
He couldn't come to class
It may rain tomorrow
It might rain tomorrow
Can expresses ability in the present or future.
They (couldn't, could not) come to class yesterday.
Mary should study harder
Joe must see a doctor today
I have got to study tonight.
It may rain tomorrow
It might rain tomorrow.
John (may, might) be sick today.
It may not rain tomorrow.
It might not rain tomorrow.
Kate ought to study harder.
Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
Using could to express possibility.
Greg is not in class. He could be sick.
It could start raining any minute.
Certainly.
I'd be happy to.
I'd be glad to.
Of course. I'd be happy/glad to.
Certainly. I'd be happy/glad to.
Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
My pleasure. (Informal)
uh-huh (Means " yes ")
I'm sorry, but
I'd like to, but
Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must
I (have to, have got to, must) study tonight fot the test.
I have to go downtown today.
Rita has to go to the bank.
I've got to study tonight.
(Necessity)
Giving instructions: Imperative sentences.
Making suggestions: Let's and why don't
Stating preferences: prefer,likebetter, would rather.
Open the door, please.
Walk two blocks down this street. Turn left and walk three more blocks.
Imperative sentences are used to give commands,
make polite requests, and give directions.
If you want to get into the movie theater, you must buy a ticket.
Why don't we go to the beach?
Let's go to the beach.
Open the door.
Making logical conclusions: Must
These polite questions ask for
Amy plays tennis everyday. She must like to play tennis.
Eric ate everything on his plate except the onion. He must not like onion.
There are sharks in the ocean. We must not go swimming there.
someone's help or cooperation.
May is not used with you
in a polite question.
Nancy is yawning. She must be sleepy.
I had to study last night.
I like apples better than oranges.
I like watching TV better than studying.
Ann would rather have an apple than (have) an orange.
I'd rather visit a big city than live there.
I'd/You'd/She'd/He'd/We'd/They'd rather have an apple.
Would you rather have an apple or an orange?
I prefer apples to oranges.
I prefer watching TV to studying.
Expressing permission: May and Can.
May I please borrow your pen? Yes.
Could I please borrow your pen? Yes. Of course.
Can I please borrow your pen? Yes. Certainly.
Of course.
Polite questions to ask for permission. Certainly.
Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
uh-huh (Means " yes ")
Expressing advice: should, ought to, had better
My clothes are dirty. I (should, ought to, had better) wash them.
You children may have a cookie after dinner.
You children can have a cookie after dinner.
You may not have a cookie.
You (can't, cannot, can not) have a cookie.
May and can are used to give permission.
You need your sleep. You shouldn't stay up late.
The past form of can is could.
Expressing ability: Can and could.
Bob can play the piano.
You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store.
I (can't, cannot, can not) understand that sentence.
Our son could talk when he was two years old.
Can expresses ability in the present or future.
They (couldn't, could not) come to class yesterday.
Asking for permission: May I, could I, Can I
Possible answers.
I'd
You'd
He'd
She'd better study tonight.
We'd
They'd
Expressing lack of necessity: Do not have to
Expressing prohibition: Must not
Prohibition.
Be quiet!
Please sit down.
Don't walk on the grass.
Please don't wait for me.
Don't be late.
Negative logical conclusion.
Mary doesn't have to go to class, tomorrow is a holiday.
Children, you must not play with matches.
We must not use that door.
You mustn't play with matches.
Close the window.
I don't have to study tonight, I already finished my homework.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Yes, I do No, I don't
Yes, it did No, it didn't
Yes, I am No, I'm not
Yes, she was No, she wasn't
Yes, he will No, he won't
Yes, I can No, I can't
When
Why
Who
Whom
What
Which
Whose
How
What time
Asks about time on a clock.
USING WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT
Who came? Someone came.
Who(m) did you see? I saw someone.
What happened? Something happened.
What did you see? I saw something.
USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO
A yes/no question can be answered by "yes" or "no" (or their equivalents, yeah, nah, uh huh or huh uh).
Do you know Jim Smith?
Did it rain last night?
Are you studying English?
Was Ann in class?
Will Rob be here soon?
Can you swim?
INFORMATION QUESTIONS
Where Is Sara studying at the library?
Who(m) did they see?
Where Is Heidy at home?
Where is Heidy?
Where Does Ann live in Montreal?
Where does Ann live?
Where is Sara studying?
When Will you graduate next year?
He goes to class
I went downtown.
When will you graduate?
Who(m) Did they see Jack?
Who came to dinner?
What happened yesterday?
What do you want to do tonight?
What would you like to do tomorrow?
What will you do tomorrow?
Do you have to go there?
Where do you have to go?
Does she have to go there?
Where does she have to go?
What does Bob do every morning?
What did you do yesterday?
She's studying.
I'm going to go to the beach.
I want to go to a movie.
I would like to visit Jim.
I'll go downtown.
What is your roommate doing?
What are you going to do tomorrow?
USING WHAT KIND OF
Boots
Sandals
Running shoes
Apples
Bananas
Oranges
Grapes
Whose (book) is this? It's John's (book).
Whose (books) are those? They're (mine or my books).
Whose car did you borrow? I borrowed Karen's (car).
Who's that? Mary Smith
Whose is that? Mary's Possession
USING HOW
How did you get here? I drove./By car.
I walked./On foot.
How old are you? Twenty-one.
How tall is he? About six feet.
How big is your apartment? It has three rooms.
How sleepy are you? Very sleepy.
How hungry are you? I'm starving.
How soon will you be ready? In five minutes.
How well does he speak English? Very well
How quickly can you get here? I can get there in 30 minutes.
Which is used when the speaker wants someone to make a choice,
when the speaker is offering alternatives: this one or that one; these or those.
USING WHOSE
How is used to ask about means (ways) of transportation.
How is often used with adjectives (old, big, etc) and adverbs (well, quickly, etc)
USING WHICH
Which pen do you want?
Which one do you want?
Which do you want?
Which earrings are you going to buy?
Which ones are you going to buy?
Which are you going to buy?
What should I do about my headache?
What kind of shoes did you buy?
What kind of fruit do you like best?
You should take an aspirin.
Everyday
Once a week
About twice a week
Every other day or so.
Three times a month.
Three or four.
Two.
Once.
Once or twice
a lot every day
occasionally every other week
once in a while once a month
not very often twice a year
hardly ever three times a
almost never ten times a
never
How far is it from St Louis to Chicago? 289 miles.
Four blocks.
EXPRESSING LENGHT OF TIME: IT+TAKE
Questions
Two days.
How many blocks is it to the post office?
It takes Janet six hours to drive to Chicago from here.
It took Janet a long time to finish her composition.
USING HOW LONG: Length of time.
How long does it take to drive to Chicago from here?
It is 289 miles from St. Louis to Chicago.
It is 289 miles to Chicago from St.Louis.
USING HOW FAR (Distance)
How far do you live from school?
How many miles is it from St.Louis to Chicago?
How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here?
How many times a day do you eat?
How many times a week do you go shopping?
How many times a month do you go to the bank?
How many times a year do you take a vacation?
How often do you go shopping?
Frequency expressions
USING HOW OFTEN (Frequency)
Four hours.
Ten days.
will you be in Florida? Ten.
Affirmative Negative
You know Bob Wilson, don't you?. Yes, I do
Yes, she is
Jerry can play the piano, can't he? Yes, He can
Negative Affirmative
No, I don't
No, she isn't
No, he can't
Mary isn't from New York, is she?
Jerry can't speak Arabic, can he?
A tag question is a question that is added onto the end of a sentence.
An auxiliary verb is used in a tag question.
TAG QUESTIONS
Mary is from Chicago, isn't she?
You don't know Jack Smith, do you?
How long did you study last night?
How long will you be in Florida?
How many (minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years)
A yes/no question can be answered by "yes" or "no" (or their equivalents, yeah, nah, uh huh or huh uh).
How do you spell "coming"? C-O-M-I-N-G
How do you say "yes" in Japanese? Hai
How do you say/pronounce this word?
Great, Fine, Okay, So-so.
Terrific!, Wonderful!, Great!, Fine, Okay, So-so,
A bit under the weather, Not so good, Terrible!, Lousy, Awful!.
How do you do? How do you do? Formal greeting
How are you getting along?
How are you doing?
How's it going?
How do you feel?
How are you feeling?
About twice a week
Every other day or so.
Three times a month.
USING HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT: Suggestions or offers.
How about (what about) three O'clock?.
What about asking Sally over for dinner next Sunday?
I'm tired. How about you?
Are you hungry. No. What about you?
How about (what about) Jack? Let's ask him if he wants to play.
How about going to the zoo?

Terrific!, Wonderful!, Great!, Fine, Okay, So-so,
A bit under the weather, Not so good, Terrible!, Lousy, Awful!.
Formal greeting
Connectors
I saw a cat and a mouse. (Nouns)
I saw a cat, a mouse, and a rat.
I opened the door and walked into the room.
I opened the door, walked into the room, and sat down at my desk.
Their flag is green and black.
Their flag is green, black and yellow. (Adjectives)
I opened the door, and she opened the window.
CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I went to bed but couldn't sleep.
Is a lemon sweet or sour?
Did you order coffee, tea, or milk?
I dropped the vase, but it didn't break.
Do we have class on Monday, or is Monday a holiday? Two complete sentences
CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
The room was dark, so I turned on a light. So expresses results.
I didn't study, so I failed the exam.
USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
I don't like coffee, but my husband does. A verb is not contracted with a pronoun at the end of a sentence after but and and.
I like tea, but my husband doesn't.
I won't be here tomorrow, but Sue will. but she is.
I've seen that movie, but Joe hasn't.
He isn't here, but she is.
I don't like coffee, and Ed doesn't either.
I like tea, and Kate does too.
I won't be here, and he won't either.
I've seen that movie, and Pat has too.
He isn't here, and Anna isn't either.
USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Sue likes milk, and Tom does too.
Sue likes milk, and so does Tom.
CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
Mary doesn't like milk, and John doesn't either.
Mary doesn't like milk, and neither does John.
I'm hungry. I am too.
So am I.
Me too (informal)
I don't like hot dogs. I don't either.
Neither do I.
Me neither (informal)
CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
He drank water because he was thirsty. Because expresses an expected result.
Because he was thirsty, he drank water.
CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH/ALTHOUGH
Even though I was hungry, I did not eat.
I did not eat even though I was hungry.
Although I was hungry, I did not eat.
I did not eat although I was hungry.
Because I was hungry, I ate.
Even though I was hungry, I did not eat.
Even though/although expresses an unexpected
or opposite result.
(Verbs)
Two complete sentences
A verb is not contracted with a pronoun at the end of a sentence after but and and.
Because expresses an expected result.
Even though/although expresses an unexpected
or opposite result.
American vs British English
American British
Theater, center, liter Theatre, centre, litre
Color, honor, labor, odor Colour, honour, labour, odour
Jewelry, traveler, woolen Jewellry, traveller, woollen
Skillful, fulfill Skilful, fulfil
Check Cheque (bank note)
Curb Kerb
Forever For ever/ forever
Jail Gaol
Program Programme
Specialty Speciality
Story Storey (of a building)
Tire Tyre (of a car)
Realice, analyze, apologize Realise, analyse, apologise
Defense, offense, license Defence, offence, license (n.)
Burned Burnt (or burned)
Dreamed Dreamt (or dreamed)
Smelled Smelt (or smelled)
Spelled Spelt (or spelled)
Spoiled Spoilt (or spoiled)
attorney, lawyer barrister, solicitor
bathrobe dressing gown
can (of beans) tin (of beans)
cookie biscuit
corn maize
diaper nappy
driver's license driving license
drug store chemist's
elevator lift
eraser rubber
flashlight torch
gas, gasoline petrol
hood of a car bonnet of a car
living room sitting room, drawing room
raise in salary rise in salary
rest room public toilet, WC (water closet)
schedule timetable
sidewalk pavement, foothpath
sink basin
soccer football
stove cooker
truck lorry, van
trunk of a car boot of a car
be on vacation be on holiday
airplane aeroplane
subway underground, tube
Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are also called two-word verbs and three-word verbs.
Verb + preposition (off, on) / adverb (away, back)
Separable
We put off our trip.
We put our trip off.
Ask out Ask someone to go on a date
Call back Return a telephone call.
Call off Cancel
Call up Make a telephone call.
Cross out Draw a line through
Do over Do again.
Figure out Find the solution to a problem
Fill in Complete a sentence by writing in a blank.
Fill out Write information in a form (e.g., an application form).
Fill up Fill completely with gas, water, coffee, etc.
Find out Discover information.
Give back Return something to someone.
Give up Quit doing something or quit trying.
Hand in Give homework, test papers, etc., to a teacher
Hand out Give something to this person, then that person, then another person, etc
Hang up Hang on a hanger of a hook/End a telephone call.
Leave out Omit
Look up Look for information in a reference book.
Make up Invent a story
Pay back Return money to someone.
Pick up Lift
Put away Put something in its usual or proper place.
Put back Return something to its original place.
Put down Stop holding or carrying
Put off Postpone
Put on Put clothes on one's body
Put out Extinguish (stop) a fire, a cigarrete, a cigar.
Shut off Stop a machine or light, turn off.
Start over Start again.
Take off Remove clothes from one's body
Tear down Destroy a building.
Tear off Detach, tear along a dotted or perforated line.
Tear out (of) Remove a piece of paper from a book or notebook.
Tear up Tear into small pieces.
Throw away/throw out Put in the trash, discard
Try on Put on clothing to see if it fits.
Turn down Decrease the volume.
Turn off Stop a machine or a light, shut off.
Turn on Start a machine or a light
Turn up Increase the volume.
Wake up Stop sleeping
Write down Write a note on a piece of paper
Nonseparable
Call on Ask to speak in class.
Drop in (on) Visit without calling first or without an invitation.
Drop out (of) Stop attending (school)
Fool around (with) Have fun while wasting time.
Get along (with) Have a good relationship with.
Get back (from) Return from (a trip).
Get in Enter a car, a taxi.
Get off Leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle.
Get on Enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle.
Get out (of) Leave a car, a taxi.
Get over Recover from an illness
Get through (with) Finish.
Grow up (in) Become an adult.
Keep on Continue.
Look out (for) Be careful.
Run into Meet by chance.
Run out (of) Finish the supply of (something).
Watch out (for) Be careful.
Phrasal verbs are also called two-word verbs and three-word verbs.
Write information in a form (e.g., an application form).
Give homework, test papers, etc., to a teacher
Give something to this person, then that person, then another person, etc
Hang on a hanger of a hook/End a telephone call.
Detach, tear along a dotted or perforated line.
Remove a piece of paper from a book or notebook.
Visit without calling first or without an invitation.
Leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle.
Enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle.
Passive sentences
The package was mailed by Bob.
Our homework is corrected by the teacher.
This class will be taught by Mr. Lee.
This sweater was made by my aunt. By - phrase
By someone
By people
By someone
By people
I am surprised by the news.
Sam is surprised by the news.
We are surprised by the news.
Simple past
I was surprised by the news.
We were surprised by the news.
Future
The letter will be mailed by Bob.
The letter is going to be mailed by Bob.
The letter has been mailed by Bob.
The letters have been mailed by Bob.
The letter had been mailed by Bob.
The letters had been mailed by Bob.
Some letters are being copied by the secretary.
A new hospital is being built.
Some letters were being copied by the secretary.
A new hospital was being built.
Common expressions with be + past participle
be acquainted (with) be interested (in)
be bored (with, by) be involved (in)
be broken be located in, south of, etc.
be closed be lost
be composed of be made of
be crowded (with) be married (to)
be devoted (to) be opposed (to)
There is no by-phrase
This sweater was made in Korea.
Spanish is spoken in Colombia.
That house was built in 1940.
Rice is grown in many countries.
Simple
present
Present
progressive
Past
progressive
Past perfect
Present
perfect
be dissapointed (in, with) be pleased (with)
be divorced (from) be prepared (for)
be done (with) be qualified (for)
be drunk (on) be related (to)
be engaged (to) be satisfied (with)
be excited (about) be scared (of, by)
be exhausted (from) be shut
be finished (with) be spoiled
be frightened (of, by) be terrified (of, by)
be gone (from) be tired (of, from) I'm tired of the cold weather/I'm tired from working hard the whole day.
be hurt be worried (about)
Get + Past participle
I am getting hungry. Let's eat. I'm getting tired. Let's stop working.
Eric got nervous before the job interview. Steve and Rita got married last month.
get acquainted get hurt
get arrested get interested
get bored get invited
get confused get involved
get crowded get killed
get divorced get lost
get done get married
get dressed get scared
get drunk get sunburned
get engaged get tired
get excited get worried
get finished
get frightened
Be used/accustomed to
Get used/accustomed to
I am used to hot weather. I am getting used to (accustomed to) the cold weather here.
I am accustomed to hot weather.
I am used to living in hot climate.
I am accustomed to living in hot climate.
Be supposed to
Mike is supposed to call me tomorrow.
We are supposed to write a composition.
It is supposed to rain today.
Alice was supposed to be home at ten.
It will be mailed by Bob
It can be mailed by Bob
It should be mailed by bob
It ought to be mailed by Bob
It must be mailed by Bob
It has to be mailed by Bob
It may be mailed by Bob
It might be mailed by Bob
Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive)
Paul is married. Paul is married to Susan.
Paul is tired. Paul was excited about the game.
Paul is frightened. Paul will be prepared for the exam.
Participial adjectives: -ED vs ING
I am interested in Indian art. Indian art is interesting.
Kate was surprised.
The news were surprising.
There is no by-phrase
Passive modal auxiliaries
I'm tired of the cold weather/I'm tired from working hard the whole day.
I'm getting tired. Let's stop working.
Steve and Rita got married last month.
I am getting used to (accustomed to) the cold weather here.