literaturis

Teoria
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
***
pirveli qarTuli gamocema

literaturis Teoria
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
***
pirveli qarTuli gamocema

Theory of Literature
RENE WELLEK
AND AUSTIN WARREN

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009

kritikis klasika, romelic ikvlevs literaturis

bunebas, funqcias, formasa da Sinaarss. `yvelaze mowes
rigebuli, mravlismomcveli da mizandasaxuli mcdelo
ba... literaturis Seswavla erTdroulad sazriani da
Tavisufali gaxados~ (niu iork taimsi)
avtorebma scades daekavSirebinaT poezia (litera
turuli Teoria) kritikasTan (literaturis Sefaseba),
mecnierebasTan (kvleva) da literaturis TeoriasTan
(literaturis Teoriis dinamika Teoriisa da kritikis
statikurobis sapirispirod). avtorTa mcdeloba war
matebiT dasrulda da wignma moulodneli popularoba
moipova, gansakuTrebiT, rogorc studentTa saxelmZ
Rvanelom. wigni mravaljer gamoica da mraval enaze
iTargmna.
wigni saintereso iqneba humanitaruli fakultetebis
studentebisa da farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da

ganaTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto sa
xelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigns gamosacemad amzadebs
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

qarTuli gamocemis saavtoro ufleba

ssip ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

ISBN 978-9941-9085-8-3

Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis.....................................5
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis.........................................9
winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis.......................................10

nawili pirveli
ganmartebani da gansxvavebani .............................................1 1
1. literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba......................1 3
2. literaturis buneba ..............................................................22
3. literaturis funqcia .......................................................... 36
4. literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria..................... 51
5.zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literatura.............. 63

nawili meore
mosamzadebeli stadiebi.........................................................7 5
6. faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba ................................. 77

nawili mesame
literaturis Seswavlis garegani meTodi .......................97
Sesavali . ....................................................................................... 99
7. literatura da biografia .................................................102
8. literatura da fsiqologia .............................................109
9. literatura da sazogadoeba . ...........................................130
10. literatura da ideebi . .....................................................157
11. literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi ....................181

nawili meoTxe
literaturis Sinagani Seswavla ...................................... 201
Sesavali . ..................................................................................... 203
12. literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi
arsebobis wesi ....................................................................207
13. evfonia, ritmi da metri ................................................... 231


14. stili da stilistika ........................................................ 256

15. saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi ....................................... 274
16. naratiuli literaturis buneba
da modusebi . ........................................................................ 313
17. literauruli Janrebi ...................................................... 333
18. Sefaseba ................................................................................. 351
19. literaturis istoria . .................................................... 372

winasityvaoba
pirveli gamocemisTvis
*
winamdebare naSromisTvis saTauris SerCeva sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda. iseTi jerovani `mokle saTauric~ ki,
rogoricaa `literaturis Teoria da literaturaTmcod
neobis meTodologia~, albaT, metismetad tlanqia. Ees wigni
mecxramete saukunemde rom daweriliyo, yvelaferi iolad
mogvardeboda, radgan maSin vrceli, analitikuri saTauri
satitulo furcels daikavebda, wignis yuaze ki, ubralod,
warwera `literatura~ aRmoCndeboda.
Cven davwereT wigni, romelsac, ramdenadac viciT,
uSualo analogi ar moeZebneba. es wigni ar gaxlavT
saxelmZRvanelo, romelic axalgazrdebs pirvel bilikebs
ukvalavs literaturis gagebis gzaze, da arc (moricis
`miznebisa da meTodebis~ msgavsad) mecnieruli kvlevis
meTodebis mimoxilvas warmoadgens. SesaZloa, is mainc
yvelaze metad enaTesavebodes `poetikas~ da `ritorikas~
(aristoteledan moyolebuli, bleris, kempbelisa da keimis
CaTvliT), anda beletristikis Janrebisa da stilistikis
sistemur gamokvlevebs, anda iseT wignebs, rogoricaa
`literaturuli kritikis principebi~. SevecadeT, `poe
tika~ (anu literaturis Teoria) da `kritika~ (literaturis
Sefaseba) `mecnierebasTan~ (anu `kvlevasTan~) da `lite
raturis istoriasTan~ (literaturis `dinamika Teo
riisa da kritikis `statikurobis~ sapirispirod) dagve
kavSirebina. Cveni wigni, garkveulwilad, uaxlovdeba zo
gierT germanul da rusul naSroms, magaliTad, valcelis
`Gehalt und Gestalt, iulius petersenis Die Wissenschaft
von der Dichtung~, an tomaSevskis `literaturis Teorias~.
Tumca, germanelebisagan gansxvavebiT, moverideT sxvaTa
Tvalsazrisebis ubralo reproduqcias da, miuxedavad
imisa, rom viTvaliswinebT sxvaTa xedvasa da meTodebs,
winamdebare naSromi myarad dasabuTebul Tvalsazriss
efuZneba. tomaSevskisagan gansxvavebiT, ar viswrafviT,


winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

warmovadginoT
elementaruli
ganmarteba
iseTi
sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa prosodia. Cven arc germanelebiviT
ekleqtikurebi varT da arc rusebiviT dogmaturni.
SedarebiT adreuli periodis amerikuli mecnierebis
standartebis
mixedviT,
literaturaTmcodneobiTi
kvlevis amosaval debulebaTa formulirebis yoveli
mcdeloba (amgvari kvlevisas ki uTuod unda gavcdeT
`faqtebs~), pretenziuli da `aramecnierulic~ kia, xolo
am metad specializebuli gamokvlevebis mimoxilva da
Sefaseba, garkveulwilad, sxva araferia, Tu ara kadniereba.
udavoa, rom yovel specialists rodi daakmayofilebs
misi specialobis Cveneuli Sefaseba. magram amomwurav
ganxilvas miznad sulac ar visaxavdiT: Cven mier moyvanili
literaturuli magaliTebi yovelTvis mxolod magaliTebs
warmoadgens da ara raimes `dasabuTebas~; bibliografiebic
`SerCeviTi~ xasiaTisaa. arc is gvicdia, Cven mier dasmuli
yvela kiTxvisTvis gagveca pasuxi. migvaCnia, rom CvenTvisac
da sxvisTvisac amosavali iyo is, rom Cvens kvlevebs
internacionaluri Rirebuleba hqonoda, dagvesva swori
kiTxvebi da SegvemuSavebina meTodTa garkveuli sistema.
am wignis avtorebma, romlebic pirvelad 1939
wels aiovas universitetSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, umalve
aRmoaCines, rom literaturis Teoriisa da meTodologiis
sferoSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxvagvari aRzrdaganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, orive maTganma ganviTarebis
msgavsi gza ganvlo, Seiswavla istoriuli gamokvlevebi da
`ideaTa istoria~ da mivida im daskvnamde, rom literaturis
Seswavla mkacrad literaturuli unda iyos. orive
miiCnevda, rom `mecnieruloba~ da `kritika~ korelaciuri
cnebebia; orive maTganisTvis miuRebeli iyo `Tanamedrove~
da warsuli drois literaturis gamijvna.
1941 wels maT daweres ori Tavi _ `istoria~
da
`kritika~ _ saerTo wignisTvis `literaturuli
mecniereba~. misi iniciatori da redaqtori iyo Nnorman
forsteri, romlis naazrevsa da Tanadgomasac avtorebi


winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

didad afaseben. swored mas uZRvnian avtorebi am wigns

(Tumca ar surT, rom amiT mkiTxvels mcdari STabeWdileba
Seeqmnas Tavad forsteris doqtrinis Sesaxeb).
winamdebare wignis Tavebis dawera am sakiTxebisadmi
amJamad arsebulma interesma ganapiroba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom batonma uelekma umTavresad 1-2, 4-7, 9-14 da 19 Tavebze
imuSava, batonma uorenma ki 3, 8, da 15-18 Tavebi dawera, wigni
or avtoris mWidro TanamSromlobis da TvalsazrisTa
Tanxvedris namdvil magaliTs warmoadgens. imis miuxedavad,
rom es avtorebi iyeneben sxvadasxvagvar terminologiasa
da stils, da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs ikvleven, maTi azriT,
ori gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebiTi SeTanxmeba amis
kompensirebas axdens.
Cven isRa dagvrCenia, madloba gadavuxadoT doqtor
stivenss da rokfeleris fondis humanitarul ganyofilebas,
romelTa dauxmareblad am wignis Seqmna SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. madlobas vuxdiT aseve aiovas universitetis
prezidents, dekanebs da departamentis Tavmjdomares
daxmarebisa da imisaTvis, rom dro ar daiSures CvenTvis.;
r. p. bleqmursa da j. k. rensoms _ TanadgomisTvis; uoles
foulis, roman iakobsons, jon makgaliards, jon s. poups da
robert pen uorens, romlebmac zogierTi Tavi waikiTxes;
miss elison uaits, romelmac gansakuTrebuli daxmareba
gagviwia am wignze muSaobis ganmavlobaSi.
avtorebs surT, agreTve, aRniSnon zogierTi
redaqtorisa da gamomcemlis gulisxmiereba, romelTac neba
dagvrTes, Cveni adreuli naSromebidan zogierTi monakveTi
Segvetana winamdebare wignSi: didi madloba luizianas
universitetis gamomcemlobas da klinT bruqss, Southern
Review-s yofil redaqtors (`literaturuli nawarmoebis
arsebobis modusis~ am wignSi CarTvis gamo); CrdiloeT
karolinis universitetis gamomcemlobas (imis gamo, rom
winamdebare wignSi CavrTeT mcire nawili `literaturis
istoriisa~ `literaturul mecnierebaSi~, red. forsteri,
1941); kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemlobas (romelmac
neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan


winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

`periodebi da mimdinareobebi literaturis istoriaSi~

da `paralelebi literaturasa da xelovnebas Soris~,
romelic gamoqveynda `inglisuri institutis matianeSi
1940 da 1941 wlebSi); filosofiur biblioTekas (romelmac
neba dagverTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan
`amboxi pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg~ da `literatura da
sazogadoeba~, romelic Tavis droze gamoqveynda `meoce
saukunis inglisurSi~, red. knikerbokeri, 1946).
niu heiveni, 1 maisi, 1948 weli
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni

winasityvaoba
meore gamocemisTvis
*
meore gamocema, arsebiTad, imeorebs pirvels,
Tumca teqstSi mcireodeni Sesworebebi da ganmartebebi
SevitaneT.Aamas garda, moviyvaneT ramdenime damatebiTi
argumenti da mivaniSneT im axal mimdinareobebze, romlebic
bolo dros gaCnda literaturis TeoriaSi. amasTan,
gadavwyviteT, wignidan amogveRo pirveli gamocemis bolo
Tavi (`literaturis Seswavla aspiranturaSi~), radgan
gamocemidan (1946) aTi wlis Semdeg is ramdenadme moZvelda
_ nawilobriv imitom, rom am TavSi SemoTavazebuli
ramdenime reforma bevrgan ukve ganxorcielda. garda
amisa, ganvaaxleT bibliografia _ naklebad mniSvnelovani
da naklebad xelmisawvdomi naSromebis nacvlad masSi
SevitaneT garkveuli raodenoba am sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnili im uamravi gamokvlevisa, romlebic bolo rva
wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda.
Soba, 1955

rene ueleki
ostin uoreni

winasityvaoba
mesame gamocemisTvis
*
sasixaruloa, rom wignma ukve mesamed ixila dRis
sinaTle amerikasa da inglisSi, agreTve is, rom igi ukve
iTargmna espanurad, italiurad, iaponurad, koreulad,
germanulad, portugaliurad, ebraulad da gujaraTis
enaze. Cven amjeradac ganvaaxleT bibliografia. teqstSi
SevitaneT mcireodeni SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. TumcaRa,
mesame gamocema, mniSvnelovanwilad, meoris xelaxal
gamocemas warmoadgens. zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
Sevecade, Cemi ideebi ganmexila da ganmeviTarebina ielis
universitetis presis mier `kritikis konceptebis~
saxelwodebiT 1963 wels gamocemul gazeTebSi, rac
SeniSvnebSia miTiTebuli.
Cemi `Tanamedrove kritikis
istoria~
warmoadgens
mcdelobas,
gaamyaros
aq
Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli pozicia, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
`literaturis TeoriaSi~ wamoyenebul kriteriumebsa da
Rirebulebebs efuZneba.
niu heiveni, koneqtikuti, seqtemberi, 1962 weli
ueleki

10

rene

nawili pirveli

ganmartebani
da gansxvavebani

11

12

Tavi pirveli

literatura da
literaturaTmcodneoba
*
upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba. Ees ori sxvadasxva
sferoa: pirveli maTgani SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas
ukavSirdeba, meore ki Tu mecnierebas (am sityvis zusti
mniSvnelobiT) ara, Seswavlis an Semecnebis nairsaxeobas
mainc warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, istoriis manZilze
berjer scades, es gansxvavebebi gaeqarwylebinaT. magaliTad,
zogierTi mkvlevari amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebelia gaigo
literatura, Tu Tavad ar qmni mas, rom poups verafers
gaugeb, Tu Tavad ar SegiTxzavs heroikuli ortaepedebi,
verc dedofali elisabedis droindeli dramas gaigeb,
Tuki Tavad ar Seecdebi drama TeTri leqsiT dawero (1)*.
TumcaRa, miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturul SemoqmedebiT
procesze dakvirveba mis Semswavlel mecniers sasargeblo
gamocdilebas sZens, sakuTriv am mecnieris amocana mainc
sxvagvar aqtivobas gulisxmobs.Mman Tavisi literaturuli
gamocdileba inteleqtualuri terminebiT unda gadmosces
da Tanamimdevrul sqemaSi moaqcios, romelic aucileblad
racionaluri unda iyos, radgan codna garduvalad
ukavSirdeba racionalurobas. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom
misi Seswavlis sagani iracionaluria, an iracionalur
elementebs Seicavs, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis
Semswavleli mecnieris mdgomareoba didad ar gansxvavdeba
mxatvrobis istorikosis, musikaTmcodnis, TuU gnebavT,
sociologis an anatomiis specialistis mdgomareobisagan.
rasakvirvelia, amgvari urTierTmimarTeba ramdenime
rTul problemas warmoSobs, romelTa gadasaWrelad araerTi
Tvalsazrisi iqna moxmobili.zogierTi Teoretikosi
13

literaturis Teoria

ubralod uaryofda, rom literaturaTmcodneoba codnis

dargia da `kvlavSemoqmedebis~ ideas gvTavazobda, Tumca
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis umravlesoba dRes
SeniSvnebi ix. Ggv. 273-313
miiCnevs, rom amgvarma Tvalsazrisma mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi ver mogvca. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT
`mona lizas~ peiteriseuli daxasiaTeba, an saimondsis
Tu simonsis maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili pasaJebi.
msgavsi `SemoqmedebiTi kritika~ Cveulebriv gulisxmobs
an usargeblo gameorebas, an xelovnebis erTi nimuSis
meore, bevrad ufro mdare nawarmoebad gardaqmnas. roca
Cven vcdilobT erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT literatura
da misi Seswavla, zogierT Teoretikoss amis safuZvelze
sxvadasxvagvari skeptikuri daskvnebi gamoaqvs: magaliTad,
isini amtkiceben, rom literaturis `Seswavla~ saerTod
SeuZlebelia; rom Cven mxolod misi wakiTxvis, aRqmisa da
misiT tkbobis unari Segvwevs. sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi
mxolod is SegviZlia, rom garkveuli informacia SevagrovoT
literaturis `Sesaxeb~. amgvari skepticizmi bevrad
ufro metadaa gavrcelebuli, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia.
praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs aqcentis gadatanas mxolod da
mxolod im garemos `faqtebze~, romelSic literatura
arsebobs, da ugulebelyofas yvela mcdelobisa, gavcdeT
am faqtebs. iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa mkiTxvelis mier
nawarmoebis saTanadod aRqma, gemovneba da gulmodgineba
_ individualuri gemovnebis sferos ganekuTvneba da
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi arseboba gardauvalia, maT
araferi aqvT saerTo mkacr mecnierulobasTan. miuxedavad
amisa, diqotomia _ `mecnieruloba~ da `aRqma~ _
mTlianad gamoricxavs literaturis WeSmariti, anu iseTi
Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, romelic erTdroulad iqneba
`literaturulic~ da `sistematuric~.
problema isaa, Tu rogor unda ganvixiloT
inteleqtualuri meTodebiT xelovneba, kerZod _
literatura. saerTod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? da
14

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

Tu SesaZlebelia _ rogor? erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis

mixedviT, amis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia maSin, Tuki
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa mier SemuSavebuli
meTodebi dainergeba literaturaTmcodneobis sferoSi.
ganasxvaveben amgvari gadatanis ramdenime tips. erTerTi maTgani emyareba iseT zogadmecnierul idealebs,
rogorebicaa obieqturoba, miukerZoebloba da sicxade, rac,
TavisTavad, neitraluri faqtebis Segrovebas gulisxmobs.
Mmeore
Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT,
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa mier SemuSavebuli meTodebis imitireba
mizezobrivi wanamZRvrebisa da pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlis
gziT aris SesaZlebeli. praqtikaSi es `genetikuri meTodi~
gamosadegia nebismieri urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas,
Tuki es SesaZlebelia qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Uufro
mkacri gagebiT, kauzalur meTods mimarTaven imisaTvis, rom
literaturuli fenomenebi axsnan ekonomikuri, socialuri
da politikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq, isev da
isev, saqme gvaqvs raodenobrivi meTodebis SemotanasTan,
romelTac aqtiurad iyenebs zogierTi mecniereba, mag.,
statistikaSi, agreTve, cxrilebisa da grafikebis Sedgenis
dros. dabolos, literaturis ganviTarebis procesebis
Seswavlisas cdiloben gamoiyenon biologiuri cnebebi. (2)
dResdReobiT, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, amgvarma
midgomam ar gaamarTla Tavdapirveli molodini. mTel
rig SemTxvevebSi mecnieruli meTodebis nayofiereba
gamovlinda mxolod mkacrad SezRudul sferoSi an
mxolod garkveuli meTodis gamoyenebisas. magaliTad,
statistikas iyeneben teqstis kritikis zogierT skolaSi
an metrikis Seswavlisas. magram literaturaTmcodneobaSi
amgvari mecnieruli `SeWris~ momxreTa umravlesoba an
marcxs aRiarebs da skeptikurad ganewyoba xolme, an Tavs
imiT imSvidebs, rom amgvari mecnieruli meTodi momavalSi
15

literaturis Teoria

mainc gaamarTlebs. magaliTad, a. e. riCardsi (I. A. Richards)

miiCnevda, rom momavali warmatebebi nevrologiis sferoSi
ganapirobebda literaturuli problemebis gadaWrasac. (3)
Cven davubrundebiT im problemebis ganxilvas,
romelTac warmoSobs literaturaTmcodneobaSi sabu
nebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebis danergvis farTod
gavrcelebuli tendencia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gaazrebas
saWiroebs da, rasakvirvelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es ori
meTodologia erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da kveTs kidec.
iseTi fundamenturi meTodebi, rogorebicaa induqcia
da deduqcia, analizi, sinTezi da Sedareba, saerToa
sistematuri codnis yvela tipisTvis. magram aq angariSi
unda gavuwioT sxva garemoebasac: literaturaTmcodneobas
sakuTari mniSvnelovani meTodebi aqvs, romlebic,
miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelTvis sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebisgan ar aris nasesxebi, mainc inteleqtualur
meTodebs warmoadgens. WeSmaritebis mxolod ukiduresad
SezRuduli
gagebisas
SeiZleba
ugulebelvyoT
humanitarul mecnierebaTa mier codnis sferoSi Setanili
wvlili. Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebamdeBbevrad
adre filosofiam, istoriam, iurisprudenciam, Teologiam
da TviT filologiam SeimuSaves Semecnebis nayofieri
meTodebi. SesaZloa, am mecnierebaTa miRwevebi Tanamedrove
fizikuri mecnierebebis Teoriulma da praqtikulma
warmatebebma daCrdila, magram, amis miuxedavad, es meTodebi
kvlavac inarCunebs Rirebulebas da advili SesaZlebelia
_ mTel rig SemTxvevebSi garkveuli cvlilebebiT maTi
gacocxleba da ganaxleba. magram saWiroa erTmaneTisagan
gavmijnoT sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebaTa
meTodebi da miznebi.
am gansxvavebebis gansazRvra rTuli amocanaa.
jer kidev 1883 wels vilhelm dilTaim (Wilhelm Dilthey)
erTmaneTisagan gamijna sabunebismetyvelo da istoriul
mecnierebaTa meTodebi da aRniSna, rom maT Soris arsebobs
gansxvaveba ganmartebisa da gagebis TvalsazrisiT.(4)
dilTai amtkicebda, rom mecnieri mizezobrivi pirvel
16

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

wyaroebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
ganmartavs
movlenebs,
istorikosi ki cdilobs, gaigos maTi mniSvneloba.
gagebis es procesi yovelTvis individualuri da
subieqturic kia. erTi wlis Semdeg filosofiis cnobili
istorikosi, vilhelm vindelbandi (Wilhelm Windelband)
aseve daupirispirda Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac
istoriul mecnierebebSi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
meTodebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. (5) sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebi zogadi kanonebis dadgenas cdiloben, maSin,
roca istorikosebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania unikaluri
da ganumerebeli faqtis aRmoCena. Ees Tvalsazrisi Semdgom
ganaviTara hainrix rikertma (Heinrich Rickert), romelmac
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava ara imdenad ganzogadebisa
da
individualizaciis
meTodebi,
ramdenadac
_
sabunebismetyvelo da kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebebi.
(6) kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebs, misi mtkicebiT, kerZo
da individualuri faqtebi ainteresebT, individualuri
SemTxvevebi ki SeiZleba aRmoCenili da gagebuli iqnes
mxolod garkveuli Rirebulebebis fonze, rac, isev da isev,
kulturas ukavSirdeba. safrangeTSi a. d. qsenopoli (A. D.
Xenopol) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, romlebic `ganmeorebad faqtebs~ Seiswavlian
da
istorias,
romelsac
`Tanmimdevruli
faqtebi~
ainteresebs. italiaSi benedeto kroCem (Benedetto Croce)
mTeli Tavisi filosofia daafuZna istoriul meTodze,
romelic radikalurad gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis meTodisagan. (7)
am problemebis srulfasovani ganxilva gulisxmobs
iseTi problemebis gadaWras, romlebic miemarTeba
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, istoriis filosofiisa
da Semecnebis Teoriis klasifikaciis sferos.(8) Tumca,
ramdenime konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba cxadyos, rom
arsebobs erTi realuri problema, romelsac literaturis
Semswavleli studenti awydeba. ratom SeviswavliT
Seqspirs? xom aSkaraa, rom Cven ar gvainteresebs is, Tu
ra saerTo aqvs mas mTel kacobriobasTan, radgan aseT
17

literaturis Teoria

SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo nebismieri sxva pirovneba Segveswavla;

arc is gvainteresebs, Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas TiToeul
ingliselTan, Tundac renesansis epoqis an elisabedis
mefobis droindel adamianebTan, yvela poetTan, yvela
dramaturgTan, an Tundac elisabedis mefobis droindel
yvela dramaturgTan, radgan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SegveZlo
dekeri an heivudi Segveswavla. Cven ufro imis gageba gvsurs,
ra aris Seqspiris unikalurobis mizezi, ra aqcevs mas
Seqspirad, es ki ukve individualurobisa da Rirebulebis
problemaa. romelime erTi periodis, moZraobis an erovnul
literaturis Seswavlis drosac ki literaturaTmcodnes
ainteresebs is individualuri, damaxasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebi, romliTac es periodi Tu moZraoba sxva msgavsi
movlenebisgan gansxvavdeba.
individualobis sakiTxi kidev erTi argumentiT
SeiZleba gavamyaroT: literaturaSi zogadi kanonebis
aRmoCenis mcdelobebs arasodes gamouRia nayofi. luis
kazamianis (Louis Cazamian) e.w. inglisuri literaturis
kanoni, romlis mixedviTac `inglisuri erovnuli gonebis
ritmi meryeobs~ or poluss, ganwyobasa da inteleqts
Soris (am debulebasTan erTad, miTiTebulia, rom msgavsi
ryevebis tempi miT ufro Cqardeba, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT
Tanamedrove epoqas) an trivialuria, an _ mcdari.
viqtorianul periods is saerTod ver esadageba.(9)Aam
`kanonTa~ umravlesoba warmoadgens mxolod da mxolod
iseTi
regularuli
fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebis
gamoxatulebas, rogorebicaa moqmedeba da reaqcia, an
tradicia da amboxi, romlebic, maSinac ki, roca maTi
arseboba eWvs ar iwvevs, mniSvnelovans verafers gveubneba
literaturuli procesebis Sesaxeb. maSin, rodesac fizikaSi
zogadi Teoriis umaRles miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
eleqtrobisa da siTbos, mizidulobisa da sinaTlis
gamosaxva formulebis meSveobiT, literaturaTmcodneobis
miznebis misaRwevad ver gamoviyenebT verc erT zogad
kanons: rac ufro zogadi iqneba es kanoni, miT ufro
abstraqtuli da amdenad, uSinaarso aRmoCndeba is; da miT
18

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

ufro gagviZneldeba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSis arsis

wvdoma.
amdenad,
Cveni
problemis
gadasaWrelad
ori
ukiduresi gamosavali arsebobs. pirveli maTgani,
romelmac popularoba moipova sabunebismetyvelo mecnie
rebebis prestiJis wyalobiT, aRiarebs samecniero da
istoriuli meTodis igiveobriobas, ris Sedegadac saWiro
xdeba an, ubralod, faqtebis Segroveba, an metismetad
ganzogadebuli istoriuli `kanonebis~ dadgena. meores
mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneoba saerTod ar aris
mecniereba, xolo literaturis `gageba~ subieqturi
xasiaTisaa, TiToeul literaturul nawarmoebs ki
`individualuroba~,
ufro
metic,
`unikaluroba~
axasiaTebs. Mmagram antimecnieruli midgomis am ukidures
gamoxatulebas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. `intuiciam~,
SesaZloa, mxolod da mxolod emociur `aRqmamde~, anu
srul subieqturobamde migviyvanos. yoveli nawarmoebis
`individualurobis~ da Tundac `unikalurobis~ sagangebo
xazgasma (romelic sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenadac
mimarTulia zedapirul ganzogadebaTa winaaRmdeg) niSnavs
im faqtis ugulebelyofas, rom xelovnebis verc erTi nimuSi
ver iqneba mTlianad `unikaluri~, vinaidan, aseT SemTxvevaSi,
is mTlianad gaugebari iqneboda CvenTvis. rasakvirvelia,
arsebobs mxolod erTi `hamleti~ da jois kilmeris
erTaderTi xeebi. magram, amave logikiT xom nagvis grovac
unikalurobiT xasiaTdeba, ramdenadac misi proporciebis,
ganlagebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis zusti asli
samyaroSi ar moipoveba. ufro metic, yovel literaturul
nawarmoebSi yvela sityva Tavisi arsiT `zogadia~ da
ara `kerZoobiTi~. literaturaSi `universalurisa~ da
kerZos urTierTdapirispireba mimdinareobs mas Semdeg,
rac aristotelem Tqva, rom poezia istoriasTan SedarebiT
meti universalurobiT da, amdenad, filosofiurobiT
xasiaTdeba, xolo istorias mxolod kerZo detalebi
ainteresebs, da, agreTve, mas Semdeg, rac doqtorma jonsonma
(Dr. Johnson) ganacxada, rom poeti `ar unda iTvlides, Tu
19

literaturis Teoria

ramdeni ZarRvia titas furcelze~. romantikosebisa da

Tanamedrove kritikosTa umravlesobis mtkicebiT, poezia
specifikuri bunebiT, `faqturiTa~ da konkretulobiT
xasiaTdeba. (10) magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli
literaturuli nawarmoebi erTdroulad zogadicaa da
kerZoc, an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, individualuricaa
da zogadic. individualuroba SeiZleba gavmijnoT
absoluturi kerZoobiTobisagan da unikalurobisagan.
(11) rogorc yoveli adamiani, yoveli literaturuli
nawarmoebic individualuri TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva;
magram mas aseve aerTianebs xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebTan
zogadi Taviseburebebi, swored ise, rogorc yovel
calkeul adamians aqvs is Tvisebebi, romlebic saerToa
mTeli kacobriobis, misi sqesis, eris, klasisa da
profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvis. Aamdenad, Cven SegviZlia
ganvazogadoT is, rac exeba xelovnebis nawarmoebebs,
elisabedis mefobis droindel dramas, da, saerTod, mTel
dramaturgias, mTel literaturas, mTel xelovnebas.
literaturis kritika da literaturis istoria cdiloben
daaxasiaTon is individualuri Tvisebebi, romlebic
niSandoblivia mocemuli nawarmoebis, avtoris, periodisa
da erovnuli literaturisTvis, magram es SesaZlebelia
mxolod universaluri terminebis meSveobiT, literaturis
Teoriis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneob
isTvis gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia literaturis Teoria,
rogorc mecnierul meTodTa erToblioba.
rasakvirvelia, es ideali ar akninebs nawarmoebis
`sakuTari~ gagebisa da aRqmis mniSvnelobas, rac
literaturis Sesaxeb Cveni codnis da misdami Cveni
mimarTebis
Camoyalibebis
winapirobas
warmoadgens.
magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es mxolod da mxolod
winapirobaa. imis Tqma, rom literaturaTmcodneoba
mxolod kiTxvis xelovnebas emsaxureba, mcdar warmodgenas
20

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

Segviqmnis sistematizebuli codnis idealze, Tumca mas

didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturis SemswavlelTaTvis.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom `kiTxva~ farTo gagebiT kritikul
gagebasa da Semecnebas gulisxmobs, kiTxvis xelovneba mainc
SeiZleba ideals warmoadgendes mxolod im adamianisTvis,
romelsac surs Tavisi unarebis ganviTareba. es ideali metad
popularulia da ganviTarebuli literaturuli kulturis
safuZvels warmoadgens. TumcaRa, igi ver Caenacvleba
`literaturis kvlevas~, rogorc zogad tradicias,
romelic codnis, intuiciiT mignebuli WeSmaritebebisa da
TvalsazrisTa dagrovebas gulisxmobs.

21

Tavi meore

literaturis buneba
*
pirveli problema, romelic Cven winaSe wamoiWreba,
literaturaTmcodneobis
sagans
ukavSirdeba.
ra
aris literatura? ra ar aris literatura? rogoria
literaturis buneba? Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom es SekiTxvebi
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba martivad JRerdes, maTze pasuxis
gacema arc ise ioli saqmea.
SesaZlebelia, `literatura~ vuwodoT yvelafers,
rasac beWduri saxe aqvs. maSin SevZlebT SeviswavloT
iseTi nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `medicina meToTxmete
saukuneSi~, `warmodgena planetebis moZraobis Sesaxeb
adreul Sua saukuneebSi~ an `jadoqroba Zvelsa da axal
inglisSi~. rogorc edvin grinlou (EDwin Greenlaw) amtkicebda,
`yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis istorias ukavSirdeba, Cveni
Semecnebis sferoSi Sedis~; `rodesac romelime calkeuli
periodis an civilizaciis arsis wvdomas vcdilobT, Cveni
mcdeloba scildeba beletristikis, an Tundac nabeWdi
an xelnaweri matianeebis sferos~, `Cveni nawarmoebi unda
ganvixiloT im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra adgili SeiZleba
daikavos man kulturis istoriaSi~ (ix. edvin grinlou,
`literaturis istoriis sfero~, baltimori, 1931, gv. 174).
(1) Ggrinlous Teoriisa da bevri sxva mecnieris naSromebis
mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneoba ara mxolod mWidrod
ukavSirdeba civilizaciis istorias, aramed isini
identur movlenebadac ki ki miiCnevian. amgvari midgoma
literaturulia mxolod im azriT, rom mas saqme aqvs
dabeWdil an xelnawer masalasTan, rac, saerTod, istoriis
umTavres wyaros warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, amgvari
Tvalsazrisis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba imisi mtkiceba,
rom istorikosebi, umTavresad, diplomatiuri, samxedro
da ekonomikuri istoriiT arian dainteresebuli da
Cveulebriv, ugulebelyofen xolme am problemebs, amdenad,
22

literaturis buneba

literaturis mkvlevars ufleba aqvs momijnave sferoSi

SeiWras. bunebrivia, aravis unda aekrZalos nebismieri
sferos kvleva da, rasakvirvelia, mxolod misasalmebelia,
Tuki civilizaciis istorias farTo perspeqtivaSi
Seiswavlian. Tumca, amgvari Seswavla literaturuli
veRar iqneba. imis mtkiceba, TiTqos saqme aq mxolod
terminologiur davasTan gvaqvs, aradamajereblad
JRers. civilizaciis istoriis kompleqsuri Seswavla
namdvilad gamoricxavs mxolod da mxolod literaturul
Seswavlas. aq yvelanairi gansxvaveba qreba; literaturaSi
ucxo kriteriumebi Semodis, ris gamoc literatura
Rirebulad miiCneva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is garkveul
nayofs gamoiRebs am, an momijnave disciplinisaTvis.
literaturis
gaigiveba
civilizaciis
istoriasTan
niSnavs literaturaTmcodneobis sferosa da meTodebis
specifikurobis ugulebelyofas.
zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, literatura aris
mxolod da mxolod `diadi~ nawarmoebebi, romlebic, Temis
miuxedavad, gamoirCevian `maTi literaturuli formisa
Tu gamoxatvis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT~. aA q kriteriumi
an mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebaa, anda esTetikur
RirebulebasTan Serwymuli zogadi inteleqtualuri
Tvisebebi. l
L irikul poeziaSi, dramasa da mxatvrul
literaturaSi diad nawarmoebebs esTetikuri kriteriumebis
mixedviT gamoarCeven; sxva SemTxvevaSi wignebs arCeven
imis mixedviT, Tu ra reputaciiT sargebloben isini, an
ra inteleqtualuri TvisebebiT gamoirCevian esTetikur
RirebulebasTan (viwro gagebiT) erTad: aq, upiratesad,
gamoarCeven stils, kompozicias da, zogadad, gadmocemis
maneras. tradiciulad, swored am kriteriumebis safuZvelze
saubroben xolme literaturis Taobaze. rodesac romelime
literaturis Sesaxeb vambobT, rom `es ar aris literatura~,
swored amgvari Rirebulebebi gvaqvs xolme mxedvelobaSi;
msgavs msjelobas mivmarTavT maSinac, rodesac istorikosis,
filosofosis, an romelime bunebismetyvelis wignze
vsaubrobT da mas `literaturas~ mivakuTvnebT.
23

literaturis Teoria

unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garkveul adgils
uTmoben filosofosebis, istorikosebis, Teologebis,
moralistebis, politikosebisa da TviT bunebismetyvelebis
romelime specialistis Sesaxeb msjelobas. magaliTad,
Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda meTvramete saukunis
inglisis literaturis istoria berklisa (Berkeley) da
iumis (HUMEUUME), episkopos batlerisa (Bishop Butler)
da gibonis (Gibbon), burkisa (Burke) da adam smitis (Adam
Smith) naazrevTa ganxilvis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
avtorebs, poetebTan, dramaturgebTan da romanistebTan
SedarebiT,
Cveulebriv,
ufro
naklebi
yuradReba
eTmoba, maT Sesaxeb msjeloba iSviaTad daiyvaneba
maTive Txzulebebis mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebis
ganxilvaze. praqtikaSi amgvari msjeloba mxolod
zerele da araprofesiuli mimoxilviT Semoifargleba da
saTanadod ver asaxavs am avtorTa moRvaweobas. DmarTlac,
hiumi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc filosofosi,
giboni rogorc istorikosi, episkoposi batleri
rogorc qristianobisa da zneobis damcveli, adam smiti ki
- rogorc moralisti da ekonomisti. magram literaturis
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi am avtorebs, tradiciulad,
mxolod fragmentulad da saTanado konteqstis, maTi
sagnis istoriis gareSe ganixilaven. aqedan gamomdinare,
ar
xorcieldeba
filosofiis
istoriis,
eTikis,
istoriografiis da ekonomikis Teoriis namdvili gageba.
Lliteraturis istorikosi avtomaturad rodi gardaiqmneba
am disciplinaTa istorikosad. is mxolod da mxolod
Tavdajerebuli kompilatoria, romelic ucxo sferoSi
iWreba.
calkeuli `diadi wignebis~ Seswavla, SesaZloa, metad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes pedagogiuri miznebisTvis.
Cven yvelani unda SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom studentebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki damwyebi studentebi, diad (an yovel
SemTxvevaSi, karg) wignebs unda kiTxulobdnen da ara
kompilaciebs Tu uCveulo istoriul movlenaTa aRwerebs.
24

literaturis buneba

(2) Tumca, saeWvoa, rom es

principi gamosadegi iyos
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa an sxva
romelime disciplinaSi, romelic emyareba faqtebis
Segrovebas da cnobilidan ucnobisken moZraobas.
mxatvruli literaturis istoriis farglebSi mxolod
didebuli wignebiT Tu SemovifarglebiT, garTuldeba
literaturuli tradiciis Tanmimdevrobis, literaturul
JanrTa ganviTarebis da Tavad literaturuli procesebis
bunebis gageba. amas garda, bundovani gaxdeba Tanmxlebi
socialuri, enobrivi, ideologiuri da sxva ganmapirobebeli
garemoebani. istoriaSi, filosofiasa da msgavs sagnebSi,
am princips, upiratesad, `esTetikuri~ Tvalsazrisi
Semoaqvs. rodesac yvela inglisel mecniers Soris mxolod
Tomas haqslis (Thomas Huxley) gamovarCevT da vityviT, rom
misi nawarmoebebis wakiTxva Rirs, rasakvirvelia, Cvens
arCevans mxolod da mxolod naTeli `stili~ da kompozicia
gansazRvravs. Tu ramdenime gamonakliss ar miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi, es kriteriumi gvaiZulebs, upiratesoba
mivaniWoT mecnierul aRmoCenaTa popularizatorebs da
ara mecnierebs, romelTac ganaxorcieles es aRmoCenebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, haqsli ufro mniSvnelovan moRvawed
warmogvidgeba, vidre darvini (Darwin), bergsoni (Bergson) da
kanti (Kant).
termin `literaturis~ arsi yvelaze ukeT maSin
gamoixateba, rodesac is mxolod mxatvrul sityvierebas,
anu mxatvrul literaturas aRniSnavs. Tumca, terminis
amgvari gamoyenebiT garkveul problemebs vawydebiT;
magram inglisur enaSi misi iseTi SesaZlo alternativebi,
rogoricaa `proza~ da `poezia~, an viwro mniSvnelobisaa,
an kidev, `mxatvruli literaturisa~ da `beletristikis~
msgavsad, tlanqi da bundovania. isini, vinc ewinaaRmdegebian
termins `literatura~ (romelic momdinareobs sityvidan
litera), sakuTar mosazrebas asabuTeben imiT, rom es termini
mxolod da mxolod werilobiT an dabeWdil literaturas
asaxavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sayovelTao aRiarebiT,
25

literaturis Teoria

nebismieri Tanmimdevruli koncefcia literaturis

Sesaxeb `zepirsityvierebasac~ unda gulisxmobdes. Aam
TvalsazrisiT, germanuli termini Wortkunst da rusuli
slovesnost ukeTesad gamoxatavs literaturis arss, vidre
maTi inglisuri Sesatyvisi.
es problema yvelaze martivad gadawydeba maSin,
Tu ganvsazRvravT, ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs enas
literaturaSi. ena literaturis masalaa, iseve, rogorc
brinjao _ skulpturaSi, saRebavebi _ mxatvrobaSi an
bgerebi _ musikaSi. Mmagram saWiroa imis gacnobierebac,
rom ena, qvis msgavsad, mxolod inertuli masala ki ar aris,
aramed adamianis mieraa Seqmnili da, amdenad, romeliRac
enobrivi jgufis kulturuli memkvidreobis matarebelia.
saWiroa,
erTmaneTisagan
gavmijnoT
enis
literaturuli, yofiTi da mecnieruli gamoyeneba. miu
xedavad imisa, rom marTebulad migvaCnia Tomas klark
polokis (Thomas Clark Pollock) mier Aam sakiTxis ganxilva
wignSi `literaturis buneba~ (The Nature of Literature), (3) is
mainc aradamakmayofileblad gveCveneba, gansakuTrebiT
iq, sadac saubaria literaturuli enisa da yofiTi
metyvelebis urTierTgansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb.Ees uaRresad
mniSvnelovani problemaa da misi gadaWra sulac ar aris
ioli, radgan literaturas, xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan
gansxvavebiT, komunikaciis sakuTari saSualebebi ar gaaCnia
da udavoa, rom arsebobs bevri Sereuli da gardamavali
forma. literaturuli da samecniero enis erTmaneTisagan
gamijvna Zneli rodia. Tumca, aq sakmarisi ar aris mxolod
`azrsa~ da `emocias~ an `grZnobas~ Soris arsebuli martivi
kontrastis warmoCena. literaturisTvis ucxo araa azri,
meore mxriv ki emociuri metyvelebis elementebi mxolod
literaturaSi rodi gvxvdeba: amis sailustraciod
sakmarisia warmovidginoT, rogoria Seyvarebulebis
saubari, an Cveulebrivi kamaTi. magram idealuri samecniero
ena wminda `denotaturi~ xasiaTisaa: misi mizania miaRwios
maqsimalurad zust Sesatyvisobas niSansa da aRsaniSns
Soris. niSani mTlianad pirobiTi xasiaTisaa da, amdenad,
26

literaturis buneba

SesaZlebelia misi Canacvleba ekvivalenturi niSnebiT.

amas garda, niSani gamWvirvalea, anu is uSualod da
erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs referentze.
aqedan gamomdinare, samecniero ena uaxlovdeba niSanTa
iseT sistemebs, rogorebicaa maTematika an simboluri
logika. Mmisi idealia characterististica universalis, anu iseTi
universaluri enis Seqmna, romelze muSaobac laibnicma
wamoiwyo jer kidev meCvidmete saukunis miwuruls.
samecniero enasTan SedarebiT, literaturuli ena
garkveulwilad SeiZleba naklovani Candes. masSi didia
bundovanebis wili; bevri istoriuli enis msgavsad, masSi
uamravi omonimi, pirobiTi niSani an iseTi aralogikuri
kategoriaa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gramatikuli sqesi;
literaturul enaSi bevri istoriuli movlena, mogoneba
da asociaciaa Semonaxuli. erTi sityviT, literaturuli
ena uaRresad `konotatiuria~. ufro metic, literaturuli
ena ar aris niSanTa martooden referenciuli sistema.
mas eqspresiuli mxarec aqvs da mosaubris an avtoris
intonaciasa da damokidebulebas gadmocems. is, amas garda,
ubralod ki ar ambobs da gamoxatavs saTqmels, aramed
miiswrafvis, zegavlena moaxdinos mkiTxvelis ganwyobaze,
mis Sexedulebebze da, saboloo angariSSi, gardaqmnas is.
literaturulsa da samecniero enas Soris kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arsebobs: pirvel maTganSi
yuradReba TviT niSanze, sityvis bgeriT simbolizmzea
gadatanili. Aam mizniT uamravi iseTi saSualeba iqna
gamogonebuli, rogoricaa, metri, aliteracia da bgerwera.
literaturuli enis gansxvaveba samecniero enis
gan sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba sxvadasxva tipis
literaturul nawarmoebebSi: magaliTad, romanebSi
bgerweras gacilebiT umniSvnelo roli ganekuTvneba,
vidre lirikuli poeziis zogierT qmnilebaSi, romelTa
adekvaturi Targmnac Znelia. eqspresiuli elementi
SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba `obieqtur romanSi~,
sadac SesaZloa SeiniRbos da sulac ar gamovlindes
avtoris damokidebuleba, e.w. `pirovnul~ lirikaSi ki
27

literaturis Teoria

yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. pragmatuli elementi, rac

`WeSmarit~ poeziaSi odnav Tu SeiniSneba, romanSi an
satirulsa da didaqtikur nawarmoebebSi farTodaa
gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, enis inteleqtualizaciis
xarisxi sxvadasxvagvaria, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipis
nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme: arsebobs filosofiuri,
didaqtikuri poemebi da problemuri romanebi, romelTa
ena nawilobriv mainc uaxlovdeba mecnierul enas. rogori
Sereuli modusebic unda warmoaCinos romelime calkeuli
literaturuli nawarmoebis Seswavlam, aSkaraa gansxvaveba
enis literaturul da samecniero gamoyenebas Soris:
literaturuli ena bevrad ufro metad asaxavs enis
istoriul struqturas; is xazs usvams TviT niSnisadmi
gacnobierebul damokidebulebas da sakuTari eqspresiuli
da pragmatuli aspeqtebi gaaCnia, samecniero ena ki
gamudmebiT cdilobs am elementebis minimumamde dayvanas.
ufro rTulia davadginoT, riT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan literaturuli da yofiTi ena. termini
`yofiTi ena~ erTmniSvnelovani cneba rodia: masSi moiazreba
enis iseTi mravalferovani variantebi, rogorebicaa
sasaubro ena, vaWrobisa da komerciis ena, oficialuri ena,
religiis ena, studenturi Jargoni. Mmagram sagulisxmoa,
rom is, rac iTqva literaturuli enis Sesaxeb, yofiTi
enis saxesxvaobebis mimarTac samarTliania; gamonakliss
warmoadgens mxolod samecniero ena. yofiT enasac aqvs
eqspresiuli funqcia, Tumca is, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad
vlindebodes _ dawyebuli uferuli oficialuri
gancxadebis eniT, da damTavrebuli mgznebare mowodebebiT
emociuri aRgznebis momentSi. yofiT enaSi mravlad
gvxvdeba istoriuli enis iracionaluri elementebi da
mniSvnelobis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, Tumca mTel rig
SemTxvevebSi is miiswrafvis mecnieruli sizustisadmi.
yofiT metyvelebaSi TviT niSnebis gacnobiereba iSviaTad
xdeba. Tumca, amgvari gacnobiereba zogjer mainc iCens
Tavs, magaliTad, saxelebisa da moqmedebebis aRmniSvnel
sityvaTa bgeriT simbolizmSi an kalamburebSi. udavoa, rom
28

literaturis buneba

yofiTi ena yvelaze xSirad cdilobs miaRwios garkveul

Sedegebs, gavlena moaxdinos garkveul moqmedebebsa da
mimarTebebze. miuxedavad amisa, swori ar iqneboda imis
Tqma, TiTqos salaparako ena mxolod komunikaciur
funqcias asrulebdes. Tu gavixsenebT, rom bavSvs saaTobiT
SeuZlia ilaparakos, roca msmeneli ar hyavs, srulwlovani
adamianebisaTvis ki sulac ar aris ucxo TiTqmis uazro
`laqlaqi~, cxadi gaxdeba, rom xSirad enis gamoyeneba wminda
komunikaciur mizans ar emsaxureba.
amdenad, literaturuli ena unda gavmijnoT
yofiTi enis saxesxvaobebisgan, upirveles yovlisa,
raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. enis resursebis
gamoyeneba bevrad ufro mizanmimarTulad da sistemurad
xdeba. poetis `pirovneba~ mis qmnilebebSi bevrad ufro
Tanamimdevrulad da srulad warmoCndeba, vidre is
pirovnebebi, romelTac yoveldRiur situaciebSi vxvdebiT.
zogierTi tipis poeziaSi gamiznulad gamoiyeneba paradoqsi,
orazrovneba, mniSvnelobebis konteqsturi cvlilebebi,
TviT gramatikuli kategoriebis iseT iracionaluri
asociaciebic ki, rogorebicaa sqesi an dro. Ppoeturi ena
awesrigebs yofiTi enis resursebs da zogjer erTgvar
Zaladobasac ki axorcielebs maTze, raTa Cveni cnobiereba
da yuradReba mTlianad nawarmoebisa da saTqmelisaken
mimarTos. Mmwerals mravali resursi ukve Camoyalibebuli
xvdeba misi winamorbedi Taobebis Cumi da anonimuri muSaobis
Sedegad. zogierT metad ganviTarebul literaturaSi da,
gansakuTrebiT zogierT epoqaSi, poeti mxolod da mxolod
ukve Camoyalibebul tradicias misdevs: aseT SemTxvevaSi
SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba ufro enis funqciaa, vidre _
TviT xelovanisa. miuxedavad amisa, xelovnebis TiToeuli
nawarmoebi Taviseburad axdens masalis mowesrigebas,
organizebasa da gamTlianebas. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi,
magaliTad bevr sketCsa da saTavgadasavlo moTxrobaSi,
es arc ise TvalSi sacemia, magram zogierTi poeturi
nawarmoebis struqtura imdenad myaria, rom erTi romelime
sityvis an sityvis adgilis Secvlac ki daazianebda
mTlianobis efeqts.
29

literaturis Teoria

literaturul enasa da yofiT enas Soris pragmatuli

gansxvavebebis gamokveTa bevrad ufro iolia. yvela
nawarmoebs, romelic garegani moqmedebisken gvibiZgebs,
Cven an usargeblo `leqsebad~, an _ cariel ritorikad
miviCnevT. WeSmariti poeziis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT
meti sifaqiziT gamoirCeva. xelovneba garkveul CarCos
gvTavazobs, romlis farglebSic realuri samyaros
ganmsazRvreli niSnebi aRar moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
Cvens semantikur analizSi xelaxla unda SemovitanoT
zogierTi mniSvnelovani esTetikuri principi, magaliTad,
`ganyenebuli Wvreta~, `esTetikuri distancia~ da
CarCo. miuxedavad amisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
gansxvaveba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas, literaturasa
da araliteraturul enobriv gamonaTqvams Soris metad
aramdgradia da gamudmebiT ganicdis cvlilebebs. SesaZloa,
esTetikuri funqcia hqondes sxvadasxva tipis enobriv
gamonaTqvamebsac. mxolod literaturis cnebis viwro
mniSvnelobiT gagebisas aris SesaZlebeli misi farglebidan
propagandistuli xelovnebis, an kidev didaqtikuri da
satiruli poeziis gamoricxva. arsebobs iseTi gardamavali
formebic, rogoricaa ese, biografia da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
ritorikuli literaturis didi nawili. sxvadasxva
istoriul periodSi esTetikuri funqciis areali xan
farTovdeba, xan mcirdeba: erTxans piradi werili da
qadageba mxatvrul formebad iTvleboda, dRes ki, rodesac
dauSveblad miiCneva JanrTa aRreva, esTetikuri funqciis
sfero Seviwrovda da xelovnebis siwmindeze gadaitanes
aqcenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens reaqcias mecxramete
saukunis dasasruls esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
panesTetizmis da misi moTxovnebis winaaRmdeg. albaT,
umjobesi iqneba, Tu literaturad miviCnevT mxolod
iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebSic esTetikuri funqcia
warmmarTvelia, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom iseT
sruliad gansxvavebuli, araesTetikuri daniSnulebis
mqone nawarmoebebSic ki, rogorebicaa samecniero Sromebi,
filosofiuri disertaciebi, politikuri pamfletebi
30

literaturis buneba

da qadagebebi, SesaZloa monawileobdes esTetikuri

elementebi, magaliTad, stili da kompozicia.
magram literaturis buneba yvelaze ukeT mimarTebiTi
aspeqtebis fonze ikveTeba. literaturuli xelovnebis
arsi vlindeba iseT tradiciul JanrebSi, rogorebicaa
lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli nawarmoebebi. yoveli
maTganis wyaros warmoadgens warmosaxva, gamonagoni.
romanSi, leqsSi an dramatul nawarmoebSi gamoTqmuli
azrebi sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT,
radgan isini ar Seesabameba simarTles _ ar warmoadgens
logikur propoziciebs. arsebobs Zireuli gansxvaveba
im or SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac romelime faqtobriv
movlenas vecnobiT, erTi mxriv, istoriul nawarmoebSi
an balzakis (Balzac) romanSi da, meore mxriv, istoriis an
sociologiis saxelmZRvaneloSi. subieqtur lirikaSic ki
poetis `me~ warmosaxuli, dramatuli `subieqtia~. romanis
gmiri gansxvavdeba istoriuli figurisagan an realuri
adamianisgan. romanis gmiris saxe warmogvidgeba mxolod
im winadadebebis meSveobiT, romlebiTac is xasiaTdeba
nawarmoebSi an romlebsac avtori aTqmevinebs mas. amgvar
gmirs arc warsuli aqvs, arc momavali da zogjer arc
misi cxovreba warmogvidgeba srulad. Ees elementaruli
dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom azrsmoklebulia kritikosTa
is naSromebi, romlebSic saubaria vitenbergSi hamletis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb, hamletze mamis zemoqmedebis Taobaze,
agrTve _ gamxdari da axalgazrda falstafis, `Seqspiris
gmiri qalTa siymawvilis~ an `ledi makbetis Svilebis
raodenobis Sesaxeb~. (4) romanis dro da sivrce ar emTxveva
realuri cxovrebis drosa da sivrces. TviT yvelaze
realisturi romani an naturalisturi nawarmoebic ki,
romelic TiTqosda pirdapir cxovrebidanaa gadmoRebuli,
garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciebis mixedviT aigeba. Soreuli
istoriuli
perspeqtividan
CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT
naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania naturalisturi
romanebi Temebis, personaJTa daxasiaTebis xerxebis,
movlenaTa SerCevisa da dialogTa agebis saSualebebis
31

literaturis Teoria

mixedviT. zustad aseve, CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, rom yvelaze

naturalisturi dramis SemTxvevaSic ki pirobiToba Tavs
iCens ara mxolod scenuri CarCos gaazrebaSi, aramed imaSic,
Tu rogor aris SerCeuli da gadmocemuli sivrce da dro,
TiTqosda yvelaze realisturi dialogebi da personaJebis
gadaadgileba scenaze (rac Seexeba romanis drosTan
dakavSirebul mosazrebebs, ix. Eedvin muiris (Edwin Muir) wigni
romanis struqtura (The Structure of the Novel), londoni,
1928. bolo periodSi (nawilobriv egzistencialuri
filosofiis gavleniT), mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva
literaturaSi drois problemas. ix. a. a. mendilous (A. A.
Mendilow) wigni `dro da romani (Time and the Novel), londoni,
1952; hans meierhofis (Hans Meyerhoff) dro literaturaSi~
(Time in Literature). (5) ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic
unda iyos Seqspiris `qariSxalsa~ (The Tempest) da ibsenis
(Ibsen) `Tojinebis saxls~ (A Dolls House) Soris, maT saerTo
dramatuli tradicia akavSirebs.
Tuki `mxatvrulobas~, `gamogonebas~, an `warmosaxvas~
literaturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebad miviCnevT, maSin
literaturas unda mivakuTvnoT homerosis (Homer), dantes
(Dante), Seqspiris (Shakespeare), balzakis (Balzac), kitsis (Keats)
Semoqmedeba da ara ciceronis (Cicero), montenis (Montaigne),
bosiues (Bossuet) an emersonis (Emerson) Txzulebebi.
rasakvirvelia, arsebobs `zRvruli~ SemTxvevebic (maga
liTad, platonis (Plato) `respublika~ (Republic), romlebic
udavod Seicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria
didi miTebis Sesaxeb) `gamonagonis~ an `mxatvrulobis~
elementebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari nawarmoebebi,
uwinaresad, filosofiuri xasiaTisaa. literaturis Sesaxeb
amgvari Tvalsazrisi aRweriTia da ara Semfasebluri. Tu
romelime mniSvnelovani nawarmoebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom
igi ritorikuli an filosofiuri xasiaTisaa an politikuri
pamfletis Janrs ganekuTvneba, es sulac ar daakninebs mis
Rirsebebs. Mmeore mxriv, aq SesaZloa wamoiWras esTetikuri
analizis, stilistikis da kompoziciis problemebi,
rac literaturis mier wamoWrili problemis msgavsi an
32

literaturis buneba

identuria, Tumca am Janrebis safuZvels ar warmoadgens

mxatvrulobis umTavresi Tviseba _ gamonagoni. amdenad,
ECveni koncefciiT, literatura moicavs yvela tipis
mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, maT Soris, yvelaze mdare
romanebs, leqsebs da dramatul qmnilebebs. klasifikaciis
xelovneba unda gaimijnos Sefasebisagan.
aq Tavidan unda aviciloT erTi tradiciuli
gaugebroba. xSir SemTxvevaSi `mxatvruli literatura~
mxatvrul saxeebs saerTod ar mimarTavs xolme. Ppoeturi
ena mTlianad xatovania, dawyebuli umartivesi poeturi
xerxebiT da damTavrebuli bleikisa (Blake) da ieitsis (Yeats)
poeziisTvis niSandoblivi monoliTuri da yovlismomcveli
miTologiuri sistemebiT. Tumca, mxatvruli saxeebi prozis
da, amdenad, mTlianad literaturis arsebiTi Tviseba
ar aris. bevr karg leqsSi erT mxatvrul saxesac ki ver
naxavT; ufro metic, arsebobs e. w. `gancxadebis poeziac~ (6)
(uordsvorTis leqsi `We are Seven~ arametaforuli leqsis
magaliTs warmoadgens. robert brijis (Robert Bridge) leqsSi
`I love all beauteous things, I seek and adore them arc erTi saxe
ar aris. termini `gancxadebis poezia~ pirvelad gamoiyena
mark van dorenma (Mark van Doren) draidenis (Dryden) poeziis
dasacavad (ix. jon draidenis (John Dryden) `misi poeziis
Seswavla~ (A Study of his Poetry), niu iorki, 1946, g. 67; pirvelad
gamoqveynda 1929 w.). miuxedavad amisa, SesaZloa iTqvas
isic, rom metafora, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, yvela
tipis poeziis princips warmoadgens. ix. agreTve uiliam k.
uimsatisa (William K. Wimsatt) da klinT bruksis (Cleanth Brooks)
wigni `literaturis kritika~ (Literary Criticism), niu iorki,
1957, gv. 749-50.
amas garda, xatovaneba unda gavmijnoT uSualo,
grZnobadi da vizualuri xatqmnisagan. hegelis gavleniT,
mecxramete saukunis esTetikosebi, magaliTad, fiSeri
(Vischer) da eduard fon hartmani (Edward von Hartman)
amtkicebdnen, rom nebismieri xelovneba `ideis grZnobad
gamovlenas~ warmoadgens, xolo meore skola (fidleri
(Fiedler), hildebrandi (Hildebrand), rili (Riehl)) miiCnevda, rom
33

literaturis Teoria

nebismieri xelovneba `wminda mWvretelobaa~. (7)Mmiuxedavad

amisa, didi literatura grZnobad saxeebs ar warmoqmnis
aRmqmelis cnobierebaSi an Tu warmoqmnis, mxolod
SemTxveviT, drodadro da gaucnobiereblad. (8) mxatvruli
personaJis asaxvisas ki mweralma, SesaZloa, saerTod ar
gamoiyenos vizualuri xatebi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kargad
vicnobT dostoevskis an henri jeimsis personaJebis sulier
mdgomareobas, maT motivebs, Sefasebebs, damokidebulebebsa
da survilebs, gagviWirdeba maTi warmodgena vizualurad.
mwerali umeteswilad gamoyofs sqematur monaxazs an
erTaderT fizikur niSans amgvar teqnikas xSirad iyeneben
tolstoi (Tolstoy) da Tomas mani (Thomas Mann). is, rom xSirad
ar gvsurs wignSi ilustraciebis xilva, maSinac ki, rodesac
isini kargi mxatvrebis, zogjer ki Tavad avtoris mieraa
Seqmnili (mag., Tekerei (Thackeray), cxadyofs, rom avtori
mxolod sqematur monaxazs gvTavazobs da is bolomde ar
unda iqnes Sevsebuli detalebiT.
poeziaSi gamoyenebuli yvela metaforis vizualizacia
rom mogvexdina, sul agvebneoda Tavgza. arian mkiTxvelebi,
romlebic xSirad mimarTaven vizualizacias da zogierTi
literaturuli pasaJi amas TavisTavad iTxovs, magram es
fsiqologiuri sakiTxia, romelic poetis mier Seqmnil
metaforaTa analizis xerxebSi ar unda avurioT. Ees xerxebi
mniSvnelovanwilad im gonebrivi procesebis mowesrigebas
isaxaven miznad, romlebic literaturis farglebs gareTac
mimdinareobs. amdenad, metafora Cvens yofiT metyvelebaSi,
umeteswilad, faruli saxiT monawileobs, Jargonsa da
xalxur andazebSi ki _ aSkarad iCens Tavs. metaforuli
gadatanis gziT fizikuri urTierTmimarTebebi yvelaze
abstraqtuli cnebebis (Semecneba, gansazRvra, gamoricxva,
arsi, subieqti/sagani, hipoTeza) meSveobiT gamoixateba.
poezia enis am metaforul bunebas ganaaxlebs da xelSesaxebs
xdis CvenTvis. amas garda, poezia iyenebs Cveni civilizaciis
(misi klasikuri, tevtonuri, kelturi da qristianuli
periodebis) simboloebsa da miTebs.
34

literaturis buneba

yvela is gansxvaveba literaturasa da araliteraturas

Soris, romelic Cven ganvixileT, _ masalis organizacia,
eqspresia, komunikaciis saSualebaTa
gacnobiereba da
gamoyeneba, praqtikuli miznis ararseboba da, rasakvirvelia,
gamonagoni,
_
semantikuri
analizis
farglebSi
iseTi uZvelesi esTetikuri terminebis gameorebas
warmoadgens,
rogorebicaa
`erTianoba
simravleSi~,
`ganyenebuli Wvreta~, `esTetikuri distancia~, `CarCo~
da gamonagoni, warmosaxva da Semoqmedeba. TiToeuli
maTgani literaturuli nawarmoebis erT romelime
aspeqts, misi semantikuri struqturis erT romelime
maxasiaTebels asaxavs. Aarc erTi maTgani TavisTavad
sakmarisi ar aris. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris ara martivi, aramed
rTuli, mravalSreobrivi, maRalorganizebuli obieqti,
romelic mravali mniSvnelobiTa da mravali mimarTebiT
xasiaTdeba. tradiciuli termini `nawarmoebis organizmi~,
garkveulwilad, damabnevelia, radgan is xazs usvams mxolod
erT aspeqts, anu `erTianobas simravleSi~, da mimarTavs
usargeblo biologiur paralelebs. damabnevelia, agreTve,
termini `Sinaarsisa da formis erTianoba~ (miuxedavad
imisa, rom amgvari formulireba xelovnebis nawarmoebis
SigniT arsebul mWidro urTierTkavSirze miuTiTebs),
imdenad, ramdenadac metismetad amartivebs sakiTxs. is
qmnis iluzias, TiTqos nawarmoebis nebismieri elementis
analizi, iqneba es Sinaarsi Tu teqnika, erTnairad
sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos da, amdenad, gvaTavisuflebs imis
aucileblobisagan, rom es nawarmoebi aRviqvaT rogorc
mTlianoba. terminebi `Sinaarsi~ da `forma~ imdenad farTo
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rom SeuZlebelia maTi ubralo
Sepirispireba nayofieri aRmoCndes. da marTlac, detaluri
ganmartebis Semdegac ki, es terminebi mxolod xelovnebis
nawarmoebis
martiv diqotomias asaxaven. xelovnebis
nimuSis Tanamedrove analizi iseTi rTuli kiTxvebiT unda
daiwyos, rogoricaa misi arsebobis modusi da Sinagani
mravalSreobrivi sistema. (9)
35

Tavi mesame

literaturis funqcia
*
literaturis buneba da funqcia nebismier logikurad
gamarTul diskursSi urTierTSesabamisi unda iyos. poeziis
funqcia misi bunebidan gamomdinareobs: nebismieri sagani
an saganTa klasi yvelaze efeqtianad da gonivrulad
swored maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia
misi buneba an ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba.
MdamatebiT funqcias is mxolod maSin iZens, roca pirvelad
funqcias yavli gasdis: Zveli sarTavi jara xSirad
gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli daniSnulebiT, oTxkuTxa pianino
ki, romelmac bgerebis gamocemis unari dakarga, SeiZleba
samuSao magidad iqces. swored aseve, sagnis bunebac misi
daniSnulebis Sesabamisia: sagani swored isaa, risTvisac is
gankuTvnilia. adamianis mier Seqmnili raime nivTi iqmneba
garkveuli funqciis realizebisTvis, agreTve _ damatebiTi
funqciebisTvis,
rasac TviT masalis SesaZleblobebi
da individualuri gemovneba ganapirobebs. nebismier
literaturul nawarmoebSi SeiZleba iyos bevri iseTi ram,
rac misi literaturuli funqciisTvis ar aris arsebiTi,
Tumca saintereso da sagulisxmoa sxva TvalsazrisiT.
Seicvala Tu ara Tvalsazrisi literaturis
bunebisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb istoriis ganmavlobaSi?
Ees ar gaxlavT martivi SekiTxva. Tuki istorias Tvals
mivadevnebT, am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces;
SeiZleba gavixsenoT uZvelesi dro, roca literatura,
filosofia da religia ganuyofeli iyo: antikuri epoqidan
SeiZleba davasaxeloT, magaliTad, esqile (Aeschylus) da
hesiode (Hesiod). magram platoni ukve saubrobs poetebsa
da filosofosebs Soris arsebuli uZvelesi ganxeTqilebis
Sesaxeb da CvenTvis dRes ukve gasagebia, risi Tqma surs
mas. garda amisa, gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda
mivaniWoT, erTi mxriv, mecxramete saukuneSi damkvidrebul
36

literaturis funqcia

popularul doqtrinas, romlis mixedviT, `xelovneba

xelovnebisTvisaa~, meore mxriv ki ufro gviandel, posie
pure-is, anu `wminda poeziis~ Tvalsazriss. edgar po
didaqtikur eress uwodebda im Tvalsazriss, rom poezia
Segonebis instruments warmoadgens. es Tvalsazrisi ar
unda gavaigivoT tradiciul renesansul doqtrinasTan,
romlis mixedviTac poezia tkbobisa da Semecnebis wyaroa,
an tkbobis miniWebis gziT codnas awvdis mkiTxvels.
saerTod, Tu gadavxedavT esTetikis an poetikis
istorias, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos literaturis
buneba da funqcia, Tu maT sxva adamianur moqmedebebTan da
RirebulebebTan Sedareba-Sepirispirebis mizniT farTo
konceptualuri terminebiT gamovxatavT, arsebiTad ar
Secvlila.
esTetikis istoria SeiZleba daviyvanoT dialeqtikur
dapirispirebamde, romelSic Tezissa da antiTeziss
warmoadgens horaciusis (Horace) dulce (saamuri) da utile
(sasargeblo): poezia saamuricaa da sasargebloc. uTuod
SevcdebiT, Tuki CavTvliT, rom poezia unda iyos mxolod
sasargeblo an mxolod saamuri. iqneb, ufro martivi iyos,
dulce et utile erTmaneTs mivusadagoT poeziis funqciis da
ara misi bunebis Sesabamisad. Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad,
poezia gvaniWebs siamovnebas (romelic ar gansxvavdeba
nebismieri sxvagvari siamovnebisgan), iseve mcdaria,
rogorc Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos poezia raRacas gvaswavlis
(riTac is nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebul miTiTebebs
enaTesaveba). (1) mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, yvelanairi
poezia aris an unda iyos propaganda, analogiuria
Tvalsazrisisa, romlis mixedviT, poezia warmoadgens an
unda warmoadgendes mxolod xatovanebas an bgerweras, anu
pirobiT figuras, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo adamianur
grZnobebTan. am ori sapirispiro Tezisis niuansebi yvelaze
ukeT albaT iseTi TvalsazrisebSi vlindeba, romelTa
mixedviTac xelovneba, erTi mxriv `TamaSia~, meore mxriv
_ `Sroma~ (mxatvruli Txzvis `xeloba~, xelovnebis
nawarmoebi). Acal-calke ganxilvisas, am TvalsazrisTagan
37

literaturis Teoria

arc erTi araa misaRebi. roca amboben, rom poezia `TamaSi~,

erTgvari spontanuri garTobaa, vgrZnobT, rom amiT aknineben
xelovanis gulmodginebas, ostatobasa da Canafiqrs, iseve,
rogorc Tavad leqsis Rirebulebasa da mniSvnelobas;
magram roca gveubnebian, rom poezia `Sroma~ an `xelobaa~,
vgrZnobT, rom ugulebelyofen poeziis Tvisebas, sixaruli
mianiWos mkiTxvels (anu imas, rasac kantma `umiznoba~
(purposelessness) uwoda). xelovnebis funqciis gansazRvrisas
unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dulce, ise utile.
dasawyisisTvis, SesaZloa, Tavad horaciusis formulam
gagviwios mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. Tu gavixsenebT,
rom kritikuli terminebis gamoyenebisas sizustis
dacva bolodroindeli tendenciaa, SegviZlia imdenad
ganvavrcoT horaciusis terminebi, rom maT moicvan rogorc
romauli, ise renesansis periodis poetTa SemoqmedebiTi
praqtika. Aar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos xelovnebis rogorc
sasargeblo saqmianobis gageba ewinaaRmdegeba im zneobriv
princips, romelmac, le bosius (Le Bossu) azriT, homeross
`iliada~ (Iliad) daawerina, an romelic hegelma (Hegel) Tavis
sayvarel tragediaSi _`antigoneSi~_ aRmoaCina. termini
`sasargeblo~ miuTiTebs, rom ar xdeba `drois uqmad
flangva~, `dros tareba~, anu aq saubaria iseT rameze, rac
seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. termini `saamuri~ ki
aRniSnavs `aramosawyens~, `arasavaldebulos~, imas, rac
Tavad warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebas.
aq Cndeba Semdegi kiTxva: SegviZlia Tu ara, rom
am ormagi kriteriumis safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT
literatura, Tu es ufro metad diadi literaturis
kriteriumia? Zveli drois esTetikur paeqrobebSi
gansxvaveba didebul, karg da `mdare~ literaturas Soris
iSviaTad vlindeba. sakamaTo araa, rom mdare literatura
(anu e.w. iaffasiani Jurnalebi) arc `sasargebloa~ da arc
`didaqtikuri~.
xSirad miiCneven, amgvari literatura
mxolod da mxolod imisaTvis iqmneba, rom `mowyvitos~
mkiTxveli arasasurvel sinamdviles an `gaarTos~is. magram
38

literaturis funqcia

es sakiTxi ganxilul unda iqnes ara `kargi literaturis~,

aramed mdare literaturis mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare.M mortimer adleris (Mortimer Adler) azriT, TviT
yvelaze naklebad inteleqtualuri romanis mkiTxvels
Semecnebis Canasaxobrivi survili mainc amoZravebs. rac
Seexeba `gasarTob literaturas~, kenet berkma (Kenneth
Burke) Segvaxsena, rom amgvari gansazRvra SeiZleba sruliad
usafuZvlo aRmoCndes. amgvari literaturis meSveobiT
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaicnobieros sakuTari uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba Tavisi garemocvis mimarT. maSinac ki,
roca xelovani mxolod da mxolod mouwodebs mkiTxvels,
gaataros dRe mdinare misisipis napiras, man SeiZleba biZgi
misces amgvar procesebs. (2)
albaT yvelaze marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom
nebismieri xelovneba `saamuricaa~ da `sasargebloc~
imaTTvis, visac misi saTanadod gamoyeneba SeuZlia. is, rasac
xelovneba gamoxatavs, aRemateba calkeuli mkiTxvelisa
Tu msmenelis fiqrsa da ocnebas; xelovneba xelovanis
ostatobis wyalobiT siamovnebas aniWebs recipients imiT,
rom misi individualuri fiqrisa da ocnebis msgavs realobas
asaxavs, riTac Svebas hgvris mas.
literaturul
nawarmoebSi,
romelic
srulad
Seesabameba Tavis funqcias, sasiamovno da sasargeblo
ubralod ki ar Tanaarseboben, aramed erTmaneTs erwymian.
unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturiT moniWebuli tkboba
gansakuTrebul, `maRal tkbobas~ warmoadgens _ misi wyaro
maRali tipis qmedebaa, kerZod, Wvreta, romelic araviTar
materialur sargebels ar ukavSirdeba.Drac Seexeba
literaturis gamoyenebiT aspeqts seriozulobasa da
didaqtikurobas, aqac iseT `saamur~ seriozulobasTan
gvaqvs saqme, romelic valdebulebaTagan Tavisufalia da
esTetikuri aRqmis seriozulobas efuZneba. xelovnebisadmi
relativisturi midgomis momxres, romelsac rTuli
Tanamedrove poezia moswons, yovelTvis SeuZlia
esTetikuri
Tvalsazrisi arafrad Caagdos da Tavisi
pozicia imiT daasabuTos, rom misi arCevani pirovnuli
39

literaturis Teoria

gemovnebis sakiTxia. ganaTlebis sferoSi moRvawe adamianma

SeiZleba araswori daskvna gaakeTos da CaTvalos, rom
romelime didi poema an romani imdenadaa seriozuli,
ramdenadac is mkiTxvels raime Rirebul istoriul
informacias an zneobriv gakveTils awvdis.
aq unda ganvixiloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi:
aqvs Tu ara literaturas funqcia, an funqciebi? wignSi
`kritikosTa saxelmZRvanelo~ boesi (Boas) ironiulad
acxadebs, rom arsebobs nairgvari interesebi da, Sesa
bamisad, sxvadasxva tipis kritika; xolo elioti Tavisi
naSromis _ `poeziis daniSnuleba da kritikis daniSnuleba~
_ bolos sevdianad askvnis, rom `poezia mravalgvaria~ da
sxvadasxva epoqaSi poeziis sxvadasxva saxeobebi nairgvar
miznebs emsaxureboda. magram es mxolod gamonaklisi
SemTxvevebia. literaturisadmi seriozuli midgoma gu
lisxmobs (yovel SemTxvevaSi tradiciulad mainc) imis
aRiarebas, rom mas garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. rac Seexeba
arnoldis (Arnold) Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
poezia SeiZleba religiasa da filosofias Caenacvlos,
elioti wers: ... arc amqveynad da arc im qveynad araferi
arafers ar enacvleba. (3) sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arc erTi
kategoriis Rirebulebas ar gaaCnia WeSmariti ekvivalenti.
Semcvlelebi ar arsebobs. realurad, SesaZloa, literatura
bevr rasme Seenacvlos magaliTad, kiTxvis dros Cven
TiTqos vmogzaurobT da ucxo qveynebs vecnobiT, ganvicdiT
imas, rac ar gangvicdia, aRviqvamT sxva adamianis cxovrebas
ise, TiTqos es Cveni cxovreba iyos. amas garda, mTel rig
SemTxvevebSi istorikosebisTvis literatura socialur
dokuments warmoadgens. magram aqvs Tu ara literaturas
sakuTari _ unikaluri _ daniSnuleba, Tu is warmoadgens
filosofiis, istoriis, musikisa da mxatvruli xerxebis
naerTs, romelic Tanamedrove pirobebSi SeiZleba daiSalos
Semadgenel nawilebad? swored es aris mTavari sakiTxi.
literaturis damcvelebi ityvian, rom literatura
yovelTvis aucilebeli iqneba da ar miiCneven mas uZvelesi
drois gadmonaSTad. es Tvalsazrisi misaRebia imaTTvisac,
40

literaturis funqcia

vinc arc poetia, arc sityvierebis maswavlebeli.

literaturis
unikaluri
Rirebulebis
aRiareba
aucilebelia yvela im TeoriisTvis, romelic ikvlevs
Rirebulebis arss. msgavsi Teoriebi sul ufro metad
iTvaliswineben literaturis am specifikur mxares.
erT-erTi Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, poezia
sasargeblo da seriozulia imdenad, ramdenadac is garkveul
codnas iZleva. poezia codnis formaa. aristotele raRac
amgvars amtkicebda Tavisi im cnobili gamonaTqvamiT, rom
poezia ufro filosofiuria, vidre istoria, radganac
istoria `momxdar movlenebs aRwers, poezia ki mogviTxrobs
im movlenebze, romlebic SeiZleboda momxdariyo~, anu _
zogadze da SesaZlebelze. Tumca amJamad, rodesac istoria,
literaturis msgavsad, warmoadgens Tavisufal disciplinas,
romelSic ver naxavT zust definiciebs da romlis metoqeebs
axla ukve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi warmoadgenen,
gamoaSkaravda, rom poezia yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT
detalebze, romlebic tradiciulad sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebisa da filosofiis yuradRebis miRma rCeba
xolme. Tu neoklasicist Teoretikosss, magaliTad, doqtor
jonsons, jer kidev SeeZlo emsjela imis Sesaxeb, rom poezia
`zogadis didebulebas~ warmoadgens, sxvadasxva skolis
warmomadgeneli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi (magaliTad,
bergsoni (Bergson), gilbi (Gilby), rensomi (Ransom) da steisi
(Stace), erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom poezia asaxavs kerZoobiTs.
magaliTad, steisi amtkicebs, rom Seqspiris `oteloSi~(Othello)
asaxulia ara zogadad eWvianoba, aramed otelos eWvianoba,
anu iseTi grZnoba, romelic SeiZleboda gasCenoda mxolod
veneciel qalze daqorwinebul mavrs (ix. u. t. steisi,
`silamazis mniSvneloba~, londoni, 1929, gv. 151). (4)
ra warmoadgens literaturis sagans _ zogadi Tu
kerZoobiTi?. literaturis Teoria da misi damcvelebi,
rogorc wesi, an erT Tvalsazriss emxrobian, an meores.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literatura ufro zogadia,
vidre istoria da biografia, magram ufro kerZoobiTi
xasiaTisaa, vidre fsiqologia an sociologia. magram
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literaturis Teoria

literaturul Teoriis cvalebad debulebaTa garda,

arsebobs sxva sagulisxmo faqtorebic. literaturul
praqtikaSi zogadisa Tu kerZos urTierTmimarTeba ama Tu
im nawarmoebSi an istoriul periodSi sxvadasxvagvaria.
magaliTad, piligrimi da evrimeni (Everyman) SeiZleba
ganasaxierebdnen mTel kacobriobas. magram
jonsonis
`episinis~ (Epicoene) `iumoristi~ morouzi (Morose) metad
uCveulo da Taviseburi adamiania. daxasiaTebis principi
literaturaSi yovelTvis moiTxovda `tipiuris~ Serwymas
`individualurTan~ _ individSi warmoaCenda tips, tipSi
ki _ individs. am principis an mis safuZvelze warmoSobili
kanonebis ganmartebis mcdelobebi unayofo aRmoCnda.
literaturuli tipebis klasifikacia momdinareobs
horaciusis doqtrinidan `dekorumis~ Sesaxeb da romauli
komediis tipebidan (mag., trabaxa jariskaci, Zunwi kaci,
mflangveli da Seyvarebuli vaJiSvili, sando msaxuri).
meCvidmete saukunis qaraqterologiur wignebsa da
molieris komediebSi aseve vawydebiT Cveul tipebs. magram
SeiZleba Tu ara tipTa Teoriis farTod gamoyeneba? Aaris Tu
ara julietas gadia `romeosa da julietaSi~ (Romeo and Juliet)
tipi? da Tu asea, risi tipizacia xdeba am saxeSi? warmoadgens
Tu ara hamleti tips? rogorc Cans asea, doqtori timoTi
braitis (Dr Timothy Bright) ganmartebiT, dedofali elisabedis
droindeli mayureblisaTvis, is melanqoliuri tipia.
Mmagram melanqoliis garda, mas sxva Tvisebebic axasiaTebs.
hamletis
melanqolia
gansakuTrebuli
mizezebidan
momdinareobs da gansakuTrebul pirobebSi viTardeba.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, xasiaTi, romelic individualuri
da, imavdroulad, tipuricaa, araerT tips moicavs Tavis
TavSi: hamleti aris mijnuri, an yofili mijnuri, swavluli,
dramis xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani da kargi
mofarikave. evrimeni sxvadasxvagvar tipebs aerTianebs
Tavis TavSi. Ee. w. saxasiaTo tipebi `erTganzomilebian~
tipebad miiCneva, iseve, rogorc Cven erTganzomilebian
adamianebad miiCnevT imaT, visTanac mxolod erTi garkveuli
saxis urTierToba gvakavSirebs; `moculobiT~ xasiaTebs,
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literaturis funqcia

romlebic sxvadasxvagvar Tvalsazrisebsa da urTierTobebs

moicaven, sxva konteqstSi gviCveneben, mag., sazogadoebrivsa
da pirad cxovrebaSi, ucxoeTSi mogzaurobisas. (5)
dramasa da romanebs, yvelaferTan erTad, SemecnebiTi
Rirebulebac aqvT. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Tval
sazrisis mixedviT, `romanistebs meti SeuZliaT aswavlon
adamians adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, vidre fsiqologebs~.
horni (Horney) miiCnevs, rom dostoevski, Seqspiri, ibseni
da balzaki codnis amouwurav wyaros warmoadgenen. i.
m. forsteri (E. M. Forster) (`romanis aspeqtebi~ Aspects
of the Novel) saubrobs imaze, rom Cven mxolod iSviaTad
Tu SegviZlia CavwvdeT adamianTa Sinagan cxovrebasa da
motivaciebs. (6) amdenad, misi azriT, swored romanis didi
damsaxurebaa is, rom misi meoxebiT warmoCndeba personaJebis
introspeqciuli cxovreba. SesaZloa, personaJebis Sinagani
cxovrebis aRwera emyareba avtoris fxizel TviTdakvirvebas.
SeiZleba imisi Tqmac, rom didi romanebi fsiqologebisTvis
codnis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. garda amisa,
romanebSi moTxrobili calkeuli SemTxvevebi Rirebuli
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. magram aq unda
davubrundeT im faqts, rom fsiqologebi romans mxolod
masSi gamokveTili ganzogadebuli tipuri Rirebulebis
gamo kiTxuloben. magaliTad, fsiqologi ganixilavs mama
gorios (Pre Goriot) xasiaTs moqmedebis saerTo adgilidan
(vokes saxlidan the Maison Vauquer) da sxva personaJebTan
misi damokidebulebebidan gamomdinare.
maqs istmeni (Max Eastman), romelic Tavad poeti
(Tumca, arc ise mniSvnelovani) gaxldaT, Tvlida, rom
mecnierebis saukuneSi `literaturul cnobierebas~ veRar
eqneba WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis pretenzia. `literaturuli
cnobiereba~, ubralod, araspecialistis diletanturi
cnobierebaa, romelic winaremecnieruli epoqis dones
Seesatyviseba, Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs da, amdenad,
surs Tavisi enobrivi unaris wyalobiT Seqmnas iseTi
STabeWdileba, TiTqos friad Rirebul `WeSmaritebebs~ Ra
Radebdes. WeSmariteba literaturaSi iseTivea, rogoric
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literaturis Teoria

WeSmariteba mis farglebs miRma, anu _ sistematuri da

sazogadod damowmebuli codna. romanisti jadoqari araa.
mas ar SeuZlia myisierad moipovos socialuri mecnierebebis
mier dagrovebuli codna, romlis meSveobiTac romanistis
`samyaros~, misi warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis realuroba
mowmdeba. magram meore mxriv, istmenis azriT, didi
fantaziis mqone mwerali, gansakuTrebiT ki poeti, arasworad
Seafasebs sakuTar Tavs, Tuki CaTvlis, rom misi umTavresi
daniSnulebaa codnis aRmoCena da gadacema. sinamdvileSi
misi funqciaa, dagvexmaros ufro Rrmad aRviqvaT is, rasac
vxedavT; warmoidginos is, rac Cven, konceptualurad an
praqtikulad, ukve viciT (ix. maqs istmeni, `literaturuli
cnobiereba: misi adgili mecnierebis saukuneSi~, niu iorki,
1935, gv. 155). (7)
rTulia, mkveTrad gavmijnoT ori Tvalsazrisi poeziis
Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT, poezia an ukve cnobilis xelaxal
xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, an `mxatvrul wvdomas~. xelovani
imas gvaxsenebs, rasac odesRac vxedavdiT da dRes veRar
aRviqvamT, an dagvanaxvebs imas, rac, gamudmebiT Cven Tvalwin
iyo, magram ver vamCnevdiT. aq uneburad is Sav-TeTri naxatebi
gvaxsendeba, romlebzec gamosaxulia wertilebisa da texili
xazebisagan agebuli figurebi da saxeebi: miuxedavad imisa,
rom mravaljer gvinaxavs es figurebi da xazebi, Cven ver
aRviqvamdiT maT rogorc mTlianobas, rogorc garkveul
formebs. nawarmoebSi `ganzraxvani~ (Intentions) uaildi (Wilde)
saubrobs imaze, rom uistlerma (Whistler) nislSi aRmoaCina
esTetikuri Rirebuleba, prerafaelitebma (Pre-Raphaelites)
ki silamaze iseTi tipis qalebSi dainaxes, romlebic
iqamde lamazebad ar iTvlebodnen. aq Cndeba kiTxva, ra
vlindeba msgavs SemTxvevebSi _ `codna~ Tu `WeSmariteba~.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamokveTili
Tvalsazrisi. SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi vimsjeloT axali
`aRqmiTi Rirebulebebis~, axali `esTetikuri Tvisebebis~
aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.
gasagebia,
ratomaa
Zneli
esTetikosebisTvis
`WeSmaritebis~, rogorc xelovnebis Tvisebisa da kri
44

literaturis funqcia

teriumis ugulebelyofa: (8) nawilobriv, es sapatio terminia,

romlis meSveobiTac adamiani Rrma pativiscemas gamoxatavs
xelovnebis mimarT, imas, rom xelovneba erT-erT umaRles
Rirebulebaa. garda amisa, Cven usafuZvlod vSiSobT, rom
Tuki xelovneba `araWeSmaritia~, maSin is, rogorc platoni
fiqrobda, is `tyuili~ yofila. mxatvruli literatura
aris `gamonagoni~, `cxovrebis mxatvruli, verbaluri
imitaciaa~. gamonagonis sapirispiro cneba ki aris ara
`WeSmariteba~, aramed `faqti~, anu `arseboba drosa da
sivrceSi~. `faqti~ ufro uCveuloa, vidre albaToba, rasac
literatura asaxavs. (9)
xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris literatura, kerZod,
pretenzias acxadebs `WeSmaritebaze~ im msoflaRqmis
(Weltanschauung) safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iCens nebismier
mxatvrulad srulyofil nawarmoebSi. filosofosma
an kritikosma SeiZleba zogierTi am SexedulebaTagani
ufro `WeSmaritad~ miiCnios, vidre sxva mosazrebebi
(magaliTad, eliots miaCnia, rom dantes Sexedulebebi ufro
WeSmaritia, vidre Selis (Shelley) an Tundac Seqspirisa);
magram nebismieri filosofiuri Sexeduleba cxovrebis
Sesaxeb an garkveul WeSmaritebas unda Seicavdes, an amis
pretenzia mainc hqondes. Lliteraturis WeSmariteba, Cveni
gagebiT, warmoadgens WeSmaritebas literaturaSi es aris
filosofia, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom sistematuri
konceptualuri formiT literaturis farglebs gareT
arsebobs, SesaZloa literaturas miesadagebodes an
vlindebodes masSi. am TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariteba dantes
nawarmoebebSi aris kaTolikuri RvTismetyveleba da
sqolastikuri filosofia. poeziis eliotiseuli xedva
`WeSmaritebasTan~ mimarTebiT, arsebiTad, emTxveva Cvensas.
WeSmariteba sistematuri moazrovneebis sferoa; xelovanebi
ki amgvari tipis moazrovneebi ar arian, miuxedavad imisa,
rom SesaZloa, maT scadon, aseTebad iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu ver moaxerxeben maTTvis xelsayreli filosofiuri
koncefciebis aRmoCenasa da SeTvisebas (Tavis wignSi `rCeuli
esseebi~, niu iorki, 1932 w. gv. 115-117 elioti wers: `poeti,
45

literaturis Teoria

romelic `azrovnebs~, mxolod da mxolod is poetia,

romelsac ZaluZs azris emociuri Sesatyvisi gamoxatos...
yoveli didi poezia cxovrebis xedvis iluzias qmnis.
rodesac Cven homerosis, sofokles, an virgiliusis, dantes
an Seqspiris samyaroSi SevdivarT, gvgonia, rom raRac iseTs
SevigrZnobT, rac inteleqtualuri terminebiT SeiZleba
gadmoices; radgan yoveli faqizi emocia inteleqtualur
formulirebas eswrafvis.). (10)
zogadad rom vTqvaT, mTeli es winaaRmdegoba
mniSvnelovanwilad semantikuri xasiaTisaa. mainc ras vgu
lisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT `codnis~, `WeSmaritebis~,
`Semecnebis~, `sibrZnis~ Sesaxeb? Tu nebismieri WeSmariteba
konceptualuri da damtkicebadia, maSin xelovneba, TviT
literaturuli xelovnebac ki, SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis
formebs warmoadgendes. arsebobs kidev erTi garemoeba:
Tu iseT martiv pozitivistur ganmartebebs daveyrdnobiT,
romelTa mixedviT, WeSmariteba aris is, risi Semowmebac
yovel Cvengans SeuZlia, maSin xelovnebas ver miviCnevT
WeSmaritebis imgvar formad, romelsac eqsperimentuli gziT
moipoveben da amowmeben. problemisadmi sapirispiro midgoma
gulisxmobs `Semecnebis mravalgvari gzebis~ arsebobas da
imis aRiarebas rom WeSmaritebis wvdoma SesaZlebelia ori
an mravali xerxiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs
codnis ori ZiriTadi tipi, romelTagan TiToeuli niSanTa
sakuTar enobriv sistemas iyenebs: sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebani iyeneben `diskursul~ moduss, humanitaruli
mecnierebebi ki _ `reprezentaciuls~. (11) aris Tu ara
codnis orive tipi WeSmariteba? pirveli maTgani aris is,
romelsac filosofosebi tradiciulad emyarebodnen,
meore ki religiur `miTsa~ da poezias efuZneba. albaT
ufro upriani iqneba, Tu meore tips `WeSmarits~ vuwodebT
da ara _ `WeSmaritebas~. zedsarTavi miuTiTebs imas, rom
wonasworobis centri unda gadavanacvloT: xelovneba
arsobrivad mSvenieria da gansazRvrebis mixedviT _
WeSmariti (e. i. ar upirispirdeba WeSmaritebas). nawarmoebSi
`ars poetika~ (Ars Poetica), makleiSi (MacLeish) cdilobs,
46

literaturis funqcia

erTmaneTs SeuTavsos literaturuli mSvenierebisa da

filosofiis moTxovnebi formuliT, romlis Tanaxmad,
leqsi `WeSmaritebis tolfasia da ara WeSmariti~: poezia
iseTive seriozuli da mniSvnelovania, rogorc filosofia
(mecniereba, codna, sibrZne), da WeSmaritebis tolfasi
Tvisebebi aqvs, anu is WeSmaritebis msgavsia.
qalbatoni langeri (Mrs aL nger) gamoyofs xelovnebis plastikur
saxeobebs da kidev ufro metad, musikas, romelTac literaturaze
maRla ayenebs, rodesac acxadebs, rom reprezentaciuli simbolizmi
codnis formaa. rogorc Cans, igi miiCnevs, rom literatura,
garkveulwilad, `diskursuli~ da `prezentaciuli~ elementebis
nazavs warmoadgens. magram, qalbatoni langeris TvalsazrisiT,
reprezentaciuli elementi literaturis miTur elements an
arqetipul saxeebs Seesatyviseba. (12)

im or TvalsazrisTan erTad, romelTa mixedviT,

xelovneba an WeSmaritebis Semecneba an misi wvdomaa,
arsebobs mesame Sexedulebac. am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad,
xelovneba, kerZod ki literatura, propagandas warmoadgens.
amgvarad, mwerali WeSmaritebas ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed
cdilobs, daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom mis mier gadmocemuli
azrebi WeSmaritebas Seesabameba. termini `propaganda~
metismetad zogadia da ganmartebas saWiroebs. yoveldRiur
situaciebSi `propagandas~ uwodeben yovelive imas, rac
sazogadoebisTvis zianis momtania da rasac saeWvo adamianebi
avrceleben. es sityva gulisxmobs angariSianobas, garkveul
winaswar ganzraxvas da, ZiriTadad, konkretul, sakmaod
SezRudul doqtrinebTan da programebTan dakavSirebiT
gamoiyeneba. (13)A ase rom, Tu am sityvis mniSvnelobas
davaviwrovebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zogierTi (mdare
xarisxis) xelovneba propagandaa, magram didi xelovneba,
an kargi xelovneba, an ubralod `xelovneba~ ar SeiZleba
propaganda iyos. Tumca, Tu am termins ganvazogadebT da
vigulisxmebT, rom esaa `mkiTxvelze gavlenis mosaxdenad
gamiznuli gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli mcdeloba,
romlis Sedegad mkiTxvelma unda gaiziaros garkveuli
cxovrebiseuli pozicia~, maSin isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
47

literaturis Teoria

yvela xelovani aris an unda iyos propagandisti. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (Tu mTlianad ugulebelvyofT
zemoTqmuls), yvela gulwrfeli xelovani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia sakuTari nawarmoebebisTvis, zneobrivad
valdebulia, propagandisti iyos.
montgomeri beljionis (Montgomery Belgion) ganmartebiT,
mwerali `upasuxismgeblo propagandistia~. `yvela mwerali
garkveul cxovrebiseul Sexedulebas an Teorias iTvisebs...
nawarmoebs yovelTvis is daniSnuleba aqvs, rom mkiTxvelmac
irwmunos es Sexeduleba Tu Teoria. magram es darwmuneba
yovelTvis farulia, anu avtors mkiTxveli yovelTvis
TandaTanobiT mihyavs raRacis aRiarebamde da es procesi
hipnozuri xasiaTisaa reprezentaciis xelovneba acdunebs
mkiTxvels...~.
elioti,
beljionis
am
azrebis
citirebisas,
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs `poetebs, romelTac Zali
an Znelia propagandisti uwodo~, `upasuxismgeblo
propagandistebs~, da mesame jgufs, romlebic, lukreciusisa
(Lucretius) da dantes msgavsad, `Segnebul propagandistebs~
warmoadgenen;
eliotis
azriT,
pasuxismgebloba
damokidebulia rogorc avtoris ganzraxvaze, ise
istoriul efeqtze (ix. elioti, `poezia da propaganda~,
`literaturuli Tvalsazrisi amerikaSi~, niu iorki, 1937 w. gv.
25). (14) termini `Segnebuli propagandistebi bevr Cvengans
urTierTSeuTavsebeli sityvebis kombinaciad moeCveneba.
seriozuli xelovneba gulisxmobs iseT cxovrebiseul
msoflxedvas, romelic SeiZleba filosofiuri cnebebiT an
sulac saTave daudos filosofiur sistemebs. (15) mxatvrul
Tanmimdevrulobasa (romelsac zogjer `mxatvrul logikas~
uwodeben) da filosofiur Tanamimdevrulobas Soris
garkveuli Sesabamisoba arsebobs. Segnebuli xelovani
erTmaneTSi ar aurevs emociasa da azrs, grZnobierebasa
da inteleqtualur Semecnebas, grZnobaTa siwrfeles, da,
meore mxriv, gamocdilebisa da azrovnebis Sesatyvisobas.
msoflmxedveloba, romelsac amgvari xelovani Tavisi
nawarmoebiT gamoxatavs, iseTi martivi araa, rogorc
48

literaturis funqcia

`propagandad~ miCneuli zogierTi popularuli Sexeduleba.

meore mxriv, cxovrebis rTulma xedvam ar unda gvibiZgos
naCqarevi an gulubryvilo qmedebisaken.
axla isRa dagvrCenia, literaturis funqciis is
koncefciebi ganvixiloT, romlebic sityva `kaTarsiss~
ukavSirdeba. es termini, romelic aristotelem Semoitana
Tavis `poetikaSi~, xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. kaTarsisis
aristoteleseuli gageba jer kidev iwvevs polemikas. magram
amjerad gvainteresebs ara am cnebis aristoteleseuli
gaazreba, aramed is mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac aRiWurva
kaTarsisis cneba antikuri epoqis Semdgom. zogierTis
azriT, literaturis funqcia aris Cveni _ mwerlebis an
mkiTxvelebis _ gaTavisufleba emociaTa zemoqmedebisgan.
emociebis gamoxatva niSnavs imas, rom gavTavisufldeT
am emociebisagan, iseve, rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
goeTe gaTavisuflda Tavisi Weltschmerz-isgan, rodesac
`verTeris vnebani~ (The Sorrows of Werther) dawera. amboben, rom
tragediis mayurebeli an romanis mkiTxvelic aseve ganicdis
am gaTavisuflebasa da Svebas. xdeba misi emociebis zustad
gamoxatva da esTetikuri gancdis Sedegad mayurebelsa da
mkiTxvels `sulieri simSvide~ eufleba. (16)
magram aq unda daisvas kiTxva literatura emociebisagan
gvaTavisuflebs Tu, piriqiT, emociebs iwvevs CvenSi? platonis
azriT, tragedia da komedia `kvebavs da asazrdoebs Cvens
emociebs, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda maTi CaxSoba~.Mmeore mxriv,
roca literatura emociebisagan gvaTavisuflebs, gana umiznod
ar xdeba maTi gadmoRvra poetur fantaziebSi? wmida avgustine
aRiarebs, rom axalgazrdobaSi is momakvdinebel codvaSi
cxovrobda; miuxedavad amisa, `ar vtirodi amis gamo, Tumca
didonas sikvdilis gamo cremlebs vRvridi...~ SeiZleba Tu ara
iTqvas, rom zogierTi tipis literatura propagandistulia
da zogi _ kaTarsisuli, Tu ufro mniSvnelovania,
erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT mkiTxvelTa jgufebi da maTi
reaqciis buneba? (17) unda iyos Tu ara yvelanairi literatura
kaTarsisuli? am problemebs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT
TavebSi `literatura da fsiqologia~ da `literatura da
sazogadoeba~; amJamad ki mxolod vasaxelebT maT.
49

literaturis Teoria

daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom sakiTxs literaturis

funqciis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi istoria aqvs dasavlur samyaroSi,
platonidan moyolebuli dRemde. es ar aris SekiTxva,
romelic poets an poeziis damfasebels SeiZleba uneburad
daebados; erTxel emersons wamocda: `silamaze sakuTari Tavis
gamarTlebas warmoadgens~. am sakiTxs ufro xSirad wamoWrian
xolme utilitaristebi da moralistebi an saxelmwifo
moxeleebi da filosofosebi, anu adamianebi, romelTaTvisac
ufro faseulia araesTetikuri Rirebulebebi. da maT surT
icodnen, mainc ra aris poeziis daniSnuleba? Aam problemas
arsebiTi socialuri da humanisturi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Aaqedan gamomdinare, poetic da poeziis moyvarulic, rogorc
zneobrivi da Segnebuli moqalaqeebi, iZulebuli arian,
sazogadoebas kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxi gascen. swored
ase iqcevian isini morigi `poetikis~ romelime pasaJSi. isini
icaven an xotbas asxamen poezias: esaa literaturuli analogia
imisa, rasac TeologiaSi `apologia~ ewodeba (ix. spingarnis
`literaturuli kritikis istoria renesansis epoqaSi,
(niu iorki, 1924), romelSic Aam Temaze saubrisas ganixileba
terminebia `funqcia~ da `gamarTleba~). dasaxelebuli miznidan
gamomdinare da mkiTxvelis tipis Sesabamisad, isini, bunebrivia,
upiratesad saubroben literaturis `daniSnulebaze~ da ara
am literaturiT `moniWebul tkbobaze~; amdenad, semantikuri
TvalsazrisiT, dResdReobiT iolia literaturis funqciis
dayvana mis gareSe funqciebze, Tumca, romantizmidan
moyolebuli, am SekiTxvaze poeti iZleoda sxvagvar pasuxs,
romelsac a.s. bredli (A. C. Bradley) uwodebs `poezias
poeziisaTvis~ (ix. a. s. bredli, `poezia poeziisaTvis~, oqsfordi,
leqciebi poeziaSi, oqsfordi, 1909, gv. 3-34); Teoretikosebi ki
marTebulad aRniSnaven, rom termini `literaturis funqcia~
imdenad farToa, rom aucilebeli aRaraa veZeboT gamarTleba
poeziis arsebobisTvis. amdenad, roca am termins viyenebT,
igulisxmeba, rom poezias bevri SesaZlo funqcia aqvs. misi
mTavari da umniSvnelovanesi funqcia is aris, rom ar uRalatos
Tavis bunebas.

50

Tavi meoTxe

literaturis
Teoria, kritika da istoria
*
radgan literaturis Seswavlis miznis Sesaxeb ukve
visaubreT, axla ganvixiloT literaturis sistematuri
da integrirebuli Seswavlis SesaZlebloba. inglisuri
ena Sesatyvis termins ar gvTavazobs saamisod. albaT,
yvelaze ukeTesi iqneboda, gamogveyenebina iseTi terminebi,
rogorebicaa `literaturaTmcodneoba~ da `filologia~.
am terminTagan pirveli sakamaToa mxolod imitom, rom
TiTqos gamoricxavs `kritikas~ da xazs usvams Seswavlis
akademiur bunebas. es termini, rasakvirvelia, misaRebi
gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sityvas `mkvlevari~ ise farTod
ganvixilavT, rogorc es emersonma gaakeTa. mM eore terminma _
`filologiam~ _ SesaZloa, araerTi gaugebroba gamoiwvios.
istoriulad am terminSi moiazreboda ara mxolod yvela
saxis literaturuli da enaTmecnieruli Studiebi, aramed
adamianis gonebis mier Seqmnili nebismieri produqtis
Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini yvelaze metad
iyo modaSi mecxramete saukunis germaniaSi, is dRes jer
kidev gvxvdeba iseTi mimoxilvebis saTaurebSi, rogorebicaa
Modern Philology, Philological Quarterly da Studies in Philology.
Bbexma (Boekh), romelmac dawera uaRresad mniSvnelovani
naSromi `filologiur mecnierebaTa enciklopedia da
meTodologia~ (Encyclopedie und Methodologie der Philologischen
Wissenschaften)~ (daiwera 1877 wels, Tumca, nawilobriv,
1809 wels Catarebul leqciebs eyrdnoba), (1) filologia
ganmarta, rogorc `cnobilis codna~, romelic, amdenad,
moicavs enisa da literaturebis, religiisa da socialuri
tradiciebis Seswavlas. bexis filologia, faqtobrivad,
grinlous (Greenlaw) `literaturis istoriis~ (Literary History)
identuria, da, rogorc Cans, iTvaliswinebs saWiroebebs
klasikuri filologiisa, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebuli
51

literaturis Teoria

mniSvneloba aqvs istoriisa da arqeologiis daxmarebas.

bexisTvis literaturaTmcodneoba mxolod erTi dargia
filologiisa, romelic gagebulia, rogorc
mTliani
mecniereba civilizaciis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki civilizaciis im
aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romelsac man, germaneli romantikosebis
msgavsad, `erovnuli suli~ uwoda. amJamad, nawilobriv am
sityvis etimologiidan gamomdinare da TviT am sferos
specialistTa
mecadineobis
Sedegad,
filologiad
xSirad moiazreben enaTmecnierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki
istoriul gramatikas da enebis ganviTarebis adreuli
formebis Seswavlas. ramdenadac am termins mravali da
sxvadasxvagvari mniSvnelobebi aqvs, umjobesi iqneba, Tu
ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas.
arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis kidev
erTi alternatiuli saxelwodeba `kvleva~. es sityva
gansakuTrebiT Seusabamoa, radgan TiTqosda xazs usvams
mxolod masalebis winaswari moZiebis mniSvnelobas da
umarTebulod gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba
advilad mosaZiebel da Znelad xelmisawvdom masalebs
Soris. magaliTad, roca adamiani britaneTis muzeumSi
midis imisaTvis, rom iSviaTi wigni waikiTxos, is `kvlevas~
awarmoebs. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca adamiani sakuTar saxlSi,
savarZelSi mokalaTebuli kiTxulobs imave wignis asls, mis
gonebaSi sul sxva gonebrivi procesi mimdinareobs. termini
`kvleva~ gulisxmobs mxolod da mxolod garkveul winaswar
operaciebs, romelTa masStabi da buneba gansxvavebulia
imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis problemaa gadasaWreli. magram
literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis, rodesac ganixileba ise
Ti mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa ganmarteba,
daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba, is ar aris sakmarisad zusti.
Cveni naSromis farglebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
gamovkveToT gansxvaveba literaturis Teorias, kritikasa
da istorias Soris. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos
gansxvaveba literaturis orgvar xedvas Soris. pirveli
maTganis mixedviT, literatura aris nawarmoebTa
erTdroulad arsebuli erToblioba, meore TvalsazrisiT
52

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

ki literatura, upiratesad, nawarmoebTa qronologiuri

mimdevrobaa da, amdenad, istoriuli procesis Semadgenel
nawils warmoadgens. Aamas garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTi
mxriv, SeiZleba visaubroT literaturis principebisa da
kriteriumebis, meore mxriv ki calkeuli literaturuli
nawarmoebebis Seswavlis Taobaze, kerZod _ imis Sesaxeb,
izolirebulad moxdeba maTi Seswavla, Tu qronologiurad.
umjobesi iqneba, Tu arsebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `literaturis Teoria~ literaturis
principebis, kategoriebis, kriteriumebis da a. S. Seswavlas
warmoadgens. amas garda, xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebebis
Seswavlas an `literaturis kritika~ (romelic ZiriTadad
statikur midgomas warmoadgens) unda vuwodoT, an _
`literaturis istoria~. rasakvirvelia, xSirad, termini
`literaturis kritika~ mTlianad literaturis Teorias
moicavs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba
erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas; aristotele Teoretikosi
iyo, sent-bevi (Sainte-Beuve) ki upiratesad _ kritikosi. kenet
berki, mniSvnelovanwilad, literaturuli Teoretikosia,
xolo r. p. bleqmuri (R. P. Blackmur) _ literaturis
kritikosi. terminma `literaturis Teoria~ Tavisuflad
SeiZleba moicvas (rogorc es am wignSia) `literaturis
kritikis Teoria~ da `literaturis istoriis Teoria~.
es gansxvavebebi aSkaraa da farTodaa miRebuli.
gacilebiT ufro iSviaTad aRiareben, rom ar SeiZleba
literaturis kvlevis zemodasaxelebuli meTodebis
izolirebulad gamoyeneba _ maTi urTierTkavSiri imdenad
mWidroa, rom literaturis Teoria warmoudgenelia
kritikisa da istoriis gareSe, kritika _ Teoriisa da
istoriis gareSe, xolo istoria _ Teoriisa da kritikis
gareSe. aSkaraa, rom literaturis Teoria ar arsebobs
konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlis gare
Se. kriteriumebi, kategoriebi da sqemebi SeuZlebelia mi
Rebul iqnes in vacuo. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes
kritika da istoria garkveuli kiTxvebis, cnebaTa sistemis,
mimarTebebisa da ganzogadebebis gareSe. rasakvirvelia,
53

literaturis Teoria

aq gadauWrel dilemas rodi vawydebiT: kiTxvis dros

Cven mudam garkveuli principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT da
es principebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba da zustdeba axali
literaturuli nawarmoebebis gacnobisas.Ees dialeqtikuri
procesia: Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTgamsWvalva.
araerTxel ucdiaT literaturis istoriis gamijvna
Teoriisa da kritikisagan. magaliTad, rogorc f. v. beitsoni
(F.U. Bateson) (2) amtkicebda, literaturis istoria mxolod
gviCvenebs, rom `a~ momdinareobs~ `b~-sgan, maSin, rodesac
kritika amtkicebs, `a~ `b~-ze ukeTesiao. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
daskvna emyareba iseT faqtebs, romelTa gadamowmebac
SesaZlebelia, meoreSi ki _ subieqtur Sexedulebebsa da
rwmenas efuZneba. magram amgvari gamijvna marTlzomieri
araa. Lliteraturis istoriaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi
monacemebi, romelTac SeiZleba absoluturad neitraluri
`faqtebi~ vuwodoT. Semfasebluri Tvalsazrisebi masalis
SerCevaSic ki monawileobs _ maSin, rodesac erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavebT, ubralod, beletristikasa da, meore mxriv,
literaturas, an rodesac ama TuU im avtors vuTmobT
gverdebis garkveul raodenobas. saTauris an TariRis
ubralo damowmebac ki winaswar gulisxmobs Semfaseblur
midgomas, radgan am dros xdeba erTi romelime wignisa Tu
movlenis gamorCeva milionobiT sxva wignisa da movlenisagan.
davuSvaT, arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri faqtebi,
magaliTad, TariRebi, saTaurebi, biografiuli monacemebi,
magram maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba mxolod literaturuli
matianis Sedgena. nebismieri ufro rTuli kiTxva, iseTic
ki, romelic teqstis kritikas, an wyaroebsa da gavlenebs
ukavSirdeba, gamudmebiT moiTxovs garkveul Sefasebas.
iseTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `poupi draidenis
gavlenas ganicdis~, pirvelad doneze, rasakvirvelia,
gulisxmobs, rom draidensa da poups gamovarCevT maTi
epoqis uricxvi versifikatorisgan. Semdgom, aucilebeli
xdeba imis garkveva, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli niSnebiT
gamoirCeva am avtorebis nawarmoebebi. Aamis dasadgenad
aucilebelia, gamudmebiT mimdinareobdes Sedarebisa da
54

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

SerCevis procesi, rac arsebiTad kritikul saqmianobas

warmoadgens. Tu ganvixilavT TanaavtorebisB _ bomontisa
da fletCeris sakiTxs, is gadauWreli darCeba, sanam ar
gaviTavisebT erT mniSvnelovan princips, romlis Tanaxmad,
garkveuli stilisturi Tvisebebi (an xerxebi) ukavSirdeba
erT-erTs dasaxelebul mweralTagan, sxva Tvisebebi
ki _ meores. Tu ase ar moviqceviT, maSin mogvixdeba,
ubralod, am Tanaavtorebis piesebSi arsebuli stilisturi
Seusabamobebis miTiTeba maTi mizezis ganmartebis gareSe.
miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi,
literaturis
istoriis
literaturis
gancalkeveba
kritikisagan sxva kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeba. Aaravin
uaryofs, rom literaturis kritikosma da istorikosma
unda gamoitanon TavianTi daskvnebi nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb,
magram xSirad imasac amtkiceben, rom literaturis
istorikoss aqvs istoriis sakuTari standartebi da
kriteriumebi. am meTodologiis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom
literaturis istoriis rekonstruqcia moiTxovs warsuli
periodebis msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis gaTavisebas,
da, amasTan, Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis ugulebelyofas. es
Tvalsazrisi, romelic `istorizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili,
germaniaSi mTeli me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda,
Tumca iqac ki gaakritikes igi istoriis iseTma gamoCenilma
Teoretikosebma, rogoric iyo Eernst troltSi (Ernst
Troeltsch). (3) rogorc Cans, ukanasknel xanebSi am Tvalsazriss,
romelmac pirdapir TuU arapirdapir, SeaRwia inglissa
da SeerTebul StatebSi, bevri Cveni `literaturis
istorikosi~ iziarebs. magaliTad, hardin kreigi (Hardin
Craig) ambobda, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis uaxlesi da
saukeTeso tendencia aris `araistoriuli azrovnebisagan
gaTavisufleba~ (4) (ix. hardin kreigi, `literaturuli
kvleva da literaturuli profesia~, sietli, vaS., 1944, gv.
70, ix. agr. Gv. 126-7: `axalma Taobam moulodnelad gadawyvita,
rom Tavad aRmoaCens Zveli avtorebis mniSvnelobasa da
Rirebulebebs da sakuTari mosazreba imiT daasabuTa, rom,
55

literaturis Teoria

magaliTad, Seqspiris nawarmoebTa imanenturi mniSvneloba

saukeTesoa mis mniSvnelobaTagan~). i. i. stoli (E. E. Stall),
romelic dedofali elisabedis droindeli Teatris
tradiciebsa da misi auditoriis gemovnebas swavlobs,
amJamad muSaobs iseT Teoriaze, romlis mixedviTac,
literaturis istoriis mTavari mizania avtoris Canafiqris
rekonstruqcia. (5) amgvari Teoria, garkveulwilad,
safuZvlad udevs im uamrav mcdelobas, romelTa mizani iyo
elisabedis droindeli iseTi fsiqologiuri Teoriebis
Seswavla, rogoricaa magaliTad, iumoris doqtrina an
poetebis mecnieruli an fsevdomecnieruli koncefciebi.
(6) rozmond tuvi (Rosemond Tuve) cdilobda metafizikuri
mxatvruli saxeebis warmoSoba da mniSvneloba aexsna
ramistuli logikis safuZvelze, romelic donisa da mis
TanamedroveTa mier iyo miRebuli.(7)
imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari Seswavla SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom gansxvavebul periodebSi
sxvadasxva kritikuli Tvalsazrisi da tradicia moqmedebs,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli epoqa iseT TviTkmar erTianobas
warmoadgens, romelic sakuTari tipis poezias qmnis da es
poezia sxva romelime epoqis poeziis sazRvrebSi ver Tavsdeba.
amTvalsazrissgansakuTrebuligulmodginebiTuWerdamxars
frederik a. potli (Frederick A. Pottle). (8) Tavis wignSi `poeziis
ena~ is sakuTar Tvalsazriss `kritikul relativizms~
uwodebs da `aRqmis sferoSi momxdar Rrma cvlilebaze~,
poeziis istoriaSi `uwyvetobis sruli darRvevaze~
saubrobs. mM isi Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro Rirebuli gaxdeba,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igi darwmunebulia eTikuri da
religiuri postulatebis uryevobaSi.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, `literaturis istoriis~
es koncefcia moiTxovs warmosaxvis daZabvas, `empaTias~,
warsulTan da gardasuli epoqis gemovnebasTan siRrmiseul
naTesaobas. iyo ramdenime warmatebuli cda imisa, rom
momxdariyo cxovrebis, sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebis,
adamianis mamoZravebeli motivebis Sesaxeb im SexedulebaTa
rekonstruqcia, romlebic SemuSavebul iqna civilizaciis
56

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. Cven bevri ram viciT, ra

damokidebuleba hqondaT berZnebs RmerTebis, monebisa
da qalebis mimarT; SegviZlia detalurad davaxasiaToT
Sua saukuneebis kosmologia; unari Segvwevs, rom aRviqvaT
is metad gansxvavebuli xedva an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
gansxvavebuli mxatvruli tradiciebi da wesebi, romlebic
bizantiur an Cinur mxatvrobaSi iyo gavrcelebuli.
germaniaSi ganxorcielebul iqna uamravi kvleva (maT
umravlesobazec Spenglerma (Spengler) moaxdina gavlena).
am naSromebSi saubari iyo gotikis an barokos epoqis
adamianis Sesaxeb, amasTan, es epoqebi ganixileboda
Tanamedroveobisgan mowyvetiT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli,
Caketili samyaro.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv literaturul kvlevebs, aq
istoriuli rekonstruqciis meTodma xeli Seuwyo aqcentis
gadatanas avtoris Canafiqrze, romlis wvdoma, am meTodis
avtorTa TvalsazrisiT,
SesaZlebelia literaturuli
kritikisa da literaturuli gemovnebis istoriis Seswav
lis gziT. Cveulebriv, iTvleba, rom Tu amovicnobT avtoris
Canafiqrs da gamovarkvevT imasac, ramdenad SeZlo man am
ganzraxvis xorcSesxma, amiT kritikis problemac mogvardeba.
Aavtoris mizani gasagebia TanamedroveTaTvis da ar
arsebobs arc imis aucilebloba da arc SesaZlebloba, rom
momavalSi kidev erTxel gavakritikoT misi wigni. am meTods
Sedegad mohyveba iseTi kritikuli standartis aRiareba,
romelsac Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis
aRiareba ewodeba. amdenad, arsebobs ara mxolod erTi an
ori, aramed asobiT damoukidebeli, mravalferovani da
urTierTgamomricxavi koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb,
romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad `marTebulia~. poeziis
ideali isea danawevrebuli, rom misgan aRaraferi rCeba, amas
ki Sedegad mosdevs zogadi anarqia an yvela Rirebulebis
gacamtvereba. literaturis istoriisgan calkeuli da,
saboloo angariSiT, gaugebari fragmentebis grovaRa
rCeba. ufro zomieri formulirebiT, arsebobs polarulad
imdenad gansxvavebuli poeturi idealebi, rom maT Soris
57

literaturis Teoria

saerTo Tvisebebis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia: klasicizmi da

romantizmi, poupisa da uordsuorTis ideali, aSkarad
gacxadebuli azris poezia da implikaciis poezia.
savaraudod, umarTebuloa Tvalsazrisi, romlis
Tanaxmad, avtoris `Canafiqri~ literaturis istoriis
Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens. xelovnebis nawarmoebis
mniSvneloba avtoris CanafiqriT ar amoiwureba da arc
utoldeba mas. nawarmoebi faseulobaTa garkveuli sistemaa
da damoukideblad arsebobs. mTlianobaSi, xelovnebis
nawarmoebis Sinaarsi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod
imiT, Tu ras niSnavs igi misi avtorisa da TanamedroveTaTvis.
es, ufro metad, nawarmoebis mniSvnelobis gafarToebis, anu
sxvadasxva epoqis mkiTxvelTa mier misi sxvadasxvagvari
aRqmis Sedegia. albaT, usargeblo da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda
istoriis rekonstruqciis momxreebis msgavsad imisi Tqma,
rom es procesi umniSvneloa da Cven mxolod mis dasawyiss
unda mivubrundeT. maSinac ki, roca warsulis memkvidreobaze
vmsjelobT, Cven meoce saukunis adamianebad vrCebiT da
SeuZlebelia, sxvagvarad iyos: SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT
Cveni sakuTari enis asociaciebi, axleburi Sefasebebi,
warsuli saukuneebis gavlena da mniSvneloba. SeuZlebelia,
davemsgavsoT homerosisa da Coseris Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelebs an aTenSi dionises, londonSi ki `globusis~
Teatris msaxiobebs an mayureblebs. yovelTvis iqneba
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba warmosaxviTi rekonstruqciis
aqtsa da romelime istoriuli epoqis droindel
Tvalsazrisis realur gaziarebas Soris. SeuZlebelia,
dionisesi gvwamdes da Tan davcinodeT mas, rogorc amas,
SesaZloa, evripides Bacchae-s mayurebeli akeTebda; (9)
mxolod zogierT Cvengans SeuZlia uryev WeSmaritebad
miiRos dantes jojoxeTis Sreebi da gansawmendelis
mTa. Nnamdvilad rom SegvZleboda aRgvedgina is Sinaarsi,
romelic `hamlets~ hqonda Seqspiris Tanamedrove
mayureblisTvis, Cven mxolod da mxolod gavaRaribebdiT
mas, radganac amiT davakninebdiT im aranakleb saintereso
da angariSgasawev Sinaarsebs, romlebic hamletSi
58

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

momdevno Taobebma aRmoaCines. amiT ki gamovricxavdiT am

nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas. es
ar gaxlavT TviTneburi mowodeba nawarmoebis subieqturi
da aramarTebuli wakiTxvisken: `swori~ da `araswori~
wakiTxvis problema, yvelafris miuxedavad, kvlav darCeba
da yovel calkeulO SemTxvevaSi axleburad unda gadaiWras.
istoriuli periodis mkvlevrisTvis ar iqneba sakmarisi, rom
xelovnebis nawarmoebi mxolod Cveni drois perspeqtividan
ganixilebodes es kritikosis privilegias warmoadgens,
radgan am ukanasknelis movaleobaa, gadaafasos warsuli
Tanamedrove stilisa Tu mimdinareobis saWiroebebis
safuZvelze. misTvis, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndes
xelovnebis nawarmoebis ganxilva e. w. mesame drois
Tvalsawieridan, romelic arc misi da arc mocemuli
avtoris realuri dro ar aris. kritikosisTvis aranakleb
saintereso iqneba Sesaswavli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
interpretaciebisa da kritikis srul istoriis gacnoba,
risi meSveobiTac is SeZlebs, srulad Caswvdes mis sazriss.
realurad, rTuli warmosadgenia istoriuli da
Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisebis amgvari urTierTgamijvna.
Cven Tavi unda avaridoT rogorc yalb relativizms, ise
yalb absolutizms. faseulobaTa damkvidrebas Sefasebis
istoriuli procesi ganapirobebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiolebs
Cvens aRqmas. istoriuli relativizmis pasuxi `ucvleli
adamianuri bunebisa~ Tu `xelovnebis universalurobis~
Sesabamisi doqtrineruli absolutizmi ar gaxlavT. Aamis
nacvlad umjobesia miviRoT iseTi Tvalsazrisi, romelsac
miesadageba termini `perspeqtivizmi~. unda SegveZlos
xelovnebis nawarmoebi misive droisa da Semdgomi epoqebis
Rirebulebebs
mivusadagoT.
xelovnebis
nawarmoebi,
erTi mxriv, `maradiulia~ (e. i. inarCunebs garkveul
TviTmyofobas), meore mxriv ki _ `istoriuli~(e.i. SesamCnevi
ganviTarebis process gadis). relativizmi akninebs
literaturis istorias da mas calkeuli, urTierTSeusabamo
fragmentebis nakrebad aqcevs, maSin, rodesac umetes
SemTxvevaSi absolutizmi an mxolod amJamindel war
59

literaturis Teoria

maval situacias miesadageba, an damokidebulia (axali

humanistebis, marqsistebis, da neoTomistebis standartebis
SemTxvevaSi) iseT abstraqtul araliteraturul idealze,
romelic literaturis istoriul mravalferovnebas ar
iTvaliswinebs. `perspeqtivizmi~ gulisxmobs, rom vaRiarebT
arsebobas erTiani poeziis da erTiani literaturisa,
romelic yvela saukuneSi Sedarebas eqvemdebareba,
viTardeba, icvleba da uamrav SesaZleblobas moicavs.
Lliteratura arc erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli calkeuli
nawarmoebebis nakrebia, da arc iseTi nawarmoebebis
wyeba, romlebic romantizmis an klasicizmis, poupis
da uordsvorTis epoqebis droiTi ciklis CarCoSia
moqceuli. literatura, rasakvirvelia, arc igiveobisa da
ucvlelobis samyaroa, rac gviandeli klasicizmis ideals
warmoadgenda. Aabsolutizmica da relativizmic yalbia,
magram dResdReobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi inglissa da
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ufro seriozul safrTxes
warmoadgens iseTi relativizmi, romelic RirebulebaTa
anarqias efuZneba da kritikis amocanas Tavdayira ayenebs.
literaturis
istoriis
Sedgenisas,
avtorebi
yovelTvis iTvaliswineben SerCevis, daxarisxebisa da
Sefasebis
principebs.
literaturis
istorikosebi,
romlebic kritikis mniSvnelobas uaryofen, Tavadac
gaucnobiereblad
iqcevian
xolme
kritikosebad
(Cveulebriv, naklebad angariSgasawev kritikosebad),
romlebic mxolod da mxolod tradiciul standartebsa
da Sexedulebebs aRiareben. dRes isini, Cveulebriv,
dagvianebuli romantikosebi arian, romlebic ugule
belyofen yvela sxva tipis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT
ki Tanamedrove literaturas. Mmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc
marTebulad aRniSna r. g. kolingvudma (R. G. Collingwood),
is, `visac hgonia, rom icis, Tu ratom aris Seqspiri poeti,
gulis siRrmeSi fiqrobs, rom icis isic, aris Tu ara mis
staini (Miss Stein) poeti (da Tu ara, ratom ar aris)~. (10)
is, rom bolo periodSi Seqmnili literatura
aRar warmoadgens seriozuli Seswavlis sagans, swored
60

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

am `mecnieruli~ damokidebulebis uaryofiTi Sedegia.

akademiuri tipis mkvlevrebi termins `Tanamedrove
literatura~ imdenad farTod ganmartavdnen, rom miltonis
Semdeg, faqtobrivad, arc erTi nawarmoebi ar iTvleboda
Seswavlis Sesaferis obieqtad. im droidan moyolebuli,
literaturis istoriaSi meTvramete saukune, Cveulebriv,
miiCneoda yvelaze myari reputaciis mqone periodad da misi
kvleva modadac ki iqca, radganac es saukune TiTqosda ufro
daxvewili, stabiluri da ierarqiulad mowesrigebulia.
romantikuli periodi da, mogvianebiT, mecxramete saukune
aseve TandaTanobiT ipyroben mecnierTa yuradRebas, ris
Sedegadac akademiuri orientaciis yvelaze gabedulma
mecnierebma
ganacxades
Tanamedrove
literaturis
mecnieruli Seswavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb da TviTonac
mohkides xeli am saqmes.
erTaderTi angariSgasawevi argumenti Tanamedrove
avtorTa
Semoqmedebis
Seswavlis
winaaRmdeg
aris
Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, Cven ar SegviZlia vimsjeloT
am Semoqmedebis rogorc mTlianobis Sesaxeb, radgan
jerjerobiT ar vicnobT maT mier mogvianebiT Seqmnil
nawarmoebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SevZlebdiT ufro adreuli
qmnilebebis faruli arsis wvdomas. Tumca, uxerxuloba,
romelic mxolod Tanamedrove avtorebis nawarmoebTa
mimarT SeimCneva, umniSvneloa im upiratesobasTan
SedarebiT, rogoricaa avtoris nawarmoebSi asaxuli
moqmedebis adgilisa da drois codna, agreTve _ avtorTan
piradi, an mimoweriTi nacnoboba, es ki mxolod Tanamedrove
mwerlebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. Tuki warsuli periodis
bevri meorexarisxovani an Tundac meaTexarisxovani avtori
Seswavlas imsaxurebs, igive unda iTqvas Cveni drois
pirvelxarisxovan an meorexarisxovan avtorebze. akademiur
mkvlevrebs ar SeuZliaT saTanadod gaiazron Tanamedrove
mwerlebis memkvidreoba an gaubedaoba uSliT xolme xels
mis gaazrebaSi. isini acxadeben, rom `drois ganaCens~
elodebian da ver acnobiereben, rom es swored sxva
kritikosTa da mkiTxvelTa, maT Soris sxva profesorebis
61

literaturis Teoria

ganaCenia.
literaturis
istorikosis
tradiciuli
uyuradReboba kritikis mimarT gaumarTlebelia erTi
ubralo mizezis gamo: xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebi
arsebobs axlandel droSi; igi uSualod eqvemdebareba
dakvirvebas da warmoadgens garkveuli mxatvruli
problemebis gadawyvetas miuxedavad imisa, guSin Seiqmna
igi Tu aTasi wlis winaT. nawarmoebis analizis, daxasiaTebis
an Sefasebis dros gamudmebiT unda vemyarebodeT garkveul
kritikul principebs. `literaturis istorikosi kritikosi
unda iyos Tundac imisaTvis, rom istorikosi iyos~. (11)
meore mxriv, literaturis istorias aseve uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli kritikisaTvis,
Tuki es ukanaskneli gadalaxavs piradi simpaTiisa da
antipaTiis subieqtur farglebs. kritikosi, romelic
kmayofilia imiT, rom araferi ar icis literaturaSi
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb, xSirad
gaakeTebs mcdar daskvnebs. mas gauWirdeba erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavos Moriginaluri da mimbaZvelobiTi nawarmoebi;
imis gamo, rom ar icnobs istoriul garemoebebs, is ver
SeZlebs adekvaturad Seafasos calkeuli nawarmoebebi.
Kkritikosi, romelic saerTod ar icnobs istorias, an cudad
icnobs mas, gamudmebiT akeTebs zedapirul daskvnebs an
kmayofildeba `SedevrTa samyaroSi~ sakuTari mogzaurobis
aRweriT, cdilobs Tavidan aicilos Soreul warsulSi
qeqva; warsulis Seswavlas igi an antikurobiT gatacebul
pirs gadaabarebs, an `filologs~.
sainteresoa, aq mimovixiloT Sua saukuneebis literatura,
gansakuTrebiT ki Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literatura,
romelsac, SesaZloa Coseris gamoklebiT, iSviaTad Tu Seiswavlian
romelime esTetikuri an kritikuli Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze.
Tanamedrove esTetikuri standartis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
anglosaqsur poeziisa da Sua saukuneebis mdidari lirikis
axleburi Sefaseba; meore mxriv, istoriuli perspeqtivis kvleva
da genetikuri problemebis sistematuri Seswavla naTels
mohfens Tanamedrove literaturas. literaturis kritikisa da
literaturis istoriis tradiciuli gamijvna orive maTganisaTvis
saziano aRmoCnda.
62

Tavi mexuTe

zogadi, SedarebiTi da
erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
*
literaturaTmcodneobis
farglebSi
erTmane
Tisagan gavmijneT Teoria, istoria da kritika.Aaxla
ki, dayofis sxva principis safuZvelze, SegviZlia
warmovadginoT SepirispirebiTi, zogadi da erovnuli
literaturaTmcodneobis sistematuri gansazRvra. ter
mini `SedarebiTi~ literaturaTmcodneoba Zalze tlanqia,
da, rogorc Cans, swored aman ganapiroba akademiuri
mecnierebis naklebi interesi SedarebiTi kvlevebis mimarT.
meTiu arnoldma (Matthew Arnold), romelmac amperis (Ampere)
histoire comparative (SedarebiTi istoria) Targmna, pirvelad
gamoiyena es termini inglisur enaze (1848). frangebi
upiratesobas aniWebdnen vilemenis (Villemain) mier ufro adre
gamoyenebul termins, rodesac igi kiuvies (Cuvier) Anatomie
comparee-is (SedarebiTi anatomia) (1800) analogiiT,
Litterature comparee-s (`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~)
Taobaze saubrobda (1829). germanelebi vergleichende
Literaturgeschichte-ze msjelobdnen. (1) am zedsarTavTagan
verc erTi ver aSuqebs am problemas srulad, radgan
Sedareba is meTodia, romelsac yvela mecniereba da
kritikuli Teoria iyenebs da romelic adekvaturad
ver asaxavs literaturaTmcodneobis Taviseburebebs.
sxvadasxva
literaturis,
Tundac
literaturuli
mimdinareobebis, xerxebisa da nawarmoebebis formaluri
Sedareba iSviaTad warmoadgens literaturis istoriis
centralur sagans. amasTan, iseTi wignebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, f. s. grinis (F. C. Green) `menueti~, (2) romelSic
Sedarebulia meTvramete saukunis franguli da inglisuri
literaturis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, SesaZloa
sasargeblo aRmoCndes, radgan masSi gamovlenilia ara
mxolod paralelebi da naTesaoba, aramed gansxvavebebic
sxvadasxva eris literaturebs Soris.
realurad,
termini
`SedarebiTi~
literatura
63

literaturis Teoria

yovelTvis gulisxmobda Seswavlis gansazRvrul sferoebs

da problemaTa jgufebs. pirvel yovlisa, is SesaZloa
moicavdes
zepirsityvieri
literaturis
Seswavlas,
gansakuTrebiT folklorul Temebs da maT migracias,
imas, Tu rogor da rodis miiCnies es sfero `maRal~,
`mxatvrul~ literaturad. folkloris problemebi
mxolod nawilobriv warmoadgens esTetikur problemebs,
vinaidan mecnierebis es mniSvnelovani sfero mxolod
nawilobriv aris dainteresebuli esTetikuri faqtebiT;
folklorisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, Seiswavlos
romelime `xalxis~ civilizacia, misi tradiciuli
samosi da tradiciebi, crurwmenebi da iaraRebi, iseve,
rogorc misi xelovneba. Tumca, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom
zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavla literaturuli
mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawilia, vinaidan ar SeiZleba
misi gamijvna werilobiTi literaturis Seswavlisagan,
radgan yovelTvis arsebobda kavSiri zepirsityvier da
werilobiT literaturebs Soris. sulac ar aris saWiro,
folkloristi hans naumaniviT (Hans Naumann) (3) (romelsac
miaCnia, rom gviani periodis zepirsityvieri literatura
xSir SemTxvevaSi gesunkenes Kulturgut-s warmoadgens)
ukiduresobaSi gadavvardeT da vaRiaroT, Tu raoden
didadaa davalebuli werilobiTi maRali literatura
zepirsityvieri literaturisagan. meore mxriv, savaraudoa,
rom bevri ZiriTadi literaturuli Janri da Tema
folkloruli warmoSobisaa da, amgvarad, eWvs ar iwvevs
folkloruli literaturis mzardi sazogadoebrivi roli.
Dda mainc, udavoa, rom folklori bevri ramiT daesesxa
sagmiro-saraindo romansa da trubadurTa lirikas. es
Tvalsazrisi miuRebelia romantikosebisTvis, romelTa
azriT, folklori SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa da xalxuri
xelovnebis fesvebi antikurobaSi unda veZioT. miuxedavad
amisa, cnobilia, rom popularuli baladebis, CvenTvis
nacnobi zRaprebisa da legendebis warmoSoba xSirad
ukavSirdeba ufro gviandel periodsa da sazogadoebis
maRal klass. da mainc, zepirsityvieri literaturis
64

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

SeswavlisTvis unda zrunavdes literaturis yvela is

mkvlevari, visac surs Caswvdes literaturuli ganviTarebis
procesebs,
literaturuli
Janrebisa
da
xerxebis
warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. samwuxarod, zepirsityvieri
literaturis kvleva dRemde mxolod garkveuli Temebisa
da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi maTi gavrcelebis, e.i. Tanamedrove
literaturis `nedleulis~ SeswavliT Semoifargleboda.
(4) amasTan, bolo dros folkloris mkvlevrebi sul
ufro xSirad miapyroben yuradRebas sxvadasxva modelis,
formisa da xerxis Seswavlas, literaturuli formebis
morfologias, mTxroblis an naratoris da zRapris
msmenlebis funqciebs, ris wyalobiTac maTi kvleva mWidrod
daukavSirda literaturuli kvlevis zogad koncefcias. (5)
Tumca, zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavlisas vawydebiT
specifikur _ magaliTad, gadacemisa da socialuri
garemos (6) _ problemebs, magram isini, rasakvirvelia,
didad ar gansxvavdeba werilobiT literaturaSi arsebuli
problemebisagan;
yovelTvis
arsebobda
naTesaoba
zepirsityviersa da werilobiT literaturebs Soris.
Tanamedrove evropuli literaturebis mkvlevrebi am sa
kiTxebs saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen, ramac, sabo
loo angariSiT, maTve Seuqmna problemebi. meore mxriv, sla
vur da skandinaviur qveynebSi, sadac folklori xSir Sem
TxvevaSi jer kidev cocxalia, literaturis istorikosebi
ufro mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben am kvlevebTan. miuxedavad
amisa, termini SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba mainc
damainc zustad ver gadmocems zepirsityvieri literaturis
Seswavlis Sinaarss.
`SedarebiTi~ literaturaturaTmcodneobis meore
gageba mxolod or an met literaturas Soris arsebuli
urTierTmimarTebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba. amgvari
gageba daamkvidra frangi `komparatistebis popularulma
skolam, romelsac aw gardacvlili fernan baldenspergeri
(Fernand Baldensperger) xelmZRvanelobda da romelic Revue de
Littrature compare-is irgvliv iyo Semokrebili. (7) am skolam
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo iseTi sakiTxebis
65

literaturis Teoria

Seswavlas, rogorebicaa goeTes (Goethe) reputacia da

misi nawarmoebebis gavrceleba, gavlena da popularoba
safrangeTsa da inglisSi, osianis (Ossian), karlailis (Carlyle)
da Sileris (Schiller) popularoba safrangeTSi. skolam
SeimuSava meTodologia, romelic scildeba nawarmoebis
mimoxilvebis, Targmanebisa da gavlenis Seswavlas,
dainteresda ama Tu im avtoris reputaciiTa da koncefciiT
romelime mocemul periodSi da yuradReba miaqcia
nawarmoebis gavrcelebis iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa
perioduli
gamocemebi,
mTargmnelebis
moRvaweoba,
salonebi da mogzaurTa Canawerebi; amas garda, gamoikveTa
e. w. `aTvisebis faqtoric~, ese igi, gansakuTrebuli
garemo da literaturuli situacia, romelSic ucxoeli
avtoris `gadanergva~ xdeba. sabolood, dagrovda
dasavleTevropuli literaturebis mWidro kavSiris
damadasturebeli bevri sabuTi, ris Sedegadac ganuzomlad
meti gavigeT literaturebis `eqsportis~ Sesaxeb.
unda
vaRiaroT,
rom
`SedarebiTi
litera
turaTmcodneobis~ amgvari gagebac winaaRmdegobrivia,
da rogorc Cans, mis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime
dasrulebuli sistemis Seqmna. (8) erTi da imave
meTodologiiT Seiswavlian `Seqspirs safrangeTSi~,
`Seqspirs meTvramete saukunis inglisSi~, pos zegavlenas
bodlerze (Baudelaire) da draidenisas _ (Dryden) poupze.
rodesac ar xdeba, mTlianad, erovnuli literaturebis
Sepirispireba, maSin literaturebs Soris Sedarebebi
umeteswilad mxolod iseTi garegani problemebiT
Semoifargleba, rogoricaa wyaroebisa da gavlenebis,
reputaciisa da popularobis sakiTxebi. amgvari kvlevebi
saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT da ganvsajoT romelime
calkeuli nawarmoebi an misi warmoSobis rTuli sawyisi; amis
nacvlad msgavsi naSromebi, ZiriTadad, an romelime Sedevris
Targmanze, an mibaZvaze (xSirad meorexarisxovani avtorebis
mier) amaxvilebs yuradRebas, an Sedevris winaistorias,
misi Temebisa da formebis moZraobasa da gavrcelebas
Seiswavlis. amdenad, `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi~
66

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

aA qcenti garegan faqtorebzea gadatanili da misi daknineba

bolo aTwleulebSi metyvelebs imaze, rom dRes kvleva
veRar dakmayofildeba, ubralod, faqtebis, wyaroebisa da
gavlenebis SeswavliT.
Tumca, mesame koncefcia gverds uvlis yvela am
kritikas da `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas~ aigivebs
mTlianad literaturis, `msoflio literaturis~, `zogadi~
an `universaluri~ literaturis SeswavlasTan,. msgavsi
gaigiveba, rasakvirvelia, garkveul sirTuleebs badebs.
termini `msoflio literatura~ goeTes Weltliteraturis Targmans warmoadgens. (9) SesaZloa, es metismetad
farTo cnebaa da gulisxmobs imas, rom literaturas unda
Seiswavlidnen xuTive kontinentze, axali zelandiidan
islandiamde. goeTes, faqtobrivad, aseTi ram arc ufiqria.
terminiT `msoflio literatura~ igi im momaval droze
mianiSnebda, roca sxvadasxva xalxebis literaturebi
erT literaturad iqceoda.E es aris yvela literaturis
diadi sinTezis ideali, romelSic yoveli eri sakuTar
wvlils Seitanda. magram Tavad goeTe xvdeboda, rom es
Zalian Soreuli perspeqtivaa, radgan arc erT ers ar
surs uari Tqvas sakuTar TviTmyofobaze. dRes, amgvari
gaerTianebis perspeqtiva albaT kidev ufro Soreulia da
albaT, seriozulad arc ki movindomebT, rom aRmovfxvraT
arsebuli gansxvavebebi erovnul literaturebs So
ris. `msoflio literaturis~ cnebas xSirad mesame
mniSvnelobiTac iyeneben. aE m terminiT, SesaZloa, aRniSnaven
klasikosebs _ homeross, dantes, servantess, Seqspirsa
da goeTes, romelTa reputacia mTel msoflioSi
uryevia. amdenad, es termini iqca `Sedevris~ sinonimad da
niSandoblivia iseTi procesisTvis, romlis Sedegadac xdeba
garkveuli nawarmoebebis gamorCeva garkveuli kritikuli
da pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, msgavsi seleqcia
ver daakmayofilebs im mkvlevaris interesebs, romelsac
ufro farTo suraTis danaxva surs, istoriuli procesebsa
da cvlilebebs akvirdeba da, amdenad, mxolod Sedevrebis
SeswavliT ver Semoifargleba.
SesaZloa, ufro misaReb termins _ `zogadi
67

literaturis Teoria

literaturaTmcodneoba~ _ sxva uaryofiTi mxareebi

hqondes. Tavdapirvelad masSi igulisxmeboda poetika
an literaturis Teoria da principebi; ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi pol van tigemi (Paul van Tieghem) (10)
cdilobda is iseTi koncefciisTvis daepirispirebina,
rogoricaa `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~. mi
si
ganmartebiT,
`zogadi
literaturaTmcodneoba~
Seiswavlis im mimdinareobebsa da literaturul modas,
romlebic erovnul sazRvrebs scildeba, maSin, rodesac
`SedarebiTi
literaturaTmcodneoba~
Seiswavlis
urTierTmimarTebebs or an met literaturas Soris.
Mmagram rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, magaliTad, osianizmi
zogadi literaturaTmcodneobis Seswavlis sagania Tu
`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisa~? SeuZlebelia,
jerovnad gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan uolter skotis
(Walter Scott) gavlena ucxoeTSi da istoriuli romanis
saerTaSoriso popularoba. terminebi `SedarebiTi~ da
`zogadi~ literaturaTmcodneoba erTmaneTs gadakveTs.
SesaZlebelia, ufro upriani iyos, vilaparakoT, ubralod,
literaturaTmcodneobis Sesaxeb, romelic ganixilavs
mTel literaturas.
ra sirTuleebsac unda waawydes universaluri
literaturis istoriis koncefcia, literatura unda
moviazroT rogorc mTlianoba da literaturis zrdaganviTareba ganvixiloT ise, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT
enobriv gansxvavebebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti
`SedarebiTi~ an `zogadi~ literaturaTmcodneobis, an
ubralod `literaturis~ sasargeblod aaSkaravebs im mcdar
azrs, TiTqos arsebobs TviTkmari erovnuli literatura.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri literatura erT mTlianobas
warmoadgens. sakamaTo araa, rom literatura uwyvetad
viTardeboda berZnuli da romaul literaturebidan
Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli literaturebisken
da, Semdeg, ZiriTadi Tanamedrove literaturebisken.
da Tu saTanadod SevafasebT aRmosavluri gavlenis,
gansakuTrebiT ki bibliis, mniSvnelobas, maSin unda
68

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

aRiniSnos, rom mWidro kavSiri aerTianebs mTlianad

evropis, ruseTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da laTinuri
amerikis literaturebs. es ideali literaturis istoriis
Semqmnelebma mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi Camoayalibes
(maT xelT arsebuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis
miuxedavad): aseTi moRvaweebi iyvnen Slegeli (Schlegels),
bouterveki (Bouterwek), sismondi (Sismondi) da halami
(Hallam). (11) miuxedavad amisa, nacionalizmis gaZlierebam,
rasac specializaciis zrdac daemata, gamoiwvia erovnuli
literaturebis sul ufro viwro provinciuli Seswavlis
damkvidreba. Tumca, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris
ganmavlobaSi
evolucionizmis
gavleniT
aRorZinda
literaturis universaluri istoriis ideali. `SedarebiTi
literaturaTmcodneobis~ pirveli praqtikosebi fol
kloris mkvlevrebi da eTnografebi iyvnen, romlebic,
upiratesad herbert spenseris (Herbert Spencer) gavleniT,
Seiswavlidnen literaturis warmomavlobas, imas, Tu
rogor moxda misi gamravalferovneba zepirsityvieri
literaturuli formebiT da rogor iqca is adreul
epikad, dramad da lirikad. (12) Tumca, evolucionizmma
mcire kvali datova axali literaturebis SeswavlaSi da,
rogorc Cans, marcxi ganicada biologiur evoluciasTan
literaturis ganviTarebis dakavSirebis mcdelobam, iseve,
rogorc universaluri literaturis istoriis idealma.
sabednierod, bolo wlebSi bevri ram migvaniSnebs imas, rom
zogadi literaturuli istoriografiis ideali kvlav
aRmavlobas ganicdis. ernst robert kurciusi (Ernst Robert
Curtius) Tavis wignSi `evropuli literatura da laTinuri
Sua saukuneebi~ (1948) gasaocari erudiciiT asaxavs
dasavluri tradiciisTvis niSandobliv zogad niSanTvisebebs. erix auerbaxis (Erich Auerbach) `mimezisi~ (1946)
warmoadgens realizmis istorias homerosidan moyolebuli
_ joisamde da calkeuli pasaJebis faqiz stilistur
analizs efuZneba; (13) orive es naSromi mecnierebis iseT
miRwevebs warmoadgens, romlebic gadalaxavs nacionalizmis
CarCoebs da damajerebeli argumentebiT asaxavs dasavluri
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literaturis Teoria

civilizaciis erTianobas, klasikuri antikurobisa da Sua

saukuneebis qristianobis memkvidreobis mniSvnelobas.
xelaxla unda daiweros literaturis istoria rogorc
sinTezi, literaturis istoria _ zeerovnuli kuTxiT.
Aam TvalsazrisiT, literaturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla
mkvlevarTagan udides enobriv kompetencias moiTxovs.
Aamgvari kvlevisTvis saWiroa perspeqtivis gafarToeba,
kuTxuri da provinciuli ganwyobebis daZleva, rac,
TavisTavad, rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa. miuxedavad amisa,
literatura erT mTlianobas warmoadgens, iseve rogorc
xelovneba da kacobrioba da swored amgvari xedviT ikveTeba
istoriuli literaturaTmcodneobis momavali.
am uzarmazari sferos farglebSi, rac, faqtobrivad,
mTeli literaturis istorias moicavs, rasakvirvelia,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT enobrivi qvejgufebic. uwinaresad,
arsebobs sami umTavresi evropuli enobrivi ojaxis
jgufi germanuli, romanuli da slavuri literaturebi.
romanuli literaturebis urTierTkavSirs mkvlevrebi
gansakuTrebiT xSirad Seiswavlidnen, dawyebuli bou
tervekiT vidre leonardo olSkimde (Leonardo Olschki), (14)
romelic Seecada daewera Sua saukuneebis periodis yvela am
literaturis istoria. rac Seexeba germanul literaturebs,
maTi Seswavla xSir SemTxvevaSi ifargleboda adreuli Sua
saukuneebis periodiT, rodesac gansakuTrebuli simZafriT
aRiqmeboda maTi (saerTo tevtonuri civilizaciiT
ganpirobebuli) naTesaoba. (15) miuxedavad poloneli
mecnierebis tradiciuli winaaRmdegobisa, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom slavuri enebis naTesaoba im saerTo saxalxo
tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic metrikaSic
ki vlindeba, saerTo slavuri literaturis safuZvels
warmoadgens. (16)
Temebisa da formebis, mxatvruli xerxebisa da
Janrebis istoria rom saerTaSoriso istorias warmoadgens,
udavoa. marTalia, Cveni Janrebis umravlesoba berZnuli
da romauli literaturisagan momdinareobs, magram
Sua
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
maT
mniSvnelovani
70

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

modificireba ganicades da daixvewnen. Tumca metrikis

istoria calkeul enobriv sistemebTan mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli, magram is mainc saerTaSoriso fenomens
warmoadgens. Uufro metic, Tanamedrove evropis araerTi
mniSvnelovani literaturuli mimdinareoba da stili
(renesansi, baroko, neoklasicizmi, romantizmi, realizmi,
simbolizmi) mniSvnelovnad scildeba erTi romelime eris
sazRvrebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs angariSgasawevi
erovnuli gansxvavebani am mimdinareobaTa individualur
gamoxatulebebs Soris. (17) SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes
maTi geografiuli gavrcelebis masStabic. renesansma,
magaliTad, poloneTSi SeaRwia, magram ver gavrcelda
ruseTsa da bohemiaSi. Bbarokos stili farTod gavrcelda
mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi, maT Soris ukrainaSic, magram
ruseTs TiTqmis ar Sexebia. SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes
qronologiuri gansxvavebebi: barokos stili aRmosavleT
evropis e. w. `samiwaTmoqmedo~ civilizaciebSi meTvramete
saukunis bolomde SemorCa, maSin rodesac dasavleTma am
periodis ganmavlobaSi ganvlo ganmanaTlebloba da a. S.
saerTod ki, enobrivi barierebis mniSvneloba mecxramete
saukunis ganmavlobaSi umarTebulod iyo gazviadebuli.
es imiT aixsneba, rom literaturis Tanamedrove
sistematuri istoria Caisaxa romantikul (ZiriTadad,
enobriv) nacionalizmTan metad mWidro urTierTkavSirSi.
amis Sedegebi dResac SeimCneva iseTi praqtikuli
tendenciebis
gavleniT,
rogoricaa
(gansakuTrebiT
SeerTebul StatebSi) literaturis Seswavlisa da enis
Seswavlis faqtobrivi gaigiveba. amis Sedegad, SeerTebul
StatebSi inglisuri, germanuli da franguli literaturis
SemswavlelTa Soris TiTqmis ar aris kontaqti. am
jgufebs sxvadasxvagvari Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs da
TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul meTodologiebs iyenebs.
Aam gansxvavebebis arseboba, rasakvirvelia, nawilobriv
gardauvalia im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom adamianebis
umravlesoba mxolod erT enobriv garemoSi cxovrobs.
magram groteskul Sedegebs iZleva literaturuli
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literaturis Teoria

problemebis ganxilva mxolod erT romelime enaze arsebul

teqstebis an dokumentebis safuZvelze. Tumca lingvisturi
gansxvavebebi evropul literaturebs Soris Tavs iCens
mxatvruli stilis, metris, da TviT Janris zogierT
sakiTxis ganxilvisas, magram aSkaraa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
ideebis (maT Soris, esTetikuri ideebis) istoriis
araerTi problemis gadaWrisas amgvari gansxvavebani
araarsebiTia; manam, sanam Warb yuradRebas davuTmobT am
gansxvavebebs, Cvens literaturis istoriebSi xelovnurad
iqneba gaerTianebuli is movlenebi, romelTa bunebrivad
gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia, da iZulebulni
viqnebiT SemovifargloT ideologiuri xasiaTis zogierTi
gamoxmaurebis moxseniebiT, romlebic SemTxveviT iqna
aRniSnuli inglisur, germanul an frangul literaturaSi.
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba romelime calkeuli erovnuli
enis mimarT gansakuTrebiT sazianoa Sua saukuneebis
istoriis Seswavlisas, radgan Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri
iyo umTavresi saliteraturo ena da evropa mWidro
inteleqtualur aspeqtSi erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda.
Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literaturis Sesaxeb dawerili
istoria, romelic xSirad gverds uvlis laTinursa da anglonormanul enebze daweril didi raodenobis nawarmoebebs, im
periodis inglisSi arsebuli literaturuli da zogadad,
kulturuli viTarebis mcdar suraTs qmnis.
SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis es principi,
rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs, rom ugulebelyofil unda
iqnes erovnuli literaturebis Seswavla. marTlac, aq,
upirveles yovlisa, saqme gvaqvs swored `erovnulobis~
sakiTxTan, imasTan, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes calkeulma
erebma saerTo literaturul procesSi. imis nacvlad
rom momxdariyo misi Teoriuli eqsplikacia, problema
bundovani gaxda nacionalisturi ganwyobebiTa da
rasistuli Teoriebis wyalobiT. Tuki SevecdebiT,
gamovkveToT inglisuri literaturis zusti wvlili zogad
literaturaSi, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovan sirTules
warmoadgens, SeiZleba perspeqtivis Secvla mogvixdes
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

da gansxvavebulad SevafasoT mniSvnelovani mwerlebis

wvlilic ki. TiToeuli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi
wamoiWreba msgavsi problemebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
ramdenadaa warmodgenili regionebi da qalaqebi saerTo
literaturis farglebSi. iozef nadlerma (Josef Nadler) (18)
metad gazviadebuli Teoria wamoayena. is acxadebs, rom unari
Seswevs, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos TiToeuli germanuli
tomisa da regionis niSan-Tvisebebi, da gamoavlinos am niSanTvisebaTa asaxva literaturaSi.Aamgvarma Tvalsazrisma
xeli ar unda SegviSalos im problemebis ganxilvaSi,
romelTac iSviaTad ikvleven faqtebisa da Tanmimdevruli
meTodis gamoyenebiT. bevri ram daiwera imaze, Tu ra roli
Seasrula axalma inglisma, Sua dasavleTma da samxreTma
amerikuli literaturis istoriaSi, magram regionalizmis
suliskveTebiT
gamsWvaluli
amgvari
naSromebis
umravlesoba, saboloo angariSSi, mxolod da mxolod
did imedebis, adgilobrivi siamayisa da centralizaciis
procesiT gamowveuli siZulvilis nazavia. Nnebismieri
obieqturi analizis dros, saWiroa avtorTa rasobrivi
warmomavlobisa da sociologiuri sakiTxebi gaimijnos
im sakiTxebisagan, romlebic exeba landSaftis realur
gavlenas, agreTve _ literaturuli tradiciisa da modis
problemebs.
`erovnulobis~ problemebi gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba
maSin, rodesac saqme gvaqvs erT enaze Seqmnil sxvadasxva
erovnul
literaturasTan,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
amerikuli da Tanamedrove irlandiuri literaturebi.
saWiroa gairkves ratom miekuTvnebian ietsi da joisi
irlandiul literaturas, xolo goldsmiti, sterni da
Seridani ki ara. Aarsebobs Tu ara belgiuri, Sveicariuli,
avstiuli Tavisufali literatura? Aar aris advili imis
gansazRvra Tu ratom aRiqmeboda amerikaSi Seqmnili
literatura `koloniur inglisurad~ da rodis gaxda
is Tavisufali, erovnuli literatura. Aigulisxmeba Tu
ara masSi mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba? Aaris
es mxolod erovnuli Tema da xom ar dakravs mas `iqauri
73

literaturis Teoria

adgilobrivi elferi~?Tu es gansazRvruli erovnuli

literaturuli stilis aRmasvlaa?
Mmxolod maSin rodesac es problemebi gadaiWreba, Cven
SevZlebT SevqmnaT da davweroT erovnuli literaturis
istoria, romelic ar iqneba mxolod geografiuli da
lingvisturi kategoriebiT Semofargluli, maSin Tu
SevZlebT analizs im gzebisa Tu meTodebisa romelTa
meSveobiT TiToeuli erovnuli literatura gaiziarebs
evropul tradiciebs. Uuniversaluri da erovnuli
literaturebi erTmaneTs gulisxmobs. sayovelTaod
gavrcelebeuli evropuli pirobiToba TiToeul qveyanaSi
sxvadasxva saxiT gvevlineba. Aarsebobs aseve e.w. `gamosxivebis
centrebi~ yvela qveyanaSi anu igulisxmeba eqscentriuli
da gansakuTrebulad didi figurebi romlebic amkvidreben
erovnul tradiciebs sxva tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Dda
imisaTvis rom TiToeulis wvlili ganisazRvros, saWiroa
ganisazRvros risi codnaa aucilebeli mTels literaturis
istoriaSi.

74

nawili meore

mosamzadebeli stadiebi

75

76

Tavi meeqvse

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba

*
kvlevis erT-erTi upirvelesi amocanaa masalis
Segroveba, drois uaryofiTi efeqtebis aRmofxvra,
avtorobis, avTenturobisa da TariRebis sakiTxis gadaWra.
am problemis mogvareba gansakuTrebul ostatobasa da
gulmodginebas saWiroebs; amasTan erTad, literaturis
Seswavlisas aucilebelia imis gacnobierebac, rom esaa
mxolod sawyisi etapi kvlevis saboloo miznisaken mimaval
gzaze. xSirad ganuzomlad didia am sawyisi nabijebis
mniSvneloba, radgan maT gareSe metad garTuldeboda
kritikuli analizi da istoriuli perspeqtivis gaazreba.
es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT naxevrad daviwyebul
literaturul tradicias, rogoricaa anglosaqsuri
literatura; miuxedavad amisa, ar Rirs sawyisi samuSaoebis
mniSvnelobis gazviadeba Tanamedrove literaturis
Seswavlisas, romlis mizans warmoadgens nawarmoebTa
sazrisis interpretacia. Aamgvari kvlevebi, aucilebeli
pedantizmis gamo, zogjer dacinvas iwvevs, xan ki maT
ganadideben moCvenebiTi an WeSmariti mecnieruli sizustis
gamo. akuratuloba da gulmodgineba, romelTa meSveobiTac
SeiZleba gadaiWras zogierTi problema, yovelTvis izidavda
iseT moazrovneebs, romelTac xiblavT Tanmimdevruli
kvleva, masalis saguldagulo damuSaveba da gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben imas, Tu sabolood rogori saxe
SeiZleba miiRos am kvlevebma. msgavsi kvlevebis gakritikeba
SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca isini gaumarTleblad ikaveben
analizis sxva saxeobaTa adgils da iqcevian nebismieri
literaturaTmcodnisTvis savaldebulo saqmed. xSirad
xdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis iseTi detalebis
redaqtireba da imgvari pasaJebis Sesworeba, romlebic
sulac ar imsaxurebs ganxilvas literaturuli an Tundac
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. xolo rodesac es detalebi
77

literaturis Teoria

ganxilvas imsaxurebs, mkvlevrebi mxolod minimalur

interess iCenen maT mimarT. adamianis sxva moqmedebaTa
msgavsad, es kvlevebic zogjer TviTmiznad gadaiqceva
xolme.
winaswar etapebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT ori donis
operaciebi, rogoric aris: (1) teqstis Segroveba da
momzadeba, agreTve _ (2) qronolog iis, avTenturobis,
avtorobis, TanamSromlobis, reviziisa da sxva msgavsi
sakiTxebi,
romelTac
xSirad
`umaRles
kritikad~
miiCneven xolme. unda aRiniSnos, rom es termini, romelic
bibliismcodneobis sferodan aris aRebuli, friad
arazustia.
aqedan aucileblad ramdenime etapi unda gamovyoT.
uwinaresad, xdeba xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi masalebis erTad
Tavmoyra. inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi es amocana
TiTqmis zedmiwevniT Sesrulda, Tumca Cvens saukuneSi
inglisuri misticizmisa da inglisuri poeziis Sesaxeb
codnas daemata ramdenime iseTi friad mniSvnelovani
wigni, rogoricaa `marjeri kempis wigni~ (The Book of Margery
Kempe), meduolis (Medwall) Fulgens and Lucrece da kristofer
smartis (Christopher Smart) Rejoice in the Lamb. (1) magram,
rasakvirvelia, amas garda aRmoCenil iqna uamravi piradi
da iuridiuli dokumenti, romelTac SesaZloa bevri ram
gviTxran literaturaze an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ingliseli
mwerlebis cxovrebaze. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs bolo aTwleulebSi lesli hotsonis (Leslie Hotson)
mier aRmoCenili dokumentebi marlos Sesaxeb da bosuelis
(Boswell) dokumentebis aRdgenis faqti. (2) sxva erovnul
literaturebSi SesaZloa aRmoCenebis meti albaToba
arsebobdes, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTac
werilobiTi wyaroebis didi tradicia ar aqvT.
zepirsityvieri literaturis sferoSi masalebis
Segroveba
garkveul
problemebs
ukavSirdeba.
imisaTvis, rom es literatura jerovnad Sefasdes, unda
moiZebnos kompetenturi momRerali, an mTxrobeli,
maT dasayolieblad saWiroa gansakuTrebuli taqti da
78

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

simarjve. Ggarda amisa, wakiTxuli da namReri unda Caiweros

an gramofonze, an fonetikuri simboloebis gamoyenebiT
da a. S. xelnaweri masalebis mopovebis dros iseT wminda
praqtikul problemebsac vawydebiT, rogoricaa piradi
nacnoboba mwerlis memkvidreebTan, sakuTari socialuri
prestiJi, finansuri SezRudvebi da xSirad, erTgvari
deteqtiuri unaric. (3) amgvari Ziebis dros xSirad
specifikuri codnaa saWiro. lesli hotsons, magaliTad,
Tavgza rom ar abneoda uamrav saarqivo dokumentze
muSaobisas, bevri ramis Seswavla dasWirda dedofali
elisabedis droindeli sasamarTlo procedurebis Sesaxeb.
ramdenadac literaturaTmcodneebs wyaroebis moZieba
xSirad biblioTekebSi uxdebaT, maTTvis metad sasargebloa
mniSvnelovani biblioTekebisa da maT katalogebis Sesaxeb
informaciis qona.(4)
katalogebis Sedgenisa da bibliografiuli aRweris
teqnikuri detalebi biblioTekarebsa da profesional
bibliografebs
mivandoT,
magram
zogjer
wminda
bibliografiul
faqtebs
SeiZleba
literaturuli
mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba hqondes. Ggamocemebis
raodenobam da zomam, SesaZloa, naTeli mofinos mwerlis
warmatebasa da reputaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,
gamocemebs Soris arsebulma gansxvavebebma ki saSualeba
mogvces, davadginoT avtoris xelaxali Seswavlis etapebi
da, amdenad, xelovnebis nawarmoebis warmoSobasa da
evoluciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. iseTi ostaturad
redaqtirebuli bibliografia, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
`inglisuri
literaturis
kembrijis
bibliografia~
(Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature) kvlevis farTo
areals moicavs; iseTi specializebuli bibliografiebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gregis (Greg) `inglisuri dramis
bibilografia~ (Bibliography of English Drama), jonsonis (Johnson)
`spenseris bibliografia~ (Spencer Bibliography), makdonaldis
(Macdonald) `draidenis bibliografia~ (Dryden Bibliography),
grifitis (Griffith) `poupis bibliografia~ (Pope Bibliography),
(5) SeiZleba saxelmZRvanelod gamodges literaturis
79

literaturis Teoria

istoriis araerT problemaze msjelobisas. Aamgvari

bibliografiebis meoxebiT SesaZloa aucilebeli gaxdes
gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis, wignis gamyidvelebisa da
gamomcemelTa istoriebis Seswavla; am ukanasknelT ki
sWirdebaT sabeWdi saSualebebisa da akinZvis codna. iseTi
sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic TariRis, gamocemaTa
Tanmimdevrobis
da
sxva
TvalsazrisiT,
SesaZloa,
mniSvnelovani iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, erTgvari
`literaturuli mecnieruloba~ an didi erudiciaa saWiro.
amdenad, `aRweriiTi~ tipis bibliografia, romelic wignis
Sida struqturas emyareba, unda ganvasxvavoT `aRmri
cxveli~bibliografiisagan, romlis mizania Sedgenil
iqnas wignebis nusxa, sadac mocemuli iqneba martivi
identifikaciisaTvis saWiro aRweriiTi monacemebi. (6)
rogorc ki masalis mogrovebisa da katalogebis
Sedgenis
pirveladi
etapi
dasruldeba,
iwyeba
redaqtirebis procesi. redaqtireba xSirad metad rTul
samuSaos gulisxmobs, romelic moicavs ganmartebasac
da istoriul kvlevasac. Aarsebobs gamocemebi, romelTa
Sesavali da SeniSvnebi ukve mniSvnelovan kritikis
Semcvelia. redaqtirebam umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula
literaturaTmcodneobis istoriaSi: bolodroindeli
magaliTi rom gavixsenoT, f. n. robinsonis (F. N. Robinson)
mier Coseris nawarmoebTa redaqcia mniSvnelovan codnas
iZleva am avtoris Sesaxeb. Mmagram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imas, rom redaqtirebis mTavari mizani nawarmoebis teqstis
dadgenaa, am procesis dros garkveuli problemebi Cndeba,
romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `teqstis
kritika~, ramdenadac am ukanasknels daxvewili meTodebi
da xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, gansakuTrebiT _ klasikur da
bibliur kvlevebSi. (7)
erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gavmijnoT klasikuri
an
Sua
saukuneebis
xelnawerebis
redaqtirebisas
wamoWrili problemebi da nabeWdi masala. xelnaweri
masalebi, pirvel yovlisa, paleografiis, anu im
mecnierebis codnas moiTxovs, romelmac metad frTxili
80

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

kriteriumebi daadgina xelnawerTa daTariRebasTan

dakavSirebiT da abreviaturebis gaSifrvas mniSvnelovani
saxelmZRvaneloebi miuZRvna. (8) bevri ram gakeTda
imisaTvis, rom dadgeniliyo, zustad romel periodSi
Seiqmna xelnaweri da romel monasterSi. Aaq SeiZleba
wamoiWras metad rTuli sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu kerZod ra mimarTebebi arsebobs am xelnawerebs Soris.
kvlevis Sedegad unda miviRoT xelnawerTa warmomavlobis
klasifikacia grafikis saxiT. (9) bolo aTwleulebSi dom
henri quentinma (Dom Henri Quentin) da u. u. gregma (W. W. Greg)
(10) SeimuSaves detaluri teqnika, romelsac, maTi azriT,
mecnieruli sizuste axasiaTebs, Tumca, sxva mecnierebi,
magaliTad bedie (Bedier) da Separdi (Shepard) (11) amtkiceben,
rom klasifikaciebis SemuSavebis absoluturad obieqturi
meTodi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni wignis
farglebSi msgavsi sakiTxebi ver gadawydeba, ufro
meore Tvalsazrisisaken vixrebiT. migvaCnia, rom umetes
SemTxvevebSi upriania, moxdes im xelnaweris redaqtireba,
romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba avtoris nawarmoebs da
aRar vecadoT, rom aRvadginoT hipoTezuri `originali~.
redaqtireba,
rasakvirvelia,
Sejerebis
Sedegebs
daemyareba da Tavad xelnaweris arCeva xelnawerTa mTeli
tradiciis Seswavlis Sedegad moxdeba. Piers Plowman-is
Cvenamde moRweuli samoci xelnawerisa da `kenterberiuli
moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales) (12) oTxmocdasami xelnaweris
arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom, samwuxarod, albaT ar
arsebobda is avtorizebuli varianti an arqetipi, romelic
Tanamedrove nawarmoebis saboloo redaqciis analogi
SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
nawarmoebis xelaxla gadaxedva, anu nawarmoebis
warmomavlobis an wyaros aRdgena unda ganvasxvavoT
teqstis kritikisa da Sesworebisagan, romelic, rasa
kvirvelia, am klasifikaciebs gaiTvaliswinebs, magram,
imavdroulad, mxedvelobaSi miiRebs im Tvalsazrisebsa
da kriteriumebsac, romlebic xelnawerTa tradicias
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literaturis Teoria

ar ukavSirdeba. (13) teqstis Sesworeba SesaZloa `avTen

turobis~ kriteriums daeyrdnos, rac imas gulisxmobs,
rom romelime calkeuli sityva an pasaJi yvelaze
Zveli da saukeTeso (anu avtoritetuli) xelnaweridan
aRvadginoT, magram am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli gaxdeba
`sizustis~ iseTi sazomebis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa
lingvisturi kriteriumebi, istoriuli kriteriumebi
da, bolos, aucilebeli fsiqologiuri kriteriumebi.
sxva SemTxvevaSi metad gaZneldeboda iseTi `meqanikuri~
Secdomebis aRmofxvra, rogorebicaa araswori wakiTxva,
asociaciebi da Tavad gadamwerTa mier gaucnobiereblad
Setanili cvlilebebi. Bbolos da bolos, bevri ram unda
mivandoT kritikosis varauds, mis gemovnebasa da enobriv
intuicias. Tanamedrove redaqtorebi, Cveni azriT, sul
ufro eridebian amgvari savaraudo prognozis gakeTebas,
magram roca saqme diplomatiur teqsts exeba, imisi Tqmac
ki SeiZleba, rom redaqtori axdens TiToeuli Semoklebis,
gadamweris mier daSvebuli Secdomisa da Tavdapirveli
punqtuaciis srul rekonstruqcias. SesaZloa, zogierTi
redaqtoris an enaTmecnierisaTvis amas garkveuli
mniSvneloba hqondes, magram literaturis mkvlevrisTvis
es mxolod da mxolod arafris momtani dabrkolebaa. Cven
viTxovT ara modernizebul, aramed iseT teqstebs, romelTa
wakiTxva SesaZlebelia. es saSualebas mogvcems, Tavidan
aviridoT usargeblo marCieloba da cvlilebebi, agreTve,
dagvexmareba imaSi, rom minimumamde daviyvanoT teqstis is
elementebi, romlebic mxolod gadamwerTa midrekilebebisa
da Cvevebis Sedegia.
Cveulebriv, dabeWdili masalis redaqtirebisas
nakleb problemebs vawydebiT, vidre xelnawerTa redaq
tirebisas. arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba, romelsac winaT
xSirad ver amCnevdnen xolme. klasikur xelnawerTa Soris
TiTqmis yovelTvis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas
Seqmnili dokumentebi, romelTa Seqmnis Semdeg saukuneebia
gasuli. amitom SegviZlia Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT am
xelnawerTa umravlesoba, romelTagan TiToeuli, SesaZloa,
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

romelime uZveles wyaros emyareba. Tumca, wignebis

SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, mxolod erTi an ori gamocema
sargeblobs xolme romelime damoukidebeli avtoritetiT.
Cveni arCevani ZiriTad gamocemaze unda SeCerdes, romelic
an pirveli gamocema iqneba, an avtoris meTvalyureobiT
Sedgenili bolo gamocema. zogjer, magaliTad, uitmenis
(Whitman) `balaxis foTlebis~ SemTxvevaSi (Leaves of Grass),
romelic araerTxel iqna gamocemuli da Sesworebuli, an
poupis `Dunciad~-is kritikuli gamocemisas, romlis sul
mcire, ori, erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
versia arsebobs, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes, orive maTganis
an yvela versiis dabeWdva. (14) mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove
redaqtorebs xSirad ar surT, gamoscen ekleqtikuri
teqstebi, Tumca saWiroa imis gacnobiereba, rom, magaliTad,
`hamletis~ TiTqmis yvela gamocema meore kvartosa da folios
nazavs warmoadgens. dedofali elisabedis droindeli
piesebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom
zogjer ar arsebobda is saboloo versia, romlis aRdgenac
unda moxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zepirsityvier poeziaze
(mag. baladebSi), sadac erTi arqetipis Zieba unayofo Sromaa.
baladebis redaqtorebi mxolod gvianRa mixvdnen amas.
persi (Percy) da skoti (Scott) Tavisuflad `amaxinjebdnen~
sxvadasxva versiebs (zogjer gadawerdnen kidevac),
xolo pirveli mecnieruli gamomcemlebi, rogoric iyo,
magaliTad, mazerueli (Motherwell), erT versias irCevdnen,
rogorc sxvebze upiratessa da originalurs. sabolood
Caildma (Child) gadawyvita daebeWda yvela versia. (15)
rac Seexeba dedofali elisabedis droindel piesebs,
garkveulwilad
unikalur
teqstobriv
problemebs
vawydebiT: xSirad, es piesebi ufro metad aris Secvlili,
vidre Tanamedrove wignebis umravlesoba. es xdeboda
nawilobriv imis gamo, rom piesebs didi yuradRebis Rirsad
ar miiCnevdnen da nawilobriv imitom, rom is xelnawerebi,
romelTa mixedviTac es piesebi ibeWdeboda, xSirad avtoris an
avtorebis `Savi piris~ metismetad gadamuSavebul variants
an zogjer sakarnaxo egzemplars warmoadgenda, romelSic
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literaturis Teoria

Sesuli iyo aseve Teatrebis mier Setanili SeniSvnebi

da Sesworebebi. amas garda, arsebobda cud `kvartoTa~
gansakuTrebuli tipic, romelic, rogorc Cans, ibeWdeboda
an mexsierebaSi aRdgenis gziT an msaxiobTa rolebis
fragmentebis da, SesaZloa, primitiuli stenografiuli
versiis mixedviT. bolo aTwleulebSi didi yuradReba
eTmoba am problemebs da polardisa (Pollard) da gregis
aRmoCenebis Semdeg, Seqspiris kvartoebis reklasificireba
moxda. (16) aseTi wminda `sagamomcemlo~codnis safuZvelze,
polardma warmoaCina, rom Seqspiris piesebis zogierTi
kvarto, Tumca realurad 1619 wels daibeWda da savaraudod
mogvianebiT avtoris krebulSi unda Sesuliyo, ganzrax iqna
ufro adreuli periodiT daTariRebuli.
dedofali elisabedis droindeli xelweris Seswavlas,
romelic nawilobriv im varaudze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom
piesis `ser Tomas moris~ (Sir Thomas More) gadarCenili
xelnaweris sami gverdi
Tavad Seqspiris xelweriTaa
Sesrulebuli, (17) mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva teqstis
kritikis sferoSi, risi meoxebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda
elisabedis droindeli asoTamwyobis mier daSvebuli
SesaZlo Secdomebis daxarisxeba, maSin, rodesac stambaTa
saqmianobis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlinda, Tu ra tipis
Secdomebia mosalodneli. magram zogierTi redaq
tori teqstis Sesworebis dros jer kidev garkveuli
TavisuflebiT sargeblobs, rac cxadyofs, rom dRemde
aravis aRmouCenia teqstis kritikis `obieqturi~ meTodi.
rasakvirvelia, dover uilsonis (Dover Wilson) mier kembrijis
gamocemaSi Setanili bevri Sesworeba iseTsave ucnaur da
usafuZvlo varauds warmoadgens, rogorc meTvramete
saukunis redaqtorebis marCieloba. Mmiuxedavad amisa,
sainteresoa, rom Teobaldis (Theobald) brwyinvale migneba
(romlis mixedviT, falstafis sikvdilis misis quiqliseul
(Quickly) aRweraSi A table of green fields-s Caenacvla a babbled of
green fields) emyareba elisabedis droindeli xelwerisa da
marTlweris Seswavlas: a babbled Tavisuflad SeiZleboda
moCvenebodaT a table-ad.
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

damajerebelma argumentebma imasTan dakavSirebiT,

rom kvartoebi (ramdenime mdare gamonaklisis garda),
savaraudod, an avtoris xelnaweridan iyo dabeWdili, an
suflioris komentarebidan, meti avtoritetuloba SesZina
adreul gamocemebs da ramdenadme gaanela is pativiscema,
romelsac doqtori jonsonis periodidan moyolebuli,
folios (Folio) miakuTvnebdnen. teqstis ingliseli
mkvlevarebi, romlebic SecdomiT miiCneven sakuTar Tavs
`bibliografebad~ (McKerrow, Greg, Pollard, Dover Wilson da sxvebi),
cdilobdnen, yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi daedasturebinaT,
romeli xelnaweri SeiZleboda miCneuliyo avtoritetulad
TiToeuli kvartosaTvis. maT is Teoriebi gamoiyenes,
romlebic bibliografiuli kvlevis Sedegad nawilobriv
iqna SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, raTa hipoTezebi gamoeTqvaT
Seqspiris piesebis warmoSobasTan, gadadamuSavebasTan,
cvlilebebTan da sxva avtorebis mier Setanil wvlilTan
dakavSirebiT. maT mxolod nawilobriv ainteresebT teqstis
kritika; douver uilsonis nawarmoebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
marTebulad miekuTvneba `maRal kritikas~.
uilsoni did imedebs amyarebs am meTodze: `SegviZlia
zogjer `SevZvreT asoTamwyobis kanSi~ da misi TvaliT
davinaxoT, rom Seqspiris saxelosnos kari Riaa.~(18) eWvs
ar iwvevs is, rom bibliografebma, garkveulwilad, naTeli
mohfines elisabedis droindeli piesebis kompozicias. maT
sajarod ganacxades da, SesaZloa, daamtkices kidec, rom
xelaxali Seswavla da cvlilebebis warmoSoba Cveuli ambavi
iyo. magram douver uilsonis uamrav hipoTezas TiTqosda
fantaziasTan ufro meti aqvs saerTo, vidre realobasTan,
radgan am hipoTezebis dasamtkiceblad argumentebi an
Zalze mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs. amdenad, douver
uilsonma moaxdina `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) warmoSobis
rekonstruqcia. is amtkicebs, rom eqspoziciis xangrZlivi
scena metyvelebs adreuli versiis arsebobaze, romelSic
fabulis wina istoria, The Winters Tale-is msgavsad,
Tavisufali stiliT dawerili dramis formiT aris
gadmocemuli. magram strofikis mcire Seusabamobebic ki
ver amarTlebs egzom ararealistur da fuW fantazias. (19)
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dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebis SemTxve

vaSi teqstis kritika metad warmatebuli iyo, magram,
imavdroulad, bundovanic; magram is aseve aucilebelia im
wignebisTvis, romlebSic avtoroba ukeTaa dadasturebuli.
Ppaskalma (Pascal) da goeTem (Goethe), jein ostinma (Jane
Austen) da Tavad trolopmac (Trollope) ki, didad isargebles
Tanamedrove redaqtorebis detalebisadmi erTgulebiT,
(20) miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi es naSromebi
mxolod da mxolod imis CamonaTvals warmoadgens, Tu
kerZod ra saqmianobas ewevian stambebi da asoTamwyobni.
gamocemis momzadebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia misi
daniSnuleba da SesaZlo mkiTxveli. teqstis mkvlevarTa
auditoriisTvis redaqtirebis sxva standarti iqneba
saWiro, radgan mkvlevrebi, ZiriTadad, dainteresebuli
arian imiT, rom sxvadasxva versiebis umciresi detalebic
ki Seadaron.rac Seexeba mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebs,
maTTvis ki saWiro iqneba gansxvavebuli standarti imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebiT farTo
mkiTxveli naklebadaa dainteresebuli.
redaqtirebisas vawydebiT ufro rTul problemebs,
vidre swori teqstis dadgenaa. (21)Tavs iCens nawarmoebTa
krebulSi teqstSi Setanisa da teqstidan amoRebis, ganlagebis,
anotaciisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic SemTxvevidan
SemTxvevamde SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes.
SesaZloa, mkvlevrisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamocema
iyos sruli gamocema, romelic mkacrad icavs qronologiur
princips, magram amgvari idealis miRweva an rTulia, an
saerTod SeuZlebeli. qronologiuri ganlageba SesaZloa an
mxolod varauds emyarebodes, an gaauqmos leqsebis mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT ganlageba erTi krebulis farglebSi.
literaturis mkiTxvels ar moewoneba didebulisa da
trivialuris Sezaveba, Tu erTmaneTis gverdiT davbeWdavT
kitsis odas da Tanamedrove werilSi CarTul saxumaro
leqss. SesaZloa, CvenTvis misaRebi iyos bodleris (Baudelaire)
`borotebis yvavilebis~ (Fleurs du mal) an konrad ferdinand
meieris (Conrad Ferdinand Meyer) `leqsebis~ (Gedichte) mxatvruli
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ganlageba, magram sxva sakiTxia, Rirs Tu ara SevinarCunoT

uordsuorTis (Wordsworth) msatvruli klasifikaciebi. Mmeore
mxriv, Tuki davarRvevT uordsuorTis leqsebis avtoriseul
ganlagebas da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT davbeWdavT
maT, gagviWirdeba imisi gansazRvra, kerZod romeli versia
unda dagvebeWda. SesaZloa, ufro swori iyos arCevanis
SeCereba pirvel versiaze, radgan gviani, Sesworebuli
versia rom adrindeli TariRiT dagvebeWda, uordsuorTis
mxatvruli ganviTarebis damaxinjebul suraTs miviRebdiT;
miuxedavad amisa, albaT marTebuli ar iqneboda, rom mTlianad
uargveyo poetis survili da yuradReba aRar migveqcia
gviandeli versiebisTvis, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi pirvelis
gaumjobesebul variants warmoadgens. amdenad, ernest de
selinkurma (Ernest de Selincourt) gadawyvita, uordsuorTis
sruli poemebis gamocemaSi SeenarCunebina tradiciuli
Tanamimdevroba. araerTi sruli gamocema (magaliTad,
Selis nawarmoebebis krebuli) yuradRebas ar aqcevs
arsebul mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xelovnebis dasrulebul
nawarmoebsa da ama Tu im avtoris mier Sesrulebul mcire
fragments Soris, romelic xSirad mxolod fragmentadve
rCeba. bevri poetis literaturul reputacias SesaZloa
Crdilic ki miadges, Tu romelime Tanamedrove gamocemaSi
warmodgenili iqneba maTi nawarmoebebis sruli krebuli,
sadac dasrulebul nawarmoebebTan erTad yvelaze
umniSvnelo, SemTxveviTi leqsebic ki Seva.
komentirebis sakiTxic gamocemis mizans unda
daeqvemdebaros: (22) Seqspiris yvelaze srul gamocemaSi
komentari, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes teqsts
moculobis TvalsazrisiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki komentarSi
Seva yvela im adamianis mosazreba, visac ki odesme dauweria
raime Seqspiris Sesaxeb. Ees mkvlevars sagrZnoblad gauiolebs
saqmes, radgan mas aRar mouwevs misTvis saWiro informaciis
Zebna uamrav gamoqveynebul masalas Soris. Cveulebriv
mkiTxvels bevrad naklebi dasWirdeba: misTvis sakmarisia
mxolod is informacia, romelic mas nawarmoebis aRqmaSi
daexmareba. rasakvirvelia, mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
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literaturis Teoria

Tu ra aris saWiro, SesaZloa didad gansxvavdebodes

erTmaneTisgan: zogierTi gamomcemeli mkiTxvels eubneba,
rom dedofali elisabedi protestanti iyo, uxsnis, Tu vin iyo
devid gariki (David Garrick) da amiT Tavidan icilebs SesaZlo
gaugebrobebs. rTulia, vimsjeloT imis Taobaze, vrceli
unda iyos Tu ara komentari, Tuki gamomcemeli bolomde
ar gaerkveva, kerZod ra tipis mkiTxvelisTvisaa gaTvlili
gamocema da ra mizans emsaxureba is.
komentari, am sityvis mkacri gagebiT, romelic
teqstis ganmartebas warmoadgens (iqneba es lingvisturi,
istoriuli Tu a. S. komentari), unda gavmijnoT zogadi
komentarisagan, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubralod Tavi
mouyaros masalas literaturis an enis istoriisTvis (mag.,
miuTiTos wyaroebi, paralelebi, sxva mweralTa mibaZvis
faqtebi) da aseve im komentarisagan, romelic, SesaZloa,
esTetikuri bunebisa iyos, Seicavdes mcire zomis statiebs
garkveuli pasaJebis Sesaxeb da amdenad, asrulebdes
anTologiis funqcias. SesaZloa, yovelTvis ioli ar iyos,
am sferoebis urTierTgamijvna, Tumca teqstis kritikis,
literaturis istoriis (wyaroTSeswavlis sferoSi),
enobrivi da istoriuli ganmartebis da esTetikuri
komentaris nazavi bevr gamocemaSi saeWvo xasiaTis
literaturul kvlevas ufro hgavs, romlis ZiriTadi
Rirseba mxolod isaa, rom erT wignSi Tavmoyrilia
yvelanairi informacia.
werilebis redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebuli prob
lemebis winaSe vdgebiT. unda moxdes Tu ara maTi sruli
saxiT redaqtireba maSinac ki, Tu es werilebi mxolod
banaluri xasiaTis saqmian mimoweras warmoadgens?
iseTi mwerlebis reputacias, rogorebicaa stivensoni
(Stevenson), merediti (Meredith), arnoldi (Arnold) da svinborni
(Swinbourne), mniSvnelovani araferi Sematebia maTi werilebis
gamoqveynebiT, radgan am werilebs literaturuli
Rirebuleba arasodes hqonda. Usxva sakiTxia, unda daibeWdos
Tu ara pasuxebic, romelTa gareSec, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
warmoudgenelia korespondencia. amgvarad, ama Tu im avtoris
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nawarmoebebSi bevri araerTgvarovani masalaa CarTuli.

es praqtikuli sakiTxebia, romelTa gadaWrac gonivrul
midgomas, garkveul Tanamimdevrulobas, gulmodginebas da
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, iRbalsac saWiroebs.
teqstis dadgenis garda, winaswari kvlevis dros, didi
mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWras, rogoricaa
qronologia, avTenturoba, avtoroba da nawarmoebis
xelaxali Seswavla. xSir SemTxvevaSi qronologiis dadgena
xdeba wignis satitulo furcelze TariRis gamoqveynebiT an
publikaciis Tanamedrove dasabuTebiT. magram es wyaroebi
(magaliTad, dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebi da
Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebi) xSirad xelmisawvdomi ar
aris. SesaZloa, elisabedis droindeli piesa daibeWdos
misi pirveli Teatraluri warmodgenidan didi xnis gavlis
Semdeg; Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri, xSirad warmoadgens
asls, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnidan mniSvnelovani drois
gasvlis Semdeg Seiqmna. maSasadame, garegani faqtebi
Canacvlebul unda iqnes Tavad teqstidan aRebuli iseTi
faqtebiT, rogoricaa miniSneba Tanamedrove movlenebze da
sxva iseTi wyaroebi, romelTa daTariRebac SesaZlebelia.
Ees Sinagani faqtebi, romlebic gareSe movlenaze miuTiTebs,
mxolod im amosaval TariRze mianiSnebs, romlis Semdgomac
daiwera wignis es nawili.
aviRoT, magaliTad, Sinagani `mtkicebuleba~, romelic
SeiZleba metruli statistikis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoCndes
saimisod, rom dadgindes Seqspiris piesebis Tanamimdevroba.
Aamgvari mtkicebulebiT mxolod fardobiTi qronologiis
dadgena SeiZleba. (23) Tumca SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom Seqspiris
piesebSi riTmebis raodenoba mcirdeba Loves Labour Lostidan (sadac maTi raodenoba yvelaze metia) The Winters Talemde (sadac riTmebi saerTod ar aris), magram dabejiTebiT
ver vityviT, rom The Winters Tale maincadamainc `qariSxlis~
(The Tempest) (sadac sul ori riTmaa) Semdeg daiwera. radganac
iseTi kriteriumebi, rogorebicaa riTmebis raodenoba,
mdedrobiTi daboloebebi da a. S. yovelTvis erTsa da
imave Sedegebs ar iZleva, amitom rTulia dadgindes myari
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literaturis Teoria

da calsaxa mimarTeba qronologiasa da metrul cxrilebs

Soris. sxva tipis mtkicebulebisagan gansxvavebiT, es
cxrilebi sxvagvarad SeiZleba iyos ganmartebuli.
meTvramete saukunis kritikosi jeims hardisi (James
Hurdis), (24) magaliTad, miiCnevda, rom Seqspirma The Winters
Tale-is arasimetriuli leqsidan the Comedy of Errors-is
simetriul leqsze gadainacvla. miuxedavad amisa, yvela
am tipis mtkicebulebis (garegani, Sida-garegani da Sida)
frTxili kombinaciis Sedegad miviReT Seqspiris piesebis
met-naklebad argumentirebuli qronologia. statistikuri
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac ZiriTadad ikvleven
imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba teqstSi esa Tu is sityva,
luis kempbelma (Lewis Campbell) da, gansakuTrebiT, vinsenti
lutoslavskim (Wincenty Lutoslawski) (igi sakuTar meTods
`stilometrias~ uwodebs) gamoiyenes platonis dialogebis
miaxloebiTi qronologiis dasadgenad. (25)
Tu dauTariRebeli xelnawerebi unda ganvixiloT,
SesaZloa ufro met, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi gadauWrel
qronologiur sirTuleebs wavawydeT. SeiZleba avtoris
xelweris ganviTarebis Seswavla mogvixdes. zogjer
aucilebeli xdeba markebisa da werilebis Seswavlac,
agreTve - kalendarze dakvirveba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes
avtoris moZraobis marSruti, rac nawarmoebTa zusti
daTariRebisas mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba. qronologiuri
sakiTxebi xSirad Zalze mniSvnelovania literaturis
istorikosisaTvis: sanam es sakiTxebi ar gadaiWreba,
istorikosi ver moaxerxebs, daadginos Seqspiris an Coseris
mxatvruli ganviTarebis gza. mecxramete saukunis bolos
malouni (Malone) da tirviti (Tyrwhitt) pionerebi iyvnen, magram
mas Semdeg detalebTan dakavSirebuli dava ar Sewyvetila.
avTenturobisa da atribuciis sakiTxebi SesaZloa
ufro mniSvnelovanic ki iyos da maT gadasaWrelad saWiro
gaxdes rTuli stilisturi da istoriuli kvlevebis
warmoeba. (26) Cven zustad gvaqvs dadgenili zogierTi
nawarmoebis avtorobis sakiTxi Tanamedrove literaturaSi.
Tumca, arsebobs agreTve didi raodenobiT fsevdonimuri
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

da anonimuri literatura, romelTa avtorebis gamxela

zogjer mainc xdeba xolme, maSinac ki, Tu es saidumlo sxva
araferia, Tu ar mxolod arafrismTqmeli saxeli.
xSirad
warmoiWreba
avtoris
nawarmoebTa
avTenturobis sakiTxi meTvramete saukuneSi aRmoCnda,
rom didi nawili imisa, rac Coseris nawarmoebebis
beWdur gamocemebSi iyo CarTuli (rogoricaa, mag., The
Testament of Creseid da The Flower and the Leaf), SeuZlebelia,
namdvilad Coseris nawarmoebebi iyos. dResac ki Seqspiris
nawarmoebebis avTenturobis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWreli
rCeba. rogorc Cans, isari meore ukiduresobisaken
gadaixara im droidan moyolebuli, rodesac avgust
vilhelm Slegelma (August Wilhelm Schlegel) Tavdajerebulad
ganacxada, rom yvela apokrifi namdvilad Seqspiris
nawarmoebs warmoadgens. (27) bolo dros j. m. robertsoni
(J. M. Robertson) TavgamodebiT uWerda mxars `Seqspiris
dezintegracias~, anu im Tvalsazriss, romlis Sedegadac
Seqspirs lamisaa yvelaze popularuli piesebis avtorobac
ki CamoarTves. am Sexedulebis mixedviT, `iulius
keisari~(Julius Caesar) da `venecieli vaWaric~ ki (The Merchant
of Venice) TiTqosda mxolod marlos, grinis (Greene), pilis
(Peele), kidis (Kyd) da am epoqis sxva ramdenime dramaturgis
nawarmoebTa pasaJebis Sekowiwebis Sedegad Seiqmna. (28)
robertsonis meTodi, ZiriTadad, arsebuli Seusabamobebisa
da literaturuli paralelebis aRmoCenas cdilobs.
es meTodi metad bundovani da subieqturia. is mcdar
Tvalsazriss efuZneba da mankieri wreSi ketavs mkvlevars:
Tanamedrove kvlevebis meoxebiT, Cven viciT, romelia
Seqspiris nawarmoebebi (is, rac folioSi da im droindeli
saavtoro uflebebis damcveli organizaciis CanawerebSia
moxseniebuli); magram robertsoni, TviTneburi esTetikuri
msjelobis safuZvelze, mxolod maRalfardovani stiliT
dawerili zogierTi pasaJis avtorobas miawers Seqspirs
da amtkicebs, rom Seqspiri mxolod am maRali standartiT
werda da, amdenad, mas ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ufro dabali
donis nawarmoebebi an iseTi piesebi, romelic enaTesaveba
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literaturis Teoria

Seqspiris Tanamedrove dramaturgTa nawarmoebebs. Tumca,

safuZveli ar gvaqvs, vamtkicoT, TiTqos Seqspirs ar SeeZlo
daewera susti an naklebad Rrma nawarmoebi, an sakuTari
TanamedroveebisaTvis miebaZa da sxvadasxva stilis aRreva
moexdina. meore mxriv, sarwmuno araa Zveli Tvalsazrisic,
TiTqos folioSi yoveli sityva Seqspirs ekuTvnis.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT rTulia saboloo pasuxis
migneba, radgan dedofali elisabedis droindeli drama
mniSvnelovanwilad koleqtiuri xelovneba iyo da mWidro
TanamSromloba gavrcelebuli praqtika gaxldaT. xSirad
metad rTuli iyo stilis mixedviT erTi avtoris meorisagan
garCeva. SeiZleba Tavad avtorebsac gaZnelebodaT
nawarmoebSi sakuTari wvlilis odenobis zustad gansazRvra.
(29) Tanaavtorobis Seswavla literaturis mkvlevrisTvis
zogjer Zalze Znelia. bomontisa da fletCeris
SemTxvevebSic, rodesac zustad viciT, rom saqme gvaqvs
nawarmoebTan, romelic fletCerma bomontis sikvdilis
Semdeg dawera, maTi individualuri wvlilis sakiTxi
jer kidev azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. saqme kidev ufro
garTulebulia The Revengers Tragedy-is SemTxvevaSi, romelic
xan vebsters (Webster) miawerdnen, xan turners (Tourneur), xan
midltonsa (Middleton) da xan marstons (Marston). (30)
msgavsi
sirTuleebi
wamoiWreba
maSin,
roca
vcdilobT davamtkicoT avtorobis sakiTxi iq, sadac
gareSe monacemebis uqonlobis pirobebSi gansazRvruli
tradiciuli manera da erTferovani stili ganuzomlad
arTulebs nawarmoebTa erTmaneTisagan gamijnvis process.
amisi magaliTebi uamravia trubadurebTan an meTvramete
saukunis pamfletistebTan (Znelia damtkicdes defos
nawarmoebTa avTenturobis sakiTxi) (31), rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT perioduli gamocemebis anonim avtorebze, Tumca,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, am mxriv garkveul warmatebebsac
mivaRwioT. gamomcemlobebis Canawerebis an perioduli
gamocemebis damuSavebuli aslebis Seswavlam SeiZleba
gamoaaSkaravos axali gareSe faqtebi; amas garda, Tu
saguldagulod SeviswavliT imas, rogoraa erTmaneTTan
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dakavSirebuli ama Tu im avtoris statiebi (iseTi avtorebi,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, goldsmiti, xSirad axdenen
sakuTari Tavis citirebas), SesaZloa friad Rirebuli
daskvnebi gavakeToT.(32) g. adni uilma (G. Udny Yule), romelic
statistikosi gaxldaT, metad rTuli maTematikuri
meTodebi gamoiyena iseTi mwerlebis sityvaTa maragis
Sesaswavlad, rogoricaa YToma kempieli (Thomas a Kempis).
mas surda daedgina, rom ramdenime xelnaweri erTi da imave
avtoris mier iyo Sesrulebuli. (33) stilisturi meTodebis
Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
iseTi faqtebis moZieba, romlebic, miuxedavad garkveuli
naklovanebisa, gazrdis identifikaciis albaTobas.
literaturis istoriaSi avTenturobis da gayalbebis
sakiTxma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad
ganapiroba Semdgomi kvlevebis warmoeba.Aamdenad, makfer
sonis (Macpherson) `osianTan~ dakavSirebulma azrTa
sxvadasxvaobam xeli Seuwyo Sotlandiuri xalxuri poeziis
Seswavlas, CetertonTan (Chatterton) dakavSirebulma azrTa
sxvadasxvaobam gamoiwvia Sua saukuneebis inglisis istoriisa
da literaturis ufro siRrmiseuli Seswavla, Seqspiris
piesebisa da dokumentebis gayalbebas ki mohyva diskusiebi
Seqspirze da elisabedis droindeli Teatris istoriaze.
(34) Cetertonis, Tomas uartonis (Thomas Warton), Tomas
tirvitis (Thomas Tyrwhitt) da Eedmund malounis (Edmond Malone)
nawarmoebTa ganxilvam wina planze wamowia istoriuli da
literaturuli argumentebi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
roulis (Rowley) leqsebi mxolod da mxolod Tanamedrove
TaRliTobaa. ori Taobis Semdeg u. u. skitma (W. W. Skeat
sistematurad Seiswavla Sua periodis inglisuri gramatika
da yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom darRveuli iyo
elementaruli gramatikuli tradiciebi, rac misi azriT,
swored gayalbebis maniSnebeli unda yofiliyo. edmund
malounma mkacrad gaakritika axalgazrda irlandieli
avtorebis uxeiro mcdeloba, sxvaTaTvis miebaZaT, Tumca,
isinic ki, Cetertonisa da osianis msgavsad, im pirTa
(magaliTad, cnobili mecnieris, Calmersis (Chalmers),
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mniSvnelovani mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, romlebsac

myari reputacia hqondaT Seqspiris kvlevis istoriaSi.
rodesac gaCnda gayalbebis saSiSroeba, mkvlevarebi
iZulebuli
gaxdnen,
daezustebinaT
tradiciuli
daTariRebisa da ama Tu im avtorisTvis mikuTvnebis
argumentebi, ramac nayofieri polemika gamoiwvia:
sagulisxmoa, magaliTad, hrosvitas SemTxveva: meaTe
saukunis germaneli monazvnis nawarmoebebi, gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, meTxuTmete saukunis germanelma humanistma,
konrad celtesma (Conrad Celtes) gaayalba, rusul `
~-s tradiciulad meTormete saukuniT aTariRebdnen,
magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, nawarmoebi meTvramete saukunis
damlevs iqna gayalbebuli.(35) CexeTSi ori (savaraudod Sua
saukuneebis droindeli) xelnaweris _ Zelena bora da Kralove
dvur_ gayalbebis sakiTxi mwvave politikuri debatebis
sakiTxi iyo 1880-ian wlebamde; da tomaS masarikma (Thomas
Masaryk), romelic mogvianebiT Cexoslovakiis prezidenti
gaxda, farTo popularoba nawilobriv im dapirispirebebisa
da davis dros moipova, romelic lingvisturi sakiTxebiT
daiwyo da imdenad gafarTovda, rom erTmaneTs daupirispira
mecnieruli sizuste da romantikuli TviTmotyueba. (36)
zogjer avTenturobisa da avtorobis sakiTxSi
CarTulia `mtkicebulebis~ rTuli problemebi, romlebic
iseT
gansxvavebul
sferoebs
SeiZleba
moicavdes,
rogorebicaa paleografia, bibliografia, lingvistika
da
istoria.
zogierT
bolodroindel
aRmoCenebs
Soris aRsaniSnavia bibliofil t. j. uaizis (T. J. Wise)
saqme mecxramete saukunis 86 pamfletis gayalbebasTan
dakavSirebiT: karterisa da polardis (37) mier Catarebuli
deteqtiuri kvlevebi iseT aspeqtebs Seexo, rogoricaa
wylis niSnebi, melnis xarisxi, calkeuli asoebis moxazuloba
SriftebSi da a.S. (Tumca, es sakiTxebi mxolod mcired aris
dakavSirebuli pirdapir literaturasTan).
ar unda dagvaviwydes is, rom maSinac ki, rodesac
avtoris nawarmoebis TariRis Secvla xdeba, kritikuli
ganxilva Tavis aqtualurobas ar kargavs. Cetertonis
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leqsebs arc araferi akldeba da arc emateba imiT, rom

isini meTvramete saukuneSi daiwera. am garemoebas xSirad
ar iTvaliswineben aRSfoTebuli literaturaTmcodneebi,
romlebic uaryofiTad ganewyobian xolme nawarmoebis
mimarT, Tuki damtkicdeba, rom misi warmoSobac ufro
gviandel periods ukavSirdeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom morizis (Morize), rudleris (Rudler)
da sandersis (Sanders) (38) meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi
praqtikulad mxolod am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs
exeba. amas garda, es is meTodebia, romelTac aswavlian
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kolejebSi. miuxedavad maTi
mniSvnelobisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom kvlevis es tipebi mxolod
analizis, interpretaciisa da literaturis mizezobrivi
axsnis sawyis etaps warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad
gamarTlebuli iqneba amgvari kvlevebi, Sedegebi gviCvenebs.

95

96

nawili mesame

literaturis Seswavlis garegani

meTodi

97

98

Sesavali
*
literaturaTmcodneobis yvelaze ufro gavrce
lebuli da warmatebuli meTodebi mTavar yuradRebas
amaxvilebs imaze, Tu sad da rodis xdeba moqmedeba, ra
garemoSi da viTarebaSi daiwera nawarmoebi, anu imaze, rasac
SeiZleba garegani mizezebi vuwodoT. garegani meTodebi
marto warsulis SeswavliT ar Semoifargleba. maT
Tanamedrove literaturis Sesaswavladac iyeneben. ase rom,
sworad moviqceviT, Tu termins `istoriuli gamoviyenebT
literaturis imgvari Seswavlis mimarT, romelic, pirvel
yovlisa, ganixilavs literaturis cvlilebas droSi, anu,
ZiriTadad, Seiswavlis istoriul ganviTarebas. kvlevis
,,gareganma meTodma SeiZleba miznad daisaxos literaturis
interpretacia mxolod misive socialuri konteqstisa da
misive warsulis TvalsazrisiT, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi
is mimarTavs kauzalur (mizezobriv) ganmartebebs,
cdilobs naTeli mohfinos yvela literaturul sakiTxs,
axsnas isini da, sabolood, daiyvanos literatura mis
pirvelwyaroebamde (`genetikuri cdomileba~). aravin
uaryofs im faqts, rom literaturis Seswavlas exmareba
imis codna, Tu ra viTarebaSi Seiqmna esa Tu is mxatvruli
teqsti. udavoa, rom literaturis amgvar Seswavlas
bevri ramis axsna SeuZlia. da mainc, isic aSkaraa, rom Tu
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seswavlas mxolod kauzaluri
kuTxiT mivudgebiT, verasodes SevZlebT nawarmoebis
analizis, aRwerisa da Sefasebis sakiTxTa gadaWras. mizezi
da Sedegi araTanazomieria, maT erTnairi sazomebiT ver
ganvixilavT, radgan am garegani mizezebis konkretuli
Sedegi _ Cvens SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis nimuSi _ yovelTvis
araprognozirebadia.
istoria, garegani faqtorebi, ra Tqma unda, moqmedebs
xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnaze. es sadavo ar aris. magram
namdvili Tavsatexi maSin iwyeba, roca nawarmoebis
ganmsazRvreli damoukidebeli faqtorebis Sefasebas,
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literaturis Teoria

Sedarebasa da gamoyofas vaxdenT. mkvlevarTa umetesoba

cdilobs calke ganixilos SemoqmedTa sulieri moRvaweoba
da mxolod mas miaweros gadamwyveti gavlena literaturis
nimuSze. amdenad, mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom
literatura ZiriTadad individualuri Semoqmedis naRvawia
da, aqedan gamomdinare, askvnis, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi
unda SeviswavloT avtoris biografiisa da fsiqologiis
safuZvelze. meore jgufi literaturuli Semoqmedebis
ganmsazRvrel
faqtorebs
adamianis
sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSiekonomikur,
socialur
da
politikur
garemoebebSi _ eZiebs. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic
cdiloben literaturis mizezobriv axsnas adgili
gamouZebnon imgvar koleqtiur moRvaweobaSi, rogoricaa
ideaTa, Teologiis an xelovnebis sxva dargTa istoriebi.
bolos, CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev erTi jgufi, romelic
literaturis interpretacias axdens Zeitgeists (germ.
epoqis suli) enaze, anu Seiswavlis ama Tu im periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebel
suliskveTebas,
mocemuli
periodis
azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul inteleqtualur
atmosferos, `klimats~, erTgvar erTian Zalas, romliTac
literatura didad gamoirCeva xelovnebis sxva dargTa
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisgan.
garegan meTodTa momxreebi metnaklebad gansxv
avdebian erTmaneTisagan imiT, Tu ramdenad zedmiwevniT
da mkacrad iyeneben literaturis kvlevisas kauzalur
deterministul meTodebs da imiTac, Tu ramdenad dama
jereblad gvarwmuneben TavianTi konkretuli meTodis
warmatebulobaSi. maTgan yvelaze deterministulad isini
arian ganwyobilni, visac sjera, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis
axsna da Seswavla socialur mizezTa Seswavlis safuZvelze
unda moxdes. amgvari radikalizmi imiT SeiZleba avxsnaT,
rom isini TavianTi filosofiuri mrwamsiT Tavs me-19 s-is
pozitivizmisa da mecnierebis mimdevrebad moiazreben;
Tumca arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Geistesgeschichte-s (germ.
humanitaruli sferos istoria) idealisti mxardamWerebi,
romlebic TavianTi filosofiuri SexedulebebiT axlos
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Sesavali

arian hegelianizmTan Tu romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

azrovnebis sxva formebTan, aseve gvevelinebian ukidures
deterministebad da fatalistebadac ki.
im
mkvlevarTa
Soris,
vinc
zemoT
naxseneb
meTodebs iyenebs, iseTebic mravlad arian, romelnic
ufro mokrZalebul ganacxads sjerdebian. maT isic
daakmayofilebT, mxolod garkveul kavSirs Tu gamonaxaven
mxatvrul nawarmoebsa da misi Seqmnis gare viTarebasa
Tu wina pirobas Soris. isini imasac daeTanxmebian, rom
aseT kvlevas SeuZlia garkveuli sinaTle mohfinos
kvlevis sagans, Tumca isic SesaZlebelia, rom am
urTierTdamokidebulebaTa kvlevam ise gaitacos isini,
rom nawarmoebTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi
niSani SeumCneveli darCeT. es SedarebiT TavSekavebuli
mecnierebi ufro gonivrulad iqcevian, radgan mxatvruli
teqstis mizezobrivi interpretaciis roli, cota ar iyos,
gazviadebulia literaturaTmcodneobaSi. isic aSkaraa, rom
am meTodiT ver gadaiWreba nawarmoebis analizisa da Sefa
sebis problemebi. yvela im gansxvavebul meTodTa Soris,
romlebic literaturuli kvlevisas mizezTa Seswavlas
aniWeben prioritets, albaT, upiratesoba ekuTvnis im
meTods, romelic mxatvrul nawarmoebs ikvlevs imdroindeli
yofisa da garemos farTomasStabiani Seswavlis safuZvelze.
sxvagvarad, aSkarad SeuZlebelia literaturuli kvlevis
dayvana mxolod erTi, romelime calkeuli mizeziT
gamowveuli Sedegis kvlevaze. Cven mxars ar viziarebT ger
manuli Geistesgeschichte-s konkretul koncefciebs, magram
vaRiarebT, rom teqstis imgvari interpretacia, romelic
gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis Seqmnis yvela mizezis
kvlevas, daculia kritikisgan, romelsac imsaxurebs
danarCeni meTodebi. Semdeg TavebSi SevecadeT agvewondagvewona am gansxvavebul faqtorTa mniSvneloba da aseve
mTeli rigi meTodebis Sefaseba; aris Tu ara mizanSewonili
maTi gamoyeneba iseTi kvlevisaTvis, romelsac SeiZleba
wminda literaturuli an `egocentruli~ ewodos.

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Tavi meSvide

literatura da biografia
*
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis upirvelesi mizezi
TviTon misi Semqmneli avtoria. Aaqedan gamomdinare,
literaturuli kvlevis uZvelesi da yvelaze kargad
damkvidrebuli meTodi swored mwerlis pirovnebisa da misi
cxovrebis Seswavlazea dafuZnebuli.
biografia
CvenTvis im
kuTxiTaa
saintereso,
Tu ramdenad mohfens is naTels mwerlis naRvaws
da gagviadvilebs mis gagebas. Mbiografiis gareSe
namdvilad gagviWirdeboda, kvaldakval mivyolodiT
gamorCeuli, genialuri niWis mqone pirovnebis moraluri,
inteleqtualuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gzas.D bolos,
biografia SeiZleba iqces damxmare masalad poetisa
da poeturi SemoqmedebiTi procesis fsiqologiis
Sesaswavlad.
Ees sami Tvalsazrisi kargad unda gavmijnoT
erTmaneTisagan.
`literaturuli
kvlevis~
Cveneul
koncefcias mxolod pirveli Tezisi upasuxebs. kerZod
is, rom biografia naTels hfens da gviadvilebs mwerlis
Semoqmedebis gagebas. meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
yuradRebis centrSi TviT mwerlis pirovneba eqceva.
xolo mesame Sexedulebas Tu davujerebT, maSin gamodis,
rom biografia mecnierebisTvis mxolod damxmare masala
yofila, Tanac ufro momavali mecnierebisaTvis, rogo
ricaa mxatvruli Semoqmedebis fsiqologia.
biografia uZvelesi literaturuli Janria. qrono
logiisa da logikis kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, igi, upirveles yov
lisa, istoriografiis Semadgeneli nawilia. biografiul kvle
vaSi aranairi meTodologiuri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs imisa,
Tu vin aris kvlevis obieqti _ saxelmwifo moRvawe, generali,
arqiteqtori, veqili Tu sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisgan Sors
mdgomi adamiani. amis Taobaze sayuradReboa kolrijis azri.
igi ambobs, rom arafriT gamorCeuli adamianis cxovrebis
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literatura da biografia

istoriac ki saintereso gaxdeba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu is

kargad da damajereblad iqneba moTxrobili (ix. s. t. kolrijis
werili Tomas pulisadmi; S. T. Coleridge, Letters, London, 1895). (1)
biografisTvis poeti rigiTi adamiania, romlis moraluri
Tu inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gza, sazogadoebrivi
garemocva Tu emociebi SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes qcevis
garkveuli eTikuri sistemis Tu kodeqsis safuZvelze. misi
Semoqmedeba Sedgeba nawarmoebebis publikaciebisgan, iseve,
rogorc romelime sazogado moRvawis cxovreba Sedgeba
sxvadasxvagvari movlenebisgan. Tu sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT,
biografis samuSao istorikosisas uTanabrdeba. man unda
Seiswavlos da axsnas dokumentebi, werilebi, TviTmxilvelTa
monaTxrobi, mogonebebi da avtobiografiuli gancxadebebi;
gadawyvitos, ramdenad sandoa es wyaroebi, ramdenad
Seeefereba isini sinamdviles. TviT biografiis weris
procesSi avtoris winaSe ukve sxva amocana dgas _ rogor
ganalagos movlenebi qronologiurad, romeli maTgani
imsaxurebs ufro met yuradRebas an ramdenad gulaxdili
Tu TavSekavebuli unda iyos movlenaTa gadmocemisas.
es sakiTxebi ar miekuTvneba specifikur literaturul
problemebs, magram maT gadawyvetas mieZRvna mravali
naSromi, romlebSic ganixileba biografia, rogorc erTerTi literaturuli Janri. (2)
CvenTvis literaturuli biografiis kvlevis sferoSi
ori sakiTxia gadamwyveti: gamarTlebulia Yara biografis
moqmedeba, rodesac Tavisi debulebebis dasadastureblad
is iyenebs
mwerlis nawarmoebebs? gvexmareba Tu ara
literaturuli biografiis daskvnebi Tavad nawarmoebis
ukeT gagebaSi? rogorc wesi, orive SekiTxvas dadebiTad
upasuxeben. swored ase upasuxebs pirvel SekiTxvas TiTqmis
yvela biografi, romelTac gansakuTrebiT poetTa cxovreba
izidavT. poetebi xom maT zRva masalas sTavazoben TavianTi
piradi cxovrebis aRsawerad, rasac ver vityviT SedarebiT
ufro gavlenian mraval istoriul pirovnebaze, romelTa
Sesaxebac mwiri informacia gvaqvs an, saerTod, aranairi
sabuTi ar mogvepoveba. magram gamarTlebulia ki biografTa
amgvari optimizmi?
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literaturis Teoria

kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa

ori epoqa da aqedan gamomdinare, problemis gadaWris
ori SesaZlo gza. adreuli literaturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis
ar gagvaCnia kerZo xasiaTis Canawerebi, romlebiTac
biografebi isargeblebdnen. Cven xelT aris mxolod
sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis dokumentacia, dabadebisa
da qorwinebis mowmobebi, iuridiuli Canawerebi da msgavsi
sabuTebi. da kidev, ra Tqma unda, TviTon nawarmoebebi.
magaliTad, Seqspiris kvals Tu gavyvebiT, bevrs verafers
aRmovaCenT, Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli informacia misi
finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amasTan, xelT ar gvaqvs
Seqspiris werilebi, dRiurebi Tu mogonebebi, garda
saeWvo warmomavlobis ramdenime saxumaro istoriisa.
literaturis sasargeblod mxolod ramdenime faqti
mogvepoveba im marTlacda uzarmazari Sromis Sedegad,
romelic Seqspiris cxovrebis SeswavlisTvis gaweula. is, rac
viciT, metwilad misi cxovrebis qronologiuri faqtebia
da, agreTve, misi socialuri statusi da profesiuli
kavSirebis CamonacnobTa wre. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
or jgufad davyoT isini, visac ki odesme ucdia Seqspiris
realisturi biografia daewera, misi eTikuri da emociuri
ganviTarebis gza eCvenebina. pirvel jgufSi Sevlen isini,
vinc saqmes mecnierulad miudga da, kerolain sperjenis
(Caroline Spurgeon) msgavsad, poetis mxatvruli saxeebi,
saxismetyveleba Seiswavla. am Sromis Sedegia movlenebis
ubralo, arafrismTqmeli CamonaTvali. meore jgufis
mkvlevrebma, romlebic Seqspiris piesebsa da sonetebSi
`Caeflnen~, romantikuli biografiebi SeTxzes. am jgufs
miekuTvnebian georg brandesi da frenk harisi (ix. Georg
Brandes, William Shakespeare, Copenhagen 1896; Frank Harris, The Man
Shakespeare, New York 1909). (3)
yvela es mcdeloba emyareba mcdar princips (mas
safuZveli Cauyares hezlitma da hegelma, xolo pirvelad
_
sakmaod frTxilad _ is daudenma Camoayaliba).
marTebuli ar aris, SeTxzuli nawarmoebidan, miT ufro
piesebidan raime safuZvliani da myari ganacxadi gavakeToT
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literatura da biografia

avtoris realuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Zalze saeWvoa

is aRiarebuli Sexedulebac, rom TiTqosda Seqspirma
gadaitana depresiis periodi, romlis drosac Seqmna
tragediebi da tragikomediebi, xolo garkveul simSvides
`qariSxlis~ weris dros miaRwia. kategoriulad ver vityviT,
rom tragediebis Sesaqmnelad mwerals tragikuli ganwyoba
esaWiroeba, an rom mxolod cxovrebisagan kmayofili iwyebs
komediebis weras. ar arsebobs aranairi damamtkicebeli
sabuTi imisa, rom garkveul periodSi Seqspirs sevda
daeufla (ix. C. J. Sisson, The Mythicall Sorrows of Shakespeare, British
Academy Lecture, 1934; E. E. Stoll, The Tempest , Shakespeare and other
Masters, Cambridge, Mass. 1940). (4) poets pasuxs ver movTxovT
misi personaJebis azrebisaTvis. unda gavmijnoT Seqspirisa
da misi personaJebis, mag. timonisa da makbetis Sexedulebebi
cxovrebaze; aseve, ver vityviT, rom Seqspiri eTanxmeba iagos
an dol terSitis (,,henri meoTxis personaJi, --mTargmnelis
SeniSvna) azrebs. an ra safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom
prospero avtoris msgavsad msjelobs? mwerlebs ar unda
mivaweroT maT mier gamogonili gmirebis ideebi, grZnobebi,
Sexedulebebi, Rirsebebi Tu mankierebebi. es Tanabrad exeba
rogorc dramisa da romanis personaJebs, aseve _ lirikuli
leqsis gmirsac, romelic lirikuli `me-s~ miRma moiazreba.
kavSirs pirad cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas Soris ver
davarqmevT ubralo mizezSedegobriv urTierTobas.
Tumca, biografiuli meTodis mxardamWerebi mainc
Seedavebian am Cvens mtkicebulebebs. ityvian, rom bevri
ram Seicvala Seqspiris epoqis Semdeg. uxvad dagrovda bio
grafiuli masala mravali poetis Sesaxeb. poetebma (mag.,
miltonma, poupma, goeTem, uordsvorTma Tu baironma)
igrZnes pasuxismgebloba STamomavlobis winaSe. maT
arakldaT TanamedroveTa yuradReba da TviTonac mravali
avtobiografiuli Canaweri datoves. biografiuli midgoma
gamartivda, radgan SegviZlia cxovreba da moRvaweoba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT da SevupirispiroT. unda iTqvas,
rom TviTon poetis mxridanac igrZnoba amgvari midgomis
survili da moTxovna. es, gansakuTrebiT, romantikos
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literaturis Teoria

poetebs exebaT, romlebic ar eridebian sakuTari Tavis

Sesaxeb weras da gulis siRrmeSic gvaxedeben, an baironis
Tqmisa ar iyos, TavianT ,,sisxlmdinare guls mTels evropas
Semoatareben. es poetebi TavianT Tavze marto kerZo
werilebSi, dRiurebsa da avtobiografiebSi ki ar gviamboben,
aramed _ yvelaze oficialur da formalur gancxadebebSic.
uordsuorTis (Wordsworth) preludia aris poeturi
manifestis saxiT moTxrobili avtobiografia. Znelia ar
endo da ar daujero amgvar gancxadebebs, romlebic zogjer
ara Tu SinaarsiT, toniTac ki ar gansxvavdeba avtorTa
kerZo mimoweridan. Cvenc meti ra dagvrCenia, garda imisa,
rom poeziis interepretacia TviTon poetisave TvaliT
ganvaxorcieloT. gavixsenoT goeTes cnobili naTqvami,
romelSic is sakuTar Semoqmedebas `didi aRsarebis
fragmentebad aRiqvams.
arsebobs ori saxis _ obieqturi da subieqturi
_ poetebi. pirvel jgufs ekuTvnian, mag., kitsi da T. s.
elioti, romlebic xazs usvamen poetis `TviTuaryofas~,
e.i. mis Riaobas samyarosadmi da sakuTari individualobis
ugulebelyofas. meore tipis poeti, piriqiT, Tavisi pirov
nebis gamomzeurebas cdilobs, avtoportretis Seqmna
swadia da amgvarad cdilobs gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi da
guli gadagviSalos (ix. John Keats, Letters, Oxford 1952; T.S. Eliot,
The Sacred Wood, London 1920). (5) literaturis istoriaSi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi gvxvdeboda mxolod pirveli saxis poe
tebi. maT nawarmoebebSi TiTqmis miCqmalulia subieqturi
azri, miuxedavad imisa, rom esTetikurad maT nawerebs
SeiZleba udidesi Rirebuleba hqondeT. magaliTisTvis
SeiZleba moviyvanoT italiuri novela, saraindo romanebi,
aRorZinebis epoqis sonetebi, elisabedis xanis drama,
naturalisturi romanebi, TiTqmis mTeli xalxuri poezia.
Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom maSinac ki, roca Seswavlis
sagani subieqturi poetis Semoqmedebaa, aucileblad unda
gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan avtobiografiuli xasiaTis kerZo
ganacxadi da zustad igive motivis gamoyeneba mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi sul sxva mimarTebaSia
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literatura da biografia

realobasTan da sul sxvagvar mxatvrul mTlianobas

qmnis, mogonebaTa wignis, dRiurisa Tu werilisagan
`miltonuri~ an `kitsianuri~ magram es niSan-Tvisebebi gani
sazRvreba mxolod da mxolod maT nawarmoebebze da ara
biografiul faqtebze dayrdnobiT. Cven viciT, ras niSnavs
`virgiliusianuri~ an `Seqspiruli~, miuxedavad imisa, rom
am ori udidesi poetis Sesaxeb, faqtobrivad, sarwmuno
biografiuli cnobebi ar mogvepoveba.
da mainc, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, poetis cxovrebasa
da mis qmnilebaTa Soris mainc arsebobs SemakavSirebeli
xazebi, paralelizmebi, faruli msgavsebebi Tu mrude
sarkeebi. poetis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba hgavdes erTgvar
niRabs, dramatul pirobiTobaze agebul warmodgenas,
magram ar unda gamogvrCes, rom Zalian xSirad es swored
misi sakuTari gamocdilebisa da saerTod cxovrebis
ganzogadebaa. Tu amgvarad ganvixilavT movlenebs,
maSin mwerlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlas garkveuli azri
eZleva. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, amas ganmartebiTi
Rirebuleba aqvs: biografiis daxmarebiT SeiZleba uamravi
aluzia da sityva gasagebi gaxdes CvenTvis. biografiuli
midgoma gviadvilebs literaturis istoriis anu avtoris
SesaZleblobebis zrdis, momwifebis da aseve savaraudo
dakninebis Seswavlas. biografia literaturul kvlevas
saWiro masaliTac uzrunvelyofs, romlis safuZvelze pasuxi
gaecema Semdeg sakiTxebs: ras kiTxulobda, ramdenad nakiTxi
iyo poeti, ramdenad icnobda Tavisi drois sxva mwerlebsa Tu
literatorebs, sad umogzauria, ra adgilebi unaxavs da sad
ucxovria. pasuxebi am kiTxvebze SeiZleba Zalze sasargeblo
iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, mag., imis dasadgenad, Tu
romel literaturul mimdinareobas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
esa Tu is mwerali, ram moaxdina zegavlena misi, rogorc
Semoqmedis Camoyalibebaze, ra saxis masaliT sargeblobda
an ra warmoadgenda misi Semoqmedebis wyaros.
rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis
gadasaWrelad biografiis Seswavlas SeiZleba marTlac
mniSvneloba hqondes. da mainc, rac unda didi iyos es
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literaturis Teoria

mniSvneloba, ar unda mivaweroT mas is roli, romelic

kritikul gansjas akisria. kvlevis procesSi, xSirad,
uadgilod gamoyenebuli `gulwrfelobis~ kriteriumi
Tavidan bolomde mcdaria, Tu is cdilobs nawarmoebebi
ganixilos biografiis utyuarobis niSniT, an sarwmunod
miiCnios yvela arsebuli sabuTi Tu mogoneba avtoris
gancdebisa Tu grZnobebis Sesaxeb. amgvar `gulwrfelobasa~
da nawarmoebis mxatvrul faseulobas Soris aranairi kav
Siri ar arsebobs. amis kargi sabuTia mozardebis mier TiT
qos erTi amosunTqviT dawerili sasiyvarulo poezia da
aseve uRimRamo (Tundac mgznebared gancdili) religiuri
poezia, romliTac savsea biblioTekebi. baironis leqsi
`gemSvidobebi~-s (Fare Thee Well) Rirsebas arc arafers matebs
da arc aklebs is, rom masSi asaxulia poetis realuri
urTierToba colTan. verc pol elmer mors (Paul Elmer More)
daveTanxmebiT, TiTqos `samwuxaro~ iyos is faqti, rom
poetis xelnawers ar etyoba im cremlTa kvali, romlebic
(Tu Tomas muris `Canawerebs~ vendobiT) zed unda
dascemoda.(10) mTavaria, rom arsebobs leqsi. cremlebi _
Tundac marTla daRvrili _ gamqralia. gamqralia poetis
gancdebic. maT veRar gavacocxlebT da es arc aris saWiro.

108

Tavi merve

literatura da fsiqologia
*
rodesac `literaturis fsiqologiaze~ viwyebT
saubars,
mxedvelobaSi
SeiZleba
gvqondes
Semdegi:
mwerlis, rogorc fsiqologiuri tipisa da individis
analizi; SemoqmedebiTi procesis Seswavla; nawarmoebSi
warmodgenili fsiqologiuri tipebisa da kanonzomierebis
ganxilva, da bolos, literaturis zegavlena mkiTxvelze
(mkiTxvelTa fsiqologia). am ukanasknels ganvixilavT
naSromis momdevno TavSi `literatura da sazogadoeba~.
pirveli sami sakiTxis Sesaxeb ki aqve vimsjelebT. amaTgan
literaturaTmcodneobasTan yvelaze axlos mesame moiazreba,
pirveli ori ki xelovnebis fsiqologiis ganStoebas
warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi roli, rogorc
pedagogiuri meTodebisa, SeiZleba literaturaTmcodneo
bisaTvis zogjer metad momgebianic iyos, mainc erTxel da
samudamod uari unda vTqvaT literaturuli nawarmoebebis
Sefasebaze maTi warmoSobisa da Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT
(vgulisxmobT genetikur cdomilebas _ genetic fallacy).
genialur mweralTa niWierebis arsi yovelTvis iwvevda
interess. jer kidev Zveli berZnebi mas erTgvar `SeSlilobas~
uwodebdnen (iqidan moyolebuli, es Sefaseba meryeobs
nevrozsa da fsiqozs Soris). poeti `Sepyrobili~ arsebaa:
is sxvebs ar hgavs, igi erTdroulad aRemateba kidec maT da
maTze naklebic aris; misi aracnobieri aRiqmeba, rogorc
udablesi da, imavdroulad, umaRlesi donis cnobiereba.
meore _ odindeli da myari _ Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
poets `niWi~ raime naklisa Tu xinjis dasafaravad eZleva.
mag. `odiseas~ mixedviT, muzam marTalia demodokoss
TvalisCini waarTva, magram, samagierod, `simReris
didebuli niWi uboZa~; dabrmavebulma tiresiasmac
winaswarmetyvelebis unari SeiZina. magram, nakli da
RvTiv boZebuli niWi yovelTvis aseT mimarTebaSi ar aris;
109

literaturis Teoria

sneuleba Tu xinji SeiZleba fsiqologiuri an socialuri

bunebisa iyos da ara fizikuri. poupi (Pope) kuziani da juja
kaci iyo; baironi (Byron) _ koWli; naxevrad ebraeli prusti
(Proust) astmuri nevroziT itanjeboda. kitsi Zalze dabali
yofila, tomas vulfi (Thomas Wolfe) ki, piriqiT _ metad
maRali. am Teoriis nakli misive TvalSisacemi simartivea.
anu, `roca uremi gadabrundeba~, maSin Zalian advilia
avxsnaT nebismieri warmateba misive gamawonasworebeli
motivaciiT, radgan yvela adamians aqvs susti wertili,
rac xelovanisTvis, saboloo angariSiT SeiZleba stimulad
da biZgad iqces. rasakvirvelia, saeWvoa is farTod
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, nevrozi
da misi erTgvari `kompensacia~ xelovanT ganasxvavebs
mecnierTagan da sxva `mWvretelTagan~. gansxvaveba is aris,
rom mwerlebi TavianT problemebze xSirad weren da sakuTar
sneulebas TavianTi nawerebis Temad aqceven xolme (ix. Alfred
Adler, Study of Organ Inferiority and its Physical Compensation, 1907;
Edmund Wilson, The Wound and the Bow, New York 1937; L. MacNeice,
Modern Poetry, London 1938). (1)
mTavari kiTxva ki Semdegia: Tu mwerals nevrozi tanjavs,
es sneuleba misi Semoqmedebis Temad iqceva Tu mxolod misi
Semoqmedebis mizezad? Tu is mizezia, maSin mwerali ar unda
gamovarCioT sxva mWvretelTagan. axla aseTi kiTxva davsvaT:
Tu mwerlis nevrozi namdvilad ganapirobebs nawarmoebTa
Temebis SerCevas (amis udavo magaliTia kafka), maSin rogor
xdeba, rom misi Semoqmedeba mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebia? mwerals
imaze metis gakeTeba evaleba, vidre, ubralod, uCveulo ambis
Caweraa. is am problemas an arqetipuli modelis kuTxiT unda
udgebodes (rogorc amas akeTebs, mag., dostoevski romanSi
`Zmebi karamazovebi~) an unda irCevdes Cvens droSi farTod
gavrcelebul `nevrozuli pirovnebis~ sqemas.
froidis (Freud) Sexeduleba mweralis Sesaxeb
mTlad erTgvarovani ar aris. mravali Tavisi evropeli
kolegis, kerZod, iungis (Jung) da rankis (Rank) msgavsad,
froidic did kulturas naziarebi adamiani gaxldaT.
rogorc es ganaTlebul avstriels Seefereba, isic
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literatura da fsiqologia

did pativs scemda klasikur xelovnebasa da germanul

klasikur literaturas. froidi mraval Rrma azrs
Caswvda ufroGgviandel literaturaSic, rogoricaa:
dostoevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi~, Seqspiris `hamleti~,
didros `ramos Zmiswuli~, goeTes nawarmoebebi, ramac
SemdgomSi misi sakuTari mignebebis Camoyalibebasa da
ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli. Tumca, amasTanave, igi mwerals
miiCnevda nevroziT Sepyrobil adamianad, romelic
sakuTari Semoqmedebis wyalobiT Tavs aRwevda pirovnul
ganadgurebas, magram saSualebasac ar aZlevda Tavis Tavs,
srulad gankurnebuliyo.
xelovani, ambobs froidi, aris adamiani, romelic
zurgs aqcevs realobas, radgan ver urigdeba imas, rom
iZulebulia uari Tqvas Tavisi instinqtebis myisier
dakmayofilebaze, Semdeg ki Tavis warmosaxvasa Tu
fantaziebSi srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs sakuTar eroti
kul da gabedul survilebs. magram is mainc poulobs gzas
am fantaziebis samyarodan realobaSi dasabruneblad;
gansakuTrebuli niWis wyalobiT is Tavis fantaziebs
sruliad axleburi realobis yalibSi aTavsebs; adamianebi
ki Tanaxma arian, maTSi realuri cxovrebis metad Rirebuli
da mniSvnelovani asaxva povon. amgvarad, garkveuli gzis
gavliT mwerali iqceva imad, razec ocnebobda _ igi xdeba
namdvili gmiri, mefe, Semoqmedi, mijnuri. mas aRar sWirdeba
grZeli, SemovliTi gza, raTa Seqmnas gare, obieqturi
samyaros Secvlili realuri saxe.
gamodis, rom poeti meocnebea, romlis arseboba
sanqcionirebulia sazogadoebis mier. imis nacvlad, rom
Tavisi buneba Secvalos, igi Tavis fantaziebs ukvdavyofs
da aqveynebs kidec. (2)
amgvari ganmarteba gulisxmobs, rom xelovans
araferi scxia filosofosisa da `wminda wylis mecnierisa~.
mWvreteloba
pozitivisturad
`daiyvaneba~
ubralo
dakvirvebaze da saganTa saxeldebaze. aq gaTvaliswinebuli
araa misi iribad moqmedi efeqti _ ,,gare, obieqturi
samyaros Secvla~, rasac ganaxorcieleben romanebisa da
111

literaturis Teoria

filosofiuri Txzulebebis mkiTxvelebi. amave dros,

ar xdeba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, rogorc obieqturi
samyaroSi
SromiTi saqmianobis garkveuli saxeobis
aRiareba; rodesac meocnebe kmayofildeba imiT, rom wers
Tavisi ocnebebis Sesaxeb, WeSmariti Semoqmedi miiswrafvis
garegnuli TviTgamovlinebisadmi da cdilobs moergos
sazogadoebas.
mweralTa umetesobisTvis miuRebelia orTodoq
suli froidizmi da Tumca bevrma maTganma daiwyo
fsiqoanalitikuri mkurnaloba, magram ar daasrula
mkurnalobis kursi. maTU umetesobas ar surs ,,gankurneba
an `sazogadoebasTan morgeba~, radgan SiSoben, rom amis Se
degad weras Sewyveten an Segueba mouwevT filisterul Tu
burJuaziuli (maTi TqmiT) `normalur~ yofasTan. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, odenma (Auden) ganacxada, rom xelovanma
imden nevrozs unda gauZlos, ramdensac aitanso. bevri
ki daeTanxma hornis, fromis da kardineris (froidizmis
revizionisti fsiqologebis) Sexedulebas imis Taobaze,
rom froidistuli Sexedulebebi nevrozisa Tu normaluri
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romlebicmarTebuli iyo venisTvis
X1X-XX saukuneTa mijnaze, unda gadaixedos da Seswordes
marqsizmisa da anTropologiur moZRvrebaTa mixedviT (ix.
W.H. Auden, Letters from Iceland , London 1937; L. MacNeice, Modern
Poetry, London 1938; Karen Horney, The Neurotic Personality of Our
Time, New York 1937; Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, New York
1941 and Man for Himself, New York 1947). (3)
Teoria xelovnebis rogorc nevrozis Sesaxeb
wamoWris warmosaxvisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxs. SesaZloa, romanistSi unda davinaxoT mxolod
romantikuli yrma, romelic `ambebs mogviTxrobs~,
anu rogorc moesurveba ise acocxlebs da warmosaxavs
akuTar Tavgadasavals. meore mxriv, SeiZleba is aris
haluciiinaciebiT datanjuli
adamiani, romelic ver
ganarCevs realobas sakuTari imedebisa da SiSebis
fantasmagoriuli samyarosgan. zog romanists (maT
Soris, dikenss) usaubria imis Sesaxeb, rom cxadad xedavda
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literatura da fsiqologia

da usmenda Tavisi gmirebs, romlebic xSirad TviTon

warmarTavdnen Txrobas iseTi dasasrulisken, romelic
avtors arc ki mosvlia azrad. fsiqologebis mier moyvanil
verc erT magaliTs halucinaciurs ver vuwodebT; ubralod,
zogierT romanists aqvs bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fotografiuli mexsierebis unari, romelic mozrdilebSi
Zalian iSviaTia (is aRqmiTi, sensoruli xasiaTisaa). erih
iaenSis (Jaensch) azriT, es unari migvaniSnebs xelovanis
gamorCeul Tvisebaze, gaaerTianos percefciuli (aRqmiTi)
da koncefciuri (gaazrebiTi). xelovani ara marto
inarCunebs, aramed aviTarebs kidec am arqaul niSans: is
grZnobs da xedavs kidec Tavis fiqrebs (ix. rE ich Jaensch, Feelings
and Emotions, Worcester, Mass.1928). (4)
kidev erTi unari, rasac mwerals, ufro konkretulad ki
poets miaweren, aris sinesTezi, anu grZnobaTa ori meti orga
nos sensoruli aRqmis dakavSireba. es umetesad exeba mxed
velobiTsa da smeniT SegrZnebebs (mag., `feris xma~_ audition
coloree, rodesac sayviris xma aRiqmeba, rogorc alisferi).
rogorc fsiqologiuri Tviseba, es aSkarad hgavs wiTeli
da mwvane ferebis ganusxvaveblobis unars, rac adrindeli,
SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli aRqmis gadmonaSTia. Tumca,
unda iTqvas, rom ufro xSirad sinesTezia literaturuli
xerxia, metaforuli azrovnebis erTgvari forma, romelic
cxovrebis mimarT metafizikur-esTetikuri damokidebulebas
stilizebulad gadmogvcems. istorias Tu gadavxedavT,
amgvari damokidebuleba da stili barokos da romantizmis
periodebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da Sesabamisad, ufro
racionalistur periodebSi mas metad amreziT uyurebdnen,
radgan maSin ufro mniSvnelovani iyo `aSkara, gamokveTil~
formaTa Zieba, vidre `Sesabamisobebis~, analogiebis da
saerTo niSnebis gamonaxvis mcdeloba (ix. Ottokar Fischer,
Zeitschrift fur Asthetik, 1907; E. v. Erhardt-Siebold, Harmony of the Senses
in English, German and French Romantism, 1932). (5)
jer kidev Tavis adreul kritikul nawerebSi t. s.
elioti (T. S. Eliot) xazgasmiT migvaniSnebda poetis krebsiT
saxeze, romelic ajamebs an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT,
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literaturis Teoria

xeluxleblad inaxavs Tavis kuTvnil adgils kacobriobis

istoriaSi, igi ar wyvets Ria kavSirs sakuTar da aseve
poeziis sawyisebTan da amave dros axerxebs momavalsac
miawvdinos Tvali: `xelovani,~ werda elioti 1918 wels,
`Tavis TanamedroveebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro
primitiulic aris da aseve ufro civilizebulic...~.
1932 wels is ubrundeba am koncefcias, kerZod, `smeniTi
warmosaxvis~ sakiTxs da ara marto mas. is msjelobs poetis
vizualur xatTa samyaros da gansakuTrebiT im mxatvrul
saxeebis Sesaxeb, romelTac poeti kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba.
maT `SeiZleba aqvT kidec simboluri Rirebuleba, magram Cven
amas ver mivxvdebiT, radganac Cvens winaSe isini grZnobaTa
miuwvdomeli siRrmeebidan warmodgebian~. Sejamebisas,
elioti mowonebiT imowmebs kaies (Cailliet) da bedes (Bd)
naSromebs, romlebic ikvleven simbolisturi mimdinareobis
mimarTebas primitiuli sulis (psyche) mimarT: ,,civilizebul
adamianSi winarelogikuri mentaliteti kidev arsebobs,
magram mxolod poetisTvis an poetis meSveobiT xdeba is
gasagebi da misawvdomi~. (6)
Zneli ar aris, am naTqvamSi SevniSnoT karl iungis
gavlena da, aseve, iungiseuli Tezisis parafrazac imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom individualuri `aracnobieris~ anu Cveni
warsulis _ gansakuTrebiT, yrmobisa da bavSvobis _ miRma
arsebobs `koleqtiuri aracnobieri~, Cveni warsulis(Cveni
pirvelyofili warsulisac ki) avtonomiuri mexsiereba.
iungis sakmaod rTuli fsiqologiuri tipologiis
mixedviT, `eqstraverti` da `introverti~ oTx arsebul
tips (imis mixedviT gamorCeuls, Tu ra sWarbobs maTSi:
azrovneba, grZnoba, intuicia Tu mgrZnobeloba) kidev
ufro akonkretebs. swori araa, rom iungi yvela mwerals
intuiciuri introvertis kategoriaSi miakuTvnebs. igi
kidev ufro rTulad warmogvidgens suraTs, roca aRniSnavs,
rom zogi mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiT amJRavnebs imas, Tu
romel tips miekuTvneba, zogi ki, piriqiT, SemoqmedebaSi
warmoaCens Tavis antitips, anu imas, rac TviTon aklia, rac
Tavad ar aris (ix. Carl G. Jung, Contributions to Analytical Psychology,
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London 1928 and Psychological Types, London 1926; H. G. Baynes,

The Mythology of the Soul, London 1940; M. Esther Harding, Womens
Mysteries, London1935). (7)
unda vaRiaroT, rom Homo scriptor anu `mwerali adamiani~
ar aris erTgvarovani tipi. Tu romantikosi mwerlis xats
SevqmniT kolrijis, Selis(Shelly), bodleris (Baudelaire) da
pos (Poe) saxeebidan, aqve ar unda daviviwyoT rasini (Racine),
miltoni (Milton), goeTe, an jein ostini (Jane Austen) da
entoni trolopi (Anthony Trollope). SeiZleba lirikuli da
romantikosi poetebis gamorCevac a dramatuli da epikuri
poetebisgan da maTTan axlos mdgomi romanistebisgan. erTerTi germaneli tipologi kreCmeri (Kretschmer) gamohyofs
poetebs (leptosomaturebs _ susti, gamxdari agebulebis
mqoneT,
romlebic midrekilni arian Sizofreniisadmi)
romanistebisgan (dabali tanis, Cafskvnili aRnagobis,
maniakalur-depresiuli temperamentis anu cvalebadi
guneba-ganwyobilebiani mqoneT _`cikloidebs~). ueWvelia,
rom arsebobs erTgvari tipologiuri wyvili: `Sepyrobili~
e.i. avtomaturad moqmedi, poeti- winaswarmetyveli da
`xelovani~ _ mwerali, romelic uwinaresad ganswavluli
profesionalia. aseT klasifikacias nawilobriv istoriuli
fesvebi aqvs: `Sepyrobilebs~ uwodeben primitiul poetebs,
Samanebs (SemdgomSi _ romantikosebs, eqspresionistebs,
siurealistebs).
profesionali-`xelovanni~
arian
irlandieli da islandieli mgosnebi,
aRorZinebisa
da neoklasicizmis xanis poetebi. Tumca, poetTa es
urTierTsapirispiro tipebi rodi gamoricxaven erTma
neTs. didi mwerlebi, magaliTad, miltoni, po, jeimsi,
elioti, Seqspiri da dostoevski iTavseben `xelovansac~
da `Sepyrobilsac~. maT axasiaTebT akviatebuli Sexedu
leba cxovrebaze da, aseve, sruliad gaazrebuli zrunva
imisTvis, Tu rogor unda iqnes es Sexeduleba warmodgenili
(ix. Eduard Spranger, Types of Men: the Psychology of Personality,
Halle 1928 and Physique and Character, London 1925) (8)
albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac am polarul
dapirispirebaze dawerila, aris apolonisa da dionises
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literaturis Teoria

nicSeseuli dapirispireba mis `tragediis dabadebaSi~.

berZnuli
panTeonis
es
RmerTebi
ganasaxiereben
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebs (qandakebasa da musikas) da,
Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvar SemoqmedebiT principebs _
ocnebas da eqstazur Trobas. maT Soris TiTqmis iseTive
mimarTebaa, rogorc klasikur `xelovansa~ da romantikul
,,Sepyrobils~, `STagonebuls, anu poeta vates-s Soris (laT.
poeti, romelic RmerTebma winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT
daajildoves __ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
frangi fsiqologi ribo (Ribot) davalebuli unda iyos
nicSesagan, Tumca TviTon amas mainc ar aRiarebs. es aSkaraa,
Tu ganvixilavT mwerlebis miseul dayofas warmosaxvis
unaris ori mTavari tipis mixedviT. pirveli maTgani, e.w.
`plastikuri~, damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri warmosaxvis mqone
SemoqmedisTvis, romlisTvisac weris upirveles stimuls
warmoadgens gare samyaroze dakvirveba, misi grZnobadi
aRqma. xolo e. w. `uformo~(smeniTi da simboluri) warmosaxva
damaxasiaTebelia simbolisti poetis an romantikosi
mwerlisTvis (tiki, hofmani, po), romelic asaxavs Tavis
gamocdilebas da grZnobebs, ritmiTa da xatebiT Seavsebs
maT da aerTianebs sakuTari ganwyobilebiT (Stimmung).
eWvsgareSea, rom eliotma, dantes `vizualuri warmosaxvisa
`da miltonis ,,smeniTi warmosaxvis Sepirispirebisas,
gaiTvaliswina ribos (Ribot) Sexedulebebi
Tanamedrove rumineli mkvlevari l. rusu (Rusu) ga
nasxvavebs xelovanis sam ZiriTad tips: pirveli _ ,, type sympathique ,,simpaTiuri tipi _ moiazreba, rogorc mxiaruli,
spontanuri, laRi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi; meore _ ,,type demoniaque anarchique _ demonuri, anarqiuli tipi da mesame _ ,,type
demoniaque equilibredemonuri, gawonasworebuli. rusus
zogjer Seusabamo magaliTebi mohyavs, Tumca ZiriTadi
azri nayofieria: Tezisis da antiTezisis, simpaTiuri da
anarqiuli ipebis urTierTqmedebas agvirgvinebs Semoqmedis
uzenaesi tipis sinTezi, rodesac demonTan brZola tri
umfiT mTavrdeba, xolo daZabulobas wonasworoba enacv
leba. rusus am tipis magaliTad goeTe mohyavs. Tumca es
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Tviseba ar unda davukargoT sxva did mwerlebsac _ dantes,

Seqspirs, balzaks, dikenss, tolstoisa da dostoevskis (ix.
Th. Ribot, Essai sur limagination cratrice, Paris 1900; Liviu Rusu, Essai
sur la cration artistique, Paris 1935).(9)
,,SemoqmedebiTi procesSi unda igulisxmebodes
literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTeli procesi,
dawyebuli aracnobieri impulsebiT da damTavrebuli
ukanaskneli SesworebebiT, romlebic zogi mwerlisTvis
muSaobis yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi nawilia.
aucilebelia, gavavloT gamyofi xazi poetis mentalur
wyobasa da leqsis agebulebas Soris, STabeWdilebasa da
gamoxatvas Soris. kroCem (Croce) ver moipova verc mweralTa
da verc kritikosTa mxardaWera, rodesac orive maTgani
esTetikur intuiciamde daiyvana; k. s. luisi (Clive Staples
Lewis) ki, piriqiT, damajereblad amtkicebs TiTqmis sruliad
sapirispiros. magram ,,gancdilis~, `gadatanilis (Erlebnis) da
,,mogonilis (Dichtung) Sepirispirebis nebismieri mcdeloba
(dilTais (Dilthey) modelis msgavsad), damakmayofilebel
Sedegs ar iZleva. mxatvari xedavs ise, rogorc es mxatvars
Seefereba; naxati misi xedvis TvalsaCino Sedegia. poeti qmnis
leqsebs, romelTa Sinaarsic mis mier aRqmuli gaazrebuli
cxovrebaa. nebismier xelovans yvelanairi STabeWdilebis
formas sakuTari xelovneba karnaxobs; is misTvis ucxo,
gaurkveveeli gancdebis madevari ar aris (ix. C. S. Lewis,
The Personal Heresy, London 1939; W. Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die
Dichtung Leipsig 1906). (10)
`STagoneba~
_
tradiciulad
ase
vuwodebT
SemoqmedebiTi procesis aracnobier stimuls. antikuri
droidanve is dakavSirebulia muzebTan, zevsisa da
mexsierebis qalRmerTs qaliSvilebTan _ muzebTan,
xolo qristianul samyaroSi _ suliwmidasTan. rogorc
saxeli gviCvenebs, STagonebuli mdgomareoba Samanis,
winaswarmetyvelisa Tu poetisa gansxvavdeba misi Cveulebrivi
mdgomareobisgan. primitiul sazogadoebaSi Samans SeeZlo
sakuTari surviliT Tavi transSi Caegdo an kidev piriqiT,
Tavisda uneburad qceuliyo ,,Sepyrobilad romelime
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memkvidreobiT gadmosuli Tu totemuri spirituli Zalis

mier. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, STagonebis mTavari niSnebia
ucabedoba, moulodneloba (rogorc erTi mdgomareobidan
meoreSi gadasvla) da avtoris saxis miCqmalva: igrZnoba, rom
nawarmoebi dawerilia STagonebiT da sul erTia vis mier (ix.
Norah Chadwick, Poetry and Prophecy, Cambridge 1942 (on shamanism);
Ribot, Creative Imagination, London 1906). (11)
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom STagoneba xelovnurad
gamoviwvioT, movixmoT? ver uarvyofT, rom STagonebis
`moxmobaSi~ didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa weris Cvevebs,
aseve _ stimulatorebs da ritualebs. alkoholi, opiumi da
sxva saSualebebi aduneben gonebis cnobier nawils, am metad
kritikul cenzors da swored maSin iwyebs aracnobieri
Tavisuflad moqmedebas. kolrijma da de quinsim (De
Qiuncey) kidev ufro STambeWdavi da pretenziuli ganacxadi
gaakeTes _ TiTqos, opiumis wyalobiT, literaturuli
SemoqmedebisTvis STabeWdilebebisa da gancdebis mTeli
axali samyaro iSleba. magram Tanamedrove samedicino
gamokvlevebi gvarwmunebs, rom uCveulo, araordinaruli
fragmentebi aseT poetTa SemoqmedebaSi gamowveulia
maTi nevroziT datanjuli sulieri mdgomareobiT da ara
ama Tu im wamlis moqmedebis Sedegad. elizabeT Snaideri
de quinsis Sesaxeb werda, rom ,,misi ,opiumis zmanebani,
ramac Zalze didi gavlena moaxdina Semdgom mwerlobaze,
sinamdvileSi cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba 1803 wlis misive
dRiuris Canawerebisgan, sanam is opiumis miRebas daiwyebda,
Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom weris stili ufro CaxlarTuli,
RvlarWnili xdeba... (ix. Elisabeth Schneider, Coleridge, Opium, and
Kubla Khan, Chicago1953). (12)
ZvelTaganve
garkveuli
meTodebi
arsebobda
STagonebis
misaRwevad.
primitiul
sazogadoebaSi
winaswarmetyveluri
niWiT
dajildoebul
poetebs
aswavlidnen, Tu rogor unda mieyvanaT Tavi transis
mdgomareobamde. aRmosavleTis sulieri disciplinis
kanonebis mixedviT, religiur poetebs urCeven, rom
locvisaTvis erTi da igive dro da adgili gamonaxon,
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da aseve SearCion specialuri `SeZaxilebi~ Tu mantra

(sanskr. sityvebi an marcvlebi, romelTac iyeneben
koncentraciisaTvis religiuri ritualis Sesrulebisas).
ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi ki swavloben an hgoniaT, rom
swavloben ritualebs SemoqmedebiTi ganwyobis misaRwevad.
mag., Sileri dampal vaSlebs awyobda Tavis samuSao magidaze,
balzaki ki beris mosasxamSi gaxveuli werda. etyoba, bevri
mwerali `horizontalur mdgomareobaSi~ ufro kargad
azrovnebs da sawolSic ki wers, maT Soris erTmaneTisagan
iseTi gansxvavebulnic ki, rogorebic arian prusti da mark
tveni. zog mwerals siCume da ganmartoeba sWirdeba; zogsac
ojaxur garemoSi an kafeSi nacnobebs Soris urCevnia wera.
aris ucnauri SemTxvevebic: zogi mwerali dRisiT iZinebs da
RamiT muSaobs. albaT es erTguleba Ramisadmi _ roca dgeba
Jami fiqrisa, ocnebisa da qvecnobierisa _ romantikosi
poetebis mier danatovari mTavari tradiciaa; Tumca, arc
is unda daviviwyoT, rom arsebobda kidev erTi sapirispiro
romantikuli tradicia _ uordsuorTiseuli, romelic
Sehxaris da Tayvans scems adreul dilas, bavSvobis simbolos.
zogi avtori gvarwmunebs, rom wera mxolod weliwadis
garkveul dros SeuZlia. mag., miltoni amtkicebda, rom misi
poeturi ZarRvi mxolod zamTris buniobidan zafxulis
buniobamde Cqefda sixaruliT. dr-i jonsoni yvela aseT
Teorias amreziT uyurebda da sjeroda, rom adamians
nebismier dros SeeZlo wera, Tu sakuTar Tavs amas jiutad
mosTxovda. Tavad mas, rogorc aRiarebda, materialuri
gaWirveba aiZulebda weras. Tumca, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom zemoT CamoTvlil axirebul ritualebs aqvs raRac
saerTo, rac _ Tu CvevaSi gadaizarda da asociaciurma
kavSirmac imoqmeda _ xelis Semwyobi aRmoCndeba xelovanTa
uwyveti SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebisaTvis (ix.
Aelfrida
Tillyard, Spiritual Exercises and Their Results, London 1927). (13)
axla vikiTxoT: aqvs Tu ara naazrevis furcelze
gadatanis maneras raime TvalsaCino gavlena mwerlis
literaturul stilze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas,
pirveli (Savi) piri kalmiT iwereba Tu pirdapir sabeWd
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manqanaze ibeWdeba? hemingueis azriT, mwerals sabeWd

manqanis beWdvisas `qaRaldze gadaaqvs ukve sabolood
gamzadebuli fraza~. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis
gadakeTeba rTuldeba, arada, es weris procesis metad
mniSvnelovani nawilia. sxvebi varaudoben, rom sabeWdi
manqanis wyalobiT, mweralTa stili Zalze sityvamravali,
an Tu gnebavT, Jurnalisturic ki gaxda. am sakiTxis Taobaze
aranairi empiriuli gamokvleva ar Catarebula. rac Seexeba
karnaxiT weras, mraval mwerals gamouyenebia es meTodi.
ukve gonebaSi SeTxzuli ,,dakarguli samoTxe~ miltonma
Tavis mdivans ukarnaxa Casawerad. Tumca, gacilebiT
sainteresoa skotis, goeTes da henri jeimsis (James)
gviandeli Semoqmedeba. nawarmoebis struqtura winaswar
ganisazRvreboda, xolo sityvieri masala karnaxisas
SeirCeoda xolme. jeimsis SemTxvevaSi, mainc SesaZlebeli
Cans, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri vipovoT karnaxsa da mis e.w.
`gviandel maneras~ (later manner) Soris, romelic, Tavisi
sakmaod rTuli mWevrmetyvelebiT, zepiri, sasaubro enis
STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs (ix. Theodora Bosanquet, Henry James
at Work, London 1924). (14)
literaturis TeoriaSi arc ise bevri zogadi daskvna
mogvepoveba SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis cno
bilia ramdenime avtoris gamonaTqvamebi, magram es Sedare
biT gviandeli avtorebia, romlebic bevr dros uTmobdnen
TavianT xelovnebaze fiqrsa da analizs (vgulisxmobT goe
Tes da Silers (Schiller), flobers (Flaubert), jeimss, eliotsa
da valeris (Valry). garda amisa, arsebobs fsiqologTa Zal
ze zogadi daskvnebi originalobis, gamomgoneblobis, war
mosaxvis Sesaxeb, mecnieruli, filosofiuri da esTetikuri
Semoqmedebis `gaerTmniSvnelianebis~ mcdelbebi.
SemoqmedebiTi procesis nebismieri Tanamedrove
gamokvleva mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra
wvlili Seaqvs am procesSi aracnobiersa da cnobiers. advilia
literaturuli
periodebis
urTierdapirispirebac:
romantikuli da eqspresionistuli periodebis _
(romlebic ganadideben aracnobiers) gamijvna klasi
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kuri da realisturi periodebisagan (rodesac mTa

vari aqcenti keTdeba gonivrul moqmedebaze, saqmis
guldasmiT gadasinjvaze, urTierTgagebis damyarebaze).
am dapirispirebis gamwvavebac Zalian advilad SeiZleba:
klasicizmisa da romantizmis Teoriebi ufro metad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre maTi saukeTeso
warmomadgenlebis qmnilebebi.
avtorebi, romelnic did dros uTmoben TavianTi
xelovnebis gansjas, bunebrivia, ufro didi mondomebiT
ganixilaven weris procesis gacnobierebul da teqnikur
momentebs, vidre `garedan~ Tavsmoxveul, SeZenil
gamocdilebas, rac maTTvis masalas, sarkesa Tu prizmas
warmoadgens. Zneli ar aris imis gageba, Tu ratom
msjelobs xelovani (romelsac sinamdvileSi sakuTari
literaturuli mowodebisa swams) sakuTari Semoqmedebis
upirovnobis Sesaxeb; TiTqosda, redaqtoris davalebam
an nayofierma esTetikurma problemam ganapiroba
nawarmoebis Temis SerCeva. am sakiTxze dawerili yvelaze
cnobili naSromi _ pos `kompoziciis filosofia~
(Philosophy of Composition) _ cdilobs ganmartos, romeli
meTodologiuri strategiis Sedegad an romeli pirveladi
esTetikuri aqsiomidan gamomdinare daiwera misi `yorani~.
rodesac misi `saSinelebaTa novelebi~ araoriginalur
nawarmoebebad gamoacxades, Seuracxyofilma pom upasuxa,
rom am saSinelebebis wyaro germanuli Tqmulebebi ki ara,
adamianis suli iyo; Tumca, imis aRiareba, rom saSinelebebi
missave sulSi budobda, man ver SeZlo. po acxadebda,
literaturuli inJineri var, romelic sxvaTa sulebis
manipulirebaSi aris daostatebulio. posTan Semzaravi
srulyofilebiT aris mocemuli ufskruli aracnobiersa da
cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieridan modis bodvis, wamebisa
da sikvdilis motivebi, xolo cnobiereba mxatvrulad
aviTarebs da gadmogvcems am Temebs. (15)
Cvens mizans rom warmoadgendes testebis Sedgena li
teraturuli talantis gamosavlenad, isini ori saxisa iqne
boda: 1. Tanamedrove poetebisTvis _ sityvebi da maTi kom
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binaciebi, xati da metafora, semantikuri da fonetikuri ka

vSirebi (e.i. riTma, asonansi, aliteracia); 2. mwerlebisTvis
(romanistebisa da dramaturgebisTvis) ZiriTadi amocana
iqneboda personaJebis saxeTa Seqmna da siuJetis ageba.
literatoris specialobas warmoadgens asociaciuri
(`sazrianoba~) da disociaciuri (`gansja~) azrovneba, aseve
_ rekombinacia (axali mTlianobis Seqmna im elementebisgan,
romlebic
gamocdilebaSi
cal-calkea
mocemuli).
sityvebi mwerlisTvis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. igi SeiZleba
bavSvobidanve agrovebdes sityvebs ise, rogorc misi
Tanatolebi _ Tojinebs, markebs an patara Sinaur cxovelebs.
poetisaTvis sityva, upirvelesad, `niSani~ ki ar aris,
aramed _ `simbolo~, romelic TavisTavadac Rirebulia,
garda imisa, rom SeuZlia raime cneba warmoadginos. sityva
SeiZleba iyos `obieqti~ an `sagani~, romelic JReradobis
anda garegnuli niSnis mixedviTaa SemoqmedisTvis Zvirfasi.
zogi mwerali sityvebs iyenebs rogorc niSnebs (skoti (Scott),
kuperi (Cooper), draizeri (Dreiser); aseT SemTxvevaSi isini
SeiZleba sxva enaze iolad iTargmnon, an dagvamaxsovrdnen,
rogorc miTuri struqturebi. poetebi ki sityvebs umetesad
`simbolurad~ iyeneben (ix. S. K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key,
Cambridge , Mass. 1942). (16)
tradiciuli gamoTqma `ideaTa asociacia~ sizustiT
ar gamoirCeva. sityvaTa asociaciuri kavSiri (rac zogierT
poetTan SeiniSneba) gulisxmobs im saganTa asociacias,
romlebsac Cveni gonebis `ideebi~ miemarTeba. amgvari asocia
ciebis mTavari kategoriebia droisa da sivrcis uwyvetoba da,
aseve, msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi. romanisti albaT pirveli
rigis kategoriebiT azrovnebs, poeti ki _ meore rigis
kategoriebiT (msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi Sei
Zleba metaforas gavuTanabroT). isic ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom kontrasti Zalian ar unda gavaRrmavoT, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca saqme Tanamedrove literaturas exeba.
jon l. louisi Tavis naSromSi `gza qsanadusaken~ (ix.
John L. Lowes, Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination,
Boston 1927)
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brwyinvale deteqtivisaTvis Sesaferisi gamWriaxobiT

aRadgens im asociaciaTa jaWvs, romelTac uaRresad
nakiTxi, farTo ganaTlebis mqone kolriji erTi
literaturuli aluziidan meorisaken mihyavda. rac Seexeba
Teorias, aq avtori male kmayofildeba: TiTo-orola wminda
wylis stilisturi terminiT aRwers SemoqmedebiT process;
gvesaubreba `urTierTSeWidebuli atomebis~, anu (jeimsis
frazas rom davesesxoT) im xatebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic droebiT iZirebian `aracnobieri azrovnebis
Rrma WaSi~, raTa iqidan, mkvlevarTa sayvareli gamoTqmisa
ar iyos, `cvlilebebis zRvaSi amovlebulni~ isev amovidnen
zedapirze. rodesac kolrijis igavmiuwvdomel nakiTxobas
kvlav vubrundebiT, Sedegad zogjer `xeze inkrustacias~
an `mozaikas~ viRebT, zogjer ki _ `saswauls~. louisi
formalurad mainc aRiarebs, rom `SemoqmedebiTi energia
Tavisi siZlieris zenitSi cnobieric aris da aracnobieric...
igi cnobier doneze akontrolebs mozRvavebuli xatebis
nakads, romelTac wyalsacavSi (aracnobieris `WaSi~) ara
cnobieri metamorfoza ganicades.~
magram avtori ar uTmobs sakmaris yuradRebas imis
gansazRvras, Tu ra aris SemoqmedebiTi procesis realuri
miznobrioba da konstruqciuloba.(17)
roca saqme gvaqvs prozaikosTan, upirvelesad
gvainteresebs, rogor gamoZerwa man personaJebi da
ra istoriebi `gamoigona~. romantikuli periodidan
moyolebuli, es orive aspeqti metismetad martivad iyo
gagebuli: es unda yofiliyo an `originaluri~ naazrevi, an
realuri adamianebis asaxva (es Sexeduleba ufro adrindel
literaturazec vrceldeba), an kidev _ plagiati. da
mainc, dikensis msgavs uaRresad `originalur~ avtorTanac
ki vnaxavT, rom personaJTa tipebi da Txrobis teqnika
ZiriTadad tradiciulia da momdinareobs profesiuli,
aRiarebuli literaturuli masalidan (ix. W. Dibelius, Charles
Dichens, Leipzig 1926). (18)
personaJTa Seqmnis procesSi avtori met-naklebi
dozebiT asaxavs tradiciul literaturul tipebsac,
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realur pirovnebebsac da sakuTar Tavsac. Tu realist

mweralze vityviT, rom igi ZiriTadad adamianTa qcevas
akvirdeba an `maT adgilas warmoidgens Tavs, raTa gaugos
da TanaugrZnos maT~, romantikosi mwerali yvelafers
sakuTar TavSi `gamoatarebs~. mainc, Zneli saTqmelia, rom
ubralo dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba damajerebeli,
cxovrebiseuli saxe Seiqmnas. erTi fsiqologis TqmiT,
goeTes personaJebi: fausti, mefistofeli, verTeri da
vilhelm maisteri `avtoris bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis
proecirebas, gadatanas axdenen nawarmoebebSi~. romanistis
sakuTari bunebis potenciuri mravalsaxeobidan _ aq
igulisxmeba yvelaze uaryofiTi Tvisebebic _ ibadebian
misi momavali personaJebi. ,,erTi adamianis ganwyoba meoris
xasiaTia~. dostoevskis sulieri Tvisebebi aisaxa oTxive
Zmis (`Zmeb karamazovebSi)~ xasiaTSi. arc is iqneba swori, Tu
vivaraudebT, rom mamakaci romanisti raimeTi SezRudulia
qali personaJebis Seqmnisas. `qalbatoni bovari me
var~, acxadebs floberi. avtoris mxolod is Tvisebebi
,,gacocxldeba mis gmirebSi, romlebic potenciurad
sicocxlisunarianni arian (ix. Albert R. Chandler, Beauty and
Human Nature: Elements in Psychological Aesthetics, New York 1934; A.
Thibaudet, Gustav Flaubert, Paris 1935). (19)
ra saxis urTierToba arsebobs am `gacocxlebul~
personaJebsa da mwerlis namdvil bunebas Soris? rac
ufro mravalricxovani da erTmaneTisagan gamorCeulia
personaJebi, TiTqos ufro naklebad gansazRvruli unda
iyos Tavad avtoris `pirovneba~. Seqspiris pirovneba
uCinardeba mis piesebSi. verc maTi da verc anekdotebis
saSualebiT ver warmovidgenT poetis ise mkveTrad
daxatul, damaxasiaTebel suraTs, rogoric Seqmna ben
jonsonma. rodesac poetis xasiaTze msjelobda, kitsma
erTxel dawera, poets sakuTari buneba ar gaaCniao: ,,mas
aqvs yvelaferi da araferi... iagos saxis SeqmnaSic imdenive
siamovneba miiRo, ramdenic imojenisa (Seqspiris piesis
,,cimbelinis~ (Cymbeline) personaJi)... poeti yvelaze arapoeturi
arsebaa imaTgan, vinc odesme arsebula, radgan mas sakuTari
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`me~ ar gaaCnia is, sxvaTa sxeulebSi mokalaTebuli,

maradJam sxvebze mogviTxrobs~ (ix. The Letters of John Keats (ed.
M. B. Forman) New York, 1935). (20)
Cven mier ganxiluli yvela Teoria mwerlis
fsiqologias
ganekuTvneba.
fsiqologebs
SeuZliaT
TavianTi mudmivad maZiebeli cnobismoyvareoba avtoris
SemoqmedebiTi procesis SeswavliT daikmayofilon. am
uflebas maT veravin waarTmevs. maT SeuZliaT moaxdinon
poetebis klasifikacia fsiqologiuri tipebis mixedviT;
SeuZliaT aRweron maTi sulieri aSlilobani da maTi
qvecnobieri gonebac ki gamoikvlion. fsiqologisTvis
sakvlev masalas SeiZleba araliteraturuli, ara
mxatvruli wyaroebi warmoadgendes anda SeiZleba man
TviT nawarmoebebiT isargeblos. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia maTi obieqturi interprtacia dokumentur
masalasTan Sejerebis gziT.
sxva sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara fsiqologiis
gamoyeneba mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gasaanalizeblad da
Sesafaseblad? eWvsgareSea, rom fsiqologias SeuZlia
naTeli mohfinos SemoqmedebiT process. rogorc ukve
vnaxeT, yuradReba iqna gamaxvilebuli kompoziciis
sxvadasxva meTodze, imaze, Tu ra SemoqmedebiTi Cvevebi
axasiaTebT mwerlebs, rogor amuSaveben da saboloo saxes
aZleven TavianTi nawerebs. SevexeT nawarmoebebis Seqmnis
etapebsac, kerZod, ganvixileT pirveli stadia, pirveli
monaxazebi, dawunebuli masala. da mainc, imis Tqma, rom
am informaciis did nawils _ gansakuTrebiT, mraval
anekdots mweralTa Cvevebis Sesaxeb _ mniSvneloba aqvs
literaturuli kritikisaTvis, namdvilad gadaWarbebuli
iqneba. literaturisaTvis SeiZleba ufro sasargeblo
gamodges nawarmoebebis Sesworebuli, gadamuSavebuli
variantebis yuradRebiT Seswavla, radgan maTi daxmarebiT
SevamCnevT literaturuli kritikisaTvis gamosadeg raime
zads, Seusabamobebs, sxva mimarTulebiT Sebrunebas da
zogadad, siujetis damaxinjebas mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.
prustis romanebis ciklis kompoziciis analizisas, foiera
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naTels hfens bolo romanebs da Cvenc saSualeba gveZleva

teqstSi ramdenime Sre ganvasxvavoT. nawarmoebis ramdenime
variantis SeswavliT, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, mwerlis
saxelosnoSi SevixedoT (ix. A. Feuillerat, Comment Proust a compos
son roman, New Haven 1934). (21)
da mainc, Tu kidev ufro meti yuradRebiT SeviswavliT
nawarmoebTa Zvel Tu axal variantebs, uaryofil
versiebsa Tu fragmentebs, im daskvnamde mivalT, rom
saboloo angariSiT, maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvT
dasrulebuli nawarmoebis gasagebad da mis Sesafaseblad
Tu gasaanalizeblad. isini SeiZleba mxolod SesaZlo
alternatiul versiebad ganvixiloT; anu maT SeiZleba
saboloo variantis Camoyalibebis procesi dagvanaxvon.
Tumca imave mizans SeiZleba Cveni warmosaxviTac mivaRwioT,
warmovidginoT SesaZlo variantebi, rac SeiZleba Tavad
avtorsac mosvloda gonebaSi. kitsis leqsis _`oda bulbuls~
(Ode to a Nightingale) _ gagebasa da aRqmas iqneb waadges imis
codna , rom kitsi `zRvebisTvis~ sxva epiTetebsac fiqrobda,
mag. Semdegs: `umowyalo~, an `gemebisgan dacarielebuli~.
magram SemTxveviT SemorCenili es ori varianti arsebiTad
ar gansxvavdeba im zedsarTavebisgan, rogoric aris, vTqvaT:
,,saSiSi, ukacrieli, udaburi, sastiki~ da kidev mravali
sxva, rac SeiZleba kritikosma Tavad moifiqros. es sityvebi
nawarmoebSi ar Sevidnen, samudamod mis gareT darCnen
(poeti xmarobs zedsarTavs `faTerakebiani~, Perilous seas).
magram aseTi msjeloba ar gamogvadgeba ama Tu im nawarmoebis
Sesafaseblad. (22)
Tavad `fsiqologiis~ Tema kvlav aqtualuria
nawarmoebisTvis. piesebi iqneba, Tu romanebi, maTi
personaJebi imiT arian saintereso, fsiqologiurad
ramdenad damajereblad gamoiyurebian. am kuTxiT xdeba
siuJetisa da Sinaarsis Sefasebac. zogjer isec xdeba, rom
romelime fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelsac cnobierad
Tu gaucnobiereblad mihyveba avtori, TiTqosda ergeba
personaJsa Tu situacias. lili kempbeli (Lily Campbell)
hamlets miiCnevda `melanqoliiT Sepyrobili sangviniki
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adamianis~ tipad, romelic im drois fsiqologiuri

Teoriebidan gamomdinare, kargad iyo cnobili elisabedis
xanis mayureblisTvis. aseve, oskar kempbeli cdilobs
dagvarwmunos, rom Jaki piesidan `rogorc geneboT~(As You
Like It) `arabunebrivi melanqoliiT itanjeba, rac flegmis
mozRvavebas gamouwvevia~. imisi damtkicebac SeiZleba,
rom uolter Sendi (lorens sternis romanis `jentlmen
tristram Sendis cxovreba da Sexedulebani~ (The Life and
Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman) personaJi, mTargmnelis
SeniSvna) daavadebulia lokis mier aRwerili lingvisturi
asociaciurobiT. stendalis personaJs Julien sorels
destiu de trasis (Destutt de Tracy) fsiqologiuri Teoriis
mixedviT xsnian. isic aSkaraa, rom romanSi aRwerili
gansxvavebuli
sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi
Tavad
stendalisave wignis _ `siyvarulis Sesaxeb~ (De lamour)
qargazea gamoWrili. rodion raskolnikovis motivacia
da gancdebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom kargad Cans avtoris
ganswavluloba
klinikur
fsiqologiaSi.
prusts,
ueWvelia, SemuSavebuli aqvs mTeli fsiqologiuri Teoria
mexsierebis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis
organizaciisTvisac ki. froidiseul fsiqoanalizs sru
liad Segnebulad mimarTaven romanistebi, magaliTad, kon
rad aikeni Tu uoldo frenki (ix. iL ly B. Campbell, Shakespeares
Tragic Heroes:Slaves of Passion, Cambridge 1930; Henri Delacroix, La
Psychlogie de Stendahl, Paris 1918). (23)
SeiZleba vikiTxoT: warmatebiT axerxebs Tu ara
romanisti fsiqologiis gamoyenebas sakuTari gmirebisa da
maTi urTierTobebis asaRwerad? fsiqologiuri Teoriebis
Sesaxeb ubralo ganacxadebi aq ar CaiTvleba. isini
Seasruleben mxolod `masalis~ rols, rogorc nebismieri
sxva saxis informacia, romelsac literaturaSi vxvdebiT,
iqneba es faqtebi istoriis, astronomiisa Tu navigaciis
Sesaxeb. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis Tanamedrove
Qfsiqologiuri Teoriebis damowmeba SeiZleba saeWvoc
iyos da sasurvelia, isini minimumamde Semcirdes. ar aris
gamarTlebuliHhamletis an Jakis morgeba elisabedis
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literaturis Teoria

droindeli romelime fsiqologiuri CarCosTvis, radgan

maSindeli moZRvrebani winaaRmdegobrivi, damabneveli
da gaurkveveli iyo. xolo orive personaJi imaze bevrad
metia, vidre ubralod fsiqologiuri tipebi. marTalia
raskolnikovi da soreli garkveul fsiqologiur Teoriebs
ergebian kidec, magram amas Zalian arasrulyofili da
wyvetili xasiaTi aqvs. sorelis saqcieli zogjer metad
melodramatulia. raskolnikovis Tavdapirvel danaSauls
sakmarisi motivacia aklia. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es
wignebi fsiqologiuri dakvirvebebi an Teoriebis eqspozicia
ki ar aris, aramed _ dramatuli an melodramatuli
nawarmoebebi, sadac efeqturi siuJeti ufro mniSvnelovania,
vidre realisturi fsiqologiuri motivacia. Tu Sevis
wavliT `cnobierebis nakadis~ literaturas, maleve aRmo
vaCenT, rom maTSi gadmocemuli araa subieqtis gonebaSi
mimdinare `realuri~ procesebi, cnobierebis nakadi ki uf
ro dramatul xerxia, romlis saSualebiT mkiTxveli xvdeba,
konkretulad ras warmoadgens benji, gonebasusti per
sonaJi folkneris romanidan `xmauri da mZvinvareba~ (The
Sound and the Fury) an q-ni blumi (jeims joisis romanis `ulise~
(Ulysses) personaJi; mTargmnelis SeniSvna). Tumca, am xerxs
ver vuwodebT `mecnieruls~ an Tundac `realisturs~. (24)
davuSvaT, mwerali warmatebiT Zerwavs `fsiqolo
giurad damajerebel~ personaJebs. am SemTxvevaSic ki
saeWvoa, aqvs Tu ara am `damajereblobas~ mxatvruli
Rirebuleba. WeSmaritad didi xelovnebis mravali nimuSi
verasdros ver Tavsdeba fsiqologiis Tanamedrove
Tu gviandel standartebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
daujerebeli situaciebisa da fantastikuri motivebis
ganviTareba. fsiqologiuri damajereblobis moTxovna (iseve,
rogorc socialuri realizmis moTxovna) naturalisturi
standartia, romelic sayovelTaod misaRebi ver iqneba.
rasakvirvelia, zog SemTxvevaSi fsiqologiuri intuicia
aZlierebs nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. am dros
igi ganamtkicebs nawarmoebis iseT mniSvnelovan mxatvrul
Tvisebebs, rogoricaa sirTule
da Tanamimdevruloba.
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literatura da fsiqologia

magram aseT Rrma wvdomas SeiZleba fsiqologiis Teoriuli

codnis gareSec mivaRwioT. fsiqologia, rogorc cnobieri
da sistemuri mecniereba gonebisa da misi muSaobis Sesaxeb,
xelovnebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris da TavisTavad
mxatvruli Rirebulebac ar gaaCnia (ix. E.E. Stoll, From
Shakespeare to Joyce, New York 1944). (25)
zogierT xelovans, romlebic gaazrebul (da ara
qvecnobier) Semoqmedebas eweva, fsiqologiam SeiZleba
realobis SegrZneba ufro gaumZafros, dakvirvebis unari
gaumaxvilos da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gamouenebis axali
sferoebi aRmoaCeninos. Tumca, fsiqologia, TavisTavad,
mxolod mosamzadebeli etapia SemoqmedebiT procesSi. rac
Seexeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mis rols, fsiqologiuri si
marTle mxolod maSin CaiTvleba mxatvrul Rirebulebad, Tu
is aZlierebs Tanamimdevrulobasa da sirTules, anu, sxva sit
yvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu is Tavadac xelovnebas warmoadgens.

129

Tavi mecxre

literatura da sazogadoeba
*
literatura
socialuri
movlenaa,
romelSic
gamosaxvis saSualebaa ena _ aseve socialuri fenomeni.
TavianTi bunebiT socialuria agreTve iseTi tradiciuli
literaturuli aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa simbolika da leqsis
sazomi. isini iseT pirobiTobasa da normebs ganekuTvnebian,
romlebic mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZleboda warmoSo
biliyo. ufro metic, literatura `asaxavs, warmogvidge
ns~`cxovrebas~ ; `cxovreba~ ki farTo masStabiT aRebuli
socialuri realobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom buneba da ada
mianis Sinagani anu subieqturi samyaroc literaturuli
`imitaciis~ obieqtebia. poeti Tavadac sazogadoebis wevria
da konkretuli socialuri statusi aqvs: sazogadoebisgan
aRiarebasa da jildos iRebs; misi Semoqmedeba, Tundac
warmosaxviTi, mainc sazogadoebisTvisaa gamiznuli.
literatura xom yovelTvis axlo kavSirSia garkveul soci
alur fenebTan; primitiul sazogadoebaSi ki SeiZleba verc
gavmijnoT poezia ritualisgan, magiisgan, Sromisagan Tu
TamaSisgan. literaturas socialuri funqciac akisria, anu
`sargebloba~ moaqvs, romelic mTlianad individualuri
ver iqneba. ase rom, SekiTxvebis didi umravlesoba,
romelsac svams literaturaTmcodneoba, saboloo anga
riSiT Tu sanaxevrod, mainc socialuri xasiaTisaa. isini
exeba tradiciasa da pirobiTobas, normebsa da Janrebs,
simboloebsa da miTebs. SeiZleba daveTanxmoT tomarss,
romlis azriT, esTetikuri movlenebi ar aris dafuZnebuli
socialur movlenebze, maTi Semadgeneli nawilic ki ar aris:
isini socialuri movlenebis erT saxeobas warmoadgenen da
sxva danarCenTanac Zalian axlo, Zireuli kavSiri aqvT. (1)
Cveulebriv, sakiTxs `literatura da sazogadoeba~
ufro mcire masStabiT da garedan Seiswavlian. ZiriTadad
ainteresebT, Tu ra saxis kavSiria literaturasa da
130

literatura da sazogadoeba

mocemul socialur situacias _ ekonomikur, socialur

da politikur sistemebs _ Soris. aseve cdiloben aRweron
da gansazRvron sazogadoebis gavlena literaturaze da
aseve aRweron da ganixilon literaturis statusi sazoga
doebaSi. literaturisadmi amgvar socialur midgomas gansa
kuTrebiT emxrobian isini, vinc Tavs garkveuli socialuri
filosofiis mimdevrad Tvlis. marqsisti kritikosebi
ara mxolod Seiswavlian literaturasa da sazogadoebas
Soris urTierTobas, aramed aqvT sakuTari mkveTrad
gamoxatuli da gansazRvruli koncefcia imis Taobaze, Tu
rogori unda iyos es urTierToba Cvens axlandel da aseve
momavlis `uklaso~ sazogadoebaSic. maTi Semfasebluri,
,,miukerZoebeli~ kritika emyareba ara literaturul, aramed
politikur da zneobriv kriteriumebs. isini gvamcnoben ara
marto imas, Tu rogori iyo da aris avtoris naweris socialuri
kavSirebi da Sefaruli miniSnebebi, aramed imasac, Tu rogori
unda yofiliyo an unda iyos is amJamad (ix. Morris R. Cohen,
American Literary Critisism and Economic Forces, Journal of the History
of Ideas,1, 1940). (2) isini marto literaturas da sazogadoebas
ki ar Seiswavlian, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebasac
cdiloben, monitorings da propagandasac ewevian, da uWirT
kidec am ori funqciis gamijvna.
rodesac literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris
urTierTobas ganixilaven, saubars Cveulebriv de bonaldis
(De Bonald) naTqvamiT iwyeben: literatura sazogadoebis
gamoxatulebaao. ki magram, ras niSnavs es aqsioma? is,
rom literatura nebismier mocemul droSi sarkesaviT
`uSecdomod~ aireklavs imdroindel viTarebas, mcdari
debulebaa. metad banaluri, dromoWmuli da gaurkvevelic
iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom literatura asaxavs socialuri
realobis zog aspeqts (ix. B. Croce, La letteratura come espressione della
societa, Problemi di estetica, Bari 1910). (3) kidev ufro damabnevelia
imis Tqma, rom literatura sarkesaviT asaxavs da gadmogvcems
cxovrebas. mwerali, ra Tqma unda, gverds ver auvlis sakuTari
gamocdilebisa da aseve cxovrebaze mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebis
gadmocemas; magram namdvilad araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT imas,
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literaturis Teoria

rom igi cxovrebas mTlianad gamoxatavs, an imas, rom srulad

da amomwuravad gadmogvcems erTi konkretuli periodis
cxovrebas. Tu vityviT, rom avtorma Tavisi drois cxovreba
srulad unda gadmosces, rom is Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis
`warmomadgeneli~ unda iyos, es naTqvami Sefasebis konkretul
kriteriumad unda miviRoT. Tanac, terminebs `srulad~ da
`warmomadgeneli~ safuZvliani axsna sWirdeba: socialur
kritikas Tu gadavxedavT, Zalze xSirad am terminebis
miRma igulisxmeba, rom avtors unda esmodes konkretuli
socialuri garemoebebi da grZnobdes maT (mag., proletaria
tis mZime xvedri). garda amisa, avtors unda hqondes kritikosis
Sesaferisi konkretuli Sexedulebani da ideologia.
hegelisa Tu tenis moZRvrebaTa mixedviT, istoriuli
Tu socialuri sidiade utoldeba mxatvrul sidiades.
Tavisi xelovnebis wyalobiT, xelovans Cvenamde moaqvs
WeSmariteba da ra Tqma unda, is aseve gvaziarebs istoriul da
socialur WeSmaritebas. xelovnebis qmnilebebi warmoadgens
,,dokumentebs, radgan maT aqvs maradiuli Rirebuleba~. (4)
harmoniis arseboba geniossa da epoqas Soris garkveul
postulatsac warmoadgens. `warmomadgenloba~, `socialu
ri WeSmariteba~ ki aris Sedegic da mizezic mxatvruli
faseulobisa. saSualo donis, arafriT gamorCeuli xelovne
bis nimuSebi, romlebic Tanamedrove sociologebs iqneb
ukeTes sabuTebadac ki miaCniaT, tenis azriT, ar aris bevris
momcemi da gamomxatveli, da, amdenad, warmomadgenlobi
Tic. literatura namdvilad ar aris socialuri procesis
asaxva, igi mTeli istoriis arsis asaxva, mTeli istoriis
Semoklebuli da Sejamebuli saxiT gadmocemaa.
jerjerobiT ki, sjobs, cota xniT gadavdoT SefasebiTi
kritikis problemebze saubari, sanam gavarkvevdeT
literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris sinamdvileSi ra
damokidebuleba arsebobs. am TvalsaCino (normatiulisgan
gansxvavebiT) mimarTebebis klasifikacia sakmaod iolia.
pirvel
yovlisa,
unda
SeviswavloT
mwerlis
sociologia, aseve literaturis arsi da instituti. Semdeg,
literaturuli produqciis ekonomikuri safuZvlis
132

literatura da sazogadoeba

sakiTxi mTlianad, agreTve mwerlis socialuri warmoSoba

da statusi, misi socialuri ideologia, romelic SeiZleba
aisaxos samwerlo moRvaweobis garda, sxva saqmianobasa
Tu ganacxadebSi. amas mohyveba socialuri Sinaarsis
problema, kerZod, ras warmoadgens Tavad literaturuli
teqstebis faruli azri da maTi socialuri mizani.
garda amisa, Sesaswavlia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa
mkiTxveli sazogadoeba da literaturis realuri socia
luri zegavlena. imas, Tu ramdenad aris literatura da
mokidebuli arsebul socialur viTarebaze, socialur
cvlilebebsa da movlenebze, ganvixilavT ZiriTadi sakiT
xis samive aspeqtis analizisas. es aspeqtebia: mwerlis so
ciologia, Tavad nawarmoebTa socialuri konteqsti da
literaturis gavlena sazogadoebaze. bolos, ganvixilavT
kulturuli integraciis problemas da, saxeldobr, imas,
Tu rogor aris integrirebuli Cveni sakuTari kultura.
yoveli mwerali sazogadoebis wevria. ase rom, igi
unda SeviswavloT, rogorc socialuri piri. mTavari
wyaro kvlevisaTvis misi biografiaa, magram aseve Zalian
dagvexmareba, mTeli im garemos, sazogadoebis Seswavla,
romelmac igi warmoSva da sadac cxovrobda. am gziT
SesaZlebeli iqneba sakmarisi masalis Sekreba avtorTa
socialuri warmoSobis, ojaxisa da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb. aseve SegviZlia davadginoT, ramdeni mweralia
aristokratiuli, burJuaziuli Tu proletaruli ojaxidan.
amerikuli literaturis magaliTiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom
amerikuli literatura, ZiriTadad, Seqmna ganaTlebuli da,
aseve, saqmosanTa fenebidan gamosulma Taobam (ix. Havelock Ellis,
A Study of British Genius, London 1904; Edwin l. Clarke, American Men of
Letters: Their Nature and Nurture, New York 1916; A. Odin, Genese des
grandes hommes, Paris 1895). (5) statistikasac Tu moviSveliebT,
vnaxavT, rom Tanamedrove evropaSi literaturiT ZiriTadad
dakavebulni iyvnen saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi,
radgan aristokratia mTlianad didebisa da garTobis
ZiebaSi iyo, xolo ufro dabali fenis ojaxis Svilebs
ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi SesaZlebloba hqondaT. amgvari
133

literaturis Teoria

ganzogadeba inglisisaTvis mTlianad ar gamogvadgeba,

radgan bevri gamonaklisis gaTvaliswineba mogviwevs. ufro
adreul inglisur literaturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdebian
glexis an muSis ojaxidan gamosuli mwerlebi. bernsisa
(Burns) da karlailis (Carlyle) SemTxvevebi gamonaklisia da
demokratiuli Sotlandiuri saskolo sistemiT aixsneba.
aristokratiis roli inglisur literaturaSi uCveulod
didi iyo. nawilobriv es mowmobs imas, rom sxva qveynebisagan
gansxvavebiT (sadac saerTod ar iyo tradicia imisa, rom
mSoblebis qonebaze ufleba mxolod ufros vaJiSvils
hqonoda), inglisis aristokratia naklebad iyo mowyvetili
ganaTlebul fenebs. rac Seexeba ruseTs, ramdenime
gamonaklisis garda, yvela Tanamedrove rusi mwerali vidre
gonCarovamde da Cexovamde, aristokratTa fenas ekuTvnodnen.
sabuTebis mixedviT, dostoevskic keTilSobilTa klass
miekuTvneboda, Tumca mamamisma, moskovelma eqimma, romelic
RatakTaTvis daarsebul saavadmyofoSi muSaobda, miwa da
ymebi mxolod gvianRa SeiZina.
aseTi informaciis Sekreba advilia, magram Znelia
Semdgom maTi axsna. ganapirobebs Tu ara socialuri
warmomavloba socialur ideologiasa da romelime
moZRvrebisadmi loialurobas? Selis, karlailisa da
tolstois cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, xelSi SegvrCeba
aSkara magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor `uRalates~ maT sakuTar
klass. sxva qveynebSi, ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, komunisti
mwerlebis umetesoba warmoSobiT proletarebi ar arian.
sabWoTa da sxva marqsistma kritikosebma metad mniSvne
lovani gamokvlevebi Caatares, raTa daezustebinaT rus
mweralTa socialuri warmomavloba da is, Tu romeli
socialuri fenis mimarT iCenen isini loialurobasa da
erTgulebas. ase rom, p. n. sakulini bolodroindeli rusu
li literaturis kvlevas iwyebs imiT, rom ganasxvavebs lite
raturas klasebisa da sazogadoebrivi fenebis mixedviT,
iqneba es glexTa, wvrili burJuaziis, demokratiuli
inteligenciis, deklasirebuli inteligenciis, burJuaziis,
aristokratiisa Tu revoluciuri proletariatis lite
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literatura da sazogadoeba

ratura. (6) ufro adrindeli literaturis Seswavlisas,

rusi mecnierebi cdiloben, Zalian mkveTrad gamokveTon
sxvaoba rusuli aristokratiis mraval jgufsa da
dajgufebas Soris, romlebsac memkvidreobiT miRebuli
qonebis wyalobiTa Tu adrindeli kavSirebiT, SeiZleba miva
kuTvnoT puSkini da gogoli, turgenevi Tu tolstoi. (7)
Tumca, imis mtkicebac Znelia, TiTqos puSkini gaRatakebuli
memamuleebis interesTa damcveli iyo, xolo gogoli _
ukraineli wvrili miwaTmflobelebisa; amgvar daskvnas Za
la ekargeba maTi nawerebis zogadi ideologiis da im didi
gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiTac, riTac isini gascdnen TavianTi
jgufis, klasisa Tu drois sazRvrebs (ix. Herbert Schoeffler,
Protestantismus und Literatur, Leipzig 1922). (8)
mwerlis
socialuri
statusis,
socialuri
loialurobisa da ideologiis Seswavlisas, mwerlis so
cialuri fesvebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. xom
cnobilia, rom mwerlebs xSirad umsaxuriaT sxva klasTa
interesebis gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. sakaro poetebis
umetesoba ufro dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,
vidre maTi feodali patronebi, visi ideologiac da
gemovnebac poetebma SeiTvises da miiRes.
mwerlis Sexedulebebi, ideologia da is, Tu romeli
socialuri moZRvrebis mimdevrad Tvlis Tavs, SeiZleba
SevityoT ara marto misi nawerebiT, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi
biografiuli cnobebidanac. mweralic xom erTi rigiTi
moqalaqea, romelic gamoTqvams Tavis Sexedulebebs
politikur Tu socialur sakiTxebze da monawileobas iRebs
mimdinare movlenebSi.
konkretuli mwerlebis politikuri Tu socialuri
Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad bevri Sromaa gaweuli; bolo
dros ki gansakuTrebiT didi yuradRebiT Seiswavlian am
Sexedulebebis ekonomikur aspeqtebsac. magaliTad, l. s.
naiTsi (Knights) amtkicebs, rom ben jonsonis ekonomikuri
Sexedulebani Zirfesvianad Sua saukuneebis droindeli
iyo, gviCvenebs, Tu rogori satiriT umaspinZldeba igi
zogierTi Tavisi Tanamedrove dramaturgis msgavsad
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literaturis Teoria

mevaxSeebis,
monopolistebis,
gadamyidvelebisa
da
`mewarmeebis~ axalaRzevebul klass. (9) bevri mxatvruli
nawarmoebi, mag. Seqspiris `istoriuli qronikebi~ da
sviftis `guliveris mogzauroba~ (Gullivers Travels)
gadasinjuli iqna imdroindeli politikuri viTarebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. (10) mweralTa oficialuri gancxadebebi,
gadawyvetilebebi da moRvaweoba arasodes ar unda avurioT
maTi nawerebis realur socialur mniSvnelobaSi. balzaki
TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba moxdes
amgvari gamijvna; Tumca misi garegnuli simpaTiebi Zveli
politikuri wesrigis, aristokratiisa da eklesiis mxares
iyo, mis SemoqmedebiT instinqtsa da warmosaxvas ufro
metad momxveWeli tipi, gadamyidveli, burJuaziis axali
Zlieri adamiani ainteresebda. ase rom, SeiZleba arsebobdes
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Teoriasa da praqtikas, rwmenis
aRiarebasa da SemoqmedebiT unars Soris.
Tu sistemurad ganvixilavT socialuri warmoSobis,
romelime moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebisa Tu ideologiis
sakiTxebs, es yvelaferi migviyvans mwerlis, rogorc
konkretul
drosa
da
sivrceSi
arsebuli
tipis
sociologiamde. mwerlebi SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT imisda
mixedviT, Tu ramdenad arian socialur procesSi integ
rirebulni. popularul literaturaSi es gansxvaveba
umniSvneloa, magram SeiZleba `socialuri distanciis~
ukidures zRvars miaRwios bohemis warmomadgenlebTan,
roca saqme gvaqvs e.w pote maudit Tan (frang. `dawyevlili
poeti~)
da
Tavisufal
SemoqmedebiT
geniasTan.
mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi mweralTa Soris
klasobrivi gansxvaveba Semcirda. gaCnda `inteligencia~
_ profesionalTa SedarebiT damoukidebeli Sualeduri
klasi. literaturis sociologiam unda gansazRvros
am klasis zusti socialuri statusi, Tu ramdenad aris
igi damokidebuli mmarTvel klasze, saidan modis misi
mxardaWeris zusti ekonomikuri saTave, da, aseve, mwerlis
prestiJi TiToeul sazogadoebaSi.
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literatura da sazogadoeba

am istoriis zogadi konturebi ukve kargad aris

gamokveTili. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi SesaZlebelia
momRerlis an saxalxo mTqmelis rolis Seswavla, romlis
bedic mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia msmenelis
keTilganwyobaze; sul erTia, es antikuri samyaros aedosi
iqneba, skopi uZveles tevtonur xanaSi, Tu profesionali
mezRapre ruseTsa da aRmosavleTSi. tragikosebi da
pindares msgavs mexotbeebi Tu himnebis mTxzvelebi
Zveli
saberZneTis
qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi
qurumebs
utoldebodnen. Tu evripides SevadarebT esqiles,
gamovlindeba am profesiis TandaTanobiTi sekularizacia.
romis imperiis sakaro poetebi _ virgiliusi (Virgil),
horaciusi (Horace) Tu ovidiusi (Ovid) _ damokidebulni
iyvnen avgustusisa da mecenatis keTilganwyobasa da
xelgaSlilobaze.
sxva suraTia Sua saukuneebSi. beri Tavis sakanSia,
trubaduri da minezingeri _ mefis karsa Tu Bbaronis
cixe-koSkSi, moxetiale swavlulebi ki sxvadasxva gzebze
mimofantulan. imdroindeli mwerali an saeklesio piria, an
swavluli, an momRerali _ saxalxo gamrTobi, menestreli.
Tundac moyvarulebi, magram mainc poetebi, ukve mefeTa
Sorisac gvxvdebian. mag., CexeTis mefe vaclav meore an
Sotlandiis mefe jeims pirveli. germanul `ostatis
simReraSi~ (Meistersang) xelosnebi gaerTianebuli arian
poetur gildiebad. es arian biurgerebi, romlebic ise
misdeven poezias, rogorc xelobas. aRorZinebis epoqaSi
gamoCnda mweralTa SedarebiT damoukidebeli jgufi _
humanistebi, romlebic moxetiale cxovrebas eweodnen,
zogjer sxva qveynebSic, da TavianT samsaxurs sxvadasxva
patrons sTavazobdnen. petrarka (Petrarch) aris pirveli
Tanamedrove poeti laureati (poeta laureatus), romelic
TiTqmis Sepyrobilia Tavisi poeturi misiis sidiadiT,
aretino (Aretino) ki prototipia im literaturuli
Jurnalistisa, romelic SantaJiT cxovrobs; misi ufro
eSiniaT, vidre afaseben da pativs miageben.
137

literaturis Teoria

ufro mogvianebiT mwerlebis patronaJi iTaves

ukve
Tavad
gamomcemlebma,
romelnic
icnobdnen
mkiTxvelTa gemovnebas. Tumca, unda aristokratiuli
mfarvelobis sistema yvela sferos ar moicavda. eklesia
da sul male Teatric literaturis gansazRvrul JanrTa
mxardamWerebad mogvevlina. inglisSi patronaJis sistemis
aSkara daRmavloba me-18 s-is dasawyisSi SeimCneva. gar
kveuli drois ganmavlobaSi literaturas Semoecalnen
Zveli keTilismyofelebi. ekonomiurad mas cudi dRe
daudga, radgan jer kidev ar Seswevda unari, mTlianad
mkiTxvelTa xarjze earseba. dr. samuel jonsonis adreuli
cxovreba grab stritze (Grub Street, cnobili quCa london
Si, sadac ZiriTadad Raribi mwerlebi cxovrobdnen. aqedan
gamomdinare, am saxels mdare nawarmoebis aRsaniSnavadac
xmaroben. es quCa amJamad miltonis saxels atarebs.
mTargmnelis SeniSvna) da mis mier lord Cesterfildis
gamowveva am cvlilebebs simbolurad gamoxatavs. TumcaRa,
erTi TaobiT adre poupma moaxerxa didi qonebis dagroveba
_ keTilSobili didgvarovnebi da ganaTlebuli adamianebi
fuls ar iSurebda homerosis miseuli Targmanis SesaZenad.
namdvili finansuri warmateba mwerlebma mxolod
me-19 saukuneSi igemes. skotma da baironma uzarmazari
gavlena moaxdines mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gemovnebasa
da Sexedulebebze. volteris da goeTes damsaxureba iyo,
rom kontinentze uCveulod gaizarda mwerlis prestiJi da
misi damoukideblobis xarisxi. mkiTxvelTa ricxvma imata,
daarsda iseTi mniSvnelovani perioduli mimomxilveli
gamocemebi, rogorebicaa `edinburgi~ (Edinburgh) da
`quorTerli~ (Quarterly), ris Sedegadac literaturam
TiTqmis sruli damoukidebloba moipova. Tumca, prosper
de baranti (Prosper de Barante) 1822 wels werda, aseTi viTareba
ukve me-18 saukuneSi arsebobdao. (11)
rogorc eSli Tordnaiki (Ashley Thordnike) amtkicebda,
me-19 s-Si gamosuli beWdviTi produqciis yvelaze
TvalsaCino niSania ara vulgaruloba da uferuleba, aramed
_ specializacia. beWduri produqcia amieridan aRar aris
138

literatura da sazogadoeba

gamiznuli erTgvarovani mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. is

ukve izidavs sxvadasxva tipis mkiTxvelebs da, Sesabamisad,
interesis mraval sferos, sakiTxsa da mizans akmayofilebs (ix.
Ashley H. Thordnike, Literature in a Changing Age, New York 1921). (12)
analogiur Tvalsazriss aviTarebs q. d. livisi Tavis
gamokvlevaSi `mwerloba da mkiTxveli sazogadoeba~(ix.
Q. D. eL avis, Fiction and the Reading Public, London 1932) (13): me-18 sis glexs, romelmac kiTxva iswavla, ukve imis wakiTxva
SeeZlo, rasac Tavadaznauroba da ganaTlebuli sazoga
doeba kiTxulobda; meore mxriv, me-19 s-is mkiTxvel sazo
gadoebas ukve damsaxurebulad uwodebden ara `mkiTxvel
sazogadoebas~ aramed `mkiTxvel sazogadoebebs~. Cvens
droSi sagamomcemlo anotaciebSi da Jurnalebis ydebze
gamudmebiT vkiTxulobT: `9-10 wlis bavSvebisaTvis~,
`ufrosklaseli
vaJebisaTvis~,
`martoxela
adamia
nebisTvis~; gamodis dargobrivi Jurnalebi, calkeul fir
maTa sakuTari perioduli gamocemebi, sakvirao skolis yo
velkvireulebi, vesternebi, saTavgadasavlo romanebi. ase
rom, specializacia mimdinareobs yvela doneze; es exeba
gamomcemlobebsac, Jurnalistebsac da mwerlebsac.
amrigad, literaturis ekonomikuri bazisisa da
mwerlis socialuri statusis Seswavla ganuyofelia
mkiTxveli sazogadoebis Seswavlisgan. swored maT mimarTavs
mwerali Tavisi nawerebiT da maTzea damokidebuli misi
finansuri warmateba (ix. Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeares Audience,
New York 1941). (14) aristokrati mfarvelic ki mkiTxveli
sazogadoebis nawilia da, xSirad, metismetad momTxovnic.
mwerlisagan igi ara marto misadmi qedmodrekas moiTxovs,
aramed konformizmsac misi klasis pirobiTobebis
mimarT. kidev ufro adrindel sazogadoebaSi, xalxuri
poeziis epoqaSi, avtori mTlianad damokidebuli iyo
mkiTxvelisgan: misi Semoqmedeba ver damkvidrdeboda,
ver gavrceldeboda, Tu is auditoriisTvis Tavidanve
maamebluri ar iqneba. aseTive sagrZnobia auditoriis
roli TeatrSi. ramdenime gamokvlevac ki Catarda imis
dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad imoqmeda Seqspiris SemoqmedebiTi
139

literaturis Teoria

periodebisa da stilis cvlilebebma mayurebelTa Soris

cvlilebaze; mayurebelic ar iyo erTgvarovani: `globusSi~,
Ria cis qveS, TiTqmis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli
dadioda, xolo `bleqfraiers~-is daxurul darbazs
ufro maRali wreebis warmomadgenlebi stumrobdnen.
rac ufro izrdeba mkiTxvelTa raodenoba, rac ufro
araerTgvarovani xdeba igi, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris
urTierTobis gamokvleva Zneldeba. amave dros izrdeba
maT SuamavalTa ricxvi. SesaZlebelia imis gaanalizeba, Tu
ra socialuri datvirTva da roli hqondaT literaturul
salons, kafes, klubs, akademiasa Tu universitets.
aseve SesaZlebelia, Tvali mivadevnoT kritikuli
gamocemebisa da Jurnalebis, gamomcemlobebis istorias.
kritikosi xdeba angariSgasawevi Suamavali; literaturis
moyvarulebi, bibliofilebi Tu koleqcionerebi SeiZleba
literaturis
garkveuli
Janrebis
mfarvelebadac
moviazroT. mkiTxvelTa kidev erT gansakuTrebul fenas
qmnis TviT literatorTa sazogadoebebic, romelTa
wevrebic isev momavali Tu xelmocaruli mwerlebi arian.
veblenis (Veblen) TqmiT, amerikaSi mandilosnebi asruleben
gansakuTrebiT aqtiur rols literaturuli gemovnebis
gansazRvra-damkvidrebaSi.
da mainc, jer kidev moqmedebs literaturis gavrcelebis
Zveli meTodebi. met-naklebad yvela Tanamedrove mTavroba
mxars uWers da mfarvelobs literaturas. mfarvelobaSi,
rasakvirvelia kontroli da zedamxedveloba igulisxmeba.
(15) namdvilad gagviWirdeboda bolo aTwleulebis
totalitaruli
saxelmwifos
gaazrebuli
gavlenis
gadaWarbebiT Sefaseba. amas uaryofiTi Sedegic hqonda da
dadebiTic. cudi is iyo, rom mwerals devnidnen, aiZulebdnen
araferi ewera, uwvavdnen wignebs, cenzura gasaqans ar
aZlevda. kargi is iyo, rom sabWoTa `socialistur realizms~,
agreTve _ e.w. ,,sisxlis da miwis regionalizms mxardaWera
hqonda. saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi ideologiuri
moTxovnebis Sesabamisi literaturis Seqmna, romelic
didi xelovnebad darCeboda, magram is mainc axerxebs
140

literatura da sazogadoeba

literaturis marTvas, rodesac mwerlebi sakuTari nebiT

Tu iZulebiT emorCilebian oficialur direqtivebs. ase
rom, sabWoTa ruseTSi, Teoriulad mainc, literatura kvlav
iqca sazogadoebriv xelovnebad, xolo xelovani kvlav
sazogadoebaSi iqna integrirebuli.
wignis warmatebis amsaxveli diagrama, maCvenebeli
imisa, Tu ramdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda wigni,
an xom ar SeiZina man `meore sococxle~ gamoqveynebidan
garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdeg, socialuri movlenaa
iseve, rogorc mwerlis mier moxveWili saxeli da dideba.
nawilobriv, is rasakvirvelia ekuTvnis literaturis
`istoriasac~, radgan saxeli da dideba izomeba imiT, Tu
ra arsebiT gavlenas axdens erTi mwerali meoreze, aseve
_ imiT, Tu ramdenad Seswevs Zala konkretul mwerals,
literaturuli tradicia Secvalos da mas Tavisi kvali
daaCnios. mwerlis saxeli, misi reputacia nawilobriv
kritikosTa gamoxmaurebis Sedegia: dRemde ise xdeboda,
rom mas ZiriTadad adgendnen ama Tu im periodis e. w.
`saSualo mkiTxvelis~ met-naklebad oficialuri gancxade
bebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, maSin, roca `gemov
nebaTa karuselis~sakiTxi `socialuria~, mas SeiZleba ga
movunaxoT ufro TvalsaCino sociologiuri safuZveli:
saguldagulo muSaobis Sedegad SeiZleba gamovikvlioT, Tu
ra realuri Sesabamisoba arsebobs, erTi mxriv, nawarmoebsa
da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvels Soris, romelzec damokidebulia
wignis warmateba. gamokvlevaSi dagvexmareba gayidul calTa
raodenoba, aseve _ gamocemaTa ricxvi.
ramdeni fenac arsebobs TiToeul sazogadoebaSi,
imdenive fenad SeiZleba daiyos am sazogadoebis gemovnebac.
maRali klasi, miuxedavad Tavisi aRmatebulebisa, zogjer
dabali klasis xelovnebiTac interesdeba. amis nimuSia
interesi folklorisa da primitiuli xelovnebis mimarT.
politikuri da socialuri winsvla yovelTvis ar
gulisxmobs esTetikur winsvlasac: burJuaziam manamde
igdo xelSi literaturuli asparezi, sanam politikaSi
warmatebas miaRwevda. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas
141

literaturis Teoria

SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos an sulac ugulebelyos gemovnebis

sakiTxze kamaTma,
roca saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebuli
asakis an sqesis jgufTan, an garkveul jgufebTan
Tu asociaciebTan. modac angariSgasawevi faqtoria
Tanamedrove literaturaSi, radgan mudmivad cvalebad,
konkurentunarian sazogadoebaSi Zalian swrafad xdeba
maRali sazogadoebis normebis mibaZva da amitom maT
mudmivad `axali sisxli~ sWirdebaT. cxadia, rom Cvens droSi
gemovnebis amgvari swrafi cvlilebebi bolo aTwleulebis
swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis da aseve, zogadad,
xelovansa da sazogadoebas Soris aramyari urTierTobis
anarekli unda iyos.
sociologiur Seswavlas moiTxovs Tanamedrove
mwerlis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis problema. rus
socialist giorgi plexanovs swamda, rom doqtrina
`xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~ yalibdeba maSin, roca
mwerlebi grZnoben `gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas Tavis
miznebsa da im sazogadoebis miznebs Soris, romelsac
isini ekuTvnian. mwerlebi am dros metad mtrulad arian
ganwyobilni sazogadoebis mimarT da misi Secvlis imedi ara
aqvT~ (ix. Georgi V. Plekhanov, Art and Society, New York 1936). (16)
levin l. Sukingma (Levin L. Schcking ) Tavis
`literaturuli gemovnebis sociologiaSi~ gamokveTa
ramdenime amgvari problema; sxva gamokvlevebSi mas Zalian
dawvrilebiT aqvs Seswavlili ojaxisa da qalis, rogorc
mkiTxveli sazogadoebis roli me-18 s-Si (ix. LSchcking, Die
familie im Puritanismus, Leipzig 1929).(17)
Tumca bevri masala iqna moZiebuli da Segrovebuli,
magram kargad dasabuTebuli daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu zustad ra damokidebuleba arsebobs literaturis
Seqmnasa da mis ekonomikur safuZvlebs Soris, an raSi
vlindeba sazogadoebis zegavlena mweralze, mainc iSviaTad
gvxvdeba. cxadia, es araa pirdapiri damokidebuleba da
arc mfarvelisa Tu mkiTxveli sazogadoebis mier dadge
nili direqtivebisadmi pasiuri morCileba. mwerlebma
SeiZleba moaxerxon da Seqmnan TavianTi gansakuTrebuli
142

literatura da sazogadoeba

mkiTxvelTa wre, es icoda kolrijmac: yovelma axalma

mweralma unda Camoayalibos gemovneba, romelsac igi Tavad
daakmayofilebs.
ara marto sazogadoeba axdens gavlenas mweralze,
aramed sapirispiro procesic SeiniSneba; xelovneba ub
ralod ki ar asaxavs cxovrebas, aramed ayalibebs, for
mas aZlevs mas. adamianebma SeiZleba sakuTari cxovreba
warmarTon nawarmoebTa gmirebis msgavsad _ sasiyvarulo
Tavgadasavlebi
iqneba
es
Tu
borotmoqmedebebi.
TviTmkvlelobac ki CaudeniaT wignSi aRwerilis msgav
sad. nimuSad SegviZlia movixmoT diumas romanebi
muSketerebze an goeTes `axalgazrda verTeris vnebani~.
magram nuTu SesaZlebelia zustad ganvsazRvroT wignis
gavlena mkiTxvelze? SevZlebT ki odesme satiris gavlenis
dadgenas? marTlac SeZlo adisonma (Addison) Tavisi
sazogadoebis qcevis Secvla? an moaxdina Tu ara dikensma
raime gavlena mevaleTa cixeebis, vaJTa skolebisa Tu
RatakTa TavSesafrebis reformebze? (ix. T. A. Jackson, Charles
Dickens, The Progress of a Radical, London 1937). (18) marTla iyo
hariet biCer stou (Harriet Beecher Stowe) is `patara qali,
romelmac didi omi wamoiwyo~? Secvala Tu ara romanma
`qarwaRebulni~ (Gone with the Wind) CrdiloeTis Statebis
mkiTxvelis damokidebuleba q-n stous omis mimarT? rogori
zemoqmedeba moaxdines hemingueim da folknerma TavianT
mkiTxvelze? ramdenad didi iyo literaturis gavlena
Tanamedrove nacionalizmis aRzevebaze? ueWvelia, rom
TavianTi romanebiT uolter skotma SotlandiaSi, henrik
senkeviCma (Henryk Sienkiewicz) poloneTSi, alois irasekma
(Alois Jirsek) CexoslovakiaSi didi wvlili Seitanes erovnuli
siamayis grZnobis gaZlierebasa da istoriuli movlenebis
saerTo mexsierebis ganviTarebaSi.
savaraudoa, rom axalgazrda mkiTxvelze litera
tura gacilebiT ufro uSualo da Zlier zemoqmedebas
axdens, vidre _ xandazmulze. udavoa isic, rom gamouc
deli mkiTxveli literaturas SedarebiT gulubryvilod
aRiqvams; wignebi maTTvis ufro cxovrebis aRweraaa,
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literaturis Teoria

vidre misi interpretacia. garda amisa, naklebad nakiTxi

adamianebi wignebs gacilebiT ufro seriozulad aRiqvamen,
vidre kargad nakiTxi, profesionali mkiTxvelebi.
SegviZlia am varaudebs gavcdeT da gza gavagrZeloT?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dasaxmareblad mivmarToT
kiTxvarebs an sxva saxis sociologiur gamokiTxvebs? da
maSinac ki ver miviRebT zust, obieqtur suraTs, radganac
aseTi gamokvlevebi emyareba gamokiTxulTa mexsierebasa
da analitikuri azrovnebis unars, xolo gamokiTxulTa
pasuxebis Seswavlisas da Sefasebisas gamoricxuli ar
aris Secdomis daSveba. magram Cveni SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad
axdens literatura zegavlenas mkiTxvelze, empiriulia,
romelsac pasuxi mxolod eqsperimentis Semdeg gaecema;
Cven ki, radganac literaturas da sazogadoebas
yvelaze farTo gagebiT aRviqvamT, unda daveyrdnoT ara
marto specialistisa Tu profesionalis, aramed mTeli
kacobriobis gamocdilebas. aseTi sakiTxebis Seswavla ki
Cven jer TiTqmis arc dagviwyia. (19)
literaturisa
da
sazogadoebis
urTierTobis
dasadgenad yvelaze miRebuli meTodi aris is, rom
literaturul nawarmoebebs miviCnevT sazogadoebriv
dokumentebad, rogorc socialuri realobis damadastu
rebul suraTebs; ueWvelia, rom literaturidan SegviZlia
miviRoT garkveuli warmodgena socialuri sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb ama Tu im periodSi. uZvelesi droidan swored am
mizniT iyenebdnen mkvlevrebi literaturul teqstebs. to
mas uortonma, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba inglisuri
poeziis pirvel namdvil istorikosad, daamtkica, rom
literaturas aqvs `ama Tu im epoqis erTguli mematianea,
romelic xatovnad, cocxlad warmogvidgens adamianTa
manerebs, maT qcevas.~ (ix. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry,
London 1774). (20) misTvis da siZveleebiT dainteresebuli
momdevno TaobebisTvis, literatura, upirveles yovlisa,
warmoadgenda kostiumebisa da tradiciebis sacavs,
civilizaciis istoriis, gansakuTrebiT, raindobis epoqisa
da misi dasasrulis erTgvar JamTaaRmwerels. rac Seexeba
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literatura da sazogadoeba

Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, bevri maTgani ucxo qveynebis

mosaxleobas swored mxatvruli nawarmoebebis meSveobiT
ecnoba, sinkler liuisis (Sinclair Lewis) romani iqneba es,
golzuorTis, balzakisa Tu turgenevis Txzulebebi.
rogorc
socialuri
dokumenti,
literatura
sasargeblo
unda
gavxadoT
socialuri
istoriis
TvalsazrisiTac. Coseri (Chaucer) da lenglendi (Langland)
me-14 s-is orgvar suraTs gvTavazoben. adreul wlebSi
miiCneoda, rom `kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury
Tales)
prologi
imdroindeli
socialuri
tipebis
srulyofil galereas gvTavazobda. Seqspiri Tavisi
`uinZoreli mxiaruli qalebiT~ (Merry Wives of Windsor), ben
jonsoni (Ben Jonson) ramdenime piesiTa da tomas deloni
(Thomas Deloney) warmodgenas gviqmnian elisabedis xanis
sazogadoebriobis
saSualo fenaze. adisoni (Addison),
fildingi (Fielding) da smoleti (Smollett) me-18 s-is axal
burJuazias aRweren; jein ostini (Jane Austin) umetesad me-19
s-is soflis Tavadaznaurobis da samRvdeloebis cxovrebiT
interesdeba; xolo trolopi (Trollope), Tekerei (Thackeray)
da dikensi _ viqtorianuli xaniT. XIX_XX saukuneebis
mijnaze golzuorTi (Galsworthy) gvacnobs inglisis saSualo
fenis maRal sazogadoebas, xolo uelsi (Wells)imave
sazogadoebis dabal fenas; beneti (Bennett) ki provinciis
patara qalaqebze mogviTxrobs.
msgavsi suraTebi SeiZleba moviZioT amerikuli
cxovrebis Sesaxebac, dawyebuli hariet biCer stous
(Harriet Beecher Stowe) da houelsis (Howells) romanebiT, vidre
farelamde (Farrell) da steinbekamde (Steinbeck). restavraciis
Semdgomi parizi da safrangeTi samudamod Semogvinaxa
balzakis `adamianuri komediis~ asobiT personaJma.
prustma ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, amomwuravad warmogvidgina
dakninebis gzaze damdgari franguli aristokratiis
socialuri fenebi. turgenevisa da tolstois romanebSi
aRwerilia me-19 s-is rusi memamuleebis cxovreba. Cexovis
moTxrobebisa da piesebis wyalobiT maSindel vaWarTa da
inteleqtualTa fenebs vecnobiT, Soloxovi ki koleqtiur
meurneobaSi Sesul glexebze gviambobs.
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literaturis Teoria

magaliTebi
SeiZleba
usasrulod
moviyvanoT.
SesaZlebelia Tavi movuyaroT da vaCvenoT sxvadasxva
`samyaro~, isic, Tu ra adgili ukavia iq siyvarulsa da
qorwinebas, bizness, ama Tu im xelobasa Tu profesias,
sasuliero wodebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT aRweras; SesaZ
lebelia, calke jgufad gamovyoT da SeviswavloT jein
ostinis is gmirebi, romlebic sazRvao samsaxurSi im
yofebian, aseve prustis arrivistes (,,fr. ,,axalbedebi~,
mTargmnelis SeniSvna), gaTxovili qalebi houelsis roma
nebSi. amgvari saxis dayofebiT SeiZleba Semdegi monog
rafiebi SegvrCes xelSi: `memamulesa da moijares Soris
urTierToba me-19 s-is amerikul prozaSi~, `mezRvauris sa
xe inglisur prozasa da dramaSi~, `irlandiel-amerikelTa
saxeebi me-20 s-is mwerlobaSi~.
magram amgvar gamokvlevebs ara aqvT didi mniSvnelo
ba, radgan maT Tu davujerebT, literatura, ubralod,
cxovrebis sarkea, cxovrebis asli da, amdenad, ra Tqma
unda, socialuri dokumentia. aseT gamokvlevebs mxolod
maSin aqvT fasi, Tu viciT Sesaswavli mwerlis mxatvruli
meTodi da SegviZlia ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad
ganvacxadoT, ramdenad Seesabameba wignSi aRwerili suraTi
socialur realobas. aqvs Tu ara ganzraxuli mwerals
realisturi suraTis Seqmna? mimarTavs Tu ara is xandaxan
satiras, karikaturas an romantikul idealizacias?
kon-bramsteti (Kohn-Bramstedt) Tavis kargad gaazrebul
monografiaSi `aristokratia da saSualo klasebi
germaniaSi~ samarTlianad gvafrTxilebs: `mxolod imas,
visac sazogadoebis struqtura ara wignebidan, aramed
sxva wyaroebidan Seuswavlia, SeuZlia daadginos, aris Tu
ara gadmocemuli nawarmoebSi konkretuli tipebi an maTi
saqcieli... unda gavarkvioT, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba
avtoris warmosaxva, realisturi dakvirvebani an subi
eqturi fiqrebi da survilebi nawarmoebSi.~ (21)
igive mkvlevari emyareba maqs veberis koncefcias
idealuri `socialuri tipebis~ Sesaxeb, rodesac Seiswavlis
iseT socialur gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa klasobrivi
146

literatura da sazogadoeba

siZulvili, axlad aRzevebuli pirovnebis qceva, snobizmi,

ebraelTa mimarT damokidebuleba. igi amtkicebs, rom
msgavsi gamovlinebebi imdenad obieqturi faqtebi da
qcevis wesebi ki ar aris, ramdenadac _ araerTgvarovani
poziciebi da Sexedulebebi da isini yvelaze TvalsaCinod
swored prozaSia warmodgenili. literaturuli masala
Zalian gamoadgeba imaT, visac gadawyvetili aqvs socia
luri Sexedulebebisa da miswrafebebis Seswavla, ra Tqma
unda, Tu maT teqstis swori interpretacia SeuZliaT.
ufro adreuli periodebis Sesaswavlad, faqtobrivad,
sxva gza arc aqvT: romelime epoqis damaxasiaTebeli
saWiro informaciis mosapoveblad maT mouwevT mxatvruli
nawarmoebebis gamoyeneba an naxevrad mxatvrulisa mainc.
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gmirebi _ aramzadebi
da TavgadasavalTa maZiebelni, qalebic da mamakacebic,
saintereso miniSnebebs gvTavazoben amgvar socialur
urTierTmimarTebebze. (22) msgavs gamokvlevebs yovelTvis
mivyavarT eTikuri da religiuri ideebis istoriisken.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rogori damokidebuleba iyo moRalatis
mimarT Sua saukuneebSi, aseve _ mevaxSeobis mimarTac, ramac
aRorZinebis epoqamdec gastana da mogvca Seilokis saxe
(Seqspiris `venecieli vaWris~ personaJi, mTargmnelis
SeniSvna), mogvianebiT ki molieris `Zunwi~ (L Avare).
gvainteresebs sxva sakiTxebic: ZiriTadad, ra iTvleba
aramzada personaJis `momakvdinebel codvad~ Semdegi
saukuneebSi? ra TvalsazrisiT xdeba misi aramzadobis
Sefaseba, individualuri Tu sazogadoebrivi moralis
gaTvaliswinebiT?
am mxriv klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens restavraciis
periodis inglisuri komedia. romel avtors davujeroT?
lems (Lamb), romelic Tvlida, rom es iyo ubralod colqmruli Ralatisa da fiqciuri qorwinebebis zRapruli qve
yana, sadac meuRleebi mudmivad Ralatoben erTmaneTs, Tu
rogorc makolei (Macaulay) gvarwmunebs, es gaxldaT suraTi
imisa, Tu rogori dacemuli, fuqsavati da daundobeli iyo
imdroindeli aristokratia? (ix. Charles Lamb, On the Artificial
147

literaturis Teoria

Comedy, Essays of Elia, 1821; T. B. Macaulay, The Dramatic Works

of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanburgh, and Farquhar, Edinburgh Review,
LX11,1841). (23) iqneb gvmarTebs orive Tvalsazrisi uarvyoT
da is veZioT, Tu konkretulad romelma socialurma jguf
ma Seqmna es xelovneba da romeli sazogadoebisaTvis iyo
is gamiznuli? aseve saWiroa davadginoT, naturalistur
xelovnebasTan
gvaqvs
saqme
Tu
stilizebulTan.
mxedvelobidan arc satira da ironia, avtoironia da
fantazia unda gamogvrCes. rogorc saerTod literatura,
ise es piesebic ar aris ubralod imdroindeli dokumentebi;
Cvens winaSea piesebi TavianTi tradiciuli personaJebiT,
tradiciuli situaciebiT, gaTamaSebuli qorwinebebiTa
da saqorwino garigebebis pirobebiT. e. e. stoli (E. E.
Stoll) amgvarad ajamebs Tavis msjelobas am sakiTxebze:
`aSkaraa, rom es ar aris `realuri sazogadoeba~, da arc
`feSenebeluri cxovrebis~ obieqturi asaxva; aSkaraa, rom
inglisic _ Tundac stiuartebis mefobis droindeli _
ar aris moqmedebis adgili, es ar aris revoluciamdeli an
didi ajanyebiswina da arc Semdgomi periodi.~ (ix. E. E. Stoll,
Literature and life, Shakespeare Studies, New York 1927). (24)
misasalmebelia, rom stoli Tavis nawerebSi xazs
usvams pirobiTobasa da tradicias, magram es mTlianad mainc
ver wyvets literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis
sakiTxs. TviT yvelaze Znelad misaxvedr alegorias, yvelaze
ararealur pastorals Tu yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel farssac
ki _ Tu mas Sesaferisad SeviswavliT _ SeuZlia garkveuli
informacia mogvawodos imdroindel sazogadoebaze.
literatura sazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs; is
saerTo kulturis nawilia da adamianur garemoSi iqmneba.
tenis (Taine) cnobilma triadam _ rasa, garemo da dro
(momenti) _ imis aucilebloba Seqmna, rom literaturuli
garemo yvela kuTxiT Segveswavla. rasa, rogorc aseTi,
ucnobi ucvleli integralia, romelsac teni metad Tavi
suflad iyenebs. xSirad is SeiZleba inglisur `erovnul
xasiaTs~ an frangul `suls~ gulisxmobdes. dro SeiZleba
garemos cnebasTan erTianobaSi ganvixiloT. gansxvavebuli
148

literatura da sazogadoeba

dro ubralod gansxvavebul fons, garemocvas niSnavs.

Tumca, namdvili analizis aucilebloba maSin iCens Tavs,
Tu termin `garemo~-s danawevrebas gadavwyvetT. maSin
mogvixdeba imis aRiareba, rom literaturuli nawarmoebis
upirvelesi foni misi lingvisturi da literaturuli
tradiciaa, xolo am tradicias, Tavis mxriv, saerTo
kulturuli `klimati~ moicavs. rac Seexeba konkretul
ekonomikur,
politikur
da
socialur
viTarebas,
literaturas SeiZleba masTan mxolod gacilebiT naklebi
kavSiri hqondes. rasakvirvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
urTierTdamokidebuleba adamianis moRvaweobis yvela
sferos Soris. bolos, SegviZlia davadginoT garkveuli
kavSiri warmoebis pirobebsa da literaturas Soris,
radganac ekonomikur sistemas TavisTavad aqvs Zalauflebis
sistema da man erTgvarad unda gaakontrolos ojaxuri
cxovrebis formebic. ojaxi ki Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sferoSi; umetes SemTxvevaSi
ojaxSi iRebs mozardi pirvelad informacias siyvarulisa
da seqsualuri sferos Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
icvleboda an viTardeboda adamianuri grZnobebi istoriis
ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba, aRmovaCinoT
kavSiri, erTi mxriv, lirikuli poeziasa da, meore mxriv,
siyvarulis tradiciul gagebas, religiur crurwmenebsa
da bunebis aRqmas Soris. magram es mimarTebebi SeiZleba
damabneveli da arapirdapiri aRmoCndes.
miuxedavad amisa, Znelia daveTanxmoT azrs, TiTqos
adamianis romelime konkretuli saqmianoba yvela sxva
danarCenis pirvelmizezi iyos: magaliTad, teni, adamianis
Semoqmedebas klimaturi, biologiuri da socialuri
faqtorebis erTobliobiT xsnis; hegelis da misi mimde
vrebis azriT, `suli~ erTaderTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa
istoriaSi; verc marqsistebs daveTanxmebiT, romlebic
yvelafers warmoebis wesebis sazomiT sazRvraven. mravali
saukunis manZilze, dawyebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebidan
vidre kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde, aranairi radikaluri
teqnologiuri cvlileba ar momxdara, im dros, rodesac
149

literaturis Teoria

kulturulma cxovrebam da, kerZod, literaturam metad

Rrma cvlilebebi ganicada. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
epoqis teqnologiur Zvrebs yovelTvis arc literatura
ireklavs, miT umetes _ maSinve. industriulma revoluciam
inglisur romanSi mxolod me-19 s-is 40-ian wlebSi SeaRwia
elisabed gaskelis (Elizabeth Gaskell), kingslisa (Kingsley) da
Sarlota brontes (Charlotte Bronte) romanebis saSualebiT,
Tumca man didi xniT adre daaCnia aSkara kvali ekonomistTa
da sociologTa naazrevs.
unda vaRiaroT, rom socialuri situacia gana
pirobebs garkveuli esTetikuri faseulobebis realiza
ciis SesaZleblobas, magram ara Tavad faseulobebis
arsebobas. zogadad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
mocemul sazogadoebaSi xelovnebis romel formebs
SeuZliaT arseboba da romels ara, magram namdvilad
ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, realurad gaCndeba Tu ara
xelovnebis es formebi konkretul sazogadoebaSi. mravali
marqsisti da ara mxolod marqsisti, cdilobs, bevrad
ufro zereled da naCqarevad gadavides ekonomikidan
literaturaze. magaliTad, jon meinard keinsma (Keynes)
romlisTvisac literatura namdvilad araa ucxo xili _
Seqspiris arseboba miawera im faqts, rom:
`Cven zustad iseTi materialuri mdgomareoba gvqonda
im dros, rom Tavisuflad SegveZlo Seqspiri gvyoloda.
didi poetebi ibadebodnen sicocxlisunarian, mxiarul,
ekonomikuri SeWirvebisagan Tavisufal atmosferoSi, rac
esmoda mmarTvel klassac~ (ix. John Maynard Keynes, A Treatise
on Money, New York 1930). (25)
Tumca, sxvagan didi poetebi ar dabadebulan.
gavixsenoT, mag., 20-iani wlebis samrewvelo bumi aSS-Si, da
arc Seqspiris optimizmiT savse xatia mainc maincdamainc
damajerebeli. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ver daveTanxmebiT
am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego versias, romelsac erTerTi rusi marqsisti gvTavazobs: `Seqspiris tragikuli
Sexeduleba samyaroze gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom
igi Tavad gaxldaT dramatuli simbolo feodaluri
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literatura da sazogadoeba

aristokratiisa, romelsac elisabedis xanaSi adrindeli

gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukve dakarguli hqonda.~ (26)
bundovani kategoriebi _ optimizmi da pesimizmin _ da
maTTan dakavSirebuli urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi
konkretulad bevrs verafers gvauwyebs Seqspiris piesebis
jer socialur Sinaarsze, didi dramaturgis politikur
Sexedulebebze (romlebic aSkarad vlindeba mis istoriul
piesebSi) da misi, rogorc mwerlis statusze.
amasTan, msgavsi citatebi Zirs sulac ar urRvevs
literaturisadmi Seswavlisadmi ekonomikur midgomas.
Tavad marqssac, miuxedavad imisa, rom drodadro metad
ucnauri msjeloba sCveoda, zogadad Zalze kargad esmoda,
rom literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli
damokidebuleba arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa. `politikuri
ekonomiis kritikis~ (The Critique of Political Economy) SesavalSi
is aRiarebs: `xelovnebis ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexurebi
zogierT periodSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris sazogadoebis
zogad
ganviTarebasTan,
materialur
bazisTan
da
sazogadoebis Sinagan struqturasTan. amas adasturebs
berZnebis magaliTic, Tu maT Tanamedrove erebs an Tundac
Seqspirs SevadarebT.~ (27)
marqss, aseve, kargad esmoda, rom Sromis Tanamedrove
ganawilebas mivyavarT sam faqtors (anu `momentebs~,
Tu Cvenc, mis msgavsad, hegelis terminologias moviSve
liebT) Soris arsebul garkveul winaaRmdegobamde.
esenia: `sawarmoo Zalebi~, `socialuri urTierTobebi~
da `cnobiereba~. is moeloda (da mis molodins aSkarad
utopiuri elferi dahkravs), rom momavlis uklaso
sazogadoebaSi Sromis amgvari ganawileba kvlav gaqreboda
da rom xelovani kvlav integrirebuli gaxdeboda sazo
gadoebaSi. marqsi fiqrobda, rom yvelas SeeZlo yofi
liyo brwyinvale, TviTmyofadi mxatvari. `komunistur
sazogadoebaSi ubralod mxatvrebi ki ar iqnebian, aramed,
umetesad, iseTi adamianebi, romelTac sxva unarebis garda,
xatvis unaric eqnebaT~. (28)
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literaturis Teoria

`vulgaruli marqsistebis~ azriT, burJuad CaiTvleba

is mwerali, romelmac gaaJRera reaqciuli an progresuli
ideebi eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. sakvirveli
dapirispireba SeimCneva am aRiarebul determinizmsa
(romlis Tanaxmad, `yofiereba~ gansazRvravs `cnobierebas~
da, maSasadame, `burJuas ubralod ar ZaluZs ar iyos
burJua~) da Cveulebriv eTikur msjelobas Soris
(romelic burJuas misi ideebis gamo amxels da kicxavs).
ruseTSi Semdegi tendencia SeiniSneboda _ burJuaziuli
warmoSobis mwerlebs, romlebic proletariatis rigebSi
erTiandebodnen, mudmivad eWvis TvaliT da undoblad
uyurebdnen, ar sjerodaT maTi gulwrfelobis da maT
nebismier SemoqmedebiT Tu sazogadoebriv marcxs maTsave
klasobriv warmoSobas ukavSirebdnen. da mainc, Tu
marqsistebs davujerebT da virwmunebT, rom progress
feodalizmidan
burJuaziuli
kapitalizmis
gavliT
pirdapir `proletariatis diqtaturisken~ mivyavarT,
maSin nebismieri marqsistis logikuri da Tanamimdevruli
saqcieli unda yofiliyo xotbis Sesxma am gzis progresuli
etapebisTvis. ase rom, wesiT, man qeba ar unda daiSuros im
BburJuasTvis, romelic kapitalizmis adreul periodSi
feodalizmis naSTebs ebrZoda. Tumca, xSirad isec xdeba, rom
marqsistebi mwerlebs XX s-is Tvalsawieridan akritikeben
an kidev (smirnovisa da gribis msgavsad, romlebic `vulga
ruli sociologiis~ mimarT Zalze kritikulad arian
ganwyobilni) indoben burJuaziul mwerals, radgan masac
kacobriobis nawilad aRiareben. amgvarad, smirnovi midis
im daskvnamde, rom Seqspiri yofila `burJuaziis humanisti
ideologi, am klasis ideebisa da programis gamomxatveli
im dros, roca kacobriobam humanizmis saxeliT pirvelad
Seitana eWvi feodalur wyobaSi.~ (29) magram xelovnebis
humanizmis, misi universalurobis koncefcia eqvemdebareba
marqsizmis centralur doqtrinas, romelic Tavisi arsiT
relativisturi xasiaTisaa.
marqsistuli kritika saukeTesod avlens sakuTar
arss, roca is aaSkaravebs nawarmoebSi Cadebul, xSirad
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literatura da sazogadoeba

Sefarul miniSnebebs. am kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, davinaxavT,

rom es gaxlavT teqstis interpretaciis teqnika, romelic
analogiuria im meTodisa, romelic eyrdnoba froidis,
nicSesa Tu paretos (Pareto) mignebebs, an Seler-manhaimis
(Scheler-Mannheim) `codnis sociologias~. yvela zemoT
naxsenebi inteleqtuali undoblad ekideba inteleqts,
mkafiod Camoyalibebul doqtrinas, arsebiT azrs. ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom nicSe da froidi
fsiqologiuri meTodebiT sargebloben, xolo paretoseuli
`narCenebisa~ da `warmonaqmnebis~, agreTve _ Seler-manhaimis
`ideologiis~ analizis teqnika sociologiuri xasiaTisaa.
`codnis sociologia~, Tu davimowmebT maqs Seleris,
maqs veberisa da karl manhaimis nawerebs, detalurad iqna
SemuSavebuli da Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT gar
kveuli upiratesoba aqvs.(30) is mkiTxvelis yuradRebas
amaxvilebs
ara
marto
konkretuli
ideologiuri
Tvalsazrisis winapirobebsa da miniSnebebze, aramed
xazs usvams Tavad mkvlevris farul varaudebsa da
mikerZoebul msjelobas, imdenad, rom misi TviTkritika da
TviTkontroli TiTqmis arajansaR iers iZens. garda amisa,
`codnis sociologiaSi~, marqsizmTan da fsiqoanalizTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT naklebad gvxvdeba tendencia
imisa, rom cvlilebaTa ganmapirobeblad erTi romelime
faqtori miviCnioT. maqs veberis gamokvlevis udavo
xarvezi is aris, rom igi am rols religiur faqtors
miawers, magram misi naSromi religiis sociologiaSi
mainc metad Rirebulia, radgan avtori cdilobs asaxos
ideologiuri faqtorebis gavlena ekonomikur qcevasa da
sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebze; arada, manamde mTeli
yuradReba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom SeeswavlaT, ra
gavlenas axdenda ekonomika ideologiaze.(31) metad
drouli da misasalmebeli iqneboda msgavsi gamokvlevis
Catareba imis dasadgenad, Tu rogoria literaturis
gavlena socialur cvlilebebze, Tumca iqac analogiur
sirTuleebs wavawydebodiT. literaturuli faqtoris
gamoyofa iseTive rTuli saqmea, rogorc religiurisa,
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literaturis Teoria

da Zalze Znelia pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara es

gavlena gamowveuli TviTon am konkretuli faqtoriT, Tu am
procesSi sxva Zalebic arian CarTuli da Tavad es faqtori
mxolod `arxis~ anu SemakavSireblis rols asrulebs? (32)
`codnis sociologias~ Zalze azaralebs misi
gadametebuli istorizmi; im Tezisis miuxedavad, rom
`obieqturobas~ SeiZleba sinTezirebis gziT mivaRwioT
da, amdenad, movaxdinoT konfliqturi Sexedulebebis
neitralizaciac, mainc saqme gvaqvs ukiduresad skeptikur
daskvnebTan. `codnis sociologia~ aseve zaraldeba
literaturasTan mimarTebiT, radganac ver axerxebs
`Sinaarsis~ dakavSirebas `formasTan~. marqsizmis msgavsad,
romelic saWiroze met yuradRebas uTmobs iracionalur
axsna-ganmartebebs, `codnis sociologiac~ ver gvTavazobs
racionalur safuZvels esTetikisaTvis da aqedan
gamomdinare, verc kritikisa da SefasebisaTvis. cxadia, es
Seexeba literaturis Seswavlis yvela garegan meTods. Tu
literaturul nawarmoebs kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kuTxiT
SeviswavliT, jerovnad ver movaxdenT teqstis analizs,
aRwerasa da Sefasebas.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom sakiTxi `literatura da
sazogadoeba~ SeiZleba sxvagvaradac ganvixiloT, maT Soris
_ simboluri, mravalmniSvnelovani terminebis meSveobiT.
mag.: Tanmimdevruloba, harmonia, simwyobre, Sesabamisoba,
struqturuli identuroba, stilisturi analogia an sxva
romelime termini, riTac gvinda aRvniSnoT kulturisa da
adamianis sxvadasxva moRvaweobas Soris damokidebulebis
integracia. sorokinma (Sorokin) gaaanaliza
SesaZlo
variantebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom integraciis xarisxi
sxvadasxvagvaria sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi (ix.
P. A. Sorokin, Fluctuations of Forms of Art, Social and Cultural Dynamics,
Vol.1, New York 1937). (33)
marqsizmis
moZRvrebaSi
ver
vipoviT
pasuxs
kiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli literatura
sazogadoebisgan. ase rom, mravali umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxis Seswavla jer dawyebulic ar aris. xandaxan
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literatura da sazogadoeba

SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Janrebi socialuradaa

ganpirobebuli, mag., rodesac saubaria romanis burJuaziuli
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, an kidev _ Janrebis formebisa da
maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. amis nimuSia e. b.
bergamis (Burgum) arcTu damajerebeli Sexeduleba, TiTqos
tragikomedia`im gavlenis Sedegia, romelic saSualo klasis
seriozulobam moaxdina aristokratiis fuqsavatobaze.~
(ix. Edwin Berry Burgum, Literary Form: Social Forces and Innovations,
The Novel and the Worlds Dilemma, New York 1947). (34) arsebobs
ki konkretuli socialuri winapirobebi iseTi farTo
literaturuli stilisa, rogoric romantizmia? Tumca
igi burJuaziasTan asocirdeboda, magram Tavidanve
antiburJuaziuli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, germaniaSi mainc.
(35) aSkaraa, rom literaturuli ideologiebi da Temebi
garkveuli saxiT damokidebulia socialur garemoebebze,
magram ver vityviT, rom jerovnad iyos dadgenili
literaturul nawarmoebTa formebisa da stilis, Janrebisa
da realur literaturul normaTa socialuri sawyisebi.
amgvari kvlevis mcdelobis yvelaze konkretuli Se
degi literaturis socialuri sawyisebis Seswavlam mogv
ca. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT biuheris (Bcher) calmxri
vi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia warmoiSva Sromis
simRerebidan, aseve, anTropologebis mravali gamokvleva
adreuli xelovnebis magiuri rolis Sesaxeb; jorj tomsonis
(George Thomson) metad akademiuri mcdeloba, gamoenaxa
konkretuli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, berZnul tragediasa
da, meore mxriv, kultsa da ritualebsa da demokratiul
socialur revolucias Soris esqiles epoqaSi; sakmaod
gulubryviloa qristofer kolduelis (Christopher Cauldwell)
mcdeloba, poeziis sawyisebi daeZebna pirvelyofili Temis
emociebsa da burJuaziis indnvidualuri Tavisuflebis
`iluziaSi~ (ix. Karl Bcher, Arbeit und Rhythmus, leipzig 1896; J. E.
Harrison, Ancient Art and Ritual, New York 1913; Christopher Cauldwell,
Illusion and Reality, London 1937). (36)
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu udavod damtkicdeba
literaturuli normebis ganpirobebuloba socialuri
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literaturis Teoria

faqtorebiT, SevZlebT davsvaT kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu

ara, rom socialuri damokidebulebebi iqces xelovnebis
nawarmoebis `Semadgenel nawilad~ da keTilismyofeli roli
Seasrulos misi mxatvruli faseulobis ganmtkicebaSic?
SeiZleba Semogvedavon da imis mtkiceba daiwyon, rom,
marTalia, `socialuri WeSmariteba~, rogorc aseTi,
ar warmoadgens mxatvrul Rirebulebas, magram mainc
ganamtkicebs iseT mxatvrul Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa
sirTule da simwyobre. magram es namdvilad ar aris saWiro.
arsebobs marTlac didebuli literatura, romelsac aqvs
umniSvnelo socialuri datvirTva an saerTod araviTari
socialuri datvirTva ara aqvs.; socialuri literatura
literaturis mxolod erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa da arc
literaturis TeoriaSi ukavia gadamwyveti adgili, Tu, ra
Tqma unda, ar gaviziarebT im Tvalsazriss, rom literatura,
upirveles yovlisa cxovrebis, kerZod ki, socialuri
cxovrebis `imitaciaa~ (rogorc aris kidec sinamdvileSi).
magram literaturiT xom verc sociologias CavanacvlebT
da verc politikas. mas sakuTari daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs.

156

Tavi meaTe

literatura da ideebi
*
literaturisa da ideebis urTierTmimarTebas
SeiZleba ramdenime mkveTrad gansxvavebuli axsna moe
Zebnos. xSirad literaturas miiCneven filosofiis
erT-erT formad, anu formaSi `SefuTul~ ideebad da
misi analizis mizania `mowinave ideebis~ gamovlena.
literaturaTmcodneebic swored amgvarad ganazogade
ben da ajameben nawarmoebebs. es meTodi absurdul ukidu
resobamde miiyvana mkvlevarTa gacilebiT adreulma sko
lam. amis kargi magaliTia Seqspiris germaneli mkvlevari
ulrici (Ulrici), romelmac `venecieli vaWris~ (The Merchant of
Venice) centraluri idea Semdeg gamonaTqvamamde daiyvana:
summum jus summa injuria (1) (laT. upirobod aRsrulebuli
samarTali (zogjer) udidesi usamarTlobis tolfasia,
mTargmnelis SeniSvna); (ix. Herman Ulrici, Uber Shakespeares
dramatische Kunst, 1839).
miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba Cveni Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebisa sifrTxiliT ekideba amgvar metismet
inteleqtualizacias, mainc SemorCa tradicia, romlis
mixedviTac literaturuli nawarmoebi filosofiur
traqtatad unda miviCnioT.
amis
sapirispiro
Sexeduleba
literaturas
aTavisuflebs yovelgvari filosofiuri datvirTvisagan.
Tavis moxsenebaSi `filosofia da poezia~, jorj boasi
(George Boas) pirdapir acxadebs:
`poeziaSi
gamoxatuli
ideebi,
Cveulebisamebr,
moZvelebulia da arcTu iSviaTad _ mcdaric. 16 wels
gadacilebuli arc erTi adamiani ar daxarjavs dros
mxolod imis gasagebad, Tu ra azria masSi Cadebuli.~ (2)
Tu davujerebT t. s. eliots, `Seqspiri da dante didi
moazrovneebi rodi gaxldnen.~ (ix. T. S. Eliot, Selected Letters,
New York 1932). (3) SeiZleba daveTanxmoT boessac, romlis
157

literaturis Teoria

azriT, TiTqmis mTeli poeziis inteleqtualuri Sinaarsi

(boesi ki ZiriTadad lirikul poezias gulisxmobs),
rogorc wesi, Zalze gazviadebulia. Tu gavaanalizebT
bevr cnobil leqss, romlebsac swored TavianTi Rrma
filosofiuri azrisTvis aqeben, xSirad xelSi SegvrCeba
adamianis cxovrebis warmavlobaze an bedisweris Temaze
Seqmnili Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli nawarmoebebi.
Tu yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT viqtorianuli epoqis lamis
misnad Seracxuli poetis, brauningis gamonaTqvamebs,
xSir SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom isini sxva araferia, Tu
ara moarul WeSmaritebaTa gamartivebuli versiebi. (4)
maSinac ki, Tu mogvwons iseTi zogadi debuleba, rogoricaa
kitsis `silamazea WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba ki _ silamaze~
(fragmenti kitsis leqsidan `oda berZnul urnas~, Ode to
a Grecian Urn, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mainc mogviwevs bevri
fiqri imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT es urTierTSeqcevadi
debulebebi, sanam ar gaviazrebT maT, rogorc leqsis
Semajamebel frazas xelovnebis maradiulobisa, bunebis
silamazisa da adamianuri gancdebisa da warmavlobis
Sesaxeb. rodesac mxatvruli nawarmoebi dagvyavs ubralo
dogmatur ganacxadamde, an izolirebulad ganvixilavT
nawarmoebis
nawyvetebs,
amiT
ispoba
nawarmoebis
unikalurobas, irRveva misi struqtura da SefasebisTvis
gamoiyeneba sruliad Seusabamo kriteriumebi.
ueWvelia,
rom
literatura
erTgvar
sabuTs
warmoadgens ideebisa da filosofiis istoriaSi, radgan
literaturuli istoria inteleqtualuri istoriis
paralelurad mimdinareobs da ireklavs kidec mas. poetis
mier gakeTebuli pirdapiri ganacxadebebi Tu miniSnebebi
xSirad imis maCvenebelia, rom is iziarebda, kargad icnobda,
an zogadi warmodgena hqonda ama Tu im konkretuli
filosofiuri skolis Sexedulebebze.
bolo
aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi
amerikeli
swavlulebis mTelma jgufma am sakiTxebis Seswavlas
Tavdauzogavi Sroma Sealia. TavianT meTods maT uwodes
`ideaTa istoria~, cota ar iyos damabneveli termini iseTi
konkretuli da gansazRvruli meTodisaTvis, romelic
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literatura da ideebi

ganaviTara a. o. lavjoim (A. O. Lovejoy) da xelic Seuwyo mis

gavrcelebas. (5) man brwyinvaled warmoaCina am meTodis
efeqtianoba Tavis wignSi `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~ (The
Great Chain of Being). lavjoi Seiswavlis bunebis gradaciis
ideas platonidan Selingamde (Schelling) da ganixilavs
mas azrovnebis yvela sistemaSi, rogoricaa filosofia
yvelaze zusti gagebiT, samecniero swavleba, Teologia da
Tavad literatura. es meTodi filosofiis istoriisgan
ori aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba. lavjoi filosofiis istoriis
Seswavlisas didi moazrovneebiT ifargleba da sakuTar
`ideaTa istoriaSi~ aerTianebs ufro mcire masStabis
moazrovneT, maT Soris _ poetebsac, romlebic, misi
SexedulebiT, moazrovneTa klasidan warmosdgebian.
lavjoi kidev ufro xazgasmiT aRniSnavs gansxvavebas,
rodesac acxadebs, rom filosofiis istoria did
sistemebs Seiswavlis, ideaTa istoria ki calkeul ideebs,
anu igi anawevrebs filosofiur sistemebs da Seiswavlis
individualur motivebs.
lavjois mier SemoTavazebuli sazRvrebi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom sruliad Sesaferisi safuZvelia iseTi kerZo
gamokvlevisaTvis, rogoricaa `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~,
ganzogadebuli saxiT damajereblad ar gamoiyureba. fi
losofiur cnebaTa istoria samarTlianad ekuTvnis fi
losofiis istorias da didi xnis winaT hegelic (Hegel) da
vindelbandic (Windelband) mas ase moiazrebdnen. ra Tqma unda,
calmxrivi iqneboda erTeuli ideebis Seswavla da sistemebis
gamoricxva. es igivea, rom literaturis Seswavlisas mxolod
versifikaciis, diqciisa Tu saxismetyvelebis istoriiT
SemovifargloT, uari vTqvaT mxatvruli nawarmoebebis
mTlianobaSi Seswavlaze da ar vcnoT maTi mTlianoba.
`ideaTa istoria~ azrovnebis zogadi istoriis Seswavlis
mxolod erTi konkretuli meTodia, romelic literaturas
iyenebs mxolod rogorc sabuTsa da ganmartebas. es
Tvalsazrisi naTlad Cans, rodesac lavjoi seriozul,
Rrmaazrovan literaturaSi gaSlil ideaTa umravlesobas
moixseniebs, rogorc `filosofiur ideebs ganzavebul
mdgomareobaSi~. (6)
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literaturis Teoria

miuxedavad amisa, `ideaTa istorias~ mainc keTil

mosurned unda moekidon literaturis mkvlevarni, da ara
marto imitom, rom filosofiis istoriis ukeT gaazreba
literaturas mxolod da mxolod gamoadgeba. lavjois
meTodi mimarTulia azrovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa
umravlesobis Warbi inteleqtualizaciis winaaRmdeg. igi
aRiarebs im faqts, rom azrovneba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
azrovnebis sistemebs Soris gakeTebuli arCevani xSirad
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva SexedulebebiT da varaudebiT,
met-naklebad gaucnobierebeli mentaluri CvevebiTa Tu
qceviT. es meTodi aseve eTanxmeba im azrs, rom, rodesac
adamianebi raime ideis mimdevarni xdebian, amaSi did rols
asrulebs maTi midrekileba metafizikuri paTosis sxvadasxva
formebis mimarT da isic, rom ideebi, xSirad, gansakuTrebuli
datvirTvis mqone sityvebi, xelSeuxebeli frazebia,
romlebic semantikurad aris Seswavlili. leo Spicerma (Leo
Spitzer), romelmac lavjois `ideaTa istorias~ mravali nakli
gamounaxa, Tavad SemogvTavaza saucxooo magaliTebi imisa,
Tu rogor unda SevuxamoT erTmaneTs inteleqtualuri
da semantikuri istoria iseTi sityvebis kvlevisas,
rogorebicaa milieu(garemo), ambience(garemocva) da
Stimmung (germ. ganwyoba, atmosfero), enis istoriaSi maTi
yvela asociaciisa da cvlilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. Leo
Spitzer, Milieu and Ambiance, An Essay in Historical Semantics, New York
1948). (7) bolos, lavjois sqemas aqvs erTi metad mimzidveli
Tviseba. igi aSkarad ar eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom
literaturuli da istoriuli kvlevebi daiyos erovnebisa
da enebis mixedviT.
poeturi teqstis interpretaciisaTvis filosofiisa
da zogadad, azrovnebis istoriis codna namdvilad ar aris
zedmeti. amas rom Tavi davaneboT, literaturis istorias
mudmivad uxdeba azrovnebis istoriis problemebis ganxil
va, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs iseT mwerlebTan,
rogoric aris paskali (Pascal), emersoni (Emerson), nicSe (Nietzsche). marTlac, kritikis istoria, ubralod, erT-erTi
nawilia esTetikuri azrovnebis istoriisa, yovel SemTx
vevaSi Tu mas calke, ganyenebulad ganvixilavT da ara mis
Tanamedrove mxatvrul nimuSebTan erTad.
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literatura da ideebi

eWvi aravis Seepareba imaSi, rom Tavisuflad SegviZlia

vaCvenoT, Tu rogor aisaxa inglisur literaturaSi
filosofia. elisabedis xanis poezia gamsWvalulia
aRorZinebis droindeli platonizmis ideebiT: spenserma
(Spenser) dawera oTxi himni, romlebSic aRwerilia aRmasvla
materiidan
RvTiur
silamazemde
neoplatonizmis
moZRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT. xolo Tavis `feriaTa
dedofalSi (Faerie Queene) poeti cvalebadobasa da bunebas
Soris kamaTs maradiuli, ucvleli wesrigis sasargeblod
wyvets. marlosTan imdroindeli italiuri aTeizmisa
da skepticizmis gamoZaxils vxvdebiT. renesansuli
platonizmis mraval niSans SeqspirTanac ki wavawydebiT.
mag., `troilusSi (Troilus ), ulises cnobil sityvaSi, sadac
montenis azrebis eqoc ismis da stoikosTa gacveTili
frazebic. donis (Donne) poeziaSi Cans, rom mas Seswavlili
hqonda wminda mamaTa da sqolastikosTa nawerebi, da rom
masze gavlena moaxdina axalma mecnierebam. miltonma (Milton)
Tavad Seqmna metad damoukidebeli sakuTari Teologia
da kosmogonia, romelic, erTi interpretaciis mixedviT,
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs materialistur da platonistur
elementebs da, amasTan erTad, kavSiri aqvs rogorc
aRmosavlur azrovnebasTan, ise maSindel seqtebTan, mag.,
mortalistebTan.
draidenma (Dryden) dagvitova filosofiuri poezia,
romelic imdroindel Teologiur da politikur winaaR
mdegobebs gadmogvcems da gvidasturebs, rom avtori ic
nobda fideizms, Tanamedrove mecnierebas, skepticizmsa da
deizms. rac Seexeba tomsons (Thomson), man aRwera sistema,
romelSic gaerTianebulia niutonianizmi da Saftsberis
(Shaftesbury) ideebi. poupis (Pope) `ese adamianze~ savsea eqoe
biT mravali filosofiuri Teoriidan; rac Seexeba greis,
man laTinuri hegzametrebiT warmogvidgina lokis Teorie
bi. lorens sternic lokis mxurvale Tayvanismcemeli gaxl
daT da misi ideebi asociaciebisa da xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb,
uxvad gamoiyena (xSirad komikuri efeqtisaTvis) `tristram
SendiSi~.
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literaturis Teoria

did romantikos poetebs Tu gadavxedavT, kolriji

(Coleridge) Tavad gaxldaT sakmao gaqanebis da reputaciis
mqone naswavli filosofosi. man dawvrilebiT Seiswavla
kanti da Selingi da gadmogvca maTi Sexedulebebi, Tumca
ver vityviT, rom yovelTvis kritikulad. kolrijis poezia,
cota ar iyos, daazarala misma mudmivma CaZirvam filoso
fiaSi, magram, swored misi wyalobiT SeaRwia inglisur poe
ziaSi mravalma germanulma, ufro zogadad ki neoplaton
urma filosofiurma ideam. zogi maTgani manamdec arsebob
da inglisuri poeziis tradiciaSi, magram kolrijma ufro
aqtualuri gaxada. kantis kvali atyvia uordsuorTis (Wordsworth) poezias. isic Tqmula, rom igi Zalian kargad icnobda
hartlis (Hartley) fsiqologiur Teoriebs. Tavdapirvelad
Selim me-18 s-is frangi filosofosebisa da, aseve, maTi in
gliseli mowafis, godvinis didi gavlena ganicada; Tumca,
mogvianebiT igi ufro metad spinozas, berklisa da plato
nis mimdevari gaxda.
viqtorianuli xanis winaaRmdegoba mecnierebasa da re
ligias Soris kargad aisaxa tenisonisa (Tennyson) da braunin
gis (Browning) poeziaSi. suinberni (Swinburne) da hardi (Hardy)
asaxaven TavianTi drois pesimistur aTeizms. hofkinsi (Hop
kins) ki gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina masze dans skotu
sis (Duns Scotus) ideebma. jorj eliotma (George Eliot) Targmna
foierbaxi (Feuerbach) da Strausi (Strauss), Sou (Shaw) ki kar
gad icnobda semuel batlerisa (Samuel Butler) da nicSes naS
romebs. Tanamedrove poetebis umetesobas wakiTxuli aqvT
froidis Sromebi an masze dawerili wignebi da gamokvlevebi.
joisi (Joyce) kargad iyo ganswavluli ara marto froidisa
da iungis moZRvrebebSi, aramed aseve kargad icnobda vikos
(Vico), jordano brunosa (Giordano Bruno) da, ra Tqma unda,
Toma aqvinelis (Thomas Aquinas) naazrevs; ieitsi (Yeats) Rrmad
gaitaca Teosofiam, misticizmma da berklimac (Berkeley) ki.
sxva qveynebis literaturasac Tu mimovixilavT,
amgvar magaliTebs kidev ufro uxvad vnaxavT. arsebobs
dantes Teologiis uricxvi interpretacia. safrangeTSi
e. Jilsonma (Gilson ) Tavisi ganswavluloba Sua saukuneebis
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literatura da ideebi

filosofiaSi gamoiyena rablesa (Rabelais) da paskalis (Pascal) teqstebis gasarCevad (ix. Etienne Henri Gilson, Les Idees et les
lettres, Paris 1932). (8) pol azarma (Paul Hazard) didi profesion
alizmiT dawera `evropuli azrovnebis krizisi~ me-17 s.-is
bolosken (Crise de la conscience europeenne), sadac is aRwers
ganmanaTleblobis ideebis gavrcelebas da ufro gviandel
naSromSi _ am ideaTa damkvidrebas mTels evropaSi. (9) ger
maniaSi arsebobs uamravi gamokvleva, romlebic Seiswavlian
Silers, rogorc kantis ideebis mimdevars, goeTes kavSirs
plotinTan da spinozasTan, klaistisas _ kantTan, hebeli
sas _ hegelTan da msgavs sakiTxebs. germaniaSi, filoso
fosebsa da poetebs, xSirad, marTlac uaRresad mWidro
TanamSromloba akavSirebdaT, gansakuTrebiT _ romantiz
mis periodSi, rodesac fixte, Selingi da hegeli poetebTan
cxovrobdnen da maSin, roca holderlinisTana wminda wylis
poetic ki Tavs erTgvarad movaled Tvlida, rom sistematu
rad efiqra gnoseologiisa da metafizikis sakiTxebze. Tu
ruseTs gadavxedavT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom dostoevskis da
tolstois Zalze xSirad ise moixsenieben, rogorc mxolod
filosofosebsa da religiur moazrovneebs; puSkinTanac ki
eZeben raRac, cota ar iyos, Znelad mosaxelTebel sibrZnes.
simbolisturi moZraobis periodSi, ruseTSi asparezze
`metafizikuri kritikosebis~ mTeli skola gamoCnda, rom
lebic literaturas TavianTi sakuTari filosofiuri
mrwamsis mixedviT aanalizebdnen. isini yvelani _ rozano
vi, mereJkovski, Sestovi, berdiaevi da viaCeslav ivanovi _
werdnen dostoevskize da dostoevskis Sesaxeb (ix. v. ro
zanovi, legenda did inkvizitorze, peterburgi 1894; d.
mereJkovski, tolstoi da dostoevski, peterburgi 1912;
l. Sestovi, dostoevski da nicSe, peterburgi 1905; n. ber
diaevi, dostoevskis msoflmxedveloba, praRa 1923; V. Ivanov, Freedom and the Tragic Life: A Study in Dostoyevsky, New York
1952). (11) zogjer mas iyenebdnen rogorc ubralod teqsts,
raTa eqadagaT sakuTari doqtrinebi. xdeboda, rosdesac
mwerals raRac filosofiur sistemis CarCoebSi aqcevd
nen da mxolod Zalian iSviaTad axsendebodaT, rom masSi
tragikosi romanisti daenaxaT.
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literaturis Teoria

amgvari Sromebis bolos, an umjobesia Tavidanve, unda

davsvaT ramdenime kiTxva, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, yov
elTvis gasagebad ar upasuxeben. ramdenad SesaZlebelia,
rom filosofosTa naazrevis ubralo gamoZaxilma poetis
SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvros avtoris msoflmxedveloba,
gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi dramatuli avtorisa, rogoric
Seqspiria? iyvnen ki poetebi da saerTod mwerlebi aSkarad
gamoxatuli da sistematuri mimdevrebi ama Tu im filoso
fiuri moZRvrebisa? gana dRes gamarTlebulia imis mtkice
ba, rom gasul saukuneebSi mwerals unda hqonoda sakuTari
filosofia, amis moTxovnilebac ki unda egrZno an iseTi
xalxis garemocvaSi unda ecxovra, romelnic ubiZgebdnen
damoukidebeli azrovnebis sistemis Seqmnisaken, an gnebavT,
dainteresebuli iqnebodnen amiT? gana xSirad metismetad
gadaWarbebulad ar warmogvidgenen literaturis istor
ikosebi mweralTa (es Tanamedrove avtorebsac exebaT) fi
losofiuri mrwamsis erTianobas, sicxadesa Tu masStabs?
maSinac ki, Tu saubaria ganviTarebuli TviTcno
bierebis mqone mwerlebze, zogjer ki _ filosofosebze,
romlebsac mWvretelobisadmi midrekileba axasiaTebT da
TviTonac qmnian `filosofiur~ poezias, mainc mogviwevs
Semdegi kiTxvebis dasma: aris Tu ara poezia miT ukeTesi,
rac ufro filosofiuria igi? SegviZlia Tu ara poezia
SevafasoT im filosofiis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelic masSia gadmocemuli an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
kargad da Rrmad aris gagebuli im filosofiuri moZRvrebis
arsi, romelsac is poeturad gamoxatavs? an iqneb im kuTxiT
unda SevafasoT poezia, Tu ramdenad axali, originaluri
saxiT gvawvdis tradiciul, ukve arsebul naazrevs?
cnobilia, rom t. s. elioti dantes Seqspirze maRla ayenebda,
radgan dantes filosofia ufro jansaRad da logikurad
miaCnda. germaneli filosofosi herman glokneri (Hermann
Glockner) amtkicebs, rom poezia da filosofia arasodes ise
daSorebuli ar yofila erTmaneTisagan, rogorc dantes
SemoqmedebaSi, radganac misi azriT, dantem ukve arsebuli,
dasrulebuli filosofiuri sistema Caibara da axali
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literatura da ideebi

ara miumata ra. (12) ideaTa namdvili urTierTgaziareba

filosofiasa da poezias Soris moxda moazrovne poetTa xa
naSi. aseTebi iyvnen _ empedokle (Empedocles) sokratemdel
saberZneTSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi fiCino (Ficino) da
jordano bruno, romlebic poeziasac qmnidnen da
filosofiasac, anu poetur filosofias da filosofiur
poezias. mogvianebiT iyo goeTe germaniaSi, romelic
poetic gaxldaT da TviTmyofi filosofosic.
sakiTxavi isaa, SevafasebT ki amgvari filosofiuri
standartebiT literaturul nawarmoebebs? imis gamo xom
ar unda daviwunoT poupis `ese adamianze~, rom poetma mra
vali gansxvavebuli wyaro gamoiyena da, mTlianobaSi, teqs
tis erTianoba darRveulia? Selim Tavisi cxovrebis erT
etapze zurgi aqcia godvinis Camouyalibebel materializms
da platonis idealizms miapyro Tvali. es TavisTavad
progresuli nabiji Selis kargi poetobis maCvenebelia
Tu cudis? ramdenad aqvs amas kavSiri Selis poeziasTan?
Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa TaobaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba,
rom Selis poezia bundovani, monotonuri da mosawyenia.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, uarvyoT es azri, Tu davamtkicebT,
rom Selis filosofias Tavis droze garkveuli Rirebuleba
hqonda da esa Tu is adgili mis nawarmoebebSi bundovani
da uazro ki araa, aramed imdroindel mecnierul Tu
fsevdomecnierul ideebze migvaniSnebs (ix. Rene Wellek,
Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A note on Re-evaluation, Scrutiny, (ed.
E. Bentley, New York 1948). (13) yvela es kriteriumi ueWvelad
dafuZnebulia inteleqtualistur gaugebrobaze, radganac
filosofiisa da xelovnebis funqciebi arasworad aris
gagebuli. isic arasworad aris gagebuli, Tu rogor
SeaRwevs sinamdvileSi ideebi literaturaSi.
literaturis filosofiuri kuTxiT Seswavlas,
rogorc aRvniSneT, gadametebuli inteleqtualizmi
axasiaTebs. am faqtis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
gamovlinda zogierT meTodSi, romlebic sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi SeimuSaves. rudolf
ungerma (Unger) _ dilTais (Dilthey) ideebis daxmarebiT _
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literaturis Teoria

mtkiced dauWira mxari im meTods, romelsac didi xnis

istoria ki hqonda, magram sistematurad ar gamoiyeneboda.
(14) is samarTlianad acxadebs, rom literatura ar aris
leqsTwyobiTa da mxatvruli saxeebiT gadmocemuli
filosofiuri ideebi, aramed gamoxatavs cxovrebisadmi
zogad damokidebulebas; poetebi Cveulebisamebr pasuxs
uZebnian, iqneb arasistemuradac, im SekiTxvebs, romlebic
SinaarsiT SeiZleba filosofiuric iyos, magram maTi
poeturi reaqcia amgvari SekiTxvebze sxvadasxvagvaria
droisa da viTarebis cvalebadobis mixedviT. ungeri am
`sakiTxebis~, cota ar iyos, TviTnebur klasifikacias
gvTavazobs, esenia: bedisweris sakiTxi, romlis miRmac
igi Tavisuflebisa da garduvalobis, sulisa da bunebis
urTierTobas gulisxmobs; religiuri `sakiTxi~, romelic
moicavs qristes saxis interpretacias, aseve damoki
debulebas codvisa da xsnis, gadarCenis mimarT; bunebis
sakiTxi, romelic ara marto bunebisadmi damokidebulebaa,
aramed moicavs miTosisa da magiis sakiTxebs. problemaTa
sxva jgufs ungeri adamianis problemebs uwodebs: ra aris
adamiani? rogoria misi damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT?
rogor esmis siyvaruli? bolo jgufSi ki Sedis sazogadoebis,
ojaxisa da saxelmwifos problemebi. ungeris mixedviT,
mweralTa Sexedulebebi unda Seswavlil iqnes am sakiTxebTan
kavSirSi. iseTi SemTxvevebic iyo, rom gamovida wignebi,
romlebic cdiloben am problemaTa istoriis Seswavlas
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
midgomodnen. valter remma (Walther Rehm) dawera mozrdili
wigni, romelic germanul poeziaSi sikvdilis problemas
ikvlevs. paul klukhonma (Paul Kluckhohn) ki gamoikvlia, Tu
rogor aisaxa siyvarulis Tema me-18 s.-isa da romantizmis
epoqaSi (ix. Rudolf Unger, Herder, Novalis, Kleist: Studien ber die
Entwicklung des Todesproblem, Frankfurt 1922; Paul Kluckhohn, Die
Auffassung der Liebe in der Literatur des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts und in
der Romantik, Halle 1922).(15)
msgavsi Sromebi sxva enebzec Seiqmna. mario pracis
(Mario Praz) `romantikul agonias~ (Romantic Agony) SeiZleba
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literatura da ideebi

vuwodoT gamokvleva seqsisa da sikvdilis Temaze, rogorc

amas misi italiuri saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs: `sxeuli,
sikvdili da eSmaki romantikul literaturaSi~ (ix. Mario
Praz, La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura romantica, Milano
1930). (16) k. s. luisis `siyvarulis alegoria~ (Alegory
of Love), garda imisa, rom alegoriis Janris istorias
warmoadgens, aseve bevrs mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seicvala
da icvleba Ddamokidebulebebi siyvarulisa da qorwinebis
mimarT. Teodor spensers (Theodore Spencer) ekuTvnis wigni
`sikvdilis Tema elisabedis xanis tragediaSi (Death and
Elizabethan Tragedy), romelic Sesaval nawilSi erTmaneTs
upirispirebs
sikvdilisadmi
damokidebulebas
Sua
saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi.(17) moviyvanT erT
magaliTs: Sua saukuneebSi adamians yvelaze metad uecari
sikvdilisa eSinoda, radgan es xels SeuSlida erTgvar
momzadebasa da codvaTa monaniebaSi. monteni ki fiqrobs,
rom uecari sikvdili yvelaze advilia. mas ukve aRar sjera
im qristianuli Sexedulebisa, romlis mixedviT, sicocxle
sikvdilisaTvis mzadebaa. h. n. fearCaildma gamoikvlia
religiuri Temebi me-18-19 ss. inglisur poeziaSi da
mwerlebi daajgufa maTi religiuri gancdebis sicxovelis
mixedviT (ix. Hoxie Neale Fairchild, Religious Trends in English Poetry,
4vols., New York 1939-57). (18) safrangeTSi gamocemuli abat
bremonis (Abb Bremond) didi moculobis `franguli reli
giuri grZnobis istoria me-17 saukuneSi~ (History of French
Religious Sentiment in the Seventeenth Century) metwilad mxatvrul
literaturas emyareba; monglonma (Monglond) da trarma
(Trahard) dagvitoves mSvenieri gamokvlevebi, romlebic exeba
sentimentalizms, romantizmis epoqamdel damokidebulebas
bunebis mimarT da, aseve, frangi revolucionerebis mier
gamomJRavnebul uCveulo mgrZnobiarobas (ix. Andre Monglond,
Le Preromantisme francais, Grenoble1930; Pierre Trahard, Les maitres de
la sensibilite francaise au 18 siecle, Paris 1931-3).(19)
ungeris siaSi CamoTvlili zogi problema wminda
filosofiuri, ideologiuri xasiaTisaa da Tu sidnis
(Sidney) citatas moviSveliebT, poeti maT mimarT mxolod
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literaturis Teoria

da mxolod `ubralod, popularuli filosofosis~ rols

asrulebda. danarCeni problemebi ufro mgrZnobiarobisa
da grZnobis istorias ganekuTvnebian, vidre azrovnebis
istoriisas.
xandaxan
isec
xdeba,
rom
sazRvari
ideologiursa da emociur problemas Soris Znelad
gasavlebia. adamianis damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT
Zalian Rrma kvals aCnevs kosmologiuri da religiuri
mosazrebebi, magram masze, aseve, uSualo zegavlenas axdens
esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, literaturuli pirobiTobebi
da, SesaZloa, iseTi fiziologiuri momentic, rogoricaa
misi mxedvelobis unaris cvlileba, mag., mxedvelobis
daqveiTeba. (20) imas, Tu rogor SevigrZnobT peizaJs,
garkveulwilad gansazRvraven ara marto mogzaurebi,
mxatvrebi da baRis dizainerebi, aramed iseTi poetebi da
mwerlebi, rogorebic arian miltoni, tomsoni (Thomson),
Satobriani (Chateaubriand) da reskini (Ruskin).
grZnobis istoriis kvleva garkveul siZneleebs
ukavSirdeba: grZnoba warmavalia, mouxelTebeli da
imavdroulad mudmivi, ucvleli. ra Tqma unda, germanelma
mkvlevarebma gazviadebuli formiT warmogvidgines is
cvlilebani, romlebic adamianTa Sexedulebebma ganicada da
sqematuradac warmogvidgines maTi ganviTarebis stadiebi,
romelTa mowesrigebuloba, cota ar iyos, eWvs iwvevs. da
mainc, sadavo aRar unda iyos is faqti, rom grZnobebi
icvleba; yovel SemTxvevaSi, Seicvala maTi gamoxatvis
xerxebi da formebi. balzaki xumrobanarevi kiloTi aRniS
navs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba siyvarulis mimarT b-ni iulos
(Hulot) me-18 saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fuqsavaturi
damokidebuleba q-ni marnefis damokidebulebisagan,
romelic restavraciis periodis tipur sust qals _
`mowyalebis das~ warmoadgens (ix. Balzac, La Cousine Bette). (21)
literaturis istoriisTvis uCveulo ar aris
cremlis niaRvrebi, raSic erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen
XVIII s-is mkiTxvelica da mweralic. gelertma (Gellert),
inteleqtualurma da maRali socialuri mdgomareobis
mqone germanelma poetma, imdeni itira grandisonisa da
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literatura da ideebi

klementinas ganSorebis scenis kiTxvisas (igulisxmeba

samuel riCardsonis (Samuel Richarson) romani `ser Carlz
grandisonis istoria~ The History of Sir Charles Grandison;
mTargmnelis SeniSvna), sanam Tavisi cxvirsaxoci, wigni,
magida da TviT iatakic ki cremliT ar daasvela. am faqtiT is
Tavsac ki iwonebda erT-erT werilSi; (22) dr-i jonsonic ki,
romelic maincdamainc ar iyo cnobili Tavisi gulCvilobiT,
Tavs uflebas aZlevda, gacilebiT ufro daurideblad
efrqvia cremlebica da emociebic, gansxvavebiT Cveni
Tanamedroveebisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imaTgan vinc
inteleqtualTa Soris moiazreba. (23)
ungeris Tvalsazriss, romelic ar gamoirCeva maRali
inteleqtualuri doniT, upiratesoba aqvs konkretuli mwe
rlis kvlevis drosac, radganac is cdilobs arcTu ise gas
agebad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisa da idee
bis gansazRvras. amdenad, imis saSiSroebac naklebia, rom mx
atvruli nawarmoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi izolirebulad
ganvixiloT da ubralo prozauli ganacxadis Tu formulis
mniSvneloba vakmaroT.
am Sexedulebebis Seswavlam zogierTi germaneli
filosofosi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom SesaZlebeli
iyo maTi dayvana ramdenime saxis msoflmxedvelobamde
(Weltanschauung). es termini farTod gamoiyeneba da moicavs
rogorc filosofiur ideebs, ise damokidebulebebs,
romlebic emociur sferos ganekuTvneba. yvelaze metad
cnobilia mcdeloba dilTaisa (Dilthey), romelic Tavis
naSromebSi, rogorc literaturis istorikosi, yovelTvis
xazs usvamda gansxvavebas ideasa da gancdas (Erlebnis) Soris.
azrovnebis istoriaSi avtori sam ZiriTad tips gamohyofs:
(24) pirvelia pozitivizmi, romlis warmoSobac dakav
Sirebulia demokrites da lukreciusis saxelebTan da
aerTianebs hobss, frang enciklopedistebs, Tanamedrove
materialistebsa da pozitivistebs; Semdeg _ obieqturi
idealizmi, romelic, dilTais azriT, moicavs heraklites,
spinozas, laibnics, Selingsa da hegels, da, bolos
dualisturi idealizmi anu `Tavisuflebis idealizmi,
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literaturis Teoria

romelsac miekuTvnebian platoni, qristiani Teologebi,

kanti da fixte. pirveli jgufis moazrovneni sulier
samyaros fizikuri samyaroTi xsnian; meoreni realobas
aRiqvamen rogorc Sinagani realobis gamoxatulebas
da Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs konfliqti yofierebasa da
sargeblianobas Soris; mesameni ki amtkiceben, rom suli
bunebisgan damoukideblad arsebobso. Semdeg dilTai
konkretul avtorebs azrovnebis am sam tipTan akavSirebs.
mag., balzaki da stendali pirvel jgufSi Sehyavs, goeTe _
meoreSi, Sileri _ mesameSi. es klasifikacia ar emyareba,
ubralod, mweralTa mier gakeTebul ganacxadebs, anu imas,
Tu romeli filosofiuri moZRvrebaa maTTvis yvelaze
metad misaRebi. igulisxmeba, rom is SeiZleba iyo TviT
yvelaze arainteleqtualuri xelovnebis analizis Sedegi.
xsenebuli sami ZiriTadi tipi, aseve, asocirdeba zogad
fsiqologiur midrekilebebTan: magaliTad, realizmSi
Warbobs inteleqti, obieqtur realizmSi _ grZnoba, xolo
dualisturi idealizmis mTavari niSania neba, nebisyofa.
herman noli (Herman Nohl) Seecada eCvenebina msgavsi
kavSiri mxatvrobasa da musikasTan mimarTebaSic (ix.
Herman Nohl, Die Weltanschauungen der Malerei, Jena 1908). (25)
rembranti da rubensi man miakuTvna obieqtur idealistebs,
panTeistebs;
velaskesi
da
halsi
_
realistebs;
miqelanjelo ki _ subieqtur idealistad miiCnia. rac
Seexeba musikosebs, berliozi moazrovneTa pirvel tips
miekuTvneba, Suberti _ meores, beThoveni _ mesames.
mxatvrobasTan da musikasTan dakavSirebuli es argumenti
Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan igulisxmeba, rom am tipebis
arseboba SesaZlebelia literaturaSic, Tundac mas mkveTrad
gamoxatuli inteleqtualuri Sinaarsi arc gaaCndes. ungerma
imis damtkicebac scada, rom gansxvavebebi azrovnebis am sam
tips Soris eCvenebina mcire moculobis nawarmoebebSic ki.
mag., morikes (Mrike), s. f. maieris (C. F. Meyer), lilienkronis
(Liliencron) leqsebSi; (26) man da nolma imis Cvenebac scades,
rom avtoris msoflmxedveloba (Weltanschauung) SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT nawarmoebis stilSic an romanis iseT scenebSic,
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literatura da ideebi

romelTac aranairi pirdapiri inteleqtualuri datvirTva ar

gaaCniaT. aq ukve es Teoria gadadis umniSvnelovanes mxatvrul
stilTa TeoriaSi. valceli (Walzel) Seecada es ukanaskneli
Teoria daekavSirebina volflinis `xelovnebis istoriis
principebTan~ da aseve msgavs tipologiebTan (ix. O. Walzel, Gehalt
und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk, Berlin-Babelsberg 1923). (27)
aseTi varaudebi did interess iwvevs. germaniaSi Cven
mier ganxiluli Teoriis mravali variacia Seiqmna. isini
literaturis istoriis Sesaswavladac gamoiyeneba. mag.
valcelma me-19 s-is germanul da saerTod evropul lit
eraturaSi SeamCnia Zalian mkafio evolucia, romelic az
rovnebis meore tipidan (goeTesa da romantikosTa obieq
turi idealizmi) pirvel tipis (realizmi) gavliT _ ro
melic Tavis mxriv impresionizmis saSualebiT TandaTano
biT acnobierebs samyaros fenomenalurobas _ gadaizrdeba
mesame tipSi, romelic warmodgenilia eqspresionizmiT
gamoxatuli subieqturi, dualisturi idealizmiT. valce
lis sqema ubralod imas ki ar acxadebs, rom aseT cvlileba
marTlac xdeboda, aramed imasac, rom es cvlileba ramdenad
me erTi meorisgan gamomdinarea da logikuri. ganviTarebis
garkveul etapze panTeizmi gadadis naturalizmSi, natu
ralizmi ki, Tavis mxriv, impresionizmSi, xolo impresioniz
mis subieqtiuroba sabolood erwymeba axal idealizms. es
sqema dialeqturia da saboloo angariSiT _ hegelianuri.
fxizel Tvals am sqemebis mowesrigebuloba da
sizuste eWvis safuZvels gauCens. aradamajereblad
moeCveneba mesame tipis xelSeuxebloba Tu gamorCeuloba.
ungeri TviTonac obieqturi realizmis or tips ganasxvavebs:
harmoniuls, romlis warmomadgenladac goeTes miiCnevs
da dialeqtikurs _ boemes (Boehme), Selingisa da hegelis
saxiT; kritikas imsaxurebs `pozitivizmic, romlebic,
TiTqosda, mraval (umetes SemTxvevaSi Zalian gansxvavebul)
Sexedulebas moicavs. Tumca, am klasifikaciis detalebis
dawunebaze ufro mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba imis garkveva,
Tu ra igulisxmeba mTeli am msjelobis miRma.
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literaturis Teoria

amgvar tipologiis Sedegia mTeli literaturis

Zalze miaxloebiTi daxarisxeba sam (an ara umetes xuT-eqvs)
dajgufebad. Tu am gzas gavyvebiT, poetTa gamokveTili
individualoba minimumamde iqneba Semcirebuli an sulac
uaryofili. literaturis kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, bevrs
verafers mivaRwevT, Tu iseT gansxvavebul poetebs, ro
gorebic bleiki, uordsuorTi da Seli arian, erT jgufSi
movaqcevT da `obieqtur idealistebs~ vuwodebT. arc isaa
mizanSewonili, Tu poeziis istorias msoflmxedvelobis
(Weltanschauung) sami an meti tipis modifikaciiT Semov
farglavT. da, bolos, amgvari damokidebuleba gulisxmobs
radikalur da gadaWarbebul relativizms. amiT iseTi
STabeWdileba unda Seiqmnas, rom am samive tips Tanaswori
Rirebuleba aqvT da poets isRa darCenia, amoirCios
erTi maTgani, romelic yvelaze metad Seefereba mis
temperaments an raime Rrmad iracionalur, winaswar
mocemul damokidebulebas samyaros mimarT. igulisxmeba,
rom arsebobs tipebis mxolod gansazRvruli raodenoba
da yoveli poeti erTi romelime maTganis gamomxatvelia.
ra Tqma unda, mTeli es Teoria damyarebulia istoriis
zogad filosofiaze, romlis mixedviTac filosofiasa da
xelovnebas Soris arsebobs Zalze mWidro da aucilebeli
urTierTdamokidebuleba ara mxolod individualur doneze,
aramed aseve garkveul periodSi da zogadad, istoriaSi.
msgavs msjelobas humanitaruli sferos istoriis
(Geistesgeschichte) hipoTezebis ganxilvisken mivyavarT.
Geistesgeschichte SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT,
rogorc alternatiuli termini inteleqtualuri istoriis,
ideaTa istoriis aRsaniSnavad, ise, rogorc es lavjois esmoda;
mas is upiratesobac aqvs, rom germanul enaze, inglisurTan
SedarebiT, naklebad inteleqtualurad JRers. Geist _
(`suli~) bevris momcveli terminia, romelic moicavs grZnobis
istoriis problemebs. Geist-s arcTu sasurveli asociaciebi
aqvs `obieqturi sulis cnebasTan. Tumca, germaniaSi
Geistesgeschichte, rogorc wesi, kidev ufro specifikur
mniSvnelobas iZens, romlis mixedviTac yovel periods Tavisi
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literatura da ideebi

`epoqis suli, suliskveTeba aqvs da misi mizania, aRadginos

epoqis suli am ukanasknelis sxvadasxvagvari obieqtivaciebis
safuZvelze, dawyebuli religiiT da damTavrebuli im
droindeli samosiT. Cven veZiebT simrTeles, mTlianobas
calkeuli sagnebis miRma da yvela faqtis axsnas epoqis suliT,
suliskveTebiT vcdilobT. (28)
zemoxsenebuli
termini
gulisxmobs
adamianis
saqmianobis yvela (kulturuli an, saerTod, nebismieri)
sferos
metad
mWidro
urTierTSeTanxmebulobas,
anu xelovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis srul
paralelizms. es meTodi kvlav gvabrunebs Slegelebis
mier SemoTavazebul varaudebTan. mis yvelaze saukeTeso
da, aseve, yvelaze ucnaur mimdevrad ki Spengleri
gvevlineba. Tumca am meTods akademiuri mimdevrebic
hyavs literaturis istorikosebis saxiT, romlebic am
meTods aqtiurad iyenebdnen literaturuli kvlevebis
dros. mas iyeneben iseTi sakmaod zomieri dialeqtikosebi,
rogoric aris korfi (Korff), (romelmac Seiswavla 17501830 wlebis germanuli literaturis istoria da aCvena
literaturis dialeqtikuri gadasvla racionalurobidan
iracionalurobamde, Semdeg ki sinTezamde, hegelianuri
gagebiT), agreTve cisarJi (Cyzarz), doiCbaini (Deutschbein),
Stefanski (Stefansky) da maisneri (Meissner) TavianT fantas
tikur, sityvaTa TamaSze agebul, fsevdomistikur
nawerebSi. (29) es meTodi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgens
analogiis meTods, rogoric aris negatiuri analogia,
ramdenadac, rogorc wesi, is xazs usvams gansxvavebebs
romelime
konkretul
epoqaSi
da
ugulebelyofs
msgavsebebs, da aseve pozitiuri analogia, ramdenadac,
aqac, rogorc wesi, is xazs usvams konkretuli periodSi
momxdari movlenebis Tu Seqmnili nawarmoebebis msgavsebas
da iviwyebs sxvaobebs. romantizmisa da barokos periodebi
gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli niadagi aRmoCnda ideaTa
gamomgoneblobaSi savarjiSod.
amis mSvenier magaliTs warmoadgens maisneris naSromi
`inglisuri barokos periodis literaturis humanitaruli
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literaturis Teoria

safuZvlebi~ (Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen

Literaturbarocks) (1934), romelic erTmaneTisadmi sruliad
dapirispirebul tendenciebs Soris konfliqts epoqis
sulad naTlavs da Seupovrad, daucxromlad ganixilavs
am formulas adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi _
teqnologia iqneba es Tu gamokvlevebi, mogzauroba
Tu religia. mTeli masala Zalian mowesrigebulad da
saguldagulod aris daxarisxebuli Semdeg kategoriebad:
eqspansia da koncentracia, makrokosmosi da mikrokosmosi,
codva da xsna, rwmena da goneba, absolutizmi da demokratia,
`ateqtonika~ da `teqtonika~. amgvari universaluri
analogiebis warmodgenis Semdeg, maisneri gamoaqvs sazeimo
daskvna, rom baroko, nebismieri formiT gamovlinebisas,
konfliqtis, winaaRmdegobisa da daZabulobis maCvenebeli
iyo. Tavisi kolegebis msgavsad, maisneri arasodes svams
arsebiT kiTxvas: gana ar SeiZleba, rom dapirispirebaTa
igive sqema TiTqmis nebismieri sxva epoqidanac miviRoT?
avtori arc imas kiTxulobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
dapirispirebaTa sruliad sxva sqema gamovZebnoT XVII ssTvis, Tundac imave citatebis safuZvelze, romlebic
moyvanilia mis mier wakiTxuli uamravi wignidan.
zustad igivenairad, korfis sqeltanian wignebs
yvela da yvelaferi dahyavT `racionalizmis~ Tezisamde,
`iracionalizmis~
antiTezamde
da
`romantizmSi~
maT sinTezamde. korfTan racionalizmi xSirad iZens
`klasicizmis~
formalur
mniSvnelobasac,
xolo
iracionalizmi _ `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ gaurkvevel
formas, germanul romantizms ki sinTezis roli ekisreba.
germanul enaze daiwera bevri wigni, romlebic am dapi
rispirebas ikvleven. mag. kasireris bevrad ufro saRi `Ta
visufleba da forma~ (Freiheit und Form), cisarJis bundovani
naSromi `gamocdileba da idea~ (Erfahrung und Idee). (30) zog
germanel mweralTan es ideuri tipebi an mWidro kavSirSia
erTmaneTTan an ubralod gadaizrdebian rasobriv tipebad:
germaneli (yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti tevtoni) grZnobis
karnaxiT moqmedebs, xolo laTinuri rasis warmomadgeneli
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literatura da ideebi

gonebis TvaliT Wvrets; tipebi SeiZleba, ZiriTadad,

fsiqologiuri niSniT gansxvavdebodnen, iseve, rogorc
arsebobs tradiciuli kontrastuli tipebi: demonuri da
racionaluri. da, bolos, iTvleba, rom ideologiur tipebs
stilisturi cnebebis datvirTva eZlevaT; isini erwymian
klasicizmsa da romantizms, barokosa da gotikas, ramac
saTave daudo uzarmazar literaturas, sadac eTnologia,
fsiqologia, ideologia da xelovnebis istoria erTmaneTSi
isea gadaxlarTuli, rom adamians Tavgza aebneva.
Sexeduleba drois, rasis, xelovnebis nawarmoebis
sruli integraciis Sesaxeb metad saeWvoa. Tvalsazrisi,
romlis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis formebi paralelurad
viTardeba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi.
kidev ufro saeWvoa paralelizmi filosofiasa da poezias
Soris. magaliTisTvis mxolod inglisuri romantikuli
poeziac ki gveyofa, romelmac ayvavebas im dros miaRwia,
roca inglisur da Sotlandiur filosofiaSi gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba ekava e. w. `jansaRi azris~ filosofias
(common-sense philosophy) da utilitarizms. maSinac ki, roca
filosofias TiTqosda erTi SexedviT axlo kavSiri aqvs
literaturasTan, maTi realuri integracia gacilebiT
naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre amas germanuli humanitaruli
sferos istoria (Geistesgeschichte) varaudobs. romantizms
germanul literaturaSi umetesad Seiswavlian im
filosofiis fonze, romelic ganaviTares da Camoayalibes
profesionalma filosofosebma _ fixtem da Selingma, aseve,
mwerlebma _ Slegelma, novalisma da sxvebma, romelTac
germanul literaturaSi centralur adgils namdvilad
ver mivuCenT: maTma nawarmoebebma didi kvali ver datoves
da verc mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian. germanuli
romantizmis udides poetebsa da dramaturgebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mxolod da mxolod umniSvnelo urTierToba
hqondaT imdroindel filosofiasTan (mag. e. T. a. hofmani
da aixendorfi (Eichendorff), romelic tradiciuli kaTolike
gaxldaT), an aviTarebdnen iseT filosofiur Tvalsazriss,
romelic gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli, sadavo iyo romantizmis
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literaturis Teoria

filosofosebisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Jan-pol rixteri

(Jean Paul Richter), romelic gamudmebiT Tavs esxmoda fixtes,
an klaisti, romelic kantis ideebis zegavlenas ganicdida.
TviT germanuli romantizmis periodSic ki filosofiisa da
literaturis mtkice kavSirs mxolod maSin davasabuTebT,
Tu gamovikvlevT fixtes aRiarebuli mowafeebis, novalisisa
da fridrih Slegelis fragmentebs da Teoriul naSromebs.
maT mosazrebebs ki, romelTac isini iSviaTad aqveynebdnen,
konkretul literaturul nawarmoebebTan Zalian cota ram
hqondaT saerTo.
Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiasa da
literaturas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, xSirad
SecdomaSi SevyavarT. am kavSiris damadasturebeli
argumentebi gazviadebulia, radgan isini emyareba
literaturis ideologiis, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da
Tvalsazrisis Seswavlas da, aseve, iseT programebsac,
romlebic, rogorc Cans, sazrdooben arsebuli, mza
esTetikuri formulirebebiT da realur mxatvrul
praqtikasTan mxolod mciredi Sexeba aqvT. Tumca,
aseTi skepticizmi filosofiasa da literaturas Soris
arsebul mWidro integraciis mimarT, rasakvirvelia,
ar gamoricxavs maT Soris garkveul urTierTobas. isic
SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom zogierT epoqaSi paralelurad
viTardeboda
filosofiuri
da
literaturuli
mimdinareobebi, rasac, albaT, metwilad xels uwyobda
Tavad epoqaTa socialuri foni, sxvadasxva movlena,
romlebic literaturaSic da filosofiaSic garkveul
kvals tovebdnen. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, bolomde ar
unda daveyrdnoT zemoT aRniSnul saerTo, socialur fons.
filosofiis esa Tu is mimdinareoba xSirad warmoiSoboda
da viTardeboda sazogadoebis im garkveul klasSi,
romelic SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli yofiliyo poeziis
SemqmnelTagan, ara marto sazogadoebrivi kavSirebiT,
aramed socialuri warmomavlobiTac. literaturasTan
SedarebiT, filosofia Tavisi arsiT kidev ufro metad aris
dakavSirebuli eklesiasTan da akademiur swavlebasTan.
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literatura da ideebi

iseve, rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sxva sferos,

masac aqvs sakuTari istoria, sakuTari dialeqtika: mis
qvejgufebsa da mimdinareobebs, Cveni azriT, ara aqvT imdeni
saerTo literaturul mimdinareobebTan, rogorc amas
humanitaruli sferos istoriis (Geistesgeschichte) mravali
mkvlevari miiCnevs.
literaturuli cvlilebebis axsna `epoqis sulis~
meSveobiT namdvilad yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulad
gveCveneba maSin, roca es suli gadaiqceva raRac miTur
integralad da absolutad. arada, yvelaze didi funqcia,
rac mas akisria, aris is, rom migvaniSnebs rTul da miCqmalul
problemaze. germanuli Geistesgeschichte aqamde, Cveulebriv,
mxolod imas axerxebda, rom erTi rigis (xelovnebis an
filosofiis) kriteriumebs avrcelebda mTeli kulturuli
Semoqmedebis sferoze. Semdeg epoqasac da calkeul
literaturul nawarmoebsac axasiaTebda iseTi gaurkveveli
da sapirispiro cnebebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa:
klasicizmi da romantizmi, racionalizmi da iracionalizmi.
`epoqis sulis ideas xSirad damRupveli Sedegi moutania
dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetobis ideisTvis: miiCneoda,
rom yoveli epoqa imdenad Taviseburi da izolirebulia,
xolo maT mier asaxuli cvlilebebi imdenad radikaluria,
rom Geisteswissenschaftler sabolood sruldeboda ara marto
srul istoriuli relativizmiT (yvela epoqa Taviseburad
kargia), aramed individualobisa da originalobis mcdari
koncefciiTac, romelic ugulebelyofs adamianuri
bunebis, civilizaciisa Tu xelovnebis fundamentur, yvela
droisaTvis damaxasiaTebel, maradiul Rirebulebebs.
Spengleris azriT, arsebobs Caketili kulturuli ciklebi,
romelTa warmoSoba TiTqos fataluri movlenaa. esaa
Tavis TavSi Caketili, magram mainc auxsnelad paraleluri
periodebi. gamodis, rom antikuroba ar grZeldeba Sua
saukuneebSi, xolo dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetoba
mTlianad uaryofilia an miviwyebuli.
am fantastikurma mosazrebebma, ra Tqma unda, ar
unda miCqmalos kacobriobis zogadi istoriis problema,
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literaturis Teoria

yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri civilizaciis problema

mainc. Cven sruliad darwmunebuli varT, rom gamosavali,
rasac tradiciuli Geistesgeschichte gvTavazobs, naCqarevi
da moumwifebelia; is metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
kontrastebsa da analogiebs; stilTa da azrovnebis for
maTa cvalebadobas kritikis gareSe tovebs da mtkiced swams
adamianis yvela saxis moRvaweobis sruli integraciisa.
literaturis mkvlevarma Tavi unda daanebos iseT
masStabur problemebze fiqrs, rogoricaa istoriis
filosofia da civilizaciis umTavresi integrali da
yuradReba unda miaqcios im sakiTxs, romelic araTu araa
gadawyvetili, aramed jer wesierad arc ki ganxilula.
es gaxlavT Semdegi: mainc rogor xdeba ideebis SeRweva
literaturaSi? raTqma unda, es ar exeba ideebs romelTac
teqstSi mxolod, ase vTqvaT, `saSeni masalis~ informaciis
funqcia akisria. Cven mxolod is SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs,
roca es ideebi bunebrivad, Zaldautaneblad iqceva teqstis
qsovilis nawilad, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini
ubralod ideebi ki aRar arian Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed
simbolod, miTadac ki gadaiqcevian. arsebobs didaqtikuri
poeziis sakmaod didi nawili, romelSic ideebi, ubralod,
gadmocemulia da versifikaciis, metaforis an alegoriis
saSualebiT aris gaformebuli. arsebobs ideaTa romanebic,
mag. JorJ sandis da jorj eliotis, sadac msjeloben
socialur, moralur Tu filosofiur `problemebze.
integracia ufro maRal safexurs aRwevs iseT romanSi,
rogoricaa melvilis `mobi diki (Moby Dick), romlis
mTeli Sinaarssac miTuri datvirTva aqvs. an aviRoT
robert brijesis (Bridges) `silamazis anderZi~ (Testament of
Beauty), romlis ideac gadmocemulia erTi filosofiuri
metaforiT. da, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs dostoevskic,
romlis romanebSic ideaTa drama TamaSdeba konkretul
personaJTa da movlenaTa enaze, maTi saSualebiT. romanSi
`Zmebi karamazovebi~ oTxive Zma simbolurad ganasaxierebs
ideologiur kamaTs, romelic imavdroulad pirovnuli
dramac aris. kamaTis ideologiuri daskvna mTavari gmi
rebis piradi ubedurebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
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literatura da ideebi

sakiTxavi is aris, CaiTvleba Tu ara xelovnebis diad

nimuSebad es filosofiuri romanebi da poemebi _ vTqvaT,
dostoevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi Tu goeTes `fausti _
mxolod TavianTi filosofiuri Sinaarsis gamo? xom ar sjobs,
SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom `filosofiur simarTles, rogorc
aseTs, ar gaaCnia mxatvruli Rirebuleba, zustad iseve,
rogorc vecadeT dagvemtkicebina, rom arc fsiqologiur
da arc socialur simarTles ara aqvs aranairi mxatvruli
Rirebuleba? filosofia, ideologiuri Sinaarsi, Tu is
gadmocemulia Sesaferis konteqstiT, ufro mkveTrad
warmoaCens nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas, radganac
igi aZlierebs ramdenime mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Tvisebas:
sirTules da simwyobres. Teoriuli codna xelovans exmareba,
ufro met siRrmeebsa da masStabebs SeeWidos. magram es sulac
araa aucilebeli. xelovans xels SeuSlis zomagadasuli
ideologia, Tu igi bunebrivad ar gaiSleba nawarmoebis qsovilSi,
Tu is misi erTiani nawili ar gaxdeba. kroCe (Croce) amtkicebs,
rom `RvTaebriv komediaSi poeziis strofebs enacvleba
gariTmuli Teologiisa da fsevdomecnierebis strofebi (ix.
B. Croce, La poezia di Dante, Bari 1920). (31) aSkaraa, rom `faustis
meore nawili Zalze daazarala zedmetma inteleqtualizmma
da igi mudmivad daufaravi alegoriis zRvarze imyofeba;
dostoevskisTan ki xSirad igrZnoba SeuTanxmebloba mwerlis
mxatvrul ostatobasa da azris simZimes Soris. zosime, romelic
dostoevskis azrebs gadmogvcems, ivan karamazovTan SedarebiT
naklebad damajerebeli saxea. imave winaaRmdegobas, oRond
ufro dabali registriT, gamoxatavs Tomas manis `jadosnuri
mTa : pirveli Tavebi, sadac gacocxlebulia sanatoriumis
samyaro, mxatvruli ostatobiT bevrad aRemateba momdevno
Tavebs, romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara vrceli filosofiuri
msjeloba. literaturis istorias iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic
axsovs, rodesac ideebi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZenen,
rodesac moqmedi pirebi da TviT moqmedebac ubralod ki ar
warmoadgenen ideebs, aramed Tavad xdebian xorcSesxmuli
ideebi; rodesac xdeba filosofiisa da xelovnebis garkveuli
integracia. xati iqceva idead da idea iqceva xatad. magram
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literaturis Teoria

gana es imas niSnavs, rom am dros xelovneba Tavis mwvervals

aRwevs, rogorc miiCnevs mravali filosofiurad ganwyobili
kritikosi? albaT, marTalia kroCes Tvalsazrisi `faustis
meore nawilis Sesaxeb: ,,rodesac poezia imgvarad aRmatebuli
xdeba, rom Tavis Tavsac ki aRemateba, is kargavs Tavis raobas
da albaT arasrulfasovnadac unda miviCnioT, radgan, rac mas
aklia, es swored poeziaa (ix. B. Croce, Goethe, Bari 1919). (32) yovel
SemTxvevaSi, is mainc udavod unda vaRiaroT, rom filosofiuri
poezia, rac unda integrirebuli iyos, is mainc poeziis mxolod
erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens da arc literaturaSi ukavia
mTavari adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, im azrs ar viziarebT, rom
poezia Tavisi arsiT mistikuri, gamocxadebis msgavsi unda iyos.
filosofiis Canacvleba poeziiT ar moxdeba; poezias Tavisi
daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs. ideaTa poezia ki poeziis erT-erTi
saxeobaa da fasdeba ara imiT, Tu ra ideebisgan Sedgeba, aramed
teqstSi maTi integraciis xarisxisa da mxatvruli ostatobis
siZlieris mixedviT.

180

Tavi meTerTmete

literatura da xelovnebis sxva

dargebi
*
literaturisa
da
xelovnebis
sxva
dargebis
urTierTmimarTeba (natifi xelovneba, musika) metad
mravalferovani da rTulia. poetebs TavianTi STagonebis
wyaro zogjer mxatvrobaSi, qandakebasa da musikaSi upoviaT.
adamianebisa da bunebis sxva cocxal SvilTa garda, poeziis
Temad SeiZleba xelovnebis nimuSebic iqces. literaturis
Teorias aranair problemas ar uqmnis is faqti, rom poetebs
xSirad aRuweriaT qandakebebi, mxatvruli tiloebi,
musikaluri nawarmoebebi. zogi kritikosi varaudobs,
rom spenserma isargebla zogierT gobelenze gamosaxuli
Tu moZrav scenebze warmodgenili istoriis amsaxveli
cocxali suraTebiT da isini Tavis leqsebSi gamoiyena.
klod lorenisa (Claude Lorrain) da salvatore rosas (Salvatore
Rosa) ferwerulma tiloebma gavlena moaxdines me-18 sis landSaftur poeziaze; kitsma klod lorenis erTerTi suraTi gamoiyena Tavisi leqsisTvis `oda berZnul
urnas. (1) stiven a. larabi ganixilavs aluziebs berZnul
skulpturaze da amave rigis motivebs inglisur poeziaSi (ix.
Stephen A. Larrabee, English Bards and Grecian Marbles: The Relationship
between Sculpture and Poetry especially in the Romantic period, New York
1943). (2)alber tibodem ( Thibaudet ) daasabuTa, rom malarmes
`favnis SuadRis Seqmna STaagona londonis erovnul
galereaSi nanaxma buSes (Boucher) tilom (ix. Albert Thibaudet,
La Poesie de Stephane Mallarme, Paris 1926). (3) mravalma poetma,
gansakuTrebiT, me-18 s-is iseTma poetebma, rogorebic arian
hiugo, gotie, parnaselebi da tiki, Seqmnes leqsebi ama Tu im
mxatvruli tilos Sesaxeb. poetebs, ra Tqma unda, TavianTi
Teoriebi aqvT ferweris Taobaze da sayvareli mxatvrebic
hyavT. saWiroa am sakiTxis Seswavla imis dasasabuTeblad,
rom zemoxsenebuli Teoriebi garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba
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literaturis Teoria

poetebis
Sexedulebebs literaturis Sesaxeb da maT
literaturul gemovnebas. es namdvilad didi, TiTqmis
Seuswavleli sferoa, romelTa kvleva mxolod bolo
aTwleulebSi daiwyo. (4)
Tavis mxriv, rasakvirvelia, literaturac SeiZleba
iqces naxatis an musikaluri nawarmoebis Temad, gansakuTrebiT
vokaluri da programuli musikisa. literatura, yvelaze
metad ki lirikuli poezia da drama Zalze mWidrod
TanamSromlobdnen musikasTan. sul ufro matulobs im
gamokvlevaTa ricxvi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Sua
saukuneebis himnebisa da elisabedis xanis lirikuli poeziis
axlo kavSirze musikasTan _ TiTqosda isini musikisTvis aris
dawerili (ix. Bruce Pattison, Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance,
London 1948). (5) xelovnebis istoriis sferoSi gamoCnda mTeli
rigi swavlulebisa (ervin panofski, fric saqsli da sxvebi),
romlebic Seiswavlian xelovnebis nimuSTa koncefciur da
simbolur mniSvnelobas (`ikonologias) da, amasTan erTad,
xSirad ikvleven maT kavSirs literaturasTan, imas, Tu ra
iqca maTi avtorebis STagonebis wyarod (ix. Erwin Panofsky,
Studies in Iconology, New York 1939). (6)
wyaroebisa da urTierTzegavlenis, TanamSromlobisa
da STagonebis sakiTxebTan erTad, wamoiWreba gacilebiT
ufro rTuli problema. kerZod, literaturis istorias
axsovs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca literaturulma nawarmoebma
scada mieRwia ferweruli an musikaluri efeqtisaTvis da
qceuliyo sityvebSi gacocxlebul naxatad an musikad. iseTi
SemTxvevebic gvaxsovs, roca poeziam scada qandakebis gancda
aReZra mkiTxvelSi. kritikosisgan ar unda gagvikvirdes,
Tu is mkacrad dagmobs JanrTa aseT aRrevas. asec moiqca
lesingi Tavis `laokoonSi (Laokon) da irving bebiti (Irving
Babbitt) `axal laokoonSi (The New Laokon), magram vervin
uaryofs, rom xelovnebis dargebi erTmaneTs dasesxebian
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs da Sedegic warmatebuli
yofila. rasakvirvelia, aravin apirebs imis mtkicebas, rom
SesaZlebelia metamorfoza pirdapiri gagebiT: poeziis
gadaqceva qandakebad, musikad an ferwerul tilod. rodesac
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

termins `skulpturuli viyenebT poeziis mimarT, Tundac

es landoris (Landor), goties (Gautier) an heredias (Heredia)
poezia iyos, es mxolod da mxolod arazusti metaforaa,
romelic gulisxmobs, rom konkretuli poeturi nawarmoebi
garkveulwilad berZnuli qandakebis msgavs SegrZnebas
gvitovebs, iqneba es TeTri marmarilosTan Tu TabaSirTan
dakavSirebuli sigrilis SegrZneba, an garindebis, siCumis
gancda, sicxade, mkveTri konturebi. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT,
rom sigrilis gancda poeziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba im
gancdisagan, rasac marmarilo aRZravs CvenSi. es exeba TeTri
feris warmosaxviT gancdasac; garindebis SegrZneba poeziaSi
sruliad gansxvavdeba qandakebiseuli garindebisagan.
rodesac uiliam kolinzis nawarmoebs `oda saRamosadmi
(Ode to Evening) uwodeben `skulpturul leqss, amiT imisi
Tqma rodi undaT, rom mas raime kavSiri aqvs qandakebasTan.
(7) erTaderTi, risi gaanalizebac obieqturad SeiZleba, es
aris neli, sazeimo metri da poeturi ena, romelic imdenad
uCveuloa, rom iZulebuli vxdebiT mTeli yuradReba calkeul
sityvebs mivapyroT da es kidev ufro anelebs kiTxvis temps.
magram imaze mainc ver davxuWavT Tvals, Tu rogori
warmatebiT sargeblobs horaciusis formula ut pictura
poesis (laT. sityva-sityviT `rac mxatvrobaa, isaa poe
ziac~; rogorc mxatvrul tilos sWirdeba yoveli kuT
xidan Seswavla, ise sWirdeba poetur nawarmoebsac.
_ mTargmnelis SeniSvna). (8) albaT, kiTxvis procesSi
mkiTxvelis gonebaSi namdvilad ar xdeba scenebisa Tu
suraTebis warmodgena im intensiurobiT, rogorc amas am
tkiceben. magram xom arsebobdnen poetebica da epoqebic,
romlebic mkiTxvels gonebis Tvals uxeldnen da TavianT
poezias mxatvruli tilosaviT uSlidnen. SeiZleba, lesingi
samarTlianad akritikebda ariostos imis gamo rom es
ukanaskneli CamoTvlida qalis silamazis atributebs, rac
mkiTxvelis gonebaSi ver warmoqmnida wakiTxulis STambeW
dav vizualur xats (Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom ariostos
striqonebi poeturobis kuTxiTac moikoWlebs). miuxedavad
amisa, me-18 s-is xatovani weris ideiT SepyrobilT, ase, erTi
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literaturis Teoria

xelis mosmiT, ver uarvyofT. Tanamedrove literaturaSi,

Satobrianidan moyolebuli vidre prustamde, mravlad
vnaxavT iseT scenas, romelTa efeqti ferweruli
tilos efeqts utoldeba da mkiTxvels Zalauneburad
imdroindeli mxatvrobis nimuSebi warmoudgeba Tvalwin.
warmovidginoT iseTi mkiTxveli, romelic saerTod ver
erkveva mxatvrobaSi. aseTi mkiTxvelis SemTxvevaSi ukve
saeWvoa, SeZlebs Tu ara poeti, rom Tavisi poeziiT ferwerul
efeqts miaRwios. da mainc, unda vaRiaroT, rom kulturis
istoriis ganmavlobaSi mwerlebma marTlac moaxerxes
is, rom maT nawarmoebTa kiTxvisas mkiTxvelis gonebaSi
cocxldeba erTgvari ferweruli simbolo, mimaniSnebeli
me-18 s-is landSafturi ferwerisa Tu im impresionistuli
mxatvrobis efeqtisa, romliTac cnobilia jeims uistleri
(Whistler), Tu misi msgavsi sxva mxatvrebi.
Seswevs Tu ara poezias imis unari, rom moaxdinos
Cvenze iseTive zemoqmedeba, rogorsac axdens musika? es
ufro saeWvod gveCveneba, Tumca farTodaa gavrcelebuli
mosazreba, rom poezias es ZaluZs. Tu guldasmiT gavaa
nalizebT imas, Tu ras vgulisxmobT leqsis `musikalu
robaSi~, aRmoCndeba, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs
musikis `melodiasTan~; `musikaluroba~ gulisxmobs
fonetikuri erTeulebis ganlagebas, Tavis aridebas
TanxmovanTa dajgufebisaTvis an, ubralod, garkveuli
ritmuli efeqtis arsebobas. iseTi romantikosi poetebi,
rogoricaa tiki, mogvianebiT ki verleni, musikaluri efeq
tis Seqmnis mizniT ugulebelyofdnen leqsis azrobriv
simwyobresa da logikur konstruqciebs, da yuradRebas
denotaciaze metad konotaciaze amaxvilebdnen. Tumca
unda vTqvaT, rom aramkafio konturebi, azris bundova
neba da alogikuroba, pirdapiri gagebiT, sulac ar
gaxlavT `musikaluri~ xelovnebis niSan-Tviseba. musikis
struqturis literaturuli imitaciebi, magaliTad,
laitmotivi, sonata an simfonia ufro konkretul
suraTs warmogvidgens. magram ratom ar SeiZleba, musikis
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebad aRiarebul ganmeorebad
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

motivebSi, an ganwyobaTa kontrastulobasa Tu harmoniaSi

amovicnoT iseTi nacnobi literaturuli stilisturi
xerxebi, rogorebicaa ganmeorebadoba, kontrasti da sxv.,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebis yvela dargisTvis.
(9) im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas, rodesac
poezia marTlac mogvagonebs garkveul musikalur bgerebs,
mag., verlenis `qviTini grZeli violinoTa~ (Les sanglots
longs des violons ) an pos `zarebi (Bells), unda vaRiaroT,
rom musikaluri instrumentis tembris Tu zarebis metad
ganzogadebuli xmebis efeqti miRweulia sxva arafris, Tu
ara bgeraTmibaZvis xarjze.
leqsebi iwereboda, ra Tqma unda, musikaluri
nawarmoebebisTvisac.
nimuSad
SeiZleba
moviyvanoT
elisabedis xanis simRerebi da yvela saopero libreto.
istorias axsovs iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic, roca poetica
da kompozitoric erTi da igive pirovneba yofila;
Tumca, gagviWirdeba imis damtkiceba, rom musikisa da
leqsis Seqmna odesme sinqronul process warmoadgenda.
zogjer vagneric ki Tavis `dramebs~ mravali wliT ufro
adre qmnida, vidre maT sasurvel musikas moargebda; isic
cnobilia, rom mravali leqsi ukve mza melodiisTvis
dauweriaT. da mainc, urTierTdamokidebuleba musikasa
da marTlac didebul poezias Soris sakmaod umniSvnelo
Cans, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT im mcirericxovan warmatebul
SemTxvevebsac, rodesac kargi musika da aseve kargi teqsti
erTmaneTs harmoniulad esadageba. kompoziciurad da
ideurad srulyofili, kargad Sekruli leqsebi advilad
ar emorCilebian musikis enas, im dros, roca arafriT
gamorCeul Tu uxeiro poeziaze (mag. haines Tu vilhelm
miuleris mravali adreuli leqsi) Subertisa Tu Sumanis
umSvenieresi simRerebi Seiqmna. Tu saqme marTlac
maRalmxatvrul poeziasTan gvaqvs, musikis enaze mis
Targmnas xSirad ziani moaqvs misTvis. radganac, am dros
xSiria poeturi nawilis damaxinjeba an sulac miCqmalva,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca musika TavisTavad marTlac
Rirebulia. amisTvis bevri magaliTis moyvana arc aris
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literaturis Teoria

saWiro. gavixsenoT Tundac verdis musikiT gadmocemuli

Seqspiris `otelo~. Cvens Tvalsazriss adasturebs aseve
musika, romelic daiwera goeTes mravali leqsisTvis da
fsalmunisTvis. mtkiceba aRar sWirdeba imas, rom musika
da poezia urTierTmoqmedeben, magram poeziis saukeTeso
nimuSebi musikisadmi didi midrekilebiT ar gamoirCeva,
zustad iseve, rogorc yvelaze didebul musikas namdvilad
ar sWirdeba sityvebi.
rodesac msjeloben natif xelovnebasa da lite
raturas Soris arsebuli paralelebis Sesaxeb, xSirad
gavigonebT aseT frazas: mavani suraTi da mavani leqsi erTsa
da imave ganwyobas iwvevs; mag., mxiarulad da uzrunvelad
vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac mocartis menuets vusmen, vatos
peizaJs vumzer an anakreonul leqss vkiTxulobo. Cveni mizani
ki zusti analizia, romelsac amgvari saxis paralelizmebi
didad ver waadgeba: musikaluri nawarmoebiT mogvrili
sixaruli gansxvavdeba, zogadad, sixarulisgan da mas verc
raime konkretuli mizeziT aRZrul sixaruls SevadarebT,
Tumca, es mainc musikiT gamowveuli emociaa da misi aRqma
konkretuli musikis SinaarsTan aris dakavSirebuli.
musikiT gamowveul da cxovrebiseul emociebs mxolod
saerToBbuneba akavSirebT. Tu Cven mainc vecdebiT da
SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvravT am emociebs, mainc
sruliad daSorebulni aRmovCndebiT im konkretuli
sagnisgan, romelmac es SegrZneba gamoiwvia. paralelebi
xelovnebis or romelime dargs Soris, sanam isini emyareba
mxolod mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis individualur
reaqciebis, agreTve _ xelovnebis am ori dargis msgavsi
aRqmis aRweras, arasdros daeqvemdebareba Semowmebasa da
dazustebas da, amdenad, am ori dargis Cveneuli gagebac
Tanazomierad ar ganviTardeba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis mimarT kidev erTi
saerTo midgoma gulisxmobs xelovanTa Canafiqrisa da maTi
Teoriebis Seswavlas. cxadia, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs miRma arsebul Teoriebsa
da formulebs, aseve _ klasicizmisa Tu romantizmis
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

mimdinareobebs, garkveuli msgavseba akavSirebs. sxvadasxva

dargis xelovanTa gancxadebebSic mravali ram SeiZleba
msgavsad da identurad mogveCvenos. TumcaRa, `klasicizmi~
musikaSi literaturuli `klasicizmisagan~ gansxvavebiT
sul sxva rames unda niSnavdes ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu ar
CavTvliT mcirericxovan fragmentebs, namdvilad araferi
viciT antikuri musikis Sesaxeb, romelic iseve daudebda
saTaves musikis ganviTarebas, rogorc Camoayaliba da
ganaviTara literatura antikuri xanis nimuSebma da
mxatvrulma normebma. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxatvrobis
Sesaxeb. pompeisa da herkulanumis freskebis aRmoCenamde
saxviT xelovnebaze did gavlenas rodi axdenda klasikuri
mxatvroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom masTan mimarTebaSi
xSirad axsenebdnen klasikur Teoriebsa da berZen
mxatvrebs, magaliTad, apeless, aseve _ uZveles ferwerul
tradiciebs, romelTac antikuri xanidan Cvenamde Sua
saukuneebis gavliT unda moeRwia. Tumca, qandakebisa da
arqiteqturisTvis klasikuri modelebi da gacilebiT
ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre xelovnebis sxva romelime
dargisTvis (literaturis CaTvliT). gamodis, rom Teoriebi
da gaazrebuli Canafiqrebi sxvadasxvagvaria xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargSi da, saboloo angariSSi. Zalian cotas,
an saerTod arafers gvauwyebs xelovanis Semoqmedebis
realuri Sedegebis, anu misi qmnilebisa da am qmnilebis
konkretuli Sinaarsisa da formis Sesaxeb.
avtoris Canafiqris codna didad ver gvexmareba
konkretuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. amaSi is mcire
ricxovani SemTxvevebi dagvarwmunebs, rodesac mxatva
ric da poetic erTi da igive pirovnebaa. mag., Tu Seva
darebT uiliam bleikis (Blake) poezias missave mxatvrobas
an imaves movimoqmedebT dante gabriel rosetis (Rossetti)
mimarT, davinaxavT, rom maTi mxatvroba da poezia buneba
Zalze gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, xSirad ki urTi
erTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa, Tanac ara marto teqnikuri
TvalsazrisiT. bleiki xatavs groteskul patara cxovels
da esaa ilustracia misi cnobili leqsisTvis: `vefxvo,
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literaturis Teoria

uRranSi daZrwi euli,/ nislad gexveva Rame grZneuli,/

dauokebel Zalad qceuli/ vin gamoZerwa Seni sxeuli?~
(leqsis Targmani ekuTvnis maia jijeiSvils mTargmnelis
SeniSvna). Tekereim TviTon daasuraTa sakuTari `amaoebis
bazari~ (Vanity Fair), magram miseul Tavmomwoned, sulelurad
momRimari beki Sarpis karikaturul saxes saerTo araferi
aqvs romanis rTul personaJTan. miqelanjelos `sonetebsa
da mis qandakebebsa Tu naxatebs Soris mcireodeni msgavseba
SeiniSneba struqturisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT,
Tumca, misi yvela qmnilebaSi igrZnoba neoplatonuri
ideebis zegavlena da erTgvari fsiqologiuri msgavseba.
(10) es imis maCvenebelia, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis
`mediumi~ (Seuferebeli, cudad SerCeuli termini,
romelic dazustebas saWiroebs), mxolod xelovanis mier
gadasalaxavi teqnikuri dabrkoleba rodia, igi tradiciebis
Sedegad winaswar Camoyalibebuli faqtoricaa da Tavisi
mZlavri ganmsazRvreli bunebiT individualuri xelovanis
damokidebulebasa da gamoxatvis saSualebebs ayalibebs da
formas ucvlis. xelovani azrovnebs konkretuli masalidan
gamomdinare da ar mimarTavs zogad ideebs. konkretul
mediums ki Tavisi sakuTari istoria aqvs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva mediumis istoriisgan.
ufro nayofieri Sedegis misaRebad sasargebloa
xelovnebis dargebis Sedareba (xelovanTa Canafiqrebisa da
Teoriebis Sedarebis nacvlad) maTi saerTo socialuri da
kulturuli fonis safuZvelze. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba
aRvweroT xelovnebisa da literaturis masazrdoebeli
niadagi: drois, adgilisa da socialuri viTarebis saerTo
foni da amiT mivaniSnoT im mTel rig saerTo gavlenebze,
romlebic maT ganicades. xelovnebis dargebs Soris
mravali paralelis gavleba mxolod imitom SeiZleba,
rom mkvlevrebi ar iTvaliswineben sruliad gansxvavebul
socialur fons, romelmac gansazRvra xelovnebis
konkretuli nawarmoebis xasiaTi an misi Semoqmedis amocana.
socialuri klasebi, romlebic xelovnebis garkveuli
tipis Semqmnelebad moiazrebian an Tavad aqvT masze
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

moTxovnileba, SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavdebodnen

erT romelime mocemul drosa da sivrceSi. gotikuri
taZrebis ageba da, meore mxriv, franguli eposis Seqmna
ganapiroba sxvadasxvagvarma socialurma moTxovnilebebma;
qandakebisa da romanis Semfaseblebi (da maTi myidvelebi),
rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis urTierTgansxvavebul wreebs
ganekuTvnebian. Sexeduleba, TiTqos garkveul drosa da
sivrceSi xelovnebis dargebs saerTo socialuri foni aqvT,
iseTive mcdaria, rogorc meore aRiarebuli Sexeduleba,
romlis Tanaxmad, inteleqtualuri garemo, foni xelovnebis
yvela dargisTvis aucileblad identuri da qmediTia.
metad saxifaToa mxatvrobis interpretacia imdroindeli
filosofiis kuTxiT. Carlz de tolneis (ix. Charles de Tolnay,
Pieter Bruegel, lAncien, Bruxelles 1935) (11) magaliTic sakmarisia:
man panTeisturi monizmis gamovlinebad miiCnia ufrosi
breigelis Semoqmedeba, romelic nikolaus kuzanelisa
(Cusanus) da paracelsis (Paracelsus) moRvaweobas gauTanabra,
da spinozasa da goeTes moRvaweobis wanamZRvrad aRiara.
kidev ufro saxifaToa xelovnebis dargebis `axsna~ `epoqis
suliskveTebis~ meSveobiT, rasac germanuli Geistesgeschichte-s
skola mimarTavs. es tendencia Cven zemoT gavakritikeT. (12)
WeSmariti paralelizmebi, romlebic momdinareobs
identuri an msgavsi socialuri Tu inteleqtualuri
fonidan, TiTqmis arasodes ar yofila konkretuli
terminologiiT gaanalizebuli. Cvens xelT ar aris
gamokvlevebi, romlebic konkretulad gviCveneben, mag.,
imas, Tu rogor xdeba, rom mocemul drosa da viTarebaSi
xelovnebis yvela dargi afarToebs an piriqiT amcirebs
TavianT sferoebs, roca saqme `bunebis~ movlenebs exeba;
rogor ukavSirdeba xelovnebis normebi konkretuli
socialuri klasebis moTxovnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare,
ramdenad eqvemdebarebian es normebi erTgvarovan
cvlilebebs; rogor icvleba esTetikuri Rirebulebebi
socialuri revoluciebis zegavleniT. yvelaferi es
gaxlavT karga mozrdili auTvisebeli sivrce, romlis
Seswavla TiTqmis arc dawyebula, magram damajerebel
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literaturis Teoria

Sedegebs mogvcems xelovnebis dargTa SedarebiTi kvlevisas.

rasakvirvelia, am meTodiT SegviZlia gamovavlinoT mxolod
erTgvarovani zegavlena, romelsac ganicdis xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargi da ara am dargebis aucilebeli siaxlove.
aSkaraa, rom xelovnebis dargTa Sedarebis erTerTi mTavari meTodi efuZneba xelovnebis konkretuli
nimuSebis da maTi struqturuli urTierTmimarTebebis
analizs. xelovnebis WeSmariti istoria (rom araferi
vTqvaT xelovnebis dargTa SedarebiT istoriaze) verasodes
Seiqmneba, Tu mTel Cvens yuradRebas ar mivapyrobT
Tavad nawarmoebTa analizs da ukana planze ar gadavwevT
gamokvlevebs, romlebic Seiswavlian mkiTxvelisa Tu
mayureblis, an avtorisa Tu xelovanis fsiqologias. aseve
unda moveqceT im gamokvlevebs, romlebic literaturis
da xelovnebis nawarmoebTa kulturul da socialur
garemos Seiswavlian; ase unda moviqceT im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu gveCveneba, rom TavianTi kuTxidan maT SeuZliaT naTeli
mohfinon Cveni kvlevis sagans. samwuxarod, dRemde TiTqmis
ar gagvaCnda Sesaferisi saSualebani xelovnebis dargTa
amgvari SedarebisTvis. aq ki erTi metad rTuli SekiTxva
ibadeba: ra SeiZleba miviCnioT xelovnebis dargTa saerTo da
Sesadarebel safuZvlebad? ras unda emyarebodes xelovnebis
dargTa Soris saerTos, msgavsebis povna? am kiTxvaze
pasuxs ver gagvcems kroCes (Croce), an romelime sxva msgavsi
Teoria, romelic yvela esTetikuri problemis gadaWras
intuiciis unars akisrebs da, CvenTvis auxsneli mizniT, mas
gamomxatvelobasTan aigivebs. kroCe amtkicebs, gamoxatvis
formebi ar arsebobso, `xelovnebis dargTa esTetikuri
klasifikaciis nebismier mcdelobas absurdulad~ miiCnevs
da, aqedan gamomdinare, uwinares yovlisa, ar cnobs aranair
gansxvavebas xelovnebis Janrebsa Tu tipebs Soris (ix. Benedetto
Croce, Aesthetic, London 1929). (13) Cvens problemas maincdamainc
verc jon diui (Dewey) exmareba Tavisi naSromiT `xelovneba,
rogorc gamocdileba (1934). is amtkicebs, rom xelovnebis
dargebs udavod aqvT saerTo safuZveli, radganac aris
iseTi `zogadi garemoebani, romelTa gareSec gamocdileba
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

ver iarsebebda~. (14) ueWvelia, rom aris raRac saerTo,

rac axasiaTebs nebismieri mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aqts,
adamianis yvelanairi moRvaweobasa da gamocdilebas,
magram es daskvna xelovnebis dargebis Sesadareblad ar
gamogvadgeba. Teodor meier grini (Meyer Greene) ufro
konkretulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebas da acxadebs, rom
xelovnebis dargebis Sedarebis safuZvlad kompleqsuroba,
integracia da ritmi unda iqces da, rogorc jon diui
manamde, meier grinic mWermetyvelurad amtkicebs, rom
plastikuri xelovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad metad marTebulia
termin `ritmis gamoyeneba~. (15) TumcaRa, SeuZleblad
migvaCnia im absoluturi sxvaobis daZleva, romelic
arsebobs, erTi mxriv, musikaluri nawarmoebis ritmsa da meo
re mxriv, kolonadis ritms Soris;ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi
qmnilebis struqtura ar gansazRvravs am qmnilebis
nawilTa wyobasa da maTi urTierTmonacvleobis temps.
kompleqsuroba da integracia ubralod sxva terminebia
`mravalferovnebisa~da `erTianobis~ aRsaniSnad da amde
nad, maT farTo masStabiT ver gamoviyenebT. xelovnebis
dargTa konkretuli urTierTSesabamisi elementebis
dadgenis mcdelobebi (am dargTa struqturidan gamomdi
nare),iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, arasaimedo Sedegebs
iZleva. harvardis universitetis maTematikosma jorj devid
birkhofma (Birkhoff) Tavis naSromSi ,,esTetikuri sazomi (The
Esthetic Measure) (16) warmatebiT gamonaxa xelovnebis martivi
formebisaTvis da musikisaTvis saerTo maTematikuri
safuZveli. xsenebul naSromSi man, agreTve, gamoikvlia
leqsis `musikaluroba~, romelic aseve gansazRvrulia
maTematikuri
gantolebebisa
da
koeficientebis
saSualebiT. magram keTilxmovanebis problema poeziaSi ver
gadawydeba, Tu mas azrisgan izolirebulad ganvixilavT.
is faqtic, rom birkhofi edgar alan pos leqsebs maRal
Sefasebas aZlevs, am Sexedulebis dasturia. Tu birkhofis
maxvilgonivrul cdebs daafaseben, maSin mosalodnelia, rom
kidev ufro gafarTovdeba naprali poeziis principulad
`literaturul~ Tvisebebsa da xelovnebis sxva dargebs
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literaturis Teoria

Soris, romlebsac literaturasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT

ufro metad miesadageba `esTetikuri sazomi~.
didi xania, rac warmodgenam xelovnebis dargebis
paralelizmis Sesaxeb ganapiroba xelovnebaTmcodneobis
mier SemuSavebuli stilTa koncefciebis meSveobiT lite
raturis kvlevis tendencia. me-18 s-Si bolo ar uCanda
uTvalav Sedarebas spenseris `feriaTa dedofalsa~ da
gotikuri stilis taZris didebul qaosurobas Soris. (17)
Spengleri (Spengler) Tavis `dasavleTis mzis CasvenebaSi
analogiebs eZebs kulturis yvela sferoSi da saubrobs
TiTqosda `xiluli kameruli musikis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac is
SeigrZnobs `me-18 s. RvlarWnil avejSi, sarkeebian oTaxebSi,
pastoralebsa da faifuris figurebSi~. igi, agreTve, migva
niSnebs `madrigalis ticianisebur bunebaze~, ,`franc hal
sis naxatebis cocxal da van deikis zomier, dinj tempze
(ix. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Munich 1923).
(18) xelovnebis dargTa amgvari interpretaciis Sedegad
germaniaSi uamravi gamokvleva daiwera gotikuri xanis
adamianze da barokos epoqis atmosferoze. aman ki iqamde
migviyvana, rom terminebs `rokokos da `bidermaiers~
ukve literaturaSic mouZebnes adgili. xelovnebis
dargebis
mkveTrad
gamokveTilma
mimdinareobebma,
rogoricaa gotika, renesansi, baroko, rokoko, romantizmi,
bidermaieri, realizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi,
gulgrili arc literaturis istorikosebi datova,
da literaturis periodizaciis dros maT es cnebebi
TavianT dargSic Semoitanes. es mimdinareobebi or mTavar
jgufad nawildeba da gamoxatavs maradiul, fundamentur
kontrasts klasikursa da romantikuls Soris; gotika,
baroko, romantizmi, eqspresionizmi erT mxares aRmoCndnen,
renesansi, neoklasicizmi, realizmi _ meore mxares. rokoko
da bidermaieri SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc maTi winamorbedi
mimdinareobebis _ Sesabamisad, barokos da romantizmis
_ gviani, dekadenturi, gadatvirTuli variaciebi. xSirad
aseTi paralelizmebi, cota ar iyos, arasaxarbielod da
naZaladevad gamoiyureba da bevr uazro gamonaTqvamsac
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vawydebiT im (TviT yvelaze pativsacem) swavlulTa

nawerebSic, romlebic, rogorc Cans, metad gatacebuli
unda iyvnen am meTodiT. (19)
literaturisaTvis xelovnebis istoriis kategoriebis
morgeba yvelaze konkretulad scada oskar valcelma
(Oskar Walzel), romelmac saamisod volflinis (Wlfflin)
kriteriumebi gamoiyena. velflinma Tavis `xelovnebis
istoriis principebSi~ (Principles of Art History) (20) renesansul
da barokos xelovnebebs Soris zRvari wminda struqturul
safuZvelze gaavlo. man Seqmna dapirispirebaTa sqema,
romelsac moargebda mocemuli periodis nebismieri saxis
ferwerul qmnilebas, qandakebas Tu arqiteqturul nimuSs.
is amtkicebda, rom renesansuli xelovneba aris `xazovani~,
xolo barokosi _ `xatovani~. termini `xazovani~ imis
maCvenebelia, rom figuraTa da saganTa formebi mkveTrad
aris gamokveTili, xolo `xatovani~ gulisxmobs, rom
sinaTle da feri, rac saganTa konturebs simkveTres
ukargavs, Tavad aris kompoziciis safuZveli. renesansuli
mxatvroba da qandakeba iyenebs `daxurul~ formas,
figuraTa simetriul, gawonasworebul ganlagebas, baroko
ki upiratesobas aniWebs `Ria~ formas, aseve _ asimetriul
kompozicias, romelic aqcents naxatis kuTxeze ufro
akeTebs, vidre mis centralur nawilze da SeiZleba
mayureblis yuradReba CarCos miRmac ki gadaitanos.
renesansuli naxatebi `brtyelia~, an yovel SemTxvevaSi,
Sesrulebulia sxvadasxva sibrtyeze, romlebic TiTqosda
ukan ixeven, ikargebian. barokos periodis suraTebi ki
`Rrmaa~ da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos Cvens
mzeras Soreuli da gaurkveveli fonisaken warmarTaven.
renesansuli naxatebi `mravalplaniania~, im gagebiT, rom
ramdenime aSkarad gamokveTili nawilisagan Sedgeba;
barokos stili ki ufro `erTiania~, integrirebuli da
Sekruli. renesansuli xelovnebis nimuSebi `gasagebia~
barokos nimuSebTan SedarebiT, romlebic `gaugebari~,
bundovani, aramkafioa.
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velflinma Tavisi daskvnebi xelovnebis konkretul

nimuSTa uCveulod faqizi analizis safuZvelze gamoitana da
migviTiTa, Tu ramdenad gardauvali iyo winsvla renesansidan
barokosken. rasakvirvelia, maTi Tanamimdevrobis Secvla
SeuZlebelia. velflini ar gvTavazobs am procesis mizezobriv
axsnas, igi mxolod varaudobs, rom `xedvis stili~ unda
Secvliliyo, rasac namdvilad ver CavTvliT wminda wylis
fiziologiur movlenad. es Sexeduleba, romelic aqcents
`xedvis stilis~ Secvlaze akeTebs, anu xazs usvams wminda
struqturul, kompoziciur cvlilebebs, momdinareobs
fidlerisa (Fiedler) da hildebrandis (Hildebrand) Teoriebidan,
saTaves ki iRebs cimermanidan (Zimmermann), romelic
herbartis (Herbart) mimdevari esTetikosi gaxldaT (ix. Hanna
Levy, Henri Wlfflin, Sa theorie, Ses predecesseurs, Rottweil 1936).(21)
Tumca, velflini (gansakuTrebiT ki gviandel gancxadebebSi)
Tavad aRiarebda am meTodis naklovanebebs da namdvilad ar
miaCnda, rom misma formaTa istoriam xelovnebis istoriis
yvela problema amowura. (22) igi adrec ar uaryofda
`personalur~ da `lokalur~ stilTa arsebobas da esmoda,
rom miseuli tipebi SeiZleboda yvelgan Segvxvedroda da ara
marto me-16 da me-17 saukuneebSi, TumcaRa _ ufro naklebad
gamokveTili formiT.
1916 wels valcelma, axlad wakiTxuli ,,xelovnebis
istoriis principebis zegavleniT, scada velfliniseuli
kategoriebi literaturisTvisac moergo (ix. O. Walzel,
Shakespeares dramatische Baukunst, Leipzig 1926). (23) Seqspiris
piesebis Seswavlis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom Seqspiri
barokos periods ekuTvnis. radganac misi piesebi
ar aris agebuli im simetriuli wyobiT, romelic,
velflinis azriT, renesansis suraTebs axasiaTebs. yvela
danarCeni damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba Seqspiris piesebisa:
meorexarisxovan personaJTa raodenoba, maTi asimetriuli
dajgufeba, aqcentis ganawileba piesis sxvadasxva aqtze
maCvenebelia imisa, rom avtoris teqnika barokos teqnikas
enaTesaveba, xolo korneli da rasini, romlebic TavianT
tragediebs erTi centraluri figuris garSemo agebdnen
194

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

da aqcentsac aqtebs Soris tradiciuli aristoteleseuli

modelis mixedviT anawilebdnen, renesansul tips
ganasaxiereben. jer erT patara wignSi da Semdeg ukve
mraval gviandel nawerSic (24) valceli ganmartavda da
asabuTebda imas, Tu ratom moargo velflinis kriteriumebi
literaturas. Tavdapirvelad am mtkicebebs sakmaod
mokrZalebuli xasiaTi hqonda, Semdeg ki ufro da ufro
Seuferebeli da pretenziuli toni mieca.
velflinis zogierTi kategoria SeiZleba sakmaod
advilad da cxadad CamovayaliboT literaturis enaze.
aSkaraa, rom arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, erTi
mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic Tavisi arsis
gamosaxatavad mkveTr konturebsa da gamokveTil nawilebs
amjobinebs da meores mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris,
romelic upiratesobas kompoziciis ufro Tavisufal
formasa da gaurkvevel konturebs aniWebs. franc Strixi
(Strich) Seecada germanul klasicizmsa da romantizms
Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba aRewera im velfliniseuli
kategoriebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic SemuSavebuli iyo
renesansisa da barokos periodebisTvis. am kategoriaTa
Tavisufali interpretaciis Sedegad Strixma axleburad
gaaSuqa
Zveli
dapirispireba
klasicizmis
xanis
srulyofil leqssa da dausrulebel, fragmentul Tu
gaugebar romantikul poezias Soris (ix. Fritz Strich, Deutsche
Klassik und Romantik, Munich 1922). (25) magram xelT SegvrCa
dapirispirebaTa erTaderTi modeli literaturis mTeli
istoriisTvis. velflinis kategoriebi Tundac wminda
literaturul enaze rom CamovayaliboT, isini mainc
mxolod imaSi dagvexmarebian, rom SevZlebT mxatvruli
nawarmoebebi ori kategoriis mixedviT davajgufoT, da Tu
amasac detalurad ganvixilavT, mivalT isev Zvel dayofamde
mkacrsa da Tavisufal stilebs, klasikursa da romantikul,
plastikursa da ferwerul xelovnebas Soris, anu im
dualizmamde, romelsac Slegelebic, Selingic da kolrijic
icnobdnen da romlis SecnobaSic maT ideologiuri
da literaturuli paeqroba daexmara. velfliniseul
195

literaturis Teoria

dapirispirebaTa modeli saSualebas iZleva, erT jgufSi

gaerTiandes mTeli klasikuri da fsevdoklasikuri
xelovneba, meore jgufSi ki _ iseTi Zalze gansxvavebuli
mimdinareobebi, rogorebicaa: gotika, baroko da
romantizmi. am Teorias Tu mivyvebiT, daiCrdileba udavo
da uaRresad mniSvnelovani uwyveti kavSiri renesanssa da
barokos Soris. xolo rodesac Strixi iyenebs mas germanul
literaturis mimarT, warmoiqmneba xelovnuri kontrasti
Silerisa da goeTes ganviTarebis fsevdoklasikur periodsa
da me-19 s. dasawyisis romantikul mimdinareobas Soris,
xolo `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ moZraoba saerTod auxsneli
da gaugebari rCeba. sinamdvileSi me-18 da me-19 saukuneTa
mijnaze germanuli literaturas aqvs gamorCeulad erTiani
saxe da SeuZlebelia misi dayvana SeuTavsebel antiTezamde.
amdenad, velflinis Teoria SeiZleba dagvexmaros mxatvrul
nawarmoebTa klasifikaciaSi da Camoayalibos, an ufro
sworad, daadasturos dualisturi ganviTarebis sqemis
ukve arsebuli, Zveli aqcia-reaqcia, tradicia-amboxi an
aiwona-daiwona buneba, magram, rodesac mas upirispirdeba
literaturis kompleqsuri ganviTarebis realoba, igi veRar
axerxebs gaumklavdes literaturis WeSmariti ganviTarebis
mTel mravalferovnebas.
literaturisaTvis velflinis koncefciebis morgebis
Sedegad gadauWreli rCeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
sruliad problema. veranairad ver avxsniT im ueWvel faqts,
Tu ratom viTardeboda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi erTsa da
imave droiT monakveTSi sxvadasxva tempiT. xandaxan ise Cans,
TiTqos literatura CamorCeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs.
mag., gana arsebobda inglisuri literatura im periodSi,
rodesac didebuli inglisuri taZrebi Sendeboda? zogjer
musika CamorCeboda literaturas da xelovnebis sxva dar
gebs. mag., 1800 wlamde `romantikul~ musikaze saTqmeli
araferia, Tumca romantikuli poeziis didi nawili Seqmnili
iyo am TariRamdec. Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu rogor moxda,
rom `ferweruli~ poezia, sul mcire, samoc wels iTvlida,
sanam ferweruloba (xatovaneba) arqiteqturis sferos (ix.
196

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

Christopher Hussey, The Picturesque Studies in the Point of View, London 1927)
daipyrobda. an riTi avxsnaT burkhardtis (ix. Jacob Burckhardt,
Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, Bern 1943) (27) mier naxsenebi
SemTxveva, rom lorenco magnifikos (Lorenzo il Magnifico,
lorenco brwyinvale, igive lorenco de mediCi, florenciis
respublikis mmarTveli renesansis dros; mTargmnelis
SeniSvna) leqsi `nenCa~ (Nencia), sadac mwyemsTa cxovrebis
scenaa asaxuli, oTxmociode wliT uswrebda jakopo basanos
(Jacopo Bassano) da misi skolis pirvel Janrul suraTebs. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es magaliTebi arasworad iqna SerCeuli
da SeiZleba maTze uaris Tqma mogviwios, mainc Cndeba kiTxva,
romelzec pasuxs ver gavcemT am gadametebulad martivi
TeoriiT, iseve, rogorc ver vupasuxebT kiTxvas, ratomaa, rom
musika poezias yovelTvis mTeli erTi TaobiT CamorCeba. (28)
aSkaraa, rom unda davadginoT urTierTmimarTeba socialur
faqtorebTan, es faqtorebi ki gansxvavebuli iqneba yovel
calkeul SemTxvevaSi.
bolos, aSkaraa garkveuli erebisa Tu periodebis
gansakuTrebuli warmatebuloba xelovnebis erT, Tu
gnebavT, or dargSi, im dros, roca danarCen dargebSi an
sruliad araviTari miRweva ar SeiniSneboda, an fons
ubralod mibaZviT da arsebulis odnav Secvlis gziT
gadiodnen. amisi TvalsaCino magaliTia dedofal elisabedis
droindeli literaturis ayvaveba, roca ganviTarebiT mas
namdvilad ver Seedrebodnen natifi xelovnebis sxva dargebi.
arc imis varaudi SeiZleba, TiTqos mTelma `erovnulma
sulma~ rogorRac xelovnebis mxolod erT dargSi moiyara
Tavi. an kidev, rogorc emil legua (Emile Legouis) ityoda
Tavis `inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi~: `spenseri rom
italiaSi dabadebuliyo, an ticiani iqneboda an veroneze,
xolo Tu niderlandSi gaCndeboda, namdvilad rembrandtis
an rubensis didebas miaRwevda (ix. E. Legois and L. Cazamian,
Histoire de la literature anglaise, Paris 1929). (29) inglisuri
literaturis SemTxvevaSi advilia imis gancxadeba, rom
puritanizmis gamo moxda natifi xelovnebis ugulebelyofa,
magram am gziT bolomde ver avxsniT, Tu erTi da imave drois
197

literaturis Teoria

monakveTSi rogor da ratom arsebobda uaRresad nayofieri

saero literaturis gverdiT TiTqmis sruliad uRimRamo
mxatvroba. Tumca, am yvelafers Tu gavyeviT, Cvens ZiriTad
saTqmels gadavuxvevT da mogviwevs konkretul istoriul
viTarebaTa gaTvaliswineba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs, sul erTia, plastikuri
(anu
gamomsaxvelobiTi,
vizualuri
_
mxatvroba,
qandakeba, kino) xelovneba iqneba es, literatura Tu
musika, ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, individualuri
tempiTa da individualuri Sinagani struqturiT. maT
Soris arsebuli mudmivi kavSiri ueWveli faqtia, magram
is ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc zegavlena, romelic mxolod
erTi mxridan momdinareobs da ganapirobebs xelovnebis
sxva dargebis ganviTarebas; Cven gvmarTebs maTi ganxilva,
rogorc dialeqtikuri urTierTobis rTuli sistemisa,
romlis moqmedebac ormxrivia: xelovnebis erTi dargidan
meoreze, da piriqiT _ meoridan pirvelze. ar saqme ar
daiyvaneba `epoqis sulze~, romelic
ganapirobebs da
msWvalavs xelovnebis TiToeul dargs. adamianis mTeli
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba unda moviazroT, rogorc erTiani
sistema, romelic sxvadasxva safexurisgan Sedgeba da
TviTganviTarebadia. TiToeul safexurs Tavisi sakuTari
normaTa krebuli aqvs da sruliadac ar aris saWiro, rom
isini momijnave safexuris msgavsi iyos. yvelaze farTo
gagebiT, xelovnebis _ (aseve _ literaturis da musikis)
istorikosis amocanaa, SeimuSavos aRweriTi terminebis
Sesabamisi sistema xelovnebis TiToeuli dargisTvis,
romelic gaiTvaliswinebs xelovnebis am dargis konkretul
niSan-Tvisebebs. amdenad, dRes poezias esaWiroeba
axali poetika, analizis iseTi saSualeba, romelsac ver
movipovebT poeziaSi natifi xelovnebis terminebis ubralo
gadmotanis gziT. SemTxvevaSi literaturuli periodebis
sazRvrebis dadgenas SevZlebT mxolod maSin, rodesac maT
ar ganvixilavT rogorc metafizikur raobebs, romlebzec
`epoqis suli~ mbrZaneblobs, rodesac SevimuSavebT
terminebis vargisian da qmediT sistemas literaturuli
198

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

nawarmoebebis
gasaanalizeblad.
Tu
literaturis
ganviTarebis gzas amgvari sqemis mixedviT davadgenT,
Semdeg ukve SevZlebT aseTi kiTxvis dasmas: literaturis
evolucia raime niSniT xom ar waagavs xelovnebis sxva
dargebis aseTive sqemiT dadgenil evolucias? aSkaraa, rom
pasuxi erTmniSvnelovani `ki~ an `ara~ ver iqneba. pasuxis
gacemisas davinaxavT, rom saqme gveqneba metad rTul
suraTTan; xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebis
gzebis Sedarebisas aRmovaCenT bevr damTxvevas da bevr
gadaxvevas; savaraudoa isic, rom evoluciis paraleluri
xazebis raodenoba Zalze umniSvnelo iqneba.

199

200

nawili meoTxe

literaturis siRrmiseuli Seswavla

201

202

Sesavali
*
literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis sawyis etapad da,
amasTanave, gamarTlebul nabijad unda miviCnioT Tavad
literaturuli produqciis interpretacia da analizi.
sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, TviT am nawarmoebebiT aris
gamarTlebuli Cveni interesi avtoris cxovrebisadmi
vgulisxmobT mwerlis sazogadoebriv garemocvas da
mTlianad literaturul process. magram aRsaniSnavia
Semdegi momenti: literaturis istoria imden adgils
uTmobs mxatvruli nawarmoebebis Seqmnis pirobebis
Seswavlas, rom TviT nawarmoebTa analizis mcdelobebi
ver
Seedreba
uzarmazar
Zalisxmevas,
romelic
moxmarda nawarmoebTa Seqmnis Tanmxlebi viTarebis
garkvevas. didxans ar dagvWirdeba im mizezTa Zebna,
romlebmac ganapirobes ganmsazRvrel pirobebisadmi
aseTi gadametebuli yuradReba gacilebiT meti,
vidre gamoiCines TviT nawarmoebTa Seswavlisadmi.
Tanamedrove literaturis istoria Caisaxa mWidro
kavSirSi
romantizmis
mimdinareobasTan,
romelsac
SeeZlo daepirispirebina neoklasicizmis kritikuli
sistemisaTvis mxolod is relativisturi argumenti, rom
sxvadasxva epoqa sxvadasxvagvar standartebs moiTxovs.
Sedegad, aqcentma literaturidan gadainacvla istoriul
fonze. amis meSveobiT cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT
Zveli literaturisadmi iseTi midgoma, romlis mizans
warmoadgenda am ukanasknelSi axali faseulobebis
aRmoCena. amitomac XIX saukuneSi lamis lozungad
gamoacxades kauzalurobis principis gamoyeneba, rac
ganapiroba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebisadmi
mibaZvis tendenciam. amasTan erTad, Zveli yaidis poetikis
rRvevam,
rac
daemTxva
mkiTxvelis
individualur
gemovnebaze interesis gadanacvlebas, ganamtkica rwmena,
rom vinaidan xelovneba iracionaluria Tavisi arsiT,
203

literaturis Teoria

amitom misi ganmarteba `SefasebiT~ unda Semoifarglos.

Tavis sainauguracio leqciaSi ser sidni lim Camoayaliba
akademiuri
mimarTulebis
literaturaTmcodneTa
umravlesobis Tvalsazrisi: `literaturis istoriaSi
vcdilobT gamovavlinoT garegani _ politikuri,
socialuri da ekonomikuri _ pirobebi, romlebSic
iqmneboda literatura.~ (1) imis gamo, rom poetikis
problemebi daumuSavebeli iyo, mkvlevrebi saocrad
ususurni aRmoCndnen mxatvruli nawarmoebis winaSe, ro
melic unda gaeanalizebinaT da SeefasebinaT.
bolo wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa Zalze saRi reaqcia,
romelic cxadyofs, rom literaturis kvleva, upirveles
yovlisa, ufro metad unda iyos koncentrirebuli
uSualod mxatvrul nawarmoebebze. rac Seexeba klasikuri
ritorikis meTodebs, aseve _ poetikas an metrikas, saWiroa
maTi gadaxedva da gadamowmeba Tanamedrove koncefciebis
Sesabamisad. da aki xdeba kidec ase: inergeba axali
meTodebi, romlebic efuZneba Tanamedrove literaturis
formaTa ufro farTo speqtris Sefasebas. safrangeTSi
mxatvruli nawarmoebis kvlevas axali stimuli misca
teqstis eqsplikaciis meTodma, (2) germaniaSi oskar
valcelis mier damkvidrebulma formalisturma analizma,
romelic emyareba saxviT xelovnebasTan paralelebs;
(3) gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos rusi formalistebis,
agreTve _ maTi Cexi da poloneli mimdevrebis (4)
brwyinvale gamokvlevebi. Cven ki mxolod axla veuflebiT
literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado gagebisa da Sesatyvisi
analizis meTodebs. inglisSi a. riCardsis zogierTma
mimdevarma sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo poeturi
teqstis analizs; (5) aseve, kritikosTa jgufi SeerTebul
StatebSi ikvlevs TviT mxatvrul qmnilebebs. (6) amave
mimarTulebas exmianeba dramis ramdenime gamokvleva, (7)
romlebSic aqcenti gadatanilia xelovnebasa da cxovrebas
Soris arsebul sxvaobaze da xazgasmulia dramatuli da
empiriuli realobis aRrevis dauSvebloba. Sesabamisad,
romanis problemebisadmi miZRvnil mraval naSromSi (8)
204

Sesavali

gaanalizebulia ara marto romanisa da masSi aRwerili

sazogadoebrivi pirobebis urTierTmimarTebebi, aramed
_ gamoyenebuli mxatvruli xerxebic: Tvalsazrisebi,
Txrobis warmarTvis meTodebi.
rusi formalistebi Zalze energiulad ewinaaRm
degebodnen `Sinaarsisa da formis~ ZvelisZvel diqotomias,
romelic anawevrebs xelovnebis nimuSs: erT naxevars
Seadgens nedli Sinaarsi, xolo meore naxevars _ mxolod
da mxolod garegnuli forma. (9) cxadia, xelovnebis
nimuSis esTetikuri efeqti ar ganisazRvreba imiT, rasac,
Cveulebriv, `Sinaarss~ uwodeben. saerTod, xelovnebis
nimuSTa umetesoba sasacilo an uazro Cans martooden maTSi
gadmocemuli ambis Txrobisas (rac SeiZleba gamarTlebul
iqnas mxolod da mxolod pedagogiuri miznebiT); (10) magram
gadaulaxav siZneleebs warmoqmnis warmodgena formis,
rogorc esTetikurad aqtiuri elementis, xolo meore
mxriv, Sinaarsis, rogorc esTetikurad indiferentuli
elementis Sesaxeb. erTi SexedviT, maTi urTierTgamijvna
Zalze advilia. Tu Sinaarsis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT romelime
literaturul nawarmoebSi warmoCenil ideebs an emociebs,
maSin forma unda gulisxmobdes yvela im lingvistur
elements, romliTac gamoixateba Sinaarsi. magram, Tu ufro
kargad davakvirdebiT am sxvaobas, vnaxavT, rom Sinaarsi
moicavs formis zogierT elements: ase, magaliTad, romanSi
aRwerili movlenebi warmoadgens am romanis Sinaarss,
xolo am movlenebis `siuJeturi~ wyoba Seadgens formas.
TavisTavad, es movlenebi ar xasiaTdeba aranairi mxatvruli
TvisebebiT. amitom germanelebma danerges termini `Sinagani
forma~ (romlis saTaveebi plotinTan da SeftsberisTan
unda veZioT), magram es cneba ufro arTulebs viTarebas,
radgan Sinagan da garegan formas Soris arsebuli gamyofi
xazi kvlav sruliad gaurkveveli da bundovani rCeba. Tu
tradiciuli gansazRvrebiT SemovifarglebiT, problemas
ver gadavWriT da iZulebulni viqnebiT vaRiaroT, rom
TviT enac, romelic, rogorc wesi, formis elementebs
ganekuTvneba,
klasifikacias
saWiroebs:
sityvebi,
205

TavisTavad, esTetikurad indiferentulia, xolo xerxi,

romlis meSveobiTac calkeuli sityvebi warmoqmnian
bgeriT da esTetikur jgufebs, esTetikuri Rirebulebisaa.
albaT, umjobesi iqneba, `masalad~ movixsenioT esTetikuri
TvalsazrisiT indiferentuli elementebi, xolo im
xerxs, romliTac isini iZenen esTetikur Rirebulebas,
`struqtura davarqvaT. cxadia, Cven ar vcdilobT,
axali saxeli SevarqvaT ZvelTaganve cnobil Sinaarsisa
da formis wyvils, aramed miznad visaxavT Zveli gamyofi
xazebis rRvevas. `masala~ moicavs elementebs, romlebsac
adre Sinaarss an formas miakuTvnebdnen. rac Seexeba
`struqturas~, es cneba moicavs rogorc Sinaarss, ise
formasac, Tu maTi organizacia esTetikur miznebs
iTvaliswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis produqtad
unda miviCnioT niSanTa sistema anda niSanTa struqtura,
romelic emsaxureba specifikur esTetikur mizans.

206

Tavi meTormete

literaturuli xelovnebis
nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
*
sanam SevudgebodeT xelovnebis nimuSis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis analizs, ganvixiloT uaRresad rTuli epistemo
logiuri sakiTxi, romelic exeba literaturuli xelov
nebis nimuSis (SemdegSi sjobs, Tu mas ufro mokle saxels
`leqss~ vuwodebT) `arsebobis wess~, anu mis `ontologiur
ares~. (1) ras warmoadgens `WeSmariti leqsi, sad unda veZioT
da rogor myofobs is? am kiTxvebze sworad gacemuli pasuxi
ramdenime kritikul problemas gadawyvets da gzas gauxsnis
literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado analizs.
ramdenime tradiciuli pasuxi gaeca kiTxvas, Tu ras
warmoadgens leqsi an sad unda viguloT igi (da, saerTod
_ literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi); amitom, sanam am
kiTxvas gavcemT pasuxs, jer ukve arsebuli pasuxebi unda
gavakritikoT. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Zveli
pasuxi ukavSirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom leqsi warmoadgens
`artefaqts~, anu iseTive sagans, rogoric aris qandakeba an
ferweruli tilo. am logikiT, xelovnebis nimuSi gaigivebulia
TeTr qaRaldze an gragnilze Savi melniT gamosaxul
klaknilebTan da xazebTan, anda, Tu vigulisxmebT babilonis
kulturis droindel poemas _ Tixis firfitebze amokveTil
RarebTan. cxadia, aseTi pasuxi ver dagvakmayofilebs.
jer erTi, imitom, rom arsebobs uzarmazari odenobis
zepirsityvieri `literatura~. arsebobs leqsebi da ambebi,
romlebic dRemde ar dadasturebula werilobiT, magram,
amis miuxedavad, kvlavac arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Savi
melniT gamosaxuli klaknili xazebi mxolod da mxolod
leqsis Caweris meTodia da ara TviT leqsi. xelnaweri an
Tundac dabeWdili wignis yvela egzemplari rom gavanad
guroT, mainc ver movspobT leqss, romelic SeiZleba
Semonaxul iqnas zepirsityvierebaSi anda iseTi adamianis
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mexsierebaSi, rogoric iyo makolei _ am ukanasknels Tavi

mohqonda imiT, rom zepirad axsovda `dakarguli samoTxe~
da `savali gza piligrimisa~. meore mxriv, Tu davxevT tilos,
gavanadgurebT qandakebas an raime nagebobas, amiT Cven mas
mTlianad movspobT, Tumca SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnas aRwera an
daxasiaTeba, romlis mixedviT SevZlebT mis aRdgenas. magram,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, Cven SevqmniT xelovnebis gansxvavebul
nimuSs (raoden msgavsic unda iyos is originalisa), maSin,
rodesac erTi wignis an misi yvela egzemplaris mospoba
saerTod verafers avnebs xelovnebis nawarmoebs.
is, rom leqsis Canaweri qaRaldze ar aris `WeSmari
ti~ mxatvruli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba sxva argumentiTac
davasabuToT. nabeWdi gverdi Seicavs uamrav iseT elements,
romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo leqsTan, iqneba es Sriftis
zoma an tipi (gamarTuli, damreci), gverdis zoma Tu kidev
mravali sxva faqtori. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tvalsazriss,
romlis Tanaxmad, poema artefaqts warmoadgens, maSin
isic unda vaRiaroT, rom wignis yoveli egzemplari
anda gansxvavebulad dabeWdili gamocema warmoadgens
xelovnebis calkeul, sagangebo nawarmoebs. aRar iqneba
aranairi aprioruli safuZveli imisa, rom sxvadasxva
gamocemis egzemplarebi vaRiaroT erTi da imave wignis
egzemplarebad. garda amisa, Cven, mkiTxvelebs, ar migvaC
nia, rom yoveli gamocema warmoadgens poemis swor da
marTebul gamocemas. TviT is faqti, rom SegviZlia Cavaswo
roT tipografiuli Secdomebi (Tumca teqsts pirvelad
vecnobiT) an, zogjer, aRvadginoT kidec teqstis WeSmariti
mniSvneloba, adasturebs, rom nabeWd striqonebs ar
miviCnevT WeSmarit poemad. amrigad, davasabuTeT, rom leqsi
(anda nebismieri sxva literaturuli nawarmoebi) SeiZleba
arsebobdes misi dabeWdili versiisgan damoukideblad,
da rom dabeWdili teqsti Seicavs mraval iseT elements,
romelTac, Cveni azriT, ar Seicavda WeSmariti leqsi.
da mainc, aseTi negatiuri daskvnis miuxedavad,
Tvali ar unda davxuWoT imaze, rom udidesi praqtikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs weris da beWdvis gamogonebas, anu poeziis
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

Caweris Cveneul meTodebs. eWvsgareSea, rom literaturis

didi nawili daikarga, radgan gaqra misi Canawerebi da
ar gaamarTla zepirsityvieri tradiciis Teoriulad
SesaZlebelma saSualebam, romelic dairRva an Sewyda.
damwerlobam, da gansakuTrebiT beWdvam, ganapiroba lite
raturuli tradiciis uwyvetoba da didi wvlili Sei
tana xelovnebis nawarmoebis erTianobisa da mTlianobis
SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, grafikuli elementi iqca
zogierTi literaturuli nawarmoebis nawilad, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, poeziis istoriis garkveul etapebze.
rogorc aCvena ernest fenolozam, Cinur poeziaSi
suraTovani ideograma qmnis poemis sruli mniSvnelobis
nawils. magram dasavlur tradiciaSic arsebobs grafikuli
leqsebi: gavixsenoT `berZnuli anTologia~, agreTve
jorj herbertis `sakurTxeveli~ an `eklesiis iataki~,
agreTve _ ingliseli metafizikosi poetebis sxva leqsebi,
romelTa paralelebad kontinentze SeiZleba davasaxeloT
espanuri gongorizmi, italiuri marinizmi, germanuli
barokos poezia da sxva. amasve SeiZleba davamatoT
Tanamedrove poezia amerikaSi (e.e. kamingsi), germaniaSi
(arno holci), safrangeTSi (malarme, apolineri) da sxvagan,
sadac mimarTavdnen iseT grafikul xerxebs, rogorebicaa
striqonebis sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba, an Tundac gverdis
mxolod qveda nawilis gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva feris Srifti
da a.S. (2) jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi sternma Tavis `tristram
SendiSi gamoiyena carieli gverdebi da marmarisebri
SemonaWeri. yvela aseTi xerxi warmoadgens am konkretuli
nawarmoebebis arsebiT nawils. marTalia, poezia iSviaTad
mimarTavs amgvar xerxebs, magram maT uyuradRebod mainc
ver davtovebT da arc unda davtovoT.
amas garda, Sriftis roli poeziaSi namdvilad
ar Semoifargleba im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebiT,
rodesac avtori Segnebulad iyenebs zemoaRweril
xerxebs; nawarmoebTa organul elementebs miekuTvneba
leqsebis taepTa daboloebebis gaformeba, strofebad
dajgufeba, prozauli teqstebis abzacebi, omonimuri
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riTma, anda sityvaTa TamaSi da kalamburi, romlis gageba

SeiZleba mxolod marTlweris gaTvaliswinebiT, da kidev
bevri sxva msgavsi xerxi. yovelive es literaturuli
xelovnebis arsebiT faqtorad unda miviCnioT. mxolod
zepirsityvierebaze agebuli Teoria gamoricxavs nebismier
miniSnebas amgvar xerxebze, magram maSin maTi ugulebelyofa
dauSvebelia samwerlo xelovnebis bevri nimuSis analizisas.
amgvari nawarmoebebis arseboba amtkicebs, rom dResdReobiT
poeziis praqtikaSi Srifti iqca Zalze mniSvnelovan
elementad, radgan poezia iqmneba ara mxolod yurisTvis,
aramed _ TvalisTvisac. miuxedavad imisa, rom grafikuli
xerxebis gamoyeneba ar aris aucilebeli, isini gacilebiT
ufro xSirad gvxvdeba literaturaSi, vidre musikaSi,
sadac dabeWdili partitura iseTive rols asrulebs, rasac
_ nabeWdi gverdi poeziaSi. musikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba
grafikuli xerxebi, Tumca verc imas vityviT, rom isini
saerTod ar gvxvdeba. XVI saukunis italiuri madrigalebis
partiturebSi naxavT bevr ucnaur optikur xerxs (ferebi
da sxv.). `wminda~ da `srulqmnil~ kompozitoris, hendelis
sagundo nawarmoebSi sadac gundi mReris wiTeli zRvis
adidebaze, rodesac `wyali kedlisebr wamoimarTa~.
partituris dabeWdil gverdze gamosaxuli notebi qmnian
mtkice rigs, sadac Tanabari distanciiTaa Camwkrivebuli
wertilebi falangas an kedels mogvagoneben. (3)
Cven daviwyeT im TeoriiT, romelsac axla, albaT,
bevri seriozuli mimdevari rodi hyavs. meore pasuxi Cvens
kiTxvaze gulisxmobs, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris
deklamatoris an mkiTxvelis mier warmoTqmul bgeraTa
Tanmimdevroba. esaa farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi,
romelic gansakuTrebiT popularulia deklamatorTa
Soris. magram verc es pasuxi iqneba damakmayofilebeli,
radgan
nebismieri
xmamaRla
warmoTqmuli
leqsi
warmoadgens am nawarmoebis Sesrulebas da ara TviT
am poemas. es igivea, rac musikosis mier musikaluri
nawarmoebis Sesruleba. arsebobs didZali werilobiTi
literatura, romelic SeiZleba arasodes gaJRerdes. ver
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daveTanxmebiT bihevioristTa absurdul Teorias, romlis

mixedviTac, uxmod wakiTxvas mudam Tan sdevs saxmo simebis
moZraoba. sinamdvileSi gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom garda
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac adamians kiTxva axalSeswavlili
aqvs an kiTxulobs ucxoenovan teqsts, an sulac ganzrax
cdilobs, rom bgera CurCuliT warmosTqvas, kiTxvis
procesi ZiriTadad `globaluria~, anu dabeWdil sityvebs
erTianad, mTlianobaSi aRviqvamT ise, rom ar vcdilobT,
davanawevroT isini fonemebad da Cumad mainc warmovTqvaT.
rodesac swrafad vkiTxulobT, imisi droc ki ara gvrCeba,
rom saxmo simebiT gavaxmianoT bgerebi. garda amisa, Tu
davuSvebT, rom leqsi arsebobs mxolo misi xmamaRla kiTxvis
dros, cota ar iyos, ucnaur daskvnamde mivalT TiTqos im
momentSi, rodesac poema `ar gaismis~, is arc arsebobs da
yoveli wakiTxvis dros axlidan iqmneba.
magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmoa isaa, rom
leqsis yoveli wakiTxva ufro metia, vidre TviT leqsi:
yoveli Sesruleba Seicavs im elementebs, romlebic
ar ganekuTvnebian leqss da, ase vTqvaT, asaxaven iseT
individualur Taviseburebebs, rogorebicaa gamoTqma,
tonaloba, tempi da maxvilebis ganawileba, anu is ele
mentebi, romelTac gansazRvravs an deklamatoris pirov
neba, anda leqsis miseuli interpretaciis simptomebi
da saSualebebi. metic: leqsis wakiTxvas masSi Seaqvs ara
mxolod individualuri elementebi, aramed yovelTvis
ganapirobebs teqstis komponentTa SerCevas: amaSi Sedis
xmis toni, tempi, maxvilebis ganawileba da intensiuroba;
yovelive es SeiZleba iyos mcdari an marTebuli, magram
maSinac ki, rodesac sworia, esaa leqsis wakiTxvis mxolod
erTi versia. unda vaRiaroT, rom arsebobs leqsis wakiTxvis
ramdenime SesaZlebloba, romlebic SeiZleba mcdarad
miviCnioT, Tu gvgonia, rom isini arRvevs da amaxinjebs
leqsis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, anda miviCnioT, rom isini
swori da misaRebia, magram idealuri mainc araa.
leqsis xmamaRla wakiTxva ar warmoadgens
TviT
leqss, radgan Cven Sinaganad SeiZleba gagviCndes masSi
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Sesworebebis Setanis survili. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT

iseT deklamacias, romelsac saukeTesod miviCnevT, mainc
ver gamovricxavT, rom SeiZleba sxva vinme Tundac igive
deklamatori, oRond sxva dros mogvawvdis sruliad
gansxvavebul interpretacias, romelic aseve kargad
gamoaCens poemis sxva elementebs. kvlav gamogvadgeba
analogia musikis SesrulebasTan: simfonia, Tundac mas
toskanini asrulebdes, mainc ar aris TviT simfonia,
radgan individualur Semsrulebels aucileblad Seaqvs
nawarmoebSi sagangebo niuansebi; aq vgulisxmobT temps,
rubatos [rubato tempis monacvleoba musikalur
frazaSi, rac Cveulebriv _ kontrasts qmnis akompanementis
myar ritmTan mTargmn.], tembrs, da a.S., rac SeiZleba
Seicvalos momdevno Sesrulebisas, Tumca, ver vityviT, rom
igive nawarmoebi meored Sesrulda. amrigad, Cven vaCveneT,
rom leqsi SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Sesrulebisgan
damoukideblad, gaxmovanebisas ki iZens bevr iseT elements,
romlebic, Cveni azriT, ar aris CarTuli poemaSi.
da mainc, zogierT literaturul nawarmoebSi (es
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis lirikul poeziaze) SeiZleba poeziis
xmovani aspeqti qmnides saerTo struqturis mniSvnelovan
faqtors. misken yuradRebis mizidva SeiZleba iseTi
saSualebebiT, rogorebicaa metri, xmovanTa an TanxmovanTa
Tanamimdevrobis wesi, aliteracia, asonansi, riTma da
sxv. es faqti ganmartavs, an ufro sworad, gvexmareba
avxsnaT mizezi, Tu ratom ar Seesatyviseba originals
lirikuli poeziis Targmanis umetesi nawili, anu ratom
ver gadadis bgerwera sxva lingvistur sistemaSi, Tumc ki
daxelovnebuli mTargmneli mainc moaxerxebs, SeinarCunos
am bgerweris saerTo efeqti Tavis mSobliur enaSi. asea Tu
ise, arsebobs didZali literatura, romlsTvisac bgeriTi
mxare naklebmniSvnelovania. amas adasturebs bevri iseTi
nawarmoebis istoriuli mniSvneloba, romelTac veraferi
daaklo uxeiro Targmanma. bgera SeiZleba warmoadgendes
mniSvnelovan faqtors poemis struqturaSi, magram imis
Tqma, rom leqsi warmoadgens bgeraTa rigs, iseve arasworia,
rogorc Sriftisadmi gadamwyveti rolis miniWeba.
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CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze

gavrcelebulia mesame pasuxi, romlis mixedviT, leqsi
warmoadgens
mkiTxvelis
gamocdilebas.
amtkiceben,
rom leqsi calke, mkiTxvelis saazrovno procesebisgan
damoukideblad, arc arsebobs. amgvarad, leqsi SeiZleba
gavaigivoT im mentalur mdgomareobasTan an procesTan,
romelsac ganvicdiT poeturi nawarmoebis kiTxvisas an
mosmenisas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, amgvari `fsiqologiuri~
axsna mainc ar aris damakmayofilebeli. rasakvirvelia,
sworia, rom leqsis wvdoma xdeba mxolod piradi gancdiT,
magram mas ver gavaigivebT am procesTan. leqsis kiTxvisas
yoveli Cvenganis individualuri gamocdileba Seicavs
raRac Taviseburs, pirovnuls, raSic aisaxeba Cveni
ganwyobileba poeziis aRqmisas da individualuri mzadyofna
misi kiTxvisTvis. mkiTxvelis ganaTleba, misi pirovnuli
Taviseburebani, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturuli
klimati, yoveli mkiTxvelis religiuri, filosofiuri, an
profesiuli Sexedulebebi da Cvevebi raRac axals Sematebs
leqss yoveli wakiTxvisas. erTma da imave mkiTxvelma
SeiZleba sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvanairad waikiTxos erTi
da igive teqsti, ris mizezsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes
mkiTxvelis sulieri ganviTarebis donis zrda an, piriqiT
misi daRliloba, mSfoTvareba anda yuradRebis gafantva.
amrigad, yovel gamocdilebas raRac Seaqvs leqsSi an
raRacisgan ganZarcvavs mas, radgan esaa individualuri
gamocdileba. gamocdileba ver CaiTvleba poemis tolfas
movlenad: gamocdili mkiTxvelic ki aRmoaCens leqsebSi
axal detalebs, romlebic ar SeumCnevia wina wakiTxvisas,
amitom, ra Tqma unda, naklebad gaTviTcnobierebuli
an mTlad uwignuri mkiTxveli teqsts zedapirulad an
arasworad waikiTxavs.
absurdul daskvnamde mivyavarT im Tvalsazriss, TiTqos
mkiTxvelis sulieri gamocdileba ukve TavisTavad aris leqsi.
gamodis, rom Tu leqsi ar aris gancdili, igi arc arsebobs,
xolo yovel gancdasTan erTad Tavidan iqmneba. am logikiT,
Cven gveqneboda ara erTi `RvTaebrivi komedia~, aramed imdeni,
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ramdeni mkiTxvelic hyavda mas aqamde da SemdgomSic eyoleba.

ase mivalT srul skepticizmamde, anarqiamde da iZulebulni
viqnebiT, daveTanxmoT mavne maqsimas de gustibus non est
disputandum (gemovnebaze ar davoben). Tu seriozulad
movekidebiT am Tvalsazriss, maSin ver avxsniT, ratom unda
miviCnioT, rom erTi mkiTxvelis gamocdileba ukeTesia,
vidre vinme sxva mkiTxvelisa da ratom aris SesaZlebeli,
rom SevasworoT sxva mkiTxvelis interpretacia. aseTi ram
moaswavebs, rom namdvilad SeuZlebeli iqneba literaturis
yovelgvari swavleba teqstis gagebisa da aRqmis gaRrmavebis
mizniT. a. riCardsis Txzulebebi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi
wigni `praqtikuli kritikis Sesaxeb~ imaze metyvelebs, Tu
ramdeni ram SeiZleba gakeTdes mkiTxvelTa individualuri
Taviseburebebis analizis meSveobiT, da ras SeuZlia miaRwios
kargma maswavlebelma nawarmoebTa mcdari gagebis koreqciisas.
sainteresoa, rom riCardsi, romelic mudam akritikebs
Tavisi mowafeebis _ mkiTxvelebis _ gamocdilebas, ixreba
im ukiduresi fsiqologiuri Teoriisken, romelic mTlianad
upirispirdeba mis brwyinvale kritikul praqtikas. im azrma,
rom poezia, savaraudod, awesrigebs Cvens JestiT iseve, rogorc
sonatiT. (4) amrigad, savaraudo Cvens cnobierebaSi mimdinare
reaqciebi uSualod ar ukavSirdeba leqss, romelic mas iwvevs.
rogori saintereso da pedagogiuri miznebisaTvis
gamosadegic unda iyos mkiTxvelis fsiqologia, misi
sfero mainc literaturaTmcodneobis, anu konkretuli
xelovnebis nawarmoebis analizis miRma Zevs da ver
gamodgeba xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqturisa Tu
Rirebulebis gansazRvrisTvis. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi
ganmartaven ara literaturas, aramed _ mis zemoqmedebas
adamianze. ukidures SemTxvevebSi isini gvTavazoben poeziis
Rirebulebis iseT kriteriums, rogoric warmodgenilia a.e.
hausmenis leqciaSi `poeziis arsi da buneba~ (1933). hausmeni
faruli ironiiT gvakvalianebs, karg poezias amovicnobT
JrJoliT, romelsac ganvicdiT misi mosmenisaso. amasve
qadagebdnen XVIII saukunis Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT,
tragediis Rirebuleba ganizomeba mayureblis mier
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daRvrili cremlis raodenobiT, Tanamedrove kinoSi ki

komediis warmateba xSirad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenjer
gaicina mayurebelma. amrigad, yovel fsiqologiur Teorias
Sedegad mosdevs anarqia, skepticizmi da RirebulebaTa
sruli aRreva, radgan is ar ukavSirdeba arc poemis
struqturas da arc mis xarisxs.
i.a. riCardsma mxolod odnav gaaumjobesa fsiqo
logiuri Teoria, rodesac poema gansazRvra rogorc
`Rirseuli mkiTxvelis gamocdileba~. (5) aSkaraa, rom
mTelma problemam gadainacvla Rirseuli mkiTxvelis
kategoriaze da am zedsarTavis mniSvnelobaze. magram
kidec rom warmovidginoT daxvewili kulturiT aRWurvili
da saukeTesod momzadebuli idealuri mkiTxveli, aseTi
gansazRvra mainc ar iqneba damakamyofilebeli, radgan mis
mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas igive kritikuli SeniSvnebi, rac
_ fsiqologiuri meTodis mimarT. saqme isaa, rom leqsis
arsi aq daiyvaneba garkveuli momentiT ganpirobebul
gancdamde, romelsac ucvlelad ver gaimeorebs nebismieri
mkiTxveli, ragind Rirseulic ar unda iyos is. is yovelTvis
ufro naklebia, vidre poemis sruli mniSvneloba nebismier
mocemul momentSi da yovel wakiTxvaSi aucileblad Seaqvs
piraduli elementebi.
meoTxe pasuxis meSveobiT cdiloben zemoxsenebuli
siZneleebis gadalaxvas. amboben, rom poema aris TviT
avtoris gamocdileba. SevniSnavT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi
leqsi wyvets arsebobas misi dawerisTanave. rodesac avtori
gadaikiTxavs Tavis qmnilebas, es ukve aRaraa poema. cxadia,
rom avtori gadaiqceva Tavis nawarmoebis Cveulebriv
mkiTxvelad, romelic SeiZleba Secdes da sworad ver axsnas
Tavisive naweri, iseve, rogorc es SeiZleba daemarTos
nebismier sxva mkiTxvels. mravladaa cnobili aseTi aSkara
gaugebrobis magaliTebi, rodesac Tavad avtors uWirs
sakuTari qmnilebis ganmarteba. magaliTad, Zveli anekdotis
mixedviT, brauningma ganacxada, rom TviTonac ar esmoda
sakuTari leqsebi. albaT yvelas emarTeba ase: an sworad ver
aRviqvamT adre dawerils, an is srulad ar gvesmis. aqedan
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gamomdinare, Cveni varaudiT, `avtoris gamocdileba~

SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod rogorc misi gamocdileba
nawarmoebis weris dros. Semdgom, `avtoris gamocdilebaSi~
SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli ram vigulisxmoT: erTi iqneba
Segnebuli gamocdileba, Canafiqri, romlis xorcSesxmac
surda avtors, xolo meore mTlianad misi gacnobierebuli
Tu gaucnobierebeli gamocdilebaSemoqmedebiTi muSaobis
dros. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba (Tumca amas
YyovelTvis ar acxadeben), TiTqos poema SeiZleba ganvmartoT
avtoris Canafiqridan gamomdinare. (6) ase amarTleben
nawarmoebis istoriuli komentirebis aucileblobas
da nawarmoebis izolirebulad, amave avtoris sxva
nawarmoebTagan damoukideblad kvlevis saWiroebas.
magram saqme isaa, rom nawarmoebTa didi umravlesobis
SemTxvevaSi Canafiqris aRdgena SeuZlebelia, radgan
Cvens xelT araa araferi, dasrulebuli teqstis garda.
maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs avtoris Tanamedrove epoqiT
daTariRebuli sabuTebi, aseTma sabuTebma mainc ar unda
SeboWos Tanamedrove mkvlevari. avtoris `Canafiqri~ mudam
aris nawarmoebis sazrisis `racionalizacia~ da komentari,
romelic yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT da, amave dros,
kritikulad gavaanalizoT dasrulebuli mxatvruli
nawarmoebidan gamomdinare. saqme isaa, rom avtoris
`Canafiqri~ SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro farTo iyos, vidre
amas gvafiqrebinebs xelovnebis dasrulebuli qmnileba an
SeiZleba, ubralod, asaxavdes mis gegmas. rom SegvZleboda
gasaubreba SeqspirTan `hamletis~ dawerasTan dakavSirebiT,
Cven ver dagvakmayofilebda Canafiqris avtoriseuli axsna.
da marTebuli iqneboda am piesaSi Cadebuli im sazrisis
Zieba (da ara misi gamogoneba), romelic, SesaZloa, Seqspirs
gacnobierebuli arc hqonda.
rodesac xelovani cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi
survilebi, is SeiZleba misi Tanamedrove literaturuli
situaciisa da esTetikuri cnebebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas
ganicdides; magram saqme isaa, rom TviT es esTetikuri
cnebebi, SesaZloa, ar Seesatyvisebodes mis WeSmariti
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebs. barokos xana aSkarad epasuxeba am

sakiTxs, radgan es axali SemoqmedebiTi manera srulad ar
gamoxatula arc xelovanTa gancxadebebSi, arc _ kritikosTa
SeniSvnebSi. iseTi moqandake, rogoric iyo bernini, parizis
akademiaSi leqciebis kiTxvisas acxadebda, rom misi praqtika
savsebiT Seesatyviseba antikur nimuSebs, xolo daniel adam
pepvelmanma, romelmac aago cvingeri drezdenSi _ rokokos
stilis nimuSi arqiteqturaSi _ mTeli broSura miuZRvna
imis damtkicebas, rom misi qmnileba mTlianad akmayofilebs
vitruviusis yvelaze mkacr
principebs. (7) poetimetafizikosebi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen esTetikur terminebs
(magaliTad, `zustad gaTvlil striqonebze~ saubrisas),
magram aseTi terminologiis gamoyenebisas praqtikulad
verc ki gamoxatavdnen maTi Semoqmedebis arsebiT siaxles;
Sua saukuneebSi Semoqmedebs xSirad euflebodaT wminda
religiuri anda didaqtikuri `ganwyobebi~, romlebsac arc
ki `dascaldaT~, gamoxatuli yofiliyvnen maTi praqtikis
SemoqmedebiTs principebSi. sxvaoba Segnebul gegmaganwyobasa da uSualo Sesrulebas Soris Cveulebrivi
ram aris mwerlobis istoriaSi. zolas marTlac swamda
eqsperimentuli romanis mecnieruli Teoriisa, Tavad ki,
sinamdvileSi, Seqmna Zalze melodramatuli da simboluri
romanebi. gogols Tavi socialur reformistad, ruseTis
`aRmwer-geografad~ miaCnda, maSin, rodesac misi romanebi
da moTxrobebi savsea warmosaxuli fantastikuri da
groteskuli arsebebiT. SeuZlebelia SemovizRudoT
avtoris Canafiqris kvleviT, vinaidan es, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi, aris nawarmoebis komentari, xSirad ki aseTi
komentari saimedo sulac araa. SeiZleba arc ki gvqondes
raime sawinaaRmdego amgvari `Canafiqris~ Seswavlis mimarT,
Tuki `CanafiqrSi~ vigulisxmebT nawarmoebis erT-erT
komponents, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mTlianad
nawarmoebis sazrisis wvdoma. (8) magram aq termini
`Canafiqri~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa da, SesaZloa,
arcTu zustic.
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aseve miuRebelia is alternatiuli varaudi,

romlis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi unda veZioT avtoris
gacnobierebul
da
gaucnobierebel
gamocdilebaSi
nawarmoebze muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. es
daskvnac warmoqmnis siZneleebs, vinaidan mas gadahyavs
problema savsebiT miuwvdomeli, wminda hipoTezuri xis kategoriaSi, romlis gansazRvra an Tundac Seswavla
SeuZlebelia. sakiTxis gadawyveta agreTve ar aris
damakmayofilebeli, radgan Semoqmedeba aseT SemTxvevaSi
damokidebulia subieqturi gamocdilebisgan, romelic,
TavisTavad,
warsulis
kuTvnilebaa.
gamocdileba,
romelic hqonda avtors Semoqmedebis procesSi, warsulSi
gadainacvlebs nawarmoebis dasrulebisTanave. es warmodgena
swori rom iyos, maSin verasodes SevZlebdiT uSualo
kontaqtis damyarebas TviT xelovnebis qmnilebasTan da
mogviwevda Tavis damSvideba im varaudiT, rom Cveni gancda
poemis wakiTxvisas identuria imisa, rac didi xnis winaT
Tavad avtorma ganicada. wignSi `miltoni~ e.m. tiliardi
SeniSnavs, rom `dakarguli samoTxe~ asaxavs avtoris
mdgomareobas am poemis Seqmnis momentSi; k.s. luisTan
xangrZlivi da uTavbolo davis dros man mainc ar aRiara,
rom `dakarguli samoTxe~, upirveles yovlisa exeba satanas,
adams da evas, agreTve asobiT da aTasobiT sxvadasxva ideas,
azrsa da cnebas, da ara miltonis sulier gancdebs poemis
Seqmnis periodSi. (9) is, rom odesRac poemis Sinaarsi
ganisazRvreboda miltonis gonebaSi mimdinare cnobieri da
gaucnobierebeli procesebiT, savsebiT sworia, magram am
procesebis wvdoma CvenTvis SeuZlebelia, miT umetes, rom
SemoqmedebiT momentebSi mis gonebaSi xdeboda gadamuSaveba
auracxeli gamocdilebisa, romelTa kvals poemaSi
ver mivagnebT. es idea migviyvans umizno varaudebamde
imis Taobaze xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi mdgomareobis
xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb Semoqmedebis momentSi mwerlis
emociaTa Taobaze, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes im momentSi
gancdil kbilis tkivilsac. (10) saerTod, fsiqologiuri
midgoma, romlis amosavali punqtia mkiTxvelisa Tu
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

msmenlis, mTxroblisa Tu avtoris sulieri mdgomareoba,

warmoqmnis gacilebiT ufro met problemas, vidre im
sakiTxTa raodenoba, romelTa gadawyveta mas ZaluZs.
aSkarad ukeTesi iqneba, Tu xelovnebis nimuSs
ganvsazRvravT socialuri da koleqtiuri gamocdilebis
konteqstiT.
arsebobs
sakiTxis
gadawyvetis
ori
SesaZlebloba, Tumca, arc erTi maTgani ar gamogvadgeba
saimisod, rom problema damakmayofileblad gadaiWras.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovnebis nimuSi warmoadgens poemis
warsulisa da SesaZlebel gamocdilebaTa jams. aseTi axsna
auracxeli piradi usargeblo gamocdilebis, uxeiro,
yalbi wakiTxvisa da damaxinjebis tolfasi iqneba. mokled
rom vTqvaT, mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris mkiTxvelis sulieri
mdgomareoba, gamravlebuli usasrulobaze. meore pasuxis
Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi aris poemis yvela mkiTxvelis
gamocdileba. (11) magram faqtia, rom aseT pasuxs dahyavs
mxatvruli nawarmoebi saerTo mniSvnelamde. es ki iqneba
yvelaze dabali, yvelaze umniSvnelo, zedapiruli da
trivialuri saerTo mniSvneli, romelic xelmisawvdomia
nebismieri gamocdilebisTvis. garda imisa, rom am saerTo
mniSvnelis gamoyofa Znelia, amgvari midgoma Zalze
aRaribebs xelovnebis nimuSis sazriss.
individualuri
Tu
socialuri
fsiqologiis
meTodebiT ver vipoviT pasuxs Cvens kiTxvaze. amitom
unda davaskvnaT, rom poema pirovnul gamocdilebas
an aseT gamocdilebaTa jams ki ar warmoadgens, aramed
_ gamocdilebaTa potenciur wyaros. gansazRvreba,
romelic emyareba sulier mdgomareobaTa analizs,
damakmayofilebeli araa, radgan is ver ganmartavs WeSmariti
poeziis normatiul xasiaTs da im martiv faqts, rom misi
aRqmis gamocdileba SeiZleba iyo marTebuli an mcdari.
nebismieri pirovnuli gancdis SemTxvevaSi WeSmariti
poeziis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos am gancdis
mxolod garkveuli nawili. amrigad, WeSmariti poezia unda
gaviazroT, rogorc im normaTa struqtura, romlebic
mxolod nawilobriv realizdeba mis mravalricxovan
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literaturis Teoria

mkiTxvelTa gamocdilebaSi. yoveli calke aRebuli

gamocdileba (kiTxva, deklamacia da a. S.) aris mxolod metnaklebad warmatebuli mcdeloba, Caswvdes normaTa Tu
kriteriumTa am erTobliobas da gamoxatos is.
aq naxsenebi termini `norma~, rasakvirvelia, ar unda
avurioT eTikur Tu politikur, anda _ klasicistur
Tu romantikuli xelovnebis normebSi. sityva `norma~
aq
gulisxmobs implicitur normebs, romlebic unda
gamoiyos xelovnebis nimuSis aRqmis yoveli individualuri
gamocdilebidan da romelTa erTobliobac qmnis xelovnebis
WeSmarit nimuSs. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xelovnebis
nimuSebs, maSin gamovlindeba rogorc msgavseba am normaTa
Soris, ise _ maTi sxvaobac, da, msgavsebidan gamomdinare,
SesaZlebeli iqneba xelovnebis nawarmoebTa klasifikacia
normaTa im tipis Sesabamisad, romlebic maTSia xorcSesxmuli.
am gziT SeiZlebaGJanrebis Teoriis, da, saboloo angariSSi,
literaturis Teoriebis SemuSaveba. kritikosebi uaryofen
msgavs SesaZleblobas da, arcTu usafuZvlod, aRniSnaven,
rom xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi unikaluri bunebisaa;
magram aseT SemTxvevaSi Sexeduleba individualurobis
Sesaxeb imdenad dominanturia, rom nawarmoebi mTlianad
swydeba tradicias da, Sedegad, iqceva miuwvdomel da
gaugebar fenomenad. Tuki davuSvebT, rom unda daviwyoT
xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebis analiziT, maSinac ki ver
uarvyofT masSi garkveuli msgavsebis, saerTo elementebis
an faqtorebis arsebobas, romlebic aaxloebs mocemul
nawarmoebs sxva qmnilebebTan. magram es saSualebas mogvcems,
calkeuli nawarmoebis analizidan gadavideTxelovnebis
im tipis daxasiaTebaze, romelic xorcSesxmulia berZnul
tragediaSi, Semdeg _ zogadad, tragediaze, literaturaze,
da, bolos, im yovlismomcvel struqturaze, romelic
saerToaxelovnebis yvela dargisaTvis.
magram esaa Soreuli perspeqtivis amocana. CvenTvis
ki aucilebelia gavarkvioT am normebis arsi da maT
gamovlinebaTa xasiaTi. nawarmoebTa detaluri analizi
gvarwmunebs, rom arsebobs ara ubralod normaTa erTgvari
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

sistema, aramed _ ramdenime qvedanayofic am sistemaSi, ise,

rom TiToeul qvedanayofs aqvs misdami daqvemdebarebul
elementTa jgufi. polonelma filosofosma roman
ingardenma, literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSis virtuozuli
da maRalprofesionaluri analizisas, am mizniT gamoiyena
huserlis `fenomenologiis~ meTodi. (12) saWiro araa misi
msjelobis detalurad gadmocema imaSi dasarwmuneblad,
rom ingardeniseuli midgoma gamarTlebulia da gamosadegi:
pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyofa bgeriTi Sre, romelic, cxadia,
ar unda gavaigivoT TavisTavad sityvaTa JReradobasTan,
raSic zemoT. mxolod bgeraTa bazaze vlindeba meore
Sre _ azrobrivi erTeulebi. yovel calkeul sityvas
aqvs sakuTari sazrisi da konteqstSi, sxva sityvebTan
erTad, warmoqmnis azrobriv erTeulebs, sintagmebs
da winadadebebs. amgvari sintaqsuri struqturebis
safuZvelze
Cndeba mesame Sre _ reprezentatiuli
plani, romelic moicavs mwerlis `samyaros, moqmed
pirebs, fonsa da garemos. amas ingardeni amatebs kidev
or sxva Sres, romelTa gamoyofa, SesaZloa, saWiro araa.
mwerlis `samyaro~ mas danaxuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli
TvalsazrisiT, romelic yovelTvis rodi gamoixateba
uSualod, magram aucileblad SeigrZnoba. magaliTad, raime
movlena (vTqvaT, karis mijaxuneba) SeiZleba literaturaSi
aRwerili iyos, rogorc mavani piris mier `danaxuli~ anda
`gagonili~. personaJi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos misi
`Sinagani~ an `garegnuli~ damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. da,
bolos, ingardeni axsenebs `metafizikuri Tvisebebis~
(amaRlebuli, tragikuli, Tavzardamcemi, wminda) Sres
romelic aucilebeli araa da zogierT nawarmoebSi
SeiZleba arc Segvxvdes. es ori ukanaskneli Sre SeiZleba
SeviyvanoT `samyaros~ kategoriaSi, anu warmodgenil
saganTa arealSi. magram, isini, amave dros, gvikarnaxeben,
rom arsebobs literaturul analizSi Zalze realuri
problemebi. `Tvalsazrisis~ cnebam, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
romanTan dakavSirebiT, didi yuradReba miipyro jer
kidev henri jeimsis moRvaweobis droidan, im periodidan,
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literaturis Teoria

rodesac labokma warmoadgina literaturis Sesaxeb

jeimsis Sexedulebebisa da misi mxatvruli praqtikis
sistematizebuli eqspozicia. xsenebuli `metafizikuri
Tvisebebis~ Sre saSualebas aZlevs ingardens, daubrundes
`filosofiuri
mniSvnelobis~
sakiTxebs
xelovnebis
nawarmoebSi, ise, rom Tavi aaridos metad sarisko da xSir
inteleqtualur Secdomebs.
kargi iqneba, Tuki am azrs davasabuTebT paraleliT,
romelsac lingvistika gvawvdis. ferdinand de sosiuric
da praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgenlebic mkafiod
asxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan langue-s da parole-s, (13)
e.i. enis sistemasa da individualuri metyvelebis aqts;
analogiuri gansxvaveba arsebobs Tavad leqssa da misi
aRqmis individualur gamocdilebas Soris. enis sistema
(anu langue) warmoadgens pirobiTobebisa da normebis
krebuls, romelTa urTierTmimarTebebsa da moqmedebas Cven
vxedavT da aRvwerT am sistemis erTianobisa da simwyobris
daurRvevlad, Tumca calkeul mosaubreTa metyvelebaSi
gvxvdeba Zalze specifikuri, uxeiro da arasruli gamoTqmebi.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, am mxriv mainc, literaturuli
xelovnebis sagani zustad imave mdgimareobaSia, rogorSic
_ enobrivi sistema. Cven, rogorc individebi, verasodes
SevZlebT am sistemis srulad gamoxatvas, iseve, rogorc
verasodes SevZlebT Cvenive enis mTlianad da srulad
gamoyenebas. faqtobrivad, zustad igive situacia
warmogvidgeba Semecnebis yovel calkeul aqtSi. Cven
verasodes ver SevimecnebT sagans misi yvela TvisebiT da,
amis miuxedavad, mainc ver uarvyofT saganTa identurobas,
Tundac maT aRviqvamdeT sxvadasxvagvari kuTxiT. Cven
mudam vwvdebiT sagnis `aucilebel struqturas~, rac
Semecnebis aqts aqcevs im normaTa aRiarebad, sinamdvilem
Tavs rom mogvaxvia, da ara _ saeWvo mosazrebis an kidev
subieqturi Tvisebis gamovlinebad. Sesabamisad, mxatvruli
nawarmoebis struqturas aqvs Tviseba, romelic SeiZleba
ase gamoixatos: `gasaTvaliswinebeli movaleoba~. me mas
yovelTvis arasrulad warmovidgen, magram, am warmodgenis
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

SefardebiTi arasisrulis miuxedavad, mainc rCeba erTgvari

`aucilebeli struqtura~, iseve, rogorc Semecnebis
nebismier sxva saganSi Tu obieqtSi. (14)
Tanamedrove lingvistebi ganixilaven potenciur
bgerebs rogorc fonemebs; maT SeuZliaT agreTve
gaanalizon morfemebi da sintagmebi. magaliTad, winadadeba
SeiZleba aRvweroT ara ubralod rogorc ad hoc gamoTqma,
aramed rogorc sintaqsuri wyoba da modeli. Tanamedrove
funqciurma lingvistikam warmatebebs miaRwia mxolod
fonemaTa kvlevis mimarTulebiT; magram raoden rTulic
unda iyos problemebi, maTi gadawyveta mainc SesaZlebelia.
amasTan, esaa ara sruliad axali problemebi, aramed _
axleburi formiT Camoyalibebuli is morfologiuri
da sintaqsuri sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileboda
jer kidev gramatikis Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi. lite
raturuli
nawarmoebis
analizis
dros
vawydebiT
analogiur (azrobrivi erTeulebisa da maTi specifikuri
organizaciis)
problemebs,
romelTac
ganapirobebs
esTetikuri daniSnuleba da amocanebi. poeturi semantikis,
stilis da saxeobriobis problemebi axleburad, ufro
zusti formiT daismis. azrobrivi erTeulebi, winadadebebi
da winadadebaTa struqturebi ukavSirdebian sagnebs
da qmnian warmosaxviT realobebs, magaliTad, peizaJs,
interiers, personaJebs, movlenebs da ideebs. SesaZlebelia
am realobebis gaanalizeba ise, rom ar moxdes maTi aRreva
empiriul realobasTan, da im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
lingvistur struqturebSi isini ganuyofelni arian. romanis
gmiri iqmneba mxolod azrobrivi erTeulebis safuZvelze
da `iSleba~ personaJis mier warmoTqmul, an mis Sesaxeb
naTqvam winadadebebad. biologiur individTan SedarebiT,
romelsac aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli warsuli, personaJis
struqtura ganusazRvrelia. (15) nawarmoebis dayofas
erTimeoris qveS ganlagebul Sreebad is upiratesoba
aqvs, rom mas SeuZlia Seenacvlos tradiciul da mcdar
dayofas Sinaarsad da formad. Sinaarsi mWidro kontaqtSia
lingvistur qveSresTan, romelic mas Seicavs da romelzec
aris damokidebuli.
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literaturis Teoria

magram aseTi warmodgena literaturul nawarmoebze

rogorc Sreebad dalagebul normaTa sistemaze mainc ver
ganmartavs TviT am sistemis arsebobis wessa da formas.
marTebuli gadawyvetilebis mosaZebnad SeiZleboda
gangvexila nominalizmisa da realizmis, mentalizmisa da
biheviorizmis polemika erTi sityviT, epistemologiis
ZiriTadi problemebi. amasTan, Cveni miznebisaTvis
sakmarisia, Tavi avaridoT or ukiduresobas _ ukidures
platonizms da ukidures nominalizms. saWiro ar aris am
normebis miCneva obieqtur realobad, misi `materializeba~
da, Sesabamisad, Camoyalibeba erTgvari arqetipuli cnebisa,
romelic gveguleba arsTa zedrouli samyaros miRma.
literaturuli nawarmoebis ontologiuri arsi gansxvavdeba
samkuTxedis an ricxvis cnebisgan, an iseTi Tvisebisgan,
rogoricaa Tundac `siwiTle~. amgvar `ucvlel arsTagan~
gansxvavebiT, literaturuli nawarmoebi Seqmnilia, pirvel
yovlisa, drois garkveul momentSi, xolo meore mxriv, is
eqvemdebareba cvlilebas, rac SeiZleba dasruldes misi
sruli ganadgurebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, SeimCneva garkveuli
msgavseba enis sistemasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom am
ukanasknelis Seqmnis an gaqrobis zusti momentis amocnoba
gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre maSin, rodesac saqme
exeba literaturul nawarmoebs (romelic, rogorc wesi,
individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia). amave dros, isic unda
vaRiaroT, rom ukiduresi nominalizmi, romelic uaryofs
`enis sistemis~ cnebas (da aqedan gamomdinare, mxatvrul
nawarmoebsac, rogorc Cven is warmogvidgenia) anda miiCnevs
mas mxolod gamosadeg fiqciad da `mecnieruli aRweris~
erT-erT xerxad, aseT SemTxvevaSi uars ambobs am problemis
gadawyvetaze. yvelaferi, rac ar Seesatyviseba empiriuli
realobis Zalze SezRudul cnebas, biheviorizmis viwro
warmodgenebiT ganisazRvreba, rogorc `mistikuri~anda
`metafizikuri~. da mainc, Tuki `fonemas~ fiqciad
SevracxavT, xolo enis sistemas ubralod, `sametyvelo
aqtis mecnierul aRwerad~, es niSnavs WeSmaritebis
problemis ugulebelyofas. (16) Cven vaRiarebT rogorc
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

normebs, ise _ gadaxrebs am normebisagan, da ar vigonebT

raRac aRweriT da pirobiT kategoriebs. am TvalsazrisiT,
bihevioristTa xedva mTlianad efuZneba abstrahirebis
cudad gagebul Teorias. imisda miuxedavad, SevadgenT
ricxvebsa da normebs Tu ara, isini rCebian normebad
da ricxvebad. rasakvirvelia, me kidec vTvli da kidec
vkiTxulob, magram ricxvis gamovlena anda normis aRiareba
sulac ar aris igive, rac _ Tavad ricxvi Tu norma. `b~
bgeris warmoTqma ar aris `b~ fonema. Cven vavlenT realobaSi
normaTa struqturas, magram ar vigonebT verbalur
konstruqcias. argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, am normebs Cven
vwvdebiT mxolod da mxolod Semecnebis individualuri
aqtis meSveobiT da ver `gadavabijebT~ am aqtis sazRvrebs
mxolod erTi SexedviTaa STambeWdavi. es aris swored is
argumenti, romelic mimarTuli iyo Semecnebis kantiseuli
kritikis winaaRmdeg, magram is SeiZleba ugulebelyofil
iqnas TviT kantis argumentebiT.
cxadia, normebis dadgenisas Cven TviTonac SeiZleba
SevcdeT da raime ver gavigoT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom
kritikoss ganmkiTxavis zeadamianuri roli ekisreba, raTa,
ase vTqvaT, `garedan gaakritikos Cveni Semecneba, da arc
imas, rom is gansakuTrebuli intuiciis meoxebiT srulad
Seimecnebs normaTa mTel sistemas. ufro marTebuli iqneba,
Tu vityviT, rom Cveni codnis nawils Cvenve vakritikebT im
ufro maRali standartis mixedviT, romelsac mivaRwieT
sxva sferoSi. Tavi ar unda CaviyenoT im kacis mdgomareobaSi,
vinc Tavisi mxedvelobis Sesamowmeblad cdilobs
sakuTar TvalebSi Caixedos; Cven vgavarT iseT kacs, vinc
erTmaneTs adarebs sagnebs, romlebsac cxadad xedavs, da
imaT, romlebsac bundovnad xedavs. am urTierTSejerebis
safuZvelze igi erTgvarad ganazogadebs nanaxs, yofs
sagnebs or jgufad da sxvaobas xsnis xedvis erTgvari
TeoriiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs manZils, dros da a. S.
analogiurad, Cven advilad gavarCevT poemis swor
Tu mcdar wakiTxvas, nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis
marTebul Tu araswor Semecnebas; amisTvis saWiroa
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literaturis Teoria

SevadaroT da SeviswavloT sxvadasxvagvari mcdari an

arasruli `realizaciebi~ an interpretaciebi. am normebis
uSualo moqmedeba, urTierTmimarTebebi da kombinaciebi
SegviZlia iseve SeviswavloT, rogorc es xdeba fonemis
Seswavlis dros. literaturuli nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens
empiriul faqts da nebismieri piris an individTa jgufis
sulier mdgomareobas; is arc idealuri da ucvleli
sagania, samkuTxedis msgavsad. mxatvruli nawarmoebi
SeiZleba iqces gamocdilebis obieqtad; unda vaRiaroT,
rom Tumca nawarmoebis wvdoma SeiZleba martooden
individualuri gamocdilebis meSveobiT, magram mas mainc
ver gavaigivebT raime gamocdilebasTan. is gansxvavdeba
idealuri obieqtisagan (magaliTad, ricxvisgan) swored
misi struqturis empiriuli (fizikuri, an potenciurad
fizikuri) aspeqtis _ bgeriTi sistemis _ wyalobiT, maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia samkuTxedis an ricxvis uSualo,
intuiciuri wvdoma. idealuri obieqtisgan mxatvrul nawar
moebs ganasxvavebs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: mas aqvs
raRac, rasac SeiZleba `sicocxle~ vuwodoT. nawarmoebi
iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, ganicdis cvlilebebs Ta
visi istoriuli arsebobis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg SeiZleba
gaqres. mxatvruli nawarmoebi `zedroulia~ mxolod im
gagebiT, rom mas aqvs ucvleli (misi Seqmnis momentidan)
struqtura; magram nawarmoebi `istoriulad cvalebadic~
aris. is `gaivlis~ erTgvar ganviTarebis process, romlis
axsnac SeiZleba da aRwerac. es ganviTareba sxva araferia,
Tu nawarmoebis konkretizaciaTa rigi istoriis manZilze;
garkveulwilad, SesaZlebelia am konkretizaciaTa aRdgena
im axsna-ganmartebebis meoxebiT, romlebSic aRwerilia
kritikosTa da mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis aRqma da
Sefaseba, agreTve _ nawarmoebis zegavlena sxva mxatvrul
qmnilebebze. ufro adreuli konkretizaciebis codna (es
exeba wakiTxvasac, kritikasac da mcdar interpretaciasac),
gavlenas iqoniebs nawarmoebis Cveneul aRqmaze: ufro
adreuli wakiTxvebis meSveobiT SeiZleba gacilebiT Rrmad
CavwvdeT nawarmoebis arss, Tumca, isini xSirad iwveven mZafr
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

protests amave qmnilebis Zveli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg.

yovelive es metyvelebs kritikis istoriis mniSvnelobaze
da gvaiZulebs CavfiqrdeT im rTul sakiTxebze, romlebic
exeba individualobis zRvarsa da bunebas. rogor xdeba,
rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi ganicdis evolucias da mainc
Seulaxavad inarCunebs Tavis arsebiT struqturas?
xelovnebis nimuSis istoriuli `sicocxlis~ Sesaxeb
SeiZleba vimsjeloT imave gagebiT, romliTac gvixdeba
saubari cxovelze an adamianze, romelic pirovnulad igive
darCa cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad. `iliada~
jerac arsebobs, anu mas kvlav gaaCnia zemoqmedebis unari,
maSin, rodesac iseTi istoriuli movlena, rogoric iyo
brZola vaterloosTan, aSkarad warsulis kuTvnilebaa,
imis miuxedavad, rom kvlavac SeiZleba aRvadginoT am
brZolis mimdinareoba da davaxasiaToT misi Sedegebi. da
mainc, ra gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `iliada~, romelsac
homerosis Tanamedrove berZnebi kiTxulobdnen, identuria
`iliadasi~, romelsac Cven dRes vkiTxulobT? davuSvaT,
teqstma Cvenamde ucvleli saxiT moaRwia; misi Cveneuli aRqma
mainc gansxvavdeba homerosis Tanamedrove berZenTa mier an
poemis aRqmisgan. Cven ar SegviZlia SevajeroT originalis
ena Zveli saberZneTis yofiT, salaparako enasTan, da amis
gamo verc im gadaxrebs SevigrZnobT, razec damokidebulia
homerosis poetika. Cven ver gavigebT bevr bundovan sityvier
miniSnebasac, romelic yovelTvis Seadgens nawarmoebis
mxatvruli mniSvnelobis arsebiT nawils. cxadia, mainc
saWiroa damatebiTi mcdeloba, raTa warmosaxvis (romelic
yovlisSemZle sulac araa) meSveobiT warmovidginoT
Tavi antikur xanaSi, rodesac berZnebs swamdaT TavianTi
RmerTebisa da hqondaT zneobrivi Rirebulebebis sakuTari
skala da ganzomileba. da mainc, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa,
rom `iliadam~ mniSvnelovanwilad ucvlelad SeinarCuna
`struqturis~ ZiriTadi elementebi mTeli am saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, es `struqtura~ dinamikuria: igi
icvleba istoriis procesSi, radgan axleburad aRiqmeba mis
mkiTxvelTa, kritikosTa da xelovanTa axali Taobebis mier.
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(17) amrigad, normaTa sistema izrdeba, icvleba da, garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, misi srulad wvdoma da gaazreba yovelTvis
SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram struqturis dinamikuroba ar
amarTlebs problemis subieqtivistur da relativistur
ganmartebebs. cxadia, rom yvela es gansxvavebuli xedva
da Tvalsazrisi Tanabrad swori da marTebuli rodia.
yovelTvis SeiZleba davadginoT, romeli Tvalsazrisi
swvdeba sakiTxs ufro Rrmad. TviT interpretaciis
adekvaturobis
moTxovna
gulisxmobs
ganmartebaTa
garkveul ierarqias, stimuls aZlevs kritikas, romelic
mimarTulia nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis maqsimalur
gamovlenisken. yvelanair relativizms abaTilebs debuleba,
romlis Tanaxmad, `absoluturi mdgomareobs relatiurSi,
Tumca _ ara mTlianad da ara bolomde.~ (18)
amgvarad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi warmogvidgeba,
rogorc codnis obieqti sui generis, romelsac aqvs gansa
kuTrebuli ontologiuri statusi. is arc realuria (anu fi
zikuri, qandakebis darad), arc mentaluri (fsiqologiuri,
msgavsad sinaTlis SegrZnebis an tkivilis gancdisa), da arc
idealuri (rogorc samkuTxedi). mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris
normaTa sistema, romelSic aRbeWdilia intersubieqturi
xasiaTis mqone idealuri cnebebi~. es cnebebi, rogorc
Cans, arseboben sazogadoebrivi ideebis erTobliobaSi da
masTan erTad icvlebian; maTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod
individualuri sulieri gamocdilebis meSveobiT da
emyareba im lingvisturi erTeulebis bgeriT struqturas,
romelTaganac Sedgeba teqsti.
Cven ar gvimsjelia mxatvrul RirebulebaTa
sakiTxze. Tumca, zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom
normaTa da RirebulebaTa gareSe ar arsebobs struqtura.
Cven ver SevZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebasa
da gaanalizebas am RirebulebaTa gauTvaliswineblad..
TviT is faqti, rom garkveul struqturas `mxatvrul
nawarmoebad~
vaRiareb,
TavisTavad
RirebulebiTi
msjelobaa. wminda fenomenologiis mcdari Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, Rirebulebebi gamijnulia struqturisgan,
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

anu Rirebulebebs Tavs axveven struqturas, amateben mas

anda SeaqvT masSi. es Secdoma SeimCneva roman ingardenis
SesaniSnav naSromSi, romelSic mxatvruli nawarmoebi isea
gaanalizebuli, rom Rirebulebebi moxseniebulic ki araa.
amis mizezi, cxadia, aris fenomenologebis warmodgena
imgvar `arsTa~ maradiuli, zedrouli wyebis Sesaxeb,
romelTa
individualuri
(empiriuli
gamocdilebis
safuZvelze Seqmnili) interpretacia mxolod mogvianebiT
Seiqmna. RirebulebaTa absoluturi skalis aRiarebiT
Cven aucileblad vkargavT kontaqts individualuri
gansjasTan, romelic, Tavisi arsiT, SefardebiTia. erT
poluszea umoZrao absoluti, meoreze ki _ Rirebulebis
armqone individualur gansjaTa nakadi.
absolutizaciis mcdari Tezisi da relativizmis
aseve mcdari antiTezisi saWiroeben Secvlas da
harmonizacias axlebur sinTezSi, romelic dinamikurs
gaxdis Tavad RirebulebaTa skalas, magram dinamikis miRma
amCnevs raRac maradiulsac. amgvar
warmodgenas Cven
vuwodeT `perspeqtivis SegrZneba~; (19) igi ar moaswavebs
RirebulebaTa anarqiis, anda individualuri gemovnebis
prioritetulobis aRiarebas; esaa sagnis gaRrmavebuli
da mravalmxrivi Semecnebis procesi, romlis dazusteba
da gakritikeba SesaZlebelia. struqtura, niSani da
Rirebuleba qmnian erTi da igive problemis sam aspeqts, da
maTi xelovnuri urTierTgamijvna dauSvebelia.
magram, pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia aRwerisa da
analizis im meTodebis gaanalizeba, romelTa meSveobiTac
avlenen mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxvadasxva Sres. maT ricxvs
miekuTvneba: (1) bgeraTa Sre, evfonia, ritmi da metri;
(2) is azrobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic gansazRvraven
literaturuli nawarmoebis formalur lingvistur
struqturasa da stils (am ukanasknels ikvlevs sagangebo
disciplina _ stilistika); (3) saxe da metafora,
romlebic, arsebiTad, centraluri poetikuri xerxebia
da sagangebo msjelobis sagnad unda iqcnen Tundac imis
gamo, rom isini erwymian poeziis specifikur (4) `samyaros
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im simboloebiT da simboloTa sistemebiT, rasac

Cven vuwodebT poetur `miTs~. TxrobiTi literaturis
ganxilvisas Cven winaSe wamoiWreba (5) Txrobis xerxebisa da
teqnikis gansakuTrebuli problema, rasac Cven vuZRvniT
sagangebo Tavs. mxatvruli nawarmoebebis analizis meTodTa
analizis Semdgom ganvixilavT (6) literaturuli Janrebis
arss da gavaSuqebT kritikis centralur problemas (7)
Sefasebis sakiTxs. dabolos, kidev erTxel davubrundebiT
literaturis evoluciis ideas da vimsjelebT (8)
mwerlobis istoriis bunebasa da im SesaZleblobaze,
romelic gulisxmobs literaturis istoriis evolucias
da ganvsazRvravT (8) literaturuli istoriis rogorc
sagangebo disciplinis xasiaTs, da im SesaZleblobas, rom
literaturis istoria ganxilul iqnas rogorc xelovnebis
erT-erTi dargis istoria.

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Tavi mecamete

evfonia, ritmi da metri

*
yoveli
literaturuli
nawarmoebi,
upirveles
yovlisa, warmoadgens bgeraTa wyebas, romelTagan
yalibdeba mniSvneloba. zogierT literaturul nawar
moebSi bgeriTi Sris mniSvneloba minimaluria da TiTqmis
ar SeigrZnoba (magaliTad, romanTa umravlesobaSi).
magram aseT SemTxvevebSic ki fonetikuri Sre warmoadgens
mniSvnelobis aucilebel winapirobas. am mxriv, gansxvaveba
draizeris romansa da pos iseT leqss Soris, rogoricaa
`zarebi~, mxolod raodenobrivia da amitom ver gamodgeba
saimisod, rom SevafasoT mwerlobis ori kontrastuli tipi
proza da poezia. xelovnebis bevr nawarmoebSi, romelTa
Soris, rasakvirvelia, prozauli qmnilebebic igulisxmeba,
yuradRebas iqcevs bgeriTi Sre, romelic Seadgens esTetikuri
zemoqmedebis arsebiT komponents. es marTebulia, upiratesad,
ornamentuli prozisa da yvela poeturi nawarmoebis mimarT,
romlebic, Tavisi arsiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara enis bgeriTi
sistemis garkveuli organizacia.
aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebis analizis dros unda
gvaxsovdes mniSvnelovani, magram mainc xSirad miviwyebuli
ori principi. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
sxvaoba teqstis bgeriTi organizebis formasa da mis
warmoTqmas Soris. xelovnebis nawarmoebis xmamaRla
wakiTxva aris Sesruleba, anu realizacia teqstis bgeriTi
organizaciisa, romelic matebs mas raRac individualursa
da pirovnuls, da, amasTanave, aqvs unari, daamaxinjos
anda saerTod ugulebelyos es organizacia. Sesabamisad,
ritmikisa da metrikis WeSmariti kvleva ver daemyareba
deklamaciis calkeul magaliTebs. meore, aseve xSiri
da gavrcelebuli, magram yalbi warmodgenis mixedviT,
bgera unda gaanalizdes mniSvnelobisgan mowyvetiT.
nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobis Sesaxeb Cveni
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literaturis Teoria

koncefciis Sesabamisad, aseTi gancalkeveba umarTebuloa;

amaSi gvarwmunebs is faqtic, rom TavisTavad bgeras ar
axdens esTetikur efeqts, an Tu axdens, Zalze umniSvnelos.
ar moiZebneba aranairi `musikaluri~ leqsi, romelsac
ara aqvs garkveuli zogadi sazrisi an Tundac emociuri
elferi. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT metyvelebas ucnob
enaze, `wminda bgerebi~ ki ar Cagvesmis, aramed vakavSirebT
gagonils Cvens sakuTar fonetikur CvevebTan da, ra Tqma
unda, SevigrZnobT molaparakis azrobriv intonacias.
poeziaSi wminda bgera an fiqciaa, anda urTierTmimarTebaTa
uaRresad martivi da elementaruli seriebi, iseTebi,
romelTac Seiswavlis birkhofi Tavis `esTetikur
sazomSi~; (1) es sistema ver amowuravs mravalferovnebasa
da mniSvnelobas bgeriTi Srisa, rodesac mas ganvixilavT
leqsis, rogorc mTlianobis, Semadgenel nawilad.
Tavidanve
unda
gamovyoT
problemis
ori
gansxvavebuli aspeqti: bgeris arsebiTi da relatiuri
Tvisebebi. pirvelSi vgulisxmobT im individualurs,
rac ganasxvavebs a-s o-sgan an l-s p-sgan, raodenobrivi
maxasiaTeblebisgan damoukideblad (radgan a-s an p-s ver
davaxasiaTebT metobiT an naklebobiT). bgerebis Sinagani
xarisxobrivi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi warmoadgenen im
efeqtis safuZvels, romelsac uwodeben `musikalurobas~
anda `evfonias. meore mxriv, bgeraTa sxvaoba relatiuri
Tvisebebis mixedviT SeiZleba iqces ritmisa da metris
safuZvlad: es aris tonaloba, bgeris xangrZlivoba,
maxvili, ganmeorebaTa sixSire da yvela is elementi,
romelic warmoqmnis raodenobriv gansxvavebebs. tonaloba
SeiZleba iyos maRali an dabali, xangrZlivoba _ mokle
an piriqiT, grZeli, xolo ganmeorebis sixSire meti an
naklebi. es met-naklebad martivi ganmasxvavebeli niSani
mniSvnelovania _ is gamoyofs lingvisturi movlenebis
garkveul jgufs (rusebma maT `orkestrireba~ () uwodes) da yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom
bgeris xarisxi aq warmoadgens im elements, romliTac
manipulirebs mwerali.(2) rac Seexeba leqss, aq saerTod
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unda
ugulebelvyoT
termini
`musikaluroba~
(an
`melodiuroba~), radgan man SeiZleba mcdarad warmarTos
Cveni msjeloba. movlena, romlis amocnobasac vcdilobT,
srulebiTac ar aris erTgvari paraleli musikaluri
`melodiisa~: aSkaraa, rom musikaSi melodia ganisazRvreba
tonalobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, is erTgvari paralelia
im rolisa, romelic enaSi akisria intonacias. sinamdvileSi
TvalsaCino sxvaobaa naTqvami winadadebis intonaciis
xazsa (tonis rxeviTi da swrafad monacvle simaRliT) da
musikalur melodias Soris, romelic xasiaTdeba tonis
myari simaRliT da gansazRvruli intervalebiT. (3) rac
Seexeba meore termins _ `evfonias~ _ arc is aris sakmarisi,
radgan brauningisa da hopkinsis poeziis Sesaxeb saubrisas
sityva `orkestrireba~ `kakofoniis~ tolfasia, radgan es
poetebi ganzrax lamobdnen uxeSi da eqspresiuli bgeriTi
efeqtebis miRwevas.
`orkestrirebis~ sxvadasxva xerxs Soris erTmaneTis
gan unda gavarCioT bgeriTi figura, Tvisebrivad
identur an msgavs bgeraTa jgufebis ganmeorebebi da
eqspresiuli bgerebis an bgeraTmibaZvis gamoyeneba.
gansakuTrebuli warmatebiT Seiswavles bgeriTi figurebi
rusma formalistebma; rac Seexeba inglisel mecnierTa
gamokvlevebs, v.j. beitsma gaaanaliza daxvewili bgeriTi
xerxebi kitsis leqsebSi, maSin rodesac Tavad kitsma
dagvitova sakmaod ucnauri SeniSvnebi sakuTari praqtikis
Sesaxeb. (4) osip brikma (5) moaxdina bgeriTi figurebis
SesaZlo formebis klasifikacia sariTmo erTeulebSi
ganmeorebul bgeraTa ricxvis, ganmeorebaTa raodenobis,
bgeraTa adgilis da ganlagebis safuZvelze. es uaRresad
sasargeblo klasifikacia saWiroebs Semdgom dazustebas.
ganmeorebadi bgerebi SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos: stri
qonSi, erTmaneTTan axlos; bgeraTa erTi jgufis TavSi da
meore jgufis boloSi; erTi romelime striqonis bolos
da momdevno striqonis dasawyisSi; striqonebis dasawyisSi;
striqonebis bolos, ukanasknel poziciaze. bolodan meore
jgufi enaTesaveba anaforis stilistur movlenas. rac
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Seexeba ukanasknels, is moicavs iseT gavrcelebul movlenas,

rogoricaa riTma. am klasifikaciis Sesabamisad, riTma aris
bgeris ganmeorebis mxolod erT-erTi magaliTi, romelic
unda ganvixiloT iseT movlenebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa
aliteracia da asonansi.
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi bgeriTi
figurebi aucileblad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgeba;
isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom yovel enaSi aris fonemaTa
sakuTari sistema da aqedan gamomdinare, xmovanTa
opoziciebisa da paralelebis, agreTve _ TanxmovanTa
Tvisebebis
specifikuri
sistema;
bolos,
Znelia
gamohyo aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebi leqsis an striqonis
saerTo mniSvnelobisgan da tonisgan. romantikosebisa
da simbolistebis cdebi, simRerasTan da musikasTan
gaeigivebinaT poezia, TiTqmis metaforaa, radgan poezia
ver Seedreba musikas wminda bgerebis mravalferovnebis,
sicxadisa da organizebis formebis mxriv. imisaTvis, rom
lingvisturi bgerebi gadaiqces xelovnebis faqtad, saWiroa
mniSvneloba, konteqsti da `toni~.
es SeiZleba naTlad warmovadginoT riTmis analizis
safuZvelze. riTma uaRresad rTuli fenomenia. mas aqvs
Tavisi martivi evfoniuri funqcia, rac gamoixateba
bgeraTa ganmeorebiT (an maTi msgavsebiT). henri lancma
aCvena Tavis naSromSi `riTmis fizikuri safuZveli~, (6)
_ rom xmovanTa gariTmva ganisazRvreba maTi obertonebis
ganmeorebiT. magram imis miuxedavad, rom bgeriTi aspeqti,
albaT, ZiriTadia, aSkaraa, rom is riTmis mxolod erT-erT
aspeqts warmoadgens. esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT
ufro mniSvnelovania misi metruli funqcia: riTma gvamcnobs
leqsis striqonis dasrulebis Sesaxeb, anda warmogvidgeba
rogorc strofis maorganizebeli, zogjer _ misi erTaderTi
maorganizebeli faqtori. magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo
sakiTxi is aris, rom riTmas aqvs Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba,
da amis gamo igi mniSvnelovanwilad aris CarTuli mTlianad
poeturi nawarmoebis struqturaSi. riTma awyvilebs sityvebs,
akavSirebs maT Tundac kontrastiT. SeiZleba gamovyoT
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riTmis aseTi semantikuri funqciis ramdenime aspeqti.

SesaZlebelia vikiTxoT, ra semantikuri funqcia aqvs im
marcvlebs, romlebsac riTma akavSirebs da aerTianebs: sad
SeiZleba amovicnoT riTma sufiqsSi (character - register), fuZeSi
(drink - think), Tu oriveSi (passion-fashion). SeiZleba vikiTxoT,
romel semantikuri sferodan aris SerCeuli sariTmo
sityvebi: davuSvaT, rom isini miekuTvnebian erT an ramdenime
lingvistur kategorias (es SeiZleba iyos metyvelebis nawili
an gansxvavebuli brunvebi). SeiZleba davinteresdeT imiT, Tu
rogoria semantikuri urTierToba sariTmo sityvebs Soris _
ganekuTvnebian isini imave semantikur konteqsts, romelsac
ekuTvnis bevri Cveulebrivi wyvili (vTqvaT, heart-part, fears-tears),
Tu gvaoceben swored sruliad gansxvavebuli semantikuri
sferoebis asociaciiTa da SefardebiT. Tavis SesaniSnav
statiaSi (7) v.k. uimseti swavlobs aseT efeqtebs poupTan da
baironTan, romlebic miznad isaxaven mkiTxvelze gamaognebeli
STabeWdilebis moxdenas iseTi sityvebis kontrastuli
SepirispirebiT, dawyvilebiT, rogorebicaa Qeens screens,
elope Pope, mahogany philogeny. bolos, SeiZleba davadginoT
is zRvari, sadamdec riTmas `ufleba eZleva~, Tavisi roli
Seasrulos leqsis srul konteqstSi. ramdenad gamarTlebulia,
rom sariTmo sityvebi aRviqvaT, rogorc martooden `leqsis
Semavsebeli erTeuli~, anda piriqiT: SegviZlia Tu ara
davadginoT leqsis an strofis mniSvneloba martooden mis
sariTmo sityvebze dayrdnobiT? riTmebma SeiZleba Seadginon
strofis ConCxi an xerxemali, anda maTi roli SeiZleba imdenad
umniSvnelo iyos, rom maTi arseboba Znelad Tu SeimCneva
(magaliTad, brauningis `ukanasknel hercoginiaSi~).
SesaZlebelia riTmis kvleva da Seswavla h.k. uaildis
kvalobaze (8) enis istoriisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT
(poupma gariTma join da shrine); rac Seexeba literaturul
miznebsa da amocanebs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom `sizustis~
standartebi sxvadasxvagvaria poetikis sxvadasxva skolaSi,
da cxadia, sxvadasxva erSi. raki inglisurSi Warbobs
`vaJuri riTma, amitom `qaluri~ an sammarcvliani riTma
Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda burleskSi, an kidev komikuri
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literaturis Teoria

efeqtis misaRwevad, maSin rodesac Sua saukuneebis

laTinurSi, italiurSi da polonurSi `qaluri~ riTmebi
aucilebelia yvelaze seriozul konteqstSi. inglisur
enaSi saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebul TaviseburebasTan: es
aris `mxedvelobiTi riTma~, sadac kavSiri emyareba ara
JReradobas, aramed marTlweraSi Tanxvedras. aq gvxvdeba
omonimuri riTma, rogorc kalamburis erTgvari forma,
gamoiyeneba sxvaoba ama Tu im epoqisa da sxvadaxva regionis
gamoTqmis normebSi, calkeuli poetebi mimarTaven
specifikur sariTmo modelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela
problema jer arc gvixsenebia. inglisur enaze ar arsebobs
aranairi gamokvleva, romelic Seedreba viqtor Jirmunskis
wigns riTmis Sesaxeb, (9) romelSic riTmis efeqtebi
gacilebiT ufro detalurad aris klasificirebuli, vidre
winamdebare naSromSi da asaxulia riTmis istoria ruseTisa
da evropis mTavari qveynebis poeziaSi.
unda ganvasxvavoT es bgeriTi figurebi, romlebSic
gadamwyvetia xmovnis an Tanxmovnis xarisxi (rogorc es xdeba
aliteraciaSi) da, meore mxriv, bgeraTmibaZva. am sakiTxs
didi yuradRebiT ekidebian, radgan swored aseT imitacias
emyareba zogierTi cnobili virtuozuli pasaJi poeziaSi,
meore mxriv ki es bgeraTmibaZva mWidrod ukavSirdeba ufro
adrindel mistikur koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmad bgera
Seesatyviseba aRsaniSn sagans. sakmarisia gavixsenoT poupis
an sauTis ramdenime pasaJi, an kidev is, Tu rogor cdilobdnen
meCvidmete
saukuneSi,
marTlac
ganexorcielebinaT
samyaros musikis intonireba (mag., harSderferi germaniaSi)
(10). saerTod ugulebelyofil iqna warmodgena, rom
sityvas `sworad~ SeuZlia gamoxatos sagani an moqmedeba:
Tanamedrove lingvistika ufro ixreba im poziciisken, rom
sagangebo klasad gamohyos sityvaTa gansakuTrebuli jgufi,
romelsac `onomatopoeturi~ ewodeba. es is sityvebia,
romlebic, garkveulwilad, unda vigulisxmoT enis Cveuli
bgeriTi sistemis miRma da romlebic aSkarad cdiloben
gagonili bgerebis imitacias (cuckoo, buzz, bang, miaow). Zneli
ar aris imis Cveneba, rom sxvadasxva enaSi identur bgeraTa
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

kombinacias SeiZleba aRmoaCndes gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba

(mag. Rock germanulad `pijaks~ niSnavs, xolo inglisurad
`did qvas~; amave dros, igive sityva rusulad - `beds~
aRniSnavs, xolo Cexurad `weliwads~); zogierTi bunebrivi
bgera sxvadasxvagvarad gamoixateba sxvadasxva enaSi (mag.,
ring, sonner, lauten, ). jon krou rensomma gvaCvena, rom
iseTi striqonis bgeriTi efeqti, rogoric aris murdering of
innumerable bees, marTlac damokidebulia mis mniSvnelobaze.
sakmarisia, odnavi cvlileba SevitanoT am striqonSi da es
fraza vaqcioT murdering of innumerable beeves-ad, rom umal
gaqreba imitaciis efeqti. (11)
da mainc, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove
lingvistebma tyuilubralod daaknines am problemis mniSv
neloba; garda amisa, es problema saerTod ugulebelyves
iseTma kritikosebma, rogorebic aris riCardsi da rensomi.
saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT sami sxvadasxva done.
pirveli: arsebobs fizikuri bgerebis faqtobrivi imitacia,
romelic cxadia warmatebulia (`gu-gu-s msgavs magaliTze),
Tumc ki aq bevri ramaa damokidebuli enis lingvistur
sistemaze. garda amisa, aseTi bgeriTi imitacia aucileblad
unda ganvasxvavoT rTuli da daxvewili `bgerwerisgan~ _ aq
vgulisxmobT bunebriv bgeraTa reproduqcias sametyvelo
bgerebiT iseT konteqstSi, sadac sityvebi, romlebsac
Tavad araferi aqvT saerTo onomatopoetur efeqtTan,
CarTulebi aRmoCndebian iseT bgeriT figurebSi, rogoricaa
innumerable tenisonis citataSi, an bevri sityva homerosisa
da virgiliusis poemaTa pasaJebSi. dabolos, arsebobs kidev
bgeriTi simbolizmis anda bgeriTi metaforis done, romelmac
yovel enaSi Camoayaliba normebi da moTxivnebi. gamoxatvis
eqspresiulobis TvalsazrisiT, moris gramonma uaRresad
srulyofilad da maxvilgonivrulad gamoikvlia franguli
leqsi, moaxdina yvela franguli Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis
klasifikacia da Seiswavla am bgeraTa gamomsaxvelobiTi
efeqti sxvadasxva poetTan.(12) magaliTad, wminda xmovnebs
ZaluZT gamoxaton simcire, siswrafe, gatacebuloba,
sifaqize, da misT.
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literaturis Teoria

gramonis gamokvlevas SeiZleba bralad davdoT

subieqturoba, magram yoveli enobrivi sistemis SigniT mainc
arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba movixsenioT rogorc sityvaTa
`fiziognomika~, anu gacilebiT ufro gavrcelebuli bgeriTi
simbolizmi, vidre ubralo onomatopea. eWvsgareSea, rom yvela
ena gajerebulia sinesTeziuri, anu Tanmdevi kombinaciebiT
da asociaciebiT. poetebmac aqtiurad gamoiyenes aseTi
Sesatyvisobebi, rac maTi mxriv savsebiT swori nabiji iyo.
iseTi leqsSi, rogoricaa rembos cnobili `xmovnebi~, calkeul
xmovanTa da ferTa urTierTkavSirebi, SeiZleba sulac
axirebas hgavdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZnebian farTod
cnobil tradicias. (13) amasTan, faqtia, rom akustikuli
eqsperimentebiT damtkicda myari asociacia wina xmovnebsa (e
da i) da wvril, Txel, swraf, naTel da mbzinav sagnebs Soris,
agreTve, ukana xmovnebsa (o da u) da tlanq, nel, uRimRamo da
muqi feris sagnebs Soris. (14) karl Stumpfma da volfgang
kelerma, agreTve, aCvenes, rom Tanxmovnebi SeiZleba daiyos
muqad (labilurad da velarulad, anu ukanasasismierad)
da naTlad (dentalurad/ kbilismierad da palatalurad).
maT ver miviCnevT Cveulebriv metaforebad, radgan esaa
asociaciebi, romlebic efuZneba bgeras da fers Soris aSkara
msgavsebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva Sesabamisi sistemebis
struqturebSi. (15) arsebobs `bgerisa da mniSvnelobis~ zogadi
enobrivi problema (16) da, calke, literaturul nawarmoebSi
maTi urTierTmimarTebebis gamoyenebis problema. rac Seexeba
am ukanasknels, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqamde mis Seswavlas
naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda.
ritmsa da metrTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
gansxvavdeba
im
sakiTxebisgan,
romlebic
vaxseneT
`orkestrirebis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. am problemebs mieZRvna
uamravi gamokvleva. cxadia, rom ritmis problema araa
specifikuri arc literaturisaTvis, da arc, saerTod,
enisaTvis. arsebobs bunebisa da Sromis ritmi, sinaTlis
signalebis, musikis ritmi, da, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT,
plastikuri xelovnebis ritmic. garda amisa, ritmi, agreTve,
warmoadgens saerToenobriv fenomens. aq ar SevCerdebiT im
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

uamrav Teoriaze, romlebic mis realur bunebas ikvlevs.

(17) rac Seexeba Cvens uSualo miznebs da saWiroebebs,
sakmarisia, Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, `perioduloba~
aris ritmis sine qua non, ganvasxvavoT im Teoriebisgan,
romlebSic ritmis cnebas ufro farTod ganixilaven da
mas araganmeorebad moZraobebsac ki miakuTvneben. pirveli
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ritmi gaigivebulia metrTan
da amitom unda ugulebelvyoT `prozis ritmis~ cneba,
romelic ubralo metaforad warmogvidgeba. (18) meore
Tvalsazrisi ufro farToa. mas aSkarad ganamtkicebs
siversis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi individualuri
metyvelebis ritmis sferoSi, agreTve _ mravalricxovani
musikaluri movlenebi, magaliTad, xalxuri simRerebi da
ekzotikuri musika, romlebSic ar SeiniSneba perioduloba,
mainc ritmuloba ueWvelad sagrZnobia. amgvarad gaazrebuli
ritmi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT individualuri
metyvelebis da, saerTod, prozis ritmi. Zneli ar aris imis
danaxva, rom prozas aqvs garkveuli ritmi, da SeiZleba
nebismieri prozauli winadadebis skandireba, danawevreba,
anu dayofa grZel da mokle, maxvilian da umaxvilo
marcvlebad. am xerxis SesaZleblobebi jer kidev meTvramete
saukuneSi gamoavlina mweralma joSua stilma; (19) amJamad ki
arsebobs didZali literatura, romelic eZRvneba vrceli
prozauli nawyvetebis analizs. ritmi uSualod ukavSirdeba
`melodias~, intonaciis im xazs, romelsac gansazRvravs
da ganapirobebs tonebis Tanamimdevroba; termini `ritmi~
imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom moicavs ritmsac da
melodiasac. saxelganTqmuli germaneli filologi eduard
siversi saubrobda individualur metyvelebaSi ritmisa da
intonaciis gansxvavebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb; otmar rutci
akavSirebda maT sunTqvasTan da sxeulis pozebis specifikur
fiziologiur tipebTan. (20) imis miuxedavad, rom bevrma
scada gamoeyenebina es kvlevebi mxolod literaturuli
miznebisaTvis, raTa daedgina Sesabamisobebi literaturul
stilTa da rucis tipebs Soris, (21) mainc migvaCnia, rom es
sakiTxi literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.
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literaturis Teoria

literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ganekuTvneba iseTi

problemebi, rogorebicaa prozis ritmis buneba, ritmuli
prozis Tavisebureba da gamoyeneba _ magaliTad, zogierTi
pasaJisa bibliis inglisur TargmanSi, an ser tomas braunis,
reskinis da de kvinsis nawerebisa, sadac ritmi da zogjer
melodiac `ZaliT agrZnobinebs Tavs~ Tundac uyuradRebo
mkiTxvels. mxatvruli prozis ritmis kvleva mniSvnelovan
siZneleebs ukavSirdeba. Tavis cnobil wignSi `prozis
ritmi~ v.m. patersoni (22) cdilobs ganmartos prozis ritmi,
rogorc rTuli sinkopirebis sistema. jorj sentsberis
Zalze solidur `inglisuri prozis ritmis istoriaSi~ (23)
ganuwyvetliv meordeba azri, rom prozis ritmi efuZneba
`arCevans da sxvadasxvaobas~, magram gansazRvruli araa misi
xasiaTi da buneba. sentsberiseuli `axsna-ganmarteba~ rom
swori yofiliyo, maSin cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneboda saubari
raime ritmze. magram faqtia, rom sentsberi yuradRebas
amaxvilebda mxolod im safrTxeze, rom prozis ritmi ar
gaigivebuliyo metrul sqemebTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRes
dikensis bevri pasaJi, romlebic dawerilia ritmuli proziT,
ulazaTo da sentimentalur gadaxrebad warmogvidgeba.
prozis ritmis sxva mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian mxolod
erT sakmaod gamokveTil aspeqts `kadenciisa~, romelic
winadadebaTa
daboloebebis
ritms
aRniSnavs;
esaa
tradiciuli xerxi, romelsac saTave daedo jer kidev
romauli oratoruli prozis tradiciaSi. romaelebs hqondaT
sagangebo ritmebi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis da
sagangebo saxelwodebebic amgvari ritmebisTvis. `kadencia~,
gansakuTrebiT kiTxviTsa da Zaxilis winadadebebSi, nawi
lobriv warmoadgens melodiis problemasac. Tanamedrove
mkiTxvels gauZneldeba ganasxvavos laTinuri cursusis daxvewili ritmebi, rodesac laTinur nimuSebs baZaven
ingliseli avtorebi _ inglisur enaSi maxvilTa ganawileba
ar gamorCeva iseTi mkacri TanazomierebiT, romelic dama
xasiaTebelia grZeli da mokle xmovnebisTvis laTinurSi.
Tumca, mravladaa imis magaliTebic, rom inglisel avtorebs
araerTxel ucdiaT laTinuris analogiuri efeqtis miRweva
da es mcdelobebi zogjer warmatebuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT
meCvidmete saukuneSi. (24)
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

saerTod, prozis mxatvruli ritmi yvelaze ukeT

maSin ganixileba, Tu gvexsomeba, rom is aucileblad unda
ganvasxvavoT saerTo ritmisagan, sul erTia, prozis iqneba
is, Tu poeziis. prozis mxatvruli ritmi SeiZleba aRiweros,
rogorc yofiTi sametyvelo ritmebis organizacia.
Cveulebrivi prozisagan is gansxvavdeba maxvilis ganawilebis
ufro meti regularulobiT, magram aman ar unda miaRwios
aSkara izoqronizms (anu drois intervalis regularulobas
ritmul aqcentebs Soris). saerTod, Cveulebriv winadadebaSi
SeimCneva mniSvnelovani sxvaoba intensivobasa da tonalobas
Soris, maSin, rodesac ritmul prozaSi SeimCneva, rom moxdes
maxvilisa da tonalobis sxvaobis gaTanabrebis gamokveTili
tendencia. am problemaTa erT-erTma yvelaze warmatebulma
rusma mkvlevarma, boris tomaSevskim, romelmac es sakiTxebi
puSkinis `pikis qalis~ mixedviT gaaanaliza, statistikuri
meTodis safuZvelze aCvena, (25) rom winadadebebis Tavsa
da bolos atyvia ritmuli regularulobis ufro meti
tendencia, vidre winadadebis Sua nawils. regularulobisa
da periodulobis saerTo STabeWdilebas ufro aZlierebs
fonetikuri da sintaqsuri xerxebi, iqneba es bgeriTi
figurebi, sintaqsuri paralelizmi Tu azrobriv antiTezaTa
gaTanabreba, sadac Sinaarsis mTel struqturas ganamtkicebs
ritmuli saSualebebi. arsebobs yvelanairi gradacia,
dawyebuli TiTqmis araritmuli proziT (teqstSi gabneuli
winadadebebiT, romlebSic sagangebodaa gamoyofili
maxviliani elementebi), da damTavrebuli ritmuli proziT,
romelic saleqso metyvelebis regularulobas aRwevs.
leqsisken gardamaval mTavar formas frangebi uwodeben
verset-s. is gvxvdeba inglisur fsalmunebSi da iseT
mwerlebTan, romlebic iswrafvodnen bibliuri mxatvruli
reminiscenciebisken. aseTebi iyvnen osiani da klodeli.
verset-is yoveli meore aqcentirebuli marcvali ufro
mkveTrad aris gamoyofili da, amrigad iqmneba ormaxviliani
jgufebi dipodiuri [prosodiuli `ori nabijis~ gamomxatveli
erTeuli - mTargmn. SeniSvna] leqsis msgavsad.
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literaturis Teoria

zedmetia am xerxebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi. maT

marTlac aqvT xangrZlivi istoria, romelzec didi gavlena
moaxdina laTinurma oratorulma prozam. (26) inglisur
literaturaSi ritmulma prozam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia
meCvidmete saukuneSi iseT mwerlebTan, rogorebic arian
ser tomas brauni an jeremi teilori. is gzas uxsnis ufro
martiv sasaubro stilsa da diqcias meTvramete saukuneSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom saukunis dasasrulisTvis gaCnda
jonsonis, gibonis da biorkis axali `amaRlebuli stili~.
(27) mecxramete saukuneSi is sxvadasxvanairad `gaacocxles
de kvinsim, reskinma, emersonma da melvilma da Semdeg
isev Tumc ki gansxvavebuli principebidan gamomdinare
hertruda stainma da jeims joisma. safrangeTSi vxedavT
bosiues da Satobrianis didebul prozas, germaniaSi
nicSes ritmul prozas, ruseTSi vxvdebiT cnobil pasaJebs
gogolTan da turgenevTan, xolo mogvianebiT _ andrei
belis `ornamentul~ prozas.
ritmuli prozis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb
dava axlac grZeldeba, es Tema kvlav msjelobis sagania.
Tanamedrove tendenciis Sesabamisad, raTa daculi iyos
siwminde xelovnebasa da JanrebSi. dRevandel mkiTxvelTa
umetesobas urCevnia, rom poezia poeziad darCes, xolo
proza prozas hgavdes. igrZnoba, rom ritmuli proza
aRiqmeba narev formad da ar miiCneva arc prozad, arc
poeziad. magram, es albaT ufro Cveni drois kritikuli
`crurwmenaa. unda vifiqroT, rom ritmuli proza
iseve imsaxurebs dacvas, rogorc leqsi. WeSmaritad
maRalmxatvruli ritmuli proza gvexmareba, ufro srulad
aRviqvaT teqsti: is gamoyofs garkveul elementebs da,
amasTan, aerTianebs teqsts, gvagrZnobinebs gradaciebs,
avlens paralelizmebs; asrulebs maorganizebel funqcias,
xolo organizacia _ xelovnebaa.
prosodiis anu metrikis kvleva saukuneTa manZilze
udidesi rudunebiT mimdinareobda. sadReisod SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom saWiroa mxolod axali metrikuli nimuSebis
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

mimoxilva da rom, saerTod, isRa dagvrCenia, ganvixiloT

metrikis problemebi martooden uaxles poeziasTan
mimarTebaSi, romelic gamoirCeva leqsis novatoruli
organizaciiT. sinamdvileSi ki jerac daudgenelia TviT
metrikis principebi
da mTavari kriteriumebi; garda
amisa, sanimuSo traqtatebSic ki jer kidev vxvdebiT
bundovani mosazrebebisa da msjelobis magaliTebs da
SemTxvevebs, rodesac gamoyenebuli terminologia mcdari
da arazustia. sentsberis naSromi `inglisuri prosodiis
istoria, romlis sadari, araTu ukeTesi, arasodes araferi
Seqmnila arc doniT da arc diapazoniT, mTlianad emyareba
Camouyalibebel da bundovan Teoriul safuZvlebs.
sentsberi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ucnauri
empirizmi, kidec amayobs imiT, rom ar surs gansazRvros an
aRweros mainc Tavisive terminebi. magaliTad, igi axsenebs
grZliobasa da simokles, magram ver gadauwyvetia, ra sxvaobas
gulisxmobs es misi termini warmoTqmis xangrZlivobas Tu
maxvils.(28) Tavis `poeziis kvlevaSi~ blis peri cota ar
iyos, areulad da gaugebrad wers sityvaTa `wonis~ Sesaxeb,
axsenebs `SedarebiT xmamaRal JReradobas da tonalobas,
romliTac gamoxatulia maTi azri da mniSvneloba~. mcdari
warmodgenis da bundovanebis magaliTebi advilad moiZebneba
bevr sxva fundamentur naSromSi. maSinac ki, rodesac
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sworad aris Camoyalibebuli,
isini SeiZleba verc ki gaviazroT winaaRmdegobrivi
terminologiis gamo. amitom misasalmebelia t.s. omondis
daxvewili naSromi inglisuri metrikuli Teoriebis
istoriaze da palister barkasis sasargeblo mimoxilva
bolo xanebSi Camoyalibebuli Teoriebis Sesaxeb,(30)
radgan aseTi gamokvlevebi warmoadgens cdebs, ganmarton
gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi, Tumca ki, meore mxriv, Znelia
skeptikurad ar movekidoT avtorTa daskvnebs. rodesac
saqme exeba evropis kontinentze, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi,
safrangeTsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili Teoriebis veeba speqtrs,
maTi Seusabamobis SegrZneba kidev ufro gvimZafrdeba.
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literaturis Teoria

Cveni miznebisaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, ganvixiloT

metrikis TeoriaTa mxolod ZiriTadi tipebi da dawvri
lebiT aRar ganvixiloT maTsa da Sereul Teorias Soris
arsebuli sxvaoba. uZveles Teorias SeiZleba vuwodoT
`grafikuli~ prosodia, romelic warmoiSva renesansis
xanis saxelmZRvaneloebidan. es Teoria emyareba grZeli
da mokle grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebas, romlebic
inglisurSi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba maxviliani da uma
xvilo marcvlebis saCveneblad. grafikuli prosodiis
mimdevrebi saerTod cdiloben, moxazon metruli sqemebi an
sazomebi, romlebsac, savaraudod, zustad misdevs poeti.
maTi terminologia yvelas gviswavlia skolaSi, gagonili
gvaqvs iambis, troqes, anapestis da spondes Sesaxeb. es
terminebi kvlavac farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli,
da uaRresad gamosadegia Cveulebrivi aRwerisa da
msjelobisTvis, rodesac saqme exeba metrul sqemebs. da
mainc, es sistema, MmTlianad, sakmarisi araa, rac dRes farTod
aris aRiarebuli. am Teoriam, ZiriTadad, fexi moikida
saklaso oTaxebSi da ar scildeba dawyebiTi swavlebis
saxelmZRvaneloebs. Tumca, mas aqvs Tavisi Rirsebebic. is
yuradRebas amaxvilebs uSualod metrul sazomebze, magram
ar iTvaliswinebs umniSvnelo gadaxrebs da poetis pirad
kaprizebs, es ki is siZnelea, romelsac ver aarida Tavi
Tanamedrove sistemaTa umetesobam. grafikuli metrikis
mimdevrebma ician, rom metri ubralod JReradobis sakiTxi
ki ar aris, aramed, arsebobs metruli sazomi da miiCneven,
rom is `nagulisxmevia~ , xorcSesxmulia konkretul leqsSi.
meore tips warmoadgens `musikaluri~ Teoria,
romelic efuZneba im warmodgenas (TavisTavad, is sworia),
rom metri poeziaSi aris musikaluri ritmis analogi da
amitom mas yvelaze ukeT musikaluri notebiT gamovxatavT.
adrindeli inglisuri sanimuSo sistema Camoyalibebulia
sidni lenieris wignSi `swavleba inglisuri leqsisa~
(1880); ufro gviandeli periodis mkvlevarebma kidev ufro
daxvewes es Teoria da Tanamedrove xedvas miusadages. (31)
amerikaSi mas ganixilaven, rogorc aRiarebul Teorias,
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Tqma SeiZleba inglisuris

maswavlebelTa poziciisa da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
am sistemis Tanaxmad, yoveli marcvali ganekuTvneba erT
musikalur nots, romlis simaRle ar aris gansazRvruli.
notis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra sakmaod saorWofoa:
mokle marcvals miakuTvneben naxevarnots, xolo naxevrad
mokle marcvals meoTxed nots; Sesabamisad, mokle
marcvals Seesabameba mervedi noti da a.S. sazomebis daTvla
xdeba erTi aqcentirebuli marcvlidan meoreze, xolo
wakiTxvis siCqare sakmaod bundovnad aris gamoxatuli,
radgan sazomad SerCeulia 3/4 an 3/8, an kidev ufro iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi 3/2. aseTi sistemiT SesaZlebelia nebismieri
inglisuri teqstis warmodgena sanoto Canaweris saxiT, mag.,
Cveulebrivi inglisuri pentametris striqonisa, rogoric
gvxvdeba xolme poupTan.
Lo, the poor Indian whose untutored mind
SeiZleba
amrigad:

amoviweroT

rogorc

sami

mervedi,

da

Lo, the poor In di - an whose un tu - tored mind

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iambisa da troqes ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi sruliad axleburad unda gaviazroT: iambis
damaxasiaTebel niSnad warmogvidgeba anakruza, romelic
aRiqmeba rogorc arametruli elementi, an mas aerTianeben
wina striqonTan. yvelaze ufro rTuli metric ki SeiZleba
gadmoices aseTi notebiT, pauzebis saTanado ganawilebiT
da grZeli da mokle marcvlebis gamoyenebiT. (33)
am Teorias is upiratesoba aqvs, rom xazs usvams leqsis
tendencias izoqronizmisadmi da im xerxebs, romlebsac vi
yenebT kiTxvisas Senelebis an daCqarebisTvis, intervalTa
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literaturis Teoria

gazrdis an SemcirebisTvis. notebis gamoyeneba warmatebu

li iqneba `sasimRero~ leqsis SemTxvevaSi, magram sasaubro
an oratoruli tipis leqsisTvis is aSkarad Seuferebeli
iqneba; rac Seexeba Tavisufal an araizoqronul leqss,
aq notacia saerTod ar gamodgeba. am Teoriis zogierTi
mxardamWeri ubralod uaryofs Tavisufali leqsis
`leqsobas~. (34) musikis Teoretikosebi axasiaTeben baladis
metrs, rogorc `orterfians~ da warmatebiT aormageben
rTul sazomebs, (35) rodesac garkveuli metruli movle
nis ganmartebis mizniT SemoaqvT termini `sinkopireba~.
brauningis leqsSi:
The gray sea and the long black land
And the yellow half-moon large and low
sea da black pirvel striqonSi, agreTve _ half
meore striqonSi, sinkopirebulia. aSkaraa musikaluri
Teoriis upiratesoba. man didi roli Seasrula dog
matizmis damarcxebaSi, gaaadvila im sazomTa kvleva da
Cawera, romlebic saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli ar iyo.
magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT ramdenime rTuli sa
zomi suinbernTan, mereditTan da brauningTan. magram am
Teorias aqvs seriozuli xarvezebic: masSi individualuri
interpretacia da sadavo wakiTxva absoluturad ar izRu
deba; garda amisa, es Teoria mTlianad spobs ganmasxva
vebel niSnebs poetebsa da poetur skolebs Soris, radgan
dahyavs yvela leqsi monotonuri taqtis ramdenime tipamde.
es Teoria amarTlebs da xels uwyobs, zogadad, sruliad
sxvadasxvagvari leqsebis sasimRero tipis deklamacias. am
gziT miRweuli izoqronizmi odnav Warbobs subieqturobas.
am sistemaSi erTmaneTs enacvlebian bgerebi da pauzebi,
romlebmac erTmaneTi unda gaawonasworon...
metrikis mesame sistema _ akustikuri metrika _ sad
Reisod farTod aris aRiarebuli. igi efuZneba obieqtur
kvlevas da xSirad iyenebs iseT samecniero instruments,
rogoric aris oscilografi, romelic realuri faqtebisa
246

evfonia, ritmi da metri

da movlenebis Cawerisa da gadaRebis saSualebas iZleva.,

metrikis kvlevis mizniT siversma da saranma germaniaSi,
frangma veriem (romelic, ZiriTadad, inglisur masalas ik
vlevda) da amerikelma e.v. skripCerma (36) gamoiyenes bgeris
analizis mecnieruli teqnika. ZiriTadi Sedegebi mokled
aris Camoyalibebuli uilber l. Sramis wignSi `inglisuri
leqsmcodneobis Sesavali~. (37) akustikulma metrikam
mkafiod gansazRvra sxvaoba metris warmomqmnel elementebs
Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, dRes aRar arsebobs mizezi, raTa
ar SevafasoT toni, xmis simaRle, tembri da warmoTqmis
dro, radgan isini ganpirobebulia iseT fizikuri da
gazomvadi faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa sixSire, amplituda,
forma da molaparakis mier warmoTqmuli bgeriTi talRebis
sixSire, amplituda, forma da grZlioba. Cven ise mkafiod
SegviZlia gadaviRoT an grafikulad gamovsaxoT fizikuri
xelsawyoebiT aRmoCenili momentebi, rom sirTules ar
warmoadgens nebismieri deklamaciis umciresi detalis
Seswavlac ki. oscilografs SeuZlia gviCvenos, raoden
xmamaRla warmosTqva ama Tu im mkiTxvelma esa Tu is
poeturi striqoni, ra dro dasWirda saamisod da rogor
icvleboda tonaloba deklamaciis procesSi. `dakarguli
samoTxis~ pirveli striqoni iZleva rxevebis iseT suraTs,
romelic waagavs seismografis saSinel oscilacias
miwisZvris dros. (38) rasakvirvelia, es didi miRwevaa, da
zusti mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebis mravali momxre
(romelTa Soris, rasakvirvelia, aris bevri amerikeli)
askvnis, rom es sizuste sworupovaria. meore mxriv, aSkaraa,
rom laboratoriuli metrika ar iTvaliswinebs teqstis
mniSvnelobas (da kidec moeTxoveba aseTi damokidebulebis
gamomJRavneba): is askvnis, rom ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac
marcvlad moixsenieben, vinaidan arsebobs xmis kontinuumi;
rom ar arsebobs cneba sityvisa, vinaidan oscilografi
ver warmoaCens mis zRvars; da rom melodiac ar arsebobs,
am sityvis mkacri mniSvnelobiT, radgan tons, romlis
`gaxmovaneba~ mxolod xmovnebs SeuZliaT, mudam arRvevs
sxvadasxva kategoriis xmauri. akustikuri metrika, agreTve,
247

literaturis Teoria

yovelTvis aCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs mkveTri izoqronizmi,

vinaidan TvalsaCinoa zomaTa praqtikuli xangrZlivobis
cvalebadoba. ar arsebobs arc dafiqsirebuli `grZeli da
mokle~ marcvlebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglisurSi mainc,
vinaidan fizikurad `mokle~ marcvalma SeiZleba sigrZiT
gadaaWarbos `grZel~ marcvals.
akustikuri metrikis sargeblianobis aRiarebasTan
erTad, am `mecnierebis~ uSualo safuZvlebTan dapirispi
reba imdenad advilia, rom es momenti Zalze akninebs mis
Rirebulebas literaturaTmcodneTa TvalSi. mcdaria
TviT is varaudi, rom oscilografiT dadgenili aRmoCenebi
uSualod ukavSirdeba metrikis Seswavlas. taepis warmoTq
mis dro dro warmoadgens molodinis dros. (39) garkveuli
drois monakveTis Semdeg, Cven veliT ritmul signals,
magram aseTi perioduloba aucileblad rodi unda iyos
imdenad zusti, da arc signali unda iyos imdenad Zlieri,
rogorc moveliT. eWvsgareSea, rom musikaluri metrikais
Tvalsazrisi drois, maxvilisa da tonis ganmasxvavebel
niSanTa SefardebiTobisa da subieqturobis Taobaze
sworia da marTebuli. magram saqme isaa, rom akustikuri da
musikaluri metrika xasiaTdeba erTi zogadi defeqtiT, an
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, `SezRudulobiT~. rogorc wesi,
isini emyarebian mxolod JReradobas, deklamatoris mier
teqstis erTjerad an mravaljerad wakiTxvas. akustikuri
da musikaluri metrikis Sedegebi damajerebelia mxolod
erTi romelime konkretuli deklamaciis mimarT. aq
gaTvaliswinebuli araa is faqti, rom deklamatorma
SeiZleba leqsi waikiTxos sworad an SecdomiT, SeuZlia
daamatos garkveuli elementebi, daamaxinjos, anda saerTod
ugulebelyos sazomi.
iseTi striqoni, rogoricaa
Silent upon a peak in Darien
SeiZleba wavikiTxoT marTebuli metruli formiT:
Silnt upn a pak in Drien, an rogorc proza: Slent upn a pak
in Drien, an sulac sxvanairad, ise, rom erTmaneTs SevuwyoT
metruli sqema da prozis ritmi. sityva slent -is nacvlad
248

evfonia, ritmi da metri

silnt-is gagonebaze, Cven rogorc inglisurad mosaubreni,

SevigrZnobT bunebrivi metyvelebis normaTa darRvevas
da amas wina striqonebis metruli sqemis zemoqmedebiT
avxsniT. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom esaa `moZravi maxvili~
_ kompromisuli gadawyvetileba or ukidures ganmartebas
Soris; magram aseT SemTxvevaSic taepis wakiTxvis, specifi
kuri Sesrulebis safuZvelze mainc ver gavaanalizebT
prosodias, romlis arss warmoadgens daZabuloba,
`kontrapunqti~ metrul sqemasa da prozis ritms Soris.
martooden akustikuri Tu musikaluri meTodebiT
leqsis metruli organizaciis Seswavla SeuZlebelia.
magaliTad, `musikaluri~ metrikis erT-erTi saukeTeso
specialistis, jorj r. stiuartis azriT, `SeiZleba arse
bobdes leqsi azris gareSe~, da raki `metri arsebiTad da
moukidebelia azrisagan, amitom marTebulia, vcadoT da
warmovadginoT nebismieri striqonis metruli struqtura
am striqonis mniSvnelobisgan izolirebulad~. (40) veries
da saranis SexedulebiT, unda davemsgavsoT ucxoels, rome
lic ise usmens leqss, rom ar esmis misi ena. (41) es idea, rome
lic praqtikulad savsebiT ganuxorcielebelia da romel
sac ugulebelyofs TviT stiuartic, (42) sabediswero
Sedegebs moutanda metrikis literaturul kvlevas. Tu
ar mivaqcevT yuradRebas mniSvnelobas, maSin, faqtobrivad,
ugulebelvyofT sityvis da frazis cnebas, da, Sesabamisad,
xels viRebT im sxvaobaTa gaanalizebis SesaZleblobaze,
romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva avtoris leqsebs Soris.
inglisuri
leqsi
mniSvnelovanwilad
ganisazRvreba
sintaqsuri struqturis, ritmuli impulsisa da TviT
metyvelebis realuri ritmis (romelsac ganapirobebs
frazebad dayofa) SepirispirebiT. meore mxriv, es frazebad
dayofa xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac gavecnobiT leqsis
azrsa da mniSvnelobas.
amitom rusi formalistebi (43) cdilobdnen moeZeb
naT sruliad axali safuZveli metrikisTvis. maT Seusaba
mod CaTvales termini `terfi~, vinaidan arsebobs bevri
leqsi, romelTac saerTod ara aqvs aseTi `terfebi~. Tumca
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literaturis Teoria

subieqturad SesaZlebelia, rom izoqronizmi mivusadagoT

bevri tipis leqss, magram is mainc SezRudulia leqsTwyobis
cnobili tipebiT da ar eqvemdebareba obieqtur analizs.
rus formalistebs miaCniaT (da kidec davoben am Temaze),
rom terfis cnebasa da izoqronulobis principze damya
rebuli Teoriebi arasworad gansazRvravs poeturi ritmis
fundamentur erTeuls. Tu leqss ganvsazRvravT rogorc,
ubralod, romelime maxviliani marcvalis irgvliv (an grZeli
marcvalis garSemo, kvantitatur sistemebSi) dajgufebul
segmentebs, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom arsebobs imave tipis
dajgufebebi (ufro metic, dajgufebaTa mimdevrobebi) iseTi
tipis lingvistur gamoTqmebSi, romlebic ar miekuTvneba
poezias. amrigad, ritmis fundamentur erTianobas
warmoadgens ara terfi, aramed mTeli taepi es aris
daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamoitano rusebis mier esoden
atacebuli da gaziarebuli Gestaltis saerTo Teoriidan.
`terfebi~ ar arsebobs damoukideblad, maTi arsebobis
SemCneva SeiZleba mxolod mTel leqsTan mimarTebaSi. yovel
maxvils aqvs sakuTari Taviseburebebi, rasac gansazRvravs
misi mdgomareoba da adgili leqsSi iqneba es pirveli,
meore Tu mesame terfi, da a.S. leqsis maorganizebeli
erTeuli sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva enaSi da metrul sistemebSi.
es SeiZleba iyos `melodia~, anu tonTa Tanamimdevroba,
romelic zogierT Tavisufal leqsSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes is
erTaderTi niSani, romelic mas prozisagan ganasxvavebs. (44)
Tu ver varkvevT konteqstiT an taepis grafikuli formiT
(rac Taviseburi mimaniSnebeli signalis rols asrulebs),
rom Tavisufali leqsis pasaJi swored leqss warmoadgens,
SeiZleba is wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi proza da verc
gavarCioT prozisgan. da mainc, SesaZlebelia misi wakiTxva
rogorc leqsisa, Tu marTlac gansxvavebulad, gansxvavebuli
intonaciiT wavikiTxavT. rusma formalistebma mravali
magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze daasabuTes, rom es
intonacia mudam ornawiliania, anu dipodiuri; da Tu
ugulebelvyofT am intonacias, leqsi aRar iqneba leqsi da
mxolod ritmul prozad gadaiqceva.
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

Cveulebrivi metruli leqsis Seswavlisas rusi mkvle

vrebi avlenen mimarTebebs metrsa da metyvelebis ritms
Soris statistikuri meTodebis meSveobiT. leqsi gaaz
rebulia rogorc rTuli kontrapunqtuli organizacia,
romlis erT-erT elements warmoadgens metyvelebis maor
ganizebeli metri, meores ki _ metyvelebis Cveulebrivi
ritmi; formalistTa moulodneli da STambeWdavi
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, leqsi warmoadgens `organizebul Za
ladobas~, rac xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis
mimarT. metruli sqemisgan isini ganasxvaveben `ritmul
impulss~. metruli sqema statikuria, grafikuli. `ritmuli
impulsi~ dinamikuria, ganviTarebadi. Cven winaswar
moveliT signalebs, romlebic aucileblad iCenen Tavs.
xdeba ara marto drois, aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxva
elementebis organizebac. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmuli
impulsi zemoqmedebs ara mxolod sityvaTa SerCevaze,
aramed sintaqsur struqturaze, da aqedan gamomdinare,
leqsis saerTo azrsa da mniSvnelobaze.
formalistTa mier gamoyenebuli statistikuri
meTodi Zalze martivia. rodesac vaanalizebT nebismier
leqss an leqsis nawils, xdeba _ ama Tu im marcvalTan
mimarTebaSi _ im SemTxvevebis procentis daTvla, sadac
maxvili ecema am marcvals. Tu pentametris iambur taepSi
metri absoluturad sworia, maSin pirvel marcvalTan
dakavSirebiT, statistika aCvenebs nul procents, meore
marcvalze as procents, mesameze nuls, meoTxeze
ass, da a.S. es SegviZlia grafikulad gamovsaxoT, Tu
horizontalur xazze aRvniSnavT marcvalTa raodenobas,
xolo vertikalurze _ maxvilianobis procents. cxadia,
aseTi regularuli leqsi iSviaTia, Tundac im martivi
mizezis gamo, rom is Zalze monotonuri iqneba. leqsTa
umravlesobaSi SeimCneva sazomisa da misi realuri ganxor
cielebis urTierTdaumTxvevloba; mag., TeTr leqsSi
SeiZleba mravlad Segvxvdes iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac
maxvili ecema pirvel marcvals, da es cnobili movlena
moixsenieba rogorc `troqeuli terfi~, an `moZravi
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literaturis Teoria

maxvili~, anda `Senacvleba~. grafikze vertikaluri xazebi

erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdeba, magram Tu es
mainc pentametria, Tu poets pentametriT wera surda, am
grafikSi vertikaluri xazebi ufro maRali iqneba 2, 4, 6
da 8 marcvlebze. rasakvirvelia, am statistikur meTods
TavisTavadi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, magram is moicavs mTel
leqss da avlens im tendenciebs, romlebic sakmarisad
mkafiod araa gamoxatuli ama Tu im fragmentSi. am meTodis
meore upiratesoba isaa, rom misi meSveobiT TvalsaCinod
ikveTeba gansxvavebebi poetur skolebsa da calkeul
poetebs Soris. is gansakuTrebiT nayofieria rusul
poeziasTan mimarTebaSi, radgan rusulSi yovel sityvas
mxolod erTi maxvili aqvs (damatebiTi intonaciuri
niuansebi maxvilebi ki araa, aramed mxolod sunTqvis gziT
warmoqmnili erTgvari aqcentebi). inglisurSi amgvari
statistikuri gamoTvlebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli
saqmea, radgan masSi mravladaa damatebiTi maxvilebi,
agreTve _ enklitikebi da proklitikebi.
metrikis rusi specialistebi sagangebo yuradRebas
uTmoben im faqts, rom idealuri metruli sazomebi
sxvadasxvagvaradaa xorcSesxmuli sxvadasxva skolaSi da
sxvadasxva avtorTan; amasTan, yovel skolas, zogjer ki
avtors, aqvs sakuTari metruli kanoni, da gamarTlebuli
ar aris msjeloba maT Sesaxeb erTi konkretuli dogmis
safuZvelze.
versifikaciis
istoria
warmogvidgeba,
rogorc maradiuli konfliqti sxvadasxva normas Soris
da erTi ukiduresobas swrafad enacvleba meore. rusi
mkvlevrebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven im faqtsac, rom SeiniSneba
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba versifikaciis im sistemebs
Soris, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xalxis poeziaSi.
leqsTwyobis sistemebis Cveuli klasificireba silabur,
tonur da kvantitatur kategoriebad ara marto ar aris
sakmarisi, aramed arasworicaa. magaliTad, serbulxorvatul da finur eposSi Tavs iCens samive principi:
silaburi, tonuri da kvantitaturi. Tanamedrove
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

kvlevebma cxadyo, rom laTinurma prosodiam, romelic

wminda kvantitatur prosodiad iTvleboda, sinamdvileSi
mniSvnelovani modifikacia ganicada im yuradRebis
zegavleniT, romliTac ekidebodnen maxvils da sityvaTa
daboloebebs. (45)
enebi gansxvavdebian im elementebis Sesabamisad,
romlebic warmoadgenen maTi ritmis baziss. aSkaraa, rom
inglisur enaSi aseTi elementia maxvili, kvantitaturoba ki
am enaSi maxvilianobas eqvemdebareba; mniSvnelovani ritmuli
funqcia ekisreba sityvaTa daboloebebsac. gasaocaria
ritmuli sxvaoba im striqonebs Soris, romelTagan erTi
Sedgeba mxolod monosilaburi sityvebisgan, meore
ki
mxolod polisilaburi sityvebisagan. Cexur enaSi
sityvaTa daboloebebi warmoadgens ritmis baziss, rasac
emateba aucilebeli maxvili; kvantitaturoba aq, ubralod,
mravalferovnebis Semomtani erT-erTi elementia. Ci
nurSi ritmis bazisi aris tonaloba, Zvel berZnulSi ki
kvantitaturoba, xolo toni da sityvaTa daboloebebi Zveli
berZnebisTvis mxolod mravalferovnebis ganmapirobebel
elementebs warmoadgenda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom poeziis istoriaSi versifikaciis
garkveuli sistemebs enacvleboda sxva sistemebi, ar
SeiZleba vimsjeloT `progresze~ an davgmoT Zveli
sistemebi, rogorc ufro gviandeli sistemebis ubralo
winaresafexuri. didi xnis manZilze rusulSi gabatonebuli
iyo silabizmi, xolo CexurSi kvantitaturi prosodia.
savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo sruli revolucia moexdinaT
inglisuri leqsTwyobis istoriis (Coseridan sereimde)
kvlevaSi, Tu gaiazrebdnen, rom iseTi poetebi, rogorebic
iyvnen lidgeiti, housi da skeltoni, uvargis leqsebs ki ar
werdnen, aramed sakuTar metrul normebs iyenebdnen. (46)
SesaZlebelia agreTve reabilitacia gamoCenili poetebis
_ sidnis, spenserisa
da gebriel harvis mravalgzis
gakritikebuli mcdelobebisa, inglisurSi SemoetanaT
kvantitaturi sazomebi. es moZraoba warumatebeli
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aRmoCnda, magram istoriulad mniSvnelovani gamodga. misi

meSveobiT moxerxda silabikis im gaqvavebuli normebis
damsxvreva, romlebic gabatonebuli iyo ufro adreul
inglisur poeziaSi.
SesaZlebelia
metrikis
SedarebiTi
istoriac.
cnobilma frangma lingvistma, antuan meiem Tavis wignSi:
Les Origines indo-europeenes des metres grecs, Seadara Zveli
berZnuli da veduri metrebi imisaTvis, rom moexdina
indoevropuli metrikis sistemis rekonstruqcia;(47) roman
iakobsonma aCvena, rom iugoslavuri epikuri leqsi Zalian
axlosaa am uZveles metrTan, romelic iTavsebs silabur
striqonsac da mkacrad kvantitatur klauzulasac. (48)
SesaZlebelia davakvirdeT folkloruli leqsis sxvadasxva
tipebis istorias da maT gansxvavebebsac. saWiroa mkveTrad
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan epikuri reCitativi da
`melodiuri~ leqsi, romelsac iyeneben lirikaSi. yovel
enaSi epikuri leqsi ufro konservatiuli Cans, vidre
sasimRero leqsi; es ukanaskneli mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis
fonetikur Taviseburebebs da gacilebiT metad gamoirCeva
nacionaluri specifikiT, vidre eposi. maSinac ki, rodesac
saqme exeba Tanamedrove poezias, unda gvaxsovdes sxvaoba
oratorul, sasaubro da `melodiur~ leqss Soris, is
sxvaoba, romelsac ugulebelyofs metrikis inglisel
mkvlevarTa umetesi nawili, radgan musikaluri Teoriis
gavleniT, mTlianad arian dakavebuli sasimRero leqsis
kvleviT da problemiT. (49)
Zalze mniSvnelovan naSromSi, romelic mieZRvna mec
xramete saukunis rusul lirikas, (50) boris eixenbaumma
scada gaeanalizebina leqsis intonaciis roli `melodiur~,
`sasimRero~ leqsSi. man uaRresad damajereblad gviCvena,
rom rusulma romantikulma lirikam gamoiyena tripodiuli
sazomi, agreTve _ iseTi intonaciuri sqemebi, rogorebicaa
Zaxilis da kiTxviTi winadadebebi, da iseTi sintaqsuri
Targebi, rogoric aris paralelizmi, magram Cveni azriT,
man ver daasabuTa Tavisi centraluri Tezisi `sasimRero~
leqsSi intonaciis maformirebeli rolis Taobaze. (51)
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

SeiZleba eWviT SevxedoT rusuli Teoriebis bevr

elements, magram ver uarvyofT imas, rom erTi mxriv, maT
SeZles Tavi daeRwiaT leqsTmcodneobaSi Seqmnili Cixisgan,
xolo meore mxriv gaTavisuflebuliyvnen musikaluri
metris `mimdevrebis~ subieqtivizmisagan. bevri ram axlac
bundovania da winaaRmdegobrivi, magram sadReisod
metrikam aRidgina aucilebeli kontaqti lingvistikasTan
da literaturis semantikasTan. aSkaraa, rom bgera da metri
mxatvruli nawarmoebis rogorc mTlianobis elementebia.
Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia maTi Seswavla nawarmoebis
mniSvnelobisagan izolirebulad.

255

Tavi meToTxmete

stili da stilistika
*
ena marTlac warmoadgens literaturis masalas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi
ubralo `amonakrebia~ garkveuli enidan. daaxloebiT aseve
aRweren skulpturas: `marmarilos bloki, romelsac CamoT
lili aqvs ramdenime natexi~. wignSi `inglisuri poezia da
inglisuri ena~, f.v. beitsoni acxadebda, rom literatura,
zogadad, aris enis istoriis nawili da mTlianad maszea
damokidebuli: `Cemi Tezisis arsi isaa, rom epoqis
zemoqmedeba nawarmoebze unda ganisazRvros am nawarmo
ebis enidan, da ara poetis pirovnuli Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare. vfiqrob, poeziis WeSmariti istoria
warmoadgens im enobrivi Sris cvlilebaTa istorias,
romelsac ganekuTvneba droiTi TanmimdevrobiT dawerili
nawarmoebebi. da swored es enobrivi cvlilebebi ganicdian
socialuri da inteleqtualuri tendenciebis wnexs.~ (1)
beitsoni damajereblad asabuTebs, rom
poeziis
istoria mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis istorias. eWvsgareSea,
rom inglisuri poeziis evoluciis garkveul etapze
masSi aisaxa elisabedis xanis metyvelebis Tavisufali
sixalisec, meTvramete saukunis `mowesrigebuloba da
gamWvirvalebac~, da sityvis mniSvnelobis bundovanebac,
romelic viqtorianuli xanis inglisurisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. poeziis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs lingvisturi Teoriebi, mag., hobsis racionalizmi,
misTvis Cveuli maxviliT denotaciaze, azrisa da stilis
gamWvirvalebaze da mecnierul sizusteze yvelaferma aman
Zlieri gavlena iqonia inglisur poeziaze, Tumca es gavlena
xSirad arapirdapiri gziT xorcieldeboda.
amitom
unda daveTanxmoT karl foslers imaSi,
rom `zogierTi periodis mwerlobis ganxilva ufro
nayofierad ganxorcieldeba, Tu gavaanalizebT Sesabamis
256

stili da stilistika

enobriv garemosac, rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb

mniSvnelovania, vidre epoqis politikuri, socialuri,
religiuri tendenciebis, an kidev _ qveynis geografiuli
mdebareobisa da klimatis analizi~. (2)
poetis enobrivi Cvevebi, damokidebulebebi da
midrekilebebi SeiZleba fasobdes ara mxolod enobrivi
sistemis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavad misive
xelovnebis SecnobisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im
periodebsa da qveynebs, sadac upiratesobisaTvis ibrZvis
ramdenime lingvisturi norma. italiaSi literaturis
istoriis mkvlevrebi ar dauSveben `enis sakiTxis
ugulebelyofas.
literaturis
sferoSi
fosleris
gamokvleva Frankreichs Kultur im Spiegel seiner SprachentwicklungSi, iqca uwyveti interesis da gamoyenebis sagnad. ruseTSi
viqtor vinogradovma saguldagulod gaaanaliza rusuli
enis sxvadasxva elementi, romlebsac iyenebda puSkini
saeklesio slavuri, salaparako ena, agreTve galicizmebi
da tevtonizmebi. (3)
da mainc, cxadia, rom beitsonis daskvna gazviadebulia;
ver vityviT, rom enobriv cvlilebebs poezia pasiurad
aireklavs. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom enasa da literaturas
Soris dialeqtikuri damokidebulebaa: literaturam
Zalze didi gavlena iqonia enis ganviTarebaze. verc
Tanamedrove franguli da verc Tanamedrove inglisuri ver
gadaiqceoda im enad, rogoric dResaa, rom ara neoklasikuri
literatura;
Tanamedrove
germanulic
sxvagvari
iqneboda, rar SeiZleba literaturaze inteleqtualuri
an socialuri tendenciebis zegavlenis ugulebelyofac.
beitsonis azriT, meTvramete saukunis poezia gamWvirvale
da naTeli iyo, radgan TviT ena iyo gamWvirvale da naTeli.
ase rom, poeti valdebulia gamoiyenos mza masala da
ara aqvs mniSvneloba, racionalistia is Tu ara. magram
bleikis da kristofer smartis magaliTebi aaSkaravebs,
rom iracionaluri an antiracionaluri msoflaRqmisken
midrekili poetebi gardasaxavden maT Tanamedrove poetur
enas an aRadgendnen mis adreul formebs.
257

literaturis Teoria

TviT is Cveulebrivi faqti, rom SeiZleba davweroT

istoria, ara mxolod ideaTa, aramed Janrebis istoriac,
metruli sazomebisa da Temebis istoria, romelic moicavs
mwerlobas sxvadasxva enaze Seqmnil literaturas, cxadyofs,
rom literatura ver iqneba mTlianad damokidebuli
enaze. aSkaraa, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT,
erTi mxriv, poezia, xolo meore mxriv drama da romani.
beitsoni, pirvel yovlisa, emyareba poezias; da marTlac,
Znelia imis uaryofa, rom poezia, rodesac is sagangebod
aris organizebuli, Zalze mWidrod ukavSirdeba enas _ mis
JReradobas da mniSvnelobas.
mizezebi
met-naklebad
TvalsaCinoa.
metri
ganaxorcielebs enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis organizacias.
is aregulirebs prozis ritms, aaxloebs mas izoqronizmTan
da amrigad amartivebs urTierTmimarTebebs silabur
erTeulebs Soris. imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos xmovnebis
obertonebi an emociuri Seferiloba (tembri), is anelebs
temps da `agrZelebs~ xmovnebs; amartivebs da aregulirebs
intonacias _ metyvelebis melodias. (4) maSasadame, metris
daniSnuleba yofila sityvaTa aqtualizacia, miTiTeba
maTze da yuradRebis mipyroba teqstis bgeriT aspeqtze.
WeSmarit poeziaSi
sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebebi
mkveTradaa xazgasmuli.
poeziaSi mniSvneloba konteqstiT ganisazRvreba; Cven
aRviqvamT ara marto sityvis saleqsikono mniSvnelobas,
aramed _ mis sinonimTa da omonimTa erTgvar aurasac.
sityvebs ara marto sakuTari mniSvnelobebi aqvT,
aramed _ maT Tan sdevs sxva sityvaTa mniSvnelobebic,
romelTac isini ukavSirdebian fonetikurad, azrobrivad
an etimologiurad; metic, am ukanasknelTa ricxvs
miekuTvnebian TviT iseTi sityvebic, romlebic, TavianTi
mniSvnelobiT, upirispirdebian an saerTod gamoricxaven
mocemuli sityviT gamoxatul mniSvnelobas.
amrigad,
poeziis
kvlevisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs enis Seswavlas. rasakvirvelia, enis SeswavlaSi
Cven vgulisxmobT im sakiTxebs, romlebsac profesionali
258

stili da stilistika

enaTmecnierebi, Cveulebriv, an aknineben, anda saerTod ar

aqceven yuradRebas. garda im iSviaTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
metris da riTmis mkvlevars sWirdeba garkveuli lingvisturi
monacemebis Seswavla, Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodnes
veraviTar sargeblobas ver moutans istoriuli morfologia
an fonologia, an Tundac eqsperimentuli fonetika. magram
mas aucileblad dasWirdeba specifikuri tipis lingvistika,
upirveles yovlisa, leqsikologia, romelic Seiswavlis
sityvis mniSvnelobas da mis cvlilebebs. Zveli inglisuri
poeziis mkvlevars, romelsac surs sworad Caswvdes bevri
Zveli sityvis mniSvnelobas, aucileblad dasWirdeba
inglisuri enis leqsikoni. mas etimologiac ki daexmareba,
raTa gaigos miltoniseuli leqsikonis laTinizebuli
sityvebi, an kidev sityvaTwarmoeba hopkinsisa, romelic
germanuli nimuSebiT sargeblobda.
lingvisturi kvlevis mniSvneloba, rasakvirvelia,
ar Semoifargleba calkeuli sityvebis an frazebis
mniSvnelobaTa dadgeniT. literatura ukavSirdeba enis
yvela aspeqts. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, uwinaresad, bgeraTa
sistemaa, da, ese igi, SenarCevic mocemuli enis bgeraTa
sistemidan. Cvenma msjelobam evfoniaze, ritmze da metrze
gamoavlina, raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs lingvistur
varaudebs bevri aseTi problemisaTvis. magaliTad,
fonetikur analizs uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba
SedarebiTi metrikis sferosaTvis da sazomTa marTebuli
gansazRvrisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, literaturaTmcodnes ufleba ara
aqvs, gamijnos fonetikuri done azrobrivisgan. magram
meore mxriv, azrobrivi donec eqvemdebareba lingvistur
analizs. SeiZleba aRvweroT literaturuli nawarmoebis,
an Tundac nawarmoebTa nebismieri jgufis gramatika,
daviwyoT fonologiiT da morfologiiT, Semdeg gadavideT
leqsikaze (barbarizmebi, provincializmebi, arqaizmebi da
neologizmebi), bolos ki mivadgeT sintaqss (mag., inversia,
antiTeza da paralelizmi).
259

literaturis Teoria

arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT,

Tu rogor unda mivudgeT samwerlo enis Seswavlas.
lingvistikis
istoriis
kvlevisas
literaturuli
nawarmoebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mxolod rogorc
dokumenti. magaliTad, `bu da bulbuli~ an `ser gaveini
da mwvane raindi~ gamodgeba saimisod, raTa gamovavlinoT
Sua
saukuneebis
inglisuris
zogierTi
dialeqtis
Taviseburebani. skeltonis, neSis da ben jonsonis tipis
mwerlebis Semoqmedeba Seicavs mdidar masalas inglisuri
enis istoriisTvis; bolo xanebSi Svedma mkvlevarma a.h.
kingma gaaanaliza ben jonsonis `Poetaster~-i im periodis
inglisuri enis socialuri da klasobrivi dialeqtebis
gamosavlenad. francma Seqmna Zalze skrupulozuri
`Seqspiriseuli gramatika~. lazar seneanma ori tomi
miuZRvna rables enas. (5) amisda miuxedavad, xsenebul
gamokvlevebSi literaturuli nawarmoebebi warmoadgens
wyaros lingvistur problemebis gadasawyvetad. magram
saqme isaa, rom lingvisturi kvleva mxolod maSin iqceva
literaturul analizad, rodesac is eqvemdebareba
literaturaTmcodneobis moTxovnebs da miznad isaxavs
enis esTetikuri efeqtis kvlevas erTi sityviT, rodesac
is stilistikad iqceva (yovel SemTxvevaSi, am terminis erTi
garkveuli mniSvnelobiT). (6)
cxadia, stilistikis kvleva warmatebuli ver iqneba,
Tu vrceli sabazo codniT ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili
zogadi lingvistikis dargSi, radgan misi erT-erTi
centraluri problema exeba kontrasts literaturuli
nawarmoebis enasa da Sesabamisi epoqis yofiT enas
Soris. Tu ar gvecodineba, ras warmoadgens sasaubro
metyveleba, Tundac araliteraturuli metyveleba da im
periodis sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebis ena, maSin
stilistika, albaT, impresionistuli xasiaTisa iqneba.
samwuxarod, saerTod ar gaamarTla varaudma, TiTqos Cven
erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavebT (es gansakuTrebiT bolo xanebs
exeba) Cveulebriv yofiT metyvelebasa da mxatvrul stils
warsul epoqaTa literaturaSi. sanam SevudgebiT romelime
260

stili da stilistika

avtoris, ama Tu im literaturuli mimdinareobis an stilis

Sesaxeb msjelobas, yovelmxriv unda SeviswavloT Zveli
drois mravalSreobrivi metyveleba.
sinamdvileSi,
Cven,
ubralod,
instinqturad
viyenebT im standartebs, romlebic gviyalibdeba saku
Tari yoveldRiuri metyvelebis safuZvelze, magram
aseTi standartebi SeiZleba Zalze mcdari gamodges.
drodadro, rodesac vkiTxulobT Zvel poezias, saWiro
xdeba Cveni Tanamedrove lingvisturi cnobierebis sruli
ugulebelyofa. amgvarad unda moviqceT iseTi striqonebis
kiTxvisas, rogoricaa TviT tenisonis:
And this is well
To have a dame indoors, who trims us up
And keeps us tight. (7)
magram Tuki vaRiarebT sazrisis istoriuli rekon
struqciis aucileblobas aseT aSkara SemTxvevebSi, maSin
ratom ar SegviZlia yvela SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelvyoT misi
SesaZlebloba? gana odesme SevZlebT, ise kargad viswavloT
anglosaqsuri an saSualoinglisuri (rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT Zvel berZnulze) imdenad kargad, rom dagvaviwydes
dRevandeli sakuTari ena? da Tundac SevZloT, gana es
aucileblad imas niSnavs, rom ukeTesi kritikosebi varT
mxolod imis gamo, rom, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT,
avtoris `Tanamedroveebad~viqeciT? nuTu ar SeiZleba iseT
leqsebis kiTxvisas, rogoricaa marvelis
My vegetable love would grow
Vaster than empires and more slow (8)

SevinarCunoT Tanamedrove asociaciebi, rogorc

leqsis mniSvnelobis gamamdidrebeli elementi? lui
titeris SeniSvniT, is groteskuli warmodgena, rom
xangrZlivobisa da saWiroebis aspeqtSi `erotikuli
kombosto~ piramidebs `gadawonis~ da gadaaWarbebs, etyoba,
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literaturis Teoria

gacnobierebuli, ostaturi xerxia. miuxedavad amisa,

unda gvjerodes, rom Tavad marveli ar miiswrafvoda
zustad aseTi efeqtisken. meSvide saukuneSi vegetable
anu bostneuli, niSnavda vegetatives, anu vegetaciurs, da
poetma, rogorc Cans, gamoiyena es sityva cxovelmyofelis
mniSvnelobiT; yovel SemTxvevaSi, bostneulis dRevandeli
konotacia mainc ar eqneboda nagulisxmevi. (9)
amitom SeiZleba mxari avubaT titers da vikiTxoT: xom ar aris
sasurveli, ugulebelvyoT dRevandeli konotacia da, saerTod,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara es Tundac amgvar ukidures SemTxvevebSi? aq
kvlav vubrundebiT istoriuli `rekonstruirebis~ sakiTxs, mis
SesaZleblobebs da saWiroebas.

Sarl balis Zalisxmevis (10) msgavsad, iyo ramdenime

cda, gadaeqciaT stilistika enaTmecnierebis damxmare
disciplinad, magram saqme isaa, rom stilistikas aqvs sakuTari,
sruliad gansazRvruli problemebi, imisda miuxedavad,
ganvixilavT mas, rogorc damoukidebel mecnierebas Tu ara.
SeiZleba ise gamoCndes, rom zogierTi am problemaTagani
saerTod axasiaTebs, an praqtikulad mTlianad axasiaTebs
adamianis metyvelebas. aseTnairad farTod gagebuli
stilistika swavlobs yvela im saSualebas da xerxs,
romlebic mimarTulia raime specifikuri eqspresiuli
miznisken, da amitom scildeba literaturis an Tundac
ritorikis sazRvrebs. yvela xerxi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
emfatikisTvis an simkveTrisaTvis, SeiZleba stilistikad iyos
klasificirebuli. maT ricxvSia metaforebi, romlebiTac
gajerebulia yvela ena, Tundac Zalze primitiuli; yvela
ritorikuli xerxi da sintaqsuri figura. TiTqmis yoveli
enobrivi gamoTqma SeiZleba SeviswavloT misi eqspresiuli
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia am problemis
ugulebelyofa, rogorc amas Zalze Segnebulad akeTebs
`bihevioristuli~ skola amerikaSi.
tradiciuli stilistika am problemebs araTa
nmimdevrulad da TviTneburad wyvets. gamoyofilia
xerxebis ori (intensifikaciis an minimizebis) kategoria:
intensifikaciis gamomxatveli saxeebi _
gameoreba,
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stili da stilistika

akumulacia, hiperbola da kulminacia _ asocirebulia

`amaRlebul~
stilTan,
rac
sakmaod
detaluradaa
aRwerili cnobil Peri hipsoys-Si, romlis avtorobas mia
weren longinuss. msjelobas `didebuli stilis~ Sesaxeb
homerosTan, SeqspirTan, miltonTan, dantesTan mimarTebaSi
vxvdebiT metiu arnoldTan da sentsberisTan, romlebic Zal
ze moxdenilad ureven erTmaneTSi fsiqologiur problemeb
sa da literaturuli nawarmoebis Sefasebis sakiTxebs. (11)
amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, mainc SeuZlebelia
imis damtkiceba, rom specifikur saxeebsa da xerxebs,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad ukavSirdeba specifikuri
efeqti an `eqspresiuli Rirebuleba~. winadadebaTa
koordinirebuli konstruqciebi (`da.. da.. da.. ) bibliasa
da matianeebSi saWiroa imisTvis, raTa Txrobas sidinje
mieniWos; amave dros, romantikul poemaSi amgvari `da
kavSirebi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes SekiTxvebis serias,
romlebic sunTqvaSekrulma adamianma SeiZleba nawyvetnawyvetad wamoiZaxos. hiperbola SeiZleba iyos tragikuli
an paTetikuri, magram iyos groteskulic da komikuric.
garda amisa, zogierTi xerxi an sintaqsuri figura ise
xSirad da imdenad gansxvavebul konteqstSi meordeba,
rom SeuZlebelia maT raime specifikuri eqspresiuli
mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. Cven vamCnevT, rom ciceroni
ramdenime gverdze ramdenjerme xmarobs litotess
an gazviadebas; aseve, jonsonis Ramblers-Si SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT gamawonasworebeli konstruqciebis ramdenime
aseuli magaliTi. orive SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea sityvaTa
TamaSi, maTi mniSvnelobisgan damoukideblad. (12)
Tumca Cven uarvyofT atomistur warmodgenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom ama Tu im xerxs uSualod Seesabameba specifikuri
eqspresiuli amocana, magram mainc dasaSvebia garkveuli
kavSiris arseboba stilis Taviseburebebsa da nawarmoebis
Sinaarsobriv amocanebs Soris. am kavSirs adasturebs
isic, rom aSkarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsobrivi tonalobis
(amaRlebuli, komikuri, daxvewili an naivuri) mqone
nawarmoebSi gamudmebiT meordeba garkveuli xerxebi, Tanac,
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literaturis Teoria

maT, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs erTi da igive konstruqciebi.

v.k. uimsetis kvalobaze SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom raime
xerxis gameoreba azrs ar arTmevs am xerxs: `sintaqsuri
konstruqciebi meordeba, brunvebsa da uRlebis msgavsad,
magram isini mainc eqspresiuli formebia~. (13) ar SeiZleba,
antikuri epoqis esTetikosTa msgavsad, davkmayofildeT
stilTa iseTi klasifikaciiT, rogorebicaa maRali da dabali,
aziuri da atikuri da misT. aucilebelia gaviazroT iseTi
rTuli sqemebi, rogorsac gvTavazobs vilhelm Snaideri
Tavis Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache-Si (1931). obieqtis
mimarT sityvis mimarTebidan gamomdinare, stili SeiZleba
daiyos sxvadasxva tipad, romelTa Soris iqneba cnebiTi da
mgrZnobelobiTi, uSualo da aRweriTi, damakninebeli an
gamazviadebeli, mkafio da bundovani, wynari da aRgznebuli,
dabali da maRali, martivi da xatovani; sityvaTa Soris
mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, stili SeiZleba iyos daZabuli
da dune, plastikuri da musikaluri, daxvewili da uxeSi,
erTferovani da xatovani; Tu daveyrdnobiT sityvisa
da avtoris urTierTmimarTebaTa princips, maSin stili
SeiZleba iyos obieqturi da subieqturi. (14) aseTi
klasifikacia praqtikulad SeiZleba mivusadagoT yvela
enobriv fenomens, magram Cveni magaliTebis umravlesoba
literaturuli nawarmoebebidan aris aRebuli da
gamoyenebulia literaturuli stilis analizisaTvis. Tu
amgvarad CamovayalibebT stilistikis sakvlev principebs,
is, albaT, Tavs aaridebs xarvezebs ritorikis cnebebze
damyarebuli midgomisa, romelic cal-calke aanalizebda
sxvadasxva xerxs, meore mxriv ki _ mocemuli epoqis stilis
(gotika, baroko da a.S.) Teoriebs, romlebic masStaburi iyo,
magram konkretulobiT ar gamoirCeoda.
samwuxarod, amgvar naSromTa didi nawili STagonebuli
iyo viwro aRweriTi miznebiT, aseT SemTxvevebSi stilisti
ka emgvaneba erTgvar rekomendacias `saSualo~ stilisTvis,
romlis idealia sizuste da gamWvirvaloba; esaa `sanimuSo~
stili, romelsac Seiswavlian universitetebSi. garda amisa,
stilistika gamoiyeneba romelime enis gandidebis mizniT.
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rac Seexeba mTavar evropul enebs Soris arsebul sxvaobaTa

ucnaur da axirebul gazviadebas, amaSi gansakuTrebiT
germanelebi scodaven. iseTi gamoCenili mecnierebic ki,
rogoric arian veqsleri, fosleri da doiCbaini, (15) iseT
daskvnebs akeTeben, romelTa dadastureba sinamdvileSi
SeuZlebelia da enobriv gansxvavebebs xalxebis erovnul
fsiqologias ukavSireben. Cven ar uarvyofT problemis
arsebobas: Tu im enas, romelsac ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli
literatura, SevadarebT ama Tu im ZiriTad evropul enas,
maSin aSkara warmoCndeba absurduloba ,`bihevioristuli~
Tvalsazris imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom yvela ena Tanabaria.
nebismierma mTargmnelma icis, rom ZiriTadi evropuli enebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sintaqsuri
konstruqciebiT, `idiomebiT~ da sxva pirobiTobiT. zogjer
inglisuri, franguli an germanuli SeiZleba naklebad
gamosadegi aRmoCndes, vidre mcired ganviTarebuli enebi.
eWvsgareSea, rom es gansxvaveba gamowveulia socialuri,
istoriuli da literaturuli mizezebiT, romlebic,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi aRwera SeiZleba, jer mainc ar
yofila srulad aRwerili imdenad, rom gaamarTlon sakiTxis
dayvana erovnul fsiqologiamde. `SedarebiTi~ stilistika
warmogvidgeba rogorc Soreuli momavlis mecniereba.
wminda literaturuli da esTetikuri midgoma
zRudavs stilistikas da utovebs mxolod xelovnebis raime
nawarmoebis, an nawarmoebTa jgufis Seswavlis funqcias,
romelTa aRwera saWiroa maTi esTetikuri funqciisa
da mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. mxolod maSin iqceva
stilistika literaturis akademiuri codnis nawilad,
Tu sakiTxis centrSi iqneba es esTetikuri interesi,
amasTanave, es iqneba friad mniSvnelovani nawili, vinaidan
mxolod stilisturi meTodis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli
literaturuli nawarmoebis specifikur TaviseburebaTa
gansazRvra. am tipis stilisturi analizi SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes ori xerxiT: pirveli gvikarnaxebs, rom
Tanmimdevrulad gavaanalizoT nawarmoebis lingvisturi
sistema da avxsnaT misi elementebi nawarmoebis esTetikuri
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literaturis Teoria

mizanmimarTulebis, anu `mTliani mniSvnelobis~ safuZ

velze. stili am SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgeba rogorc
nawarmoebis an nawarmoebTa jgufis individualuri
lingvisturi sistema. meore midgoma, romelic ar
upirispirdeba pirvels, gulisxmobs im individualuri
Taviseburebebis Seswavlas, romlebiTac es sistema
gansxvavdeba sxva Sesadarebeli sistemebisagan. xsenebuli
meTodi kontrasts efuZneba: Cven ganvixilavT normaluri
sityvaTxmarebis darRvevis an misgan gadaxrebis SemTxvevebs
da vcdilobT avxsnaT maTi esTetikuri daniSnuleba.
Cveulebriv, sakomunikacio metyvelebaSi yuradReba ar
eqceva arc sityvaTa JReradobas da arc maT wyobas (rac, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, inglisur enaSi, gulisxmobs moqmedisagan
moqmedebaze gadasvlas), an winadadebis struqturas (rac
CamoTvliTi da koordinirebuli unda iyos). stilisturi
analizis pirvel nabijad miviCnevT iseTi gadaxrebis
mimoxilvas, rogorebicaa bgeraTa gameoreba, inversia,
rTuli Tanwyobili da rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebis
gamoyeneba azrobrivi ierarqiis principiT; yvelaferi
es unda emsaxurebodes garkveul esTetikur funqcias
_ xazgasmas da gamoyofas, anda, piriqiT, esTetikurad
gamarTlebul bundovanebas an gaurkvevlobas.
aseTi amocana SedarebiT martivia zogierTi
nawarmoebisa da zogi avtoris SemTxvevaSi. Seucdomlad
SeiZleba amovicnoT bgeriTi sqemebi da Sedarebebi,
romlebic gvxvdeba lilis `eufeusis~ bestiariumebSi.
(16) spenseri, romelsac, jonsonis TqmiT, `ena ar hqonda~,
iyenebs garkveuli saxis arqaizmebs, neologizmebs da pro
vincializmebs, (17) romelTa analizi Zalze advilia. mil
toni ara mxolod iyenebs laTinizebul leqsikons, romel
Sic inglisur sityvebs maTive arqetipebis mniSvneloba
aqvT, aramed qmnis winadadebebis Tavisebur struqturebs.
jerard menli hopkinsis stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
saqsonuri sityvebi, agreTve dialeqturi leqsika, is
Segnebulad uvlis gverds laTinuridan omdinare leqsikas,
rasac ganapirobebs im lingvistebisTeoriebi, romlebic
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upiratesobas aniWebdnen germanuli enis normebs, misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sityvaTwarmoebiTa da Sedgenili sityvebiT.
(18) Zneli ar aris iseTi mkveTri `maneris~ mqone avtorTa
stilis analizi, rogorebic arian karlaili, merediti,
peiteri an henri jeimsi; igive iTqmis im meorexarisxovan
mwerlebze, romlebic daesesxnen zemoxsenebul avtorebs
maT stilistur Taviseburebebs.
amis miuxedavad, bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT uf
ro Zneli iqneba, gamovyoT da ganvsazRvroT avtoriseuli
stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. imisaTvis, rom amovicnoT
ganmeorebadi niSan-Tvisebebi, saWiroa daxvewili smena da
dakvirvebis unari; es gansakuTrebiT im mwerlebs exeba,
romlebic elisabedis xanis dramaturgebis, anda meTvramete
saukunis eseistebis msgavsad, erTgvarovan stils iyenebden.
Znelia gaviziaroT j.m. robertsonis Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, rom garkveuli sityvebi an `idiomebi~ gvauwyeben
mxolod iseTi pirovnebebis `xelweras~, rogorebic arian
pili, grini, marlo da kidi. (19) bevr aseT gamokvlevaSi
stilisturi analizi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Sinagani
Sinaarsobrivi
struqturis
Seswavlas,
agreTve
_
wyaroebisa da sxva elementebis kvlevas, rogoric aris
ganmeorebuli aluziebi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi stilistika
gvexmareba mxolod rogorc gansxvavebuli miznebisaTvis
gamosayenebeli iaraRi: aseTia avtoris identifikacia,
avTenturobis dadgena, anu iseTi Sroma, romelic
garkveulwilad deduqcias emyareba da moicavs erTgvar
mosamzadebel Sromas literaturuli kvlevisaTvis.
rTul praqtikul problemebs vawydebiT iseT
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac ganvixilavT ama Tu im epoqisTvis
damaxasiaTebel gabatonebul stils, calkeuli mwerlebis
mier literaturuli modis Seqmnas da mimbaZvelTa gamo
Cenas. uwin stilistur tradiciaze didi gavlena hqon
da Janris ideas. magaliTad, CoserTan (`kenterberiuli
moTxrobebis~calkeul novelebSi) gvxvdeba sxvadasxvagvari
stilebis farTo speqtri da diferenciacia. zogadad,
es miesadageba mis mier sxvadasxva periodSi Seqmnil da
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literaturis Teoria

sxvadasxva tipis nawarmoebebs. meTvramete saukuneSi,

pindareseul odas, satiras da baladas hqonda sakuTari
leqsika da stili. `poeturi stili~ dayvanili iyo
specifikur Janrebamde, maSin, rodesac dabali JanrisTvis
araTu daSvebulad, aramed aucilebladac ki iTvleboda
`yofiTi leqsika~. TviT vordsvortic, miuxedavad imisa
rom `Serisxa~ sagangebo poeturi stilis idea, mainc
sxvadasxvagvarad werda, rodesac qmnida odas, `tinternis
saabatos~ msgavs aRweriT da meditaciur leqsebs, mil
tonis stilis sonets, anda `lirikul baladas~. Tu Cven
ugulebelvyofT aseT Tvisebebs, maSin azri ar eqneba im av
torTa stilis daxasiaTebas, romlebmac daxvewes mravali
Janri da ganicades xangrZlivi mxatvruli evolucia. albaT,
sjobs, vilaparakoT goeTes `stilebze~, vinaidan sxvagvarad
ver ganvmartavT im uzarmazar sxvaobas, romelic arsebobs
adrindeli, klasikuri periodis Sturm und drang-is stilsa
da mogvianebiT dawerili Elective Affinities-is pompezur da
rTul maneras Soris.
stilisturi
analizis
am
meTods,
romelic
koncentrirebulia stilis Taviseburebebze, im Tvisebebze,
romlebic mas ganasxvaveben irgvliv arsebul lingvisturi
sistemebisagan, aSkara xarvezebi aqvs. savsebiT Sesa
Zlebelia, davagrovoT `izolirebuli~ dakvirvebebi, Cven
mier SeniSnuli niSan-Tvisebebis nimuSebi, da daviviwyoT,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobas warmoadgens.
SeiZleba, agreTve, aqcenti gavakeToT `originalurobaze~,
individualurobaze, imaze, rac subieqturi midre
kilebebiT aixsneba. umjobesia meore midgoma _ stilis
ganxilva
mTlianobaSi,
sistemurad,
lingvisturi
principebis Sesabamisad. ruseTSi viqtor vinogradovma
detalurad gamoikvlia puSkinisa da tolstois ena.
sistemurma stilistikam bevri niWieri praqtikosis yu
radReba miiqcia poloneTsa da CexoslovakiaSi; espaneTSi
damaso alonsom saTave daudo gongoras poeziis sistemur
analizs, xolo amado alonsom Rrmad gaaanaliza pablo
nerudas poezia. (20) magram am meTods avnebs `mecnieruli~
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sisrulis ideali. analitikoss SeiZleba gamorCes

mxedvelobidan, rom mxatvruli efeqtis ganmarteba Seu
Zlebelia raime xerxis Cveulebrivi sixSiris gamoTvlis
meSveobiT. magaliTad, jozefin mailsi SecdomaSi Seiyvana
statistikurma monacemebma, ris gamoc gamoitana mcdari
daskvna prerafaelizmTan hopkinsis poeturi stilis
siaxlovis Sesaxeb.(21)
literaturuli kvlevisaTvis stilisturi analizi
yvelaze ufro nayofieri iqneba maSin, rodesac misi meSveobiT
davadgenT gamaerTianebel princips, zogad esTetikur
mizans, romelsac eqvemdebareba nawarmoebis yvela elementi.
magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT meTvramete saukunis `aRweriTi~
poeziis warmomadgenlis, jeims tomsonis Semoqmedebas,
SevZlebT imis Cvenebas, rom mwerlis stilisturi niSanTvisebebigarkveul mTlianobas warmoqmnis. miltoniseuli
TeTri leqsi winaswar gansazRvravs SerCevas leqsikuri
saSualebebisa, romelTagan zogierTi aucilebelia,
sxvebi ki _ dauSvebeli. leqsikuri saSualebebi moiTxovs
perifrazs, xolo es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs sagangebo
urTierTmimarTebas sityvasa da sagans Soris: anu sagani ar
aris dasaxelebuli, magram misi Tvisebebi ki miTiTebulia.
aRsaniSni sagnis Tvisebebisa da maTi CamoTvlis aqcentireba
TavisTavad ganapirobebs aRweras; rac Seexeba meTvramete
saukuneSi gavrcelebul bunebis aRweris gansakuTrebul
tips, is gulisxmobda Tavisebur filosofias: konstruqcia
badebs azrs. poupze daweril wignSi da statiebSi
meTvramete saukunis poeturi stilis Sesaxeb jefri
tilotsons mohyavs am tipis bevri saintereso magaliTi,
ese igi,
poeturi stilis Taviseburi, ideologiuri
xasiaTis damadasturebeli nimuSebi misive TqmiT, stilis
`fizikur-Teologiuri nomenklatura~. magram, amasTanave,
man ver SeZlo maTi integrireba stilis mTlian analizTan.
(22) aseTi procedura, romelic, metrikiT dawyebuli,
gadadis Sinaarsis problemebze da filosofiasac ki exeba,
ar unda miviCnioT iseT procesad, romelic prioritets
logikuri iqneba is Tu qronologiuri _ mianiWebs romelime
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literaturis Teoria

am zemoaRniSnul elements. idealuri iqneba iseTi analizi,

rodesac daviwyebT nebismieri SerCeuli elementiT da
mivalT imave daskvnamde.
stilistur analizs swrafad mivyavarT Sinaarsis
problemasTan. didi xania, rac kritikosebi intuiciurad,
usistemod ganixilaven stils, rogorc garkveuli
filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis gamoxatulebas. wignSi `goeTe
gundolfi Zalze faqizad aanalizebs adreul leqsebs da
aCvenebs, ra gziT aireklavs poetis dinamikuri metyveleba
missave swrafvas bunebis dinamikuri Semecnebisadmi. (23)
herman nolma scada daesabuTebina, rom stilisturi niSanTvisebebi SeiZleba miemarTebodes filosofiis im sam tips,
romlebic dilTaim warmoaCina. (24)
germanelma swavlulebma, agreTve, Camoayalibes ufro
sistemuri midgoma _ e.w. Motiv und Wort, romelic efuZneba
warmodgenas lingvistur niSan-Tvisebebisa da Sinaarsis
elementebis urTierTSesabamisobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi pir
veli naSromi, romelSic gamoyenebul iqna amgvari midgoma,
iyo leo Spitceris gamokvleva anri barbiusis SemoqmedebaSi
sisxlisa da Wrilobis motivTa ganmeorebadobis Sesaxeb. io
zef kiornerma yovelmxriv Seiswavla aseTi motivebi artur
Snicleris SemoqmedebaSi.(25) ufro gvian, Spitcerma sca
da, daedgina kavSiri ganmeorebad stilistur xerxebsa da
avtoris filosofias Soris; misi azriT, ganmeorebebi Sarl
pegis poeziaSi ukavSirdeba poetis gatacebas bergsoniz
miT, xolo Jiul romenis stili _ mis unanimizms. kristian
morgenSternis (nonsensuri leqsebis avtori, romelic,
garkveulwilad, mogvagonebs luis kerolis leqsebs) si
tyva-miTebis analizi avlens, rom mas wakiTxuli unda hqon
des mautneris nominalisturi Kritik der Schprache, romel
sac is daesesxa ZiriTad azrs: poetis ena kidev ufro Seuc
nobels xdis CvenTvis isedac miuwvdomel samyaros. (26)
leo
Spitcers
zogierT
statiaSi
gamoaqvs
zomagadasuli daskvnebi, rodesac mwerlis stilistur
niSan-TvisebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze adgens avtoris
fsiqologiur Tvisebebs. ase axasiaTebs Spitceri prusts;
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stili da stilistika

Sarl lui filipTan gvxdeba xSirad ganmeorebuli kons

truqcia cause de. mas ewodeba pseudo-objektive Motivierung,
rac gulisxmobs melanqolias, erTgvar fatalizms; rables
SemoqmedebaSi Spitceri aanalizebs sityvaTwarmoebas iseTi
cnobili Ziridan, rogoricaa Sorbonne. rable qmnis mis
mravalnair kombinaciebs savsebiT Seusabamo sufiqsebiT,
raTa Seiqmnas mravalgvari usiamovno metsaxeli (mag.:
Sorbonnagre = Sorbonne + onagre, anu `gadareuli viri~).
Spitceris azriT,
rablesTan SeimCneva konfliqti
realursa da ararealurs, komizmsa da SiSs, utopiasa da
naturalizms Soris. (27) Spitceris TqmiT, `is mentaluri
aRgzneba, romelic warmoadgens gadaxras Cveni normaluri
gonebrivi mdgomareobidan, unda warmoSobdes Sesabamis
enobriv gadaxras normaluri metyvelebidan~. (28)
mogvianebiT TviT Spitcerma aRiara, rom fsiqologiuri
stilistikis meTodi miesadageba `mxolod im mwerlebs, romelTa azriT,
isini `individualuri geniosebia~, maTi stili ki _ individualuri.
aseTebia meTvramete saukunis da ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi;
wina periodebSi mwerlebi (dantec ki) cdilobdnen obieqturi
stiliT aesaxaT obieqturi sagnebi. swored imis gacnobierebam, rom
`fsiqologiuri stilistika~ ar gamodgeba ufro adreuli perio
debis mwerlaTa Semoqmedebis gansaxilvelad (erTaderTi Tval
saCino gamonaklisia monteni), xeli Seuwyo kidev erTi tendenciis
ganviTarebas, romelic Tavidanve warmodgenili iyo Cems naSromebSi
_ esaa literaturis analizisas struqturuli meTodis gamoyeneba,
rac avlens gansxvavebul mweralTa miznebis erTianobas, ise, rom
ugulebelyofs romelime maTganis pirovnebas.~ (29)

da marTlac, rogori gonivrulic unda iyos

fsiqologiuri stilistikis zogierTi varaudi, mas
SeiZleba davupirispiroT ori kontrargumenti. jer
erTi, am gziT dadgenili stilisturi Taviseburebebi,
arsebiTad, emyareba ara dakvirvebebs enobriv masalaze,
aramed _ ufro fsiqologiursa da ideologiur analizs,
romlis daskvnebma unda gaamyaros enis analizi. es ar
CaiTvleboda gamonaklisad, rom ara praqtika, romelSic
lingvisturi dadastureba TavisTavad xSirad naZaladevia
anda efuZneba Zalze aramyar sabuTebs. am tipis naSromebSi
xSirad ivaraudeba, rom WeSmaritad didi xelovneba unda
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emyarebodes gamocdilebas, Erlebnis-s, xolo es termini

gulisxmobs biografiuli Teoriis odnav Sesworebul
versias. garda amisa, mcdaria warmodgenac, romlis Tanaxmad,
zogierT stilisturi xerxi aucileblad Seesabameba
garkveul gonebriv mdgomareobas. magaliTad, barokos
problemebisadmi miZRvnil diskusiaSi germanel mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba aRiarebda aucilebel Sesabamisobas, erTi
mxriv, uRimRamo, bundovan da `RvlarWnil~ enasa da meores
mxriv Semoqmedis mgznebare, gaorebul da gatanjul suls
Soris. (30) magram saqme isaa, rom bundovani da `RvlarWnili~
stili SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos winaswar gaTvlili
mizniT da garkveuli teqnikiT. saerTod ki, fsiqesa da
sityvis urTierTmimarTeba gacilebiT ufro rTulia da
gacilebiT naklebad eqvemdebareba raime wesebs, vidre es,
Cveulebriv, hgoniaT.
amrigad, fsiqologiuri Stilforschung-is germanul
skolas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. xSirad mis
warmomadgenelTa Sromebi SeiZleba gveCvenos erTgvarad
kamuflirebul genetikur fsiqologiad, da Tumca mis
filosofiur safuZvlad iTvleba kroCes esTetika, magram
am skolis principebi, arsebiTad, sxvagvaria. kroCes
sistema, romelic, mTlianobaSi, monisturia, ar iZleva
saSualebas, gavavloT mijna gonebis mdgomareobasa da
mis enobriv gamoxatulebas Soris. kroCe gamudmebiT
uaryofs yvela stilisturi da ritorikuli kategoriis
Rirebulebas, sxvaobas stilsa da formas, formasa da
Sinaarss, gamoxatulebasa da intuicias Soris. am tipis
identifikaciaTa serias mivyavarT Teoriuli analizis
SeuZleblobamde:
swori
amosavali
azri
poeturi
Semoqmedebis Semadgenel elementTa erTianobis Sesaxeb im
zRvramdea miyvanili, rom ukve SeuZlebelia am elementTa
gamonawevreba. cxadia, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisgan gamovyoT
SemoqmedebiTi procesi da nawarmoebi, forma da Sinaarsi,
azris gamoxatva da stili; Cven erTmaneTisgan gamovyofT
am elementebs mxolod maTi analizis mizniT, ise, rom ar
viviwyebT maTi ganuyoflobisa da saboloo erTianobis
Sesaxeb; magram elementTa am gamoyofis gareSe ver
ganxorcieldeba SemoqmedebiTi procesis racionalizacia,
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rac Seadgens kritikis arss.

Tu SegviZlia aRvweroT nawarmoebis an avtoris
stili, maSin namdvilad SevZlebT nawarmoebTa jgufis
an romelime Janris aRwerasac. es exeba iseT Janrebs,
rogorebicaa: goTuri romani, elisabedis xanis drama,
metafizikuri poezia; Cven SevZlebT gavaanalizoT iseTi
stilisturi tipebic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, meCvidmete
saukunis barokos stili. (31) Cveni ganzogadeba SeiZleba
kidev ufro ganvavrcoT da aRvweroT periodisaTvis an
mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili. sinamdvileSi
amis Sesruleba empiriuli sizustiT Zalze Znelia. iseT
wignebSi, rogorebicaa e. baras Le Style poetique et la revolution
romantique, anda luiz tonis Die Sprache des deutschen Impressionismus,
mikvleulia bevri stilisturi xerxi, sintaqsuri da leqsi
kuri Tavisebureba, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mTeli
skolisa Tu mimdinareobisTvis. bevri ram aris gakeTebuli
Zveli tevtonuri poeziis stilis aRwerisTvis. magram
am naSromebSi gaanalizebulia is stilebi, romlebic
saerToa skolis yvela (stilis TvalsazrisiT, metwilad
erTgvarovani) warmomadgenlisTvis _ isini SeiZleba
ganvixiloT iseve, rogorc ganvixilavT calkeuli mwer
lebis stilebs. mTeli literaturuli epoqebisa da lite
raturuli mimdinareobebis _ klasicizmis, romantizmis
_ aRwera, TiTqmis dauZleveli winaaRmdegobebs waawydeba,
radgan aucilebelia CamovayaliboT uaRresad gansxva
vebuli mwerlebis (romlebic xSirad sxvadasxva erovnebis
warmomadgenlebi arian) stilTa erTiani modeli.
vinaidan xelovnebaTmcodneobam SeimuSava stilTa
(mag., antikuris, goTuris, renesansulis da barokos) mo
nacvleobis farTod aRiarebuli koncefcia, Zalze mimzi
dvelia literaturis istoriaze misi gadatanis idea. magram
aq Cven kvlav vubrundebiTY im problemas, romelsac ewodeba
paralelizmi xelovnebaTa dargebSi da, agreTve, urTierT
mimarTeba xelovnebasa da literaturas, ufro farTod ki,
Cveni civilizaciis diad periodebs Soris.

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Tavi meTxuTmete

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

*
mas
Semdeg,
rac
ganvaxorcieleT
poeturi
nawarmoebebis klasifikacia Sinaarsisa da Temebis mixed
viT (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli tipis diskurss
ganekuTvneba poezia); mas Semdeg, rac davuSviT, rom
poeturi qmnilebis sazrisi ar gadmoicema misi prozauli
parafraziT, aramed gamoixateba mis struqturaTa
erTian kompleqsSi, ganvixilavT _ ZiriTadi poeturi
struqturis saxiT _ oTx kategorias, romlebic saTaurSia
dasaxelebuli.
Cvens erT-erT Tanamedroves uTqvams, rom poeziis ori
mTavari maorganizebeli principi aris metri da metafora;
metic, ganagrZobs is, `metri da metafora `wyviluri
cnebebia~, xolo poeziis Cveneuli gansazRvra sakmarisad
zogadi unda iyos, raTa moicvas orive cneba da ganmartos
maTi urTierTkavSiri~. (1) poeziis zogadi Teoria, romelic
am moTxovnaSia nagulisxmevi, brwyinvaled Camoayaliba
kolrijma Tavis Biographia Literaria-Si.
magram aqvs Tu ara am oTx cnebas saerTo aRsaniSni
obieqti? es terminebi semantikurad nawilobriv gadafaravs
erTimeores da maTi moqmedebis sferoc erTi da igivea.
albaT, terminTa am Cveni Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb _ saxe,
metafora, simbolo da miTi _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored
am mimarTulebiT xdeba poeziis im ori aspeqtis Serwyma,
romlebic esoden mniSvnelovania literaturis TeoriisTvis.
pirveli aspeqtSi
poezia warmogvidgeba, rogorc
grZnobad-individualuris gamoxatuleba, grZnobadi da
esTetikuri mocemuloba, romelic poezias akavSirebs
musikasTan, ferwerasTan, magram mijnavs filosofiisgan
da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTagan; rac Seexeba
meore aspeqts es aris `figuracia~ an `tropologia~,
anu `arapirdapiri, iribi~ diskursi, romelic mimarTavs
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

metonimiebs da metaforebs, da nawilobriv erTmaneTs

adarebs sxvadasxva samyaros, azustebs Tavis sagans sxva
sistemaTa enebze Targmnis saSualebiT. (2) gansxvavebiT
mecnieruli diskursisagan, es orive SemTxveva asaxavs swored
literaturis differentiae-s, mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs.
nacvlad imisa, rom Seqmnas abstraqciaTa sistema, rac mudam
gamoixateba erTmniSvnelovan sityvier SesabamisobaTa
Tanmimdevruli sistemiT, poezia agebs imgvar sityvaTa
erTaderT ganumeorebel wyobas, romlebic erTdroulad
sagnebicaa da niSnebic, ise, rom SeuZlebelia azris gamotana
nebismieri sistemidan, mocemuli nawarmoebis mxatvruli
sistemis garda. (3)
sakiTxis semantikuri siZneleebi marTlac dama
fiqrebelia, da aranairi mza `Sveba-wamali~ ar Cans,
garda imisa, rom mudam yuradRebiT movekidoT terminTa
konteqstualur gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi
polaruli dapirispirebis SemTxvevebSi.
saxiereba aris Tema, romelic Tanabrad miemarTeba
rogorc fsiqologias, ise literaturaTmcodneobas.
fsiqologiaSi sityva `saxe~ gulisxmobs SegrZnebebSi
an aRqmaSi aRbeWdili (araaucileblad vizualuri)
gamocdilebis mentalur reproduqcias. frensis galtonis
(1880) pirveli kvlevebi miznad isaxavda imis dadgenas,
Tu ramdenad Seswevs adamians unari, vizualurad
aRidginos warsuli. man am kvlevebiT daadgina, raoden
didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan adamianebi TavianTi
warmosaxvis unariT. magram saxiereba ar aris mxolod
vizualuri xasiaTisa. fsiqologebma da esTetikis dargSi
momuSave mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves saxeTa mravalgvari
tipis klasifikacia. saxeebi arsebobs ara marto `gemos~ da
`ynosvis~ sferoSi, aramed Termulic, proprioceptulic
(`kinesTeturi~, `haptikuri~, `emfatikuri~). statikursa
da kinetikur (an `dinamikur~) saxierebas Soris arsebobs
mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. feriTi saxiereba SeiZleba
gamoiyenebodes tradiciuli anda individualur simbo
likiT, Tumca SeiZleba arc hqondes amgvari datvirTva.
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literaturis Teoria

kinesTeturi saxeebi (ganurCevlad imisa, gamowveulia Tu

ara is poetis aranormaluri fizikuri konstituciiT, Tu
literaturul pirobiTobas warmoadgens) xasiaTdebian
unariT, gadaerTvnen grZnobaTa erTi sferodan meoreSi,
mag., bgeriTidan feriTSi. bolos, poeziis moyvarulisTvis
sasargebloa icodes, rom arsebobs sxvaoba `bmul~ da
`Tavisufal~ saxierebas Soris. pirveli aris smeniTi da
kunTovani saxiereba (rac aucileblad amoqmeddeba, Tundac
adamiani TavisTvis kiTxulobdes, e.i. ar axmovanebdes
wakiTxuls); amgvari saxeebi erTnairia yvela mkiTxvelTan.
meore exeba vizualur da sxvagvar saxeebs, romlebic
sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva adamianTan. (4)
jer kidev aqtualuria a.a. riCardsis debulebebi,
romebic Camoyalibebulia 1924 wels gamocemul `principebSi:
`yovelTvis zomaze meti mniSvneloba eniWeboda saxeTa
grZnobad aspeqts. saxis qmediToba mis sicxoveles ki ar unda
mivaweroT, aramed ufro mis unars, iyos cnobierebis faq
ti, rac specifikurad ukavSirdeba grZnobad aRqmas~. saxis
qmediTobas ganapirobebs misi `reliqturoba~ da, agreTve,
is, rom saxe grZnobadi gamocdilebis reproduqcias
axorcielebs. (5)
bunebrivia,
rom
saxidan,
rogorc
SegrZnebis
reproduqciidan, unda gadavideTpoeziis meore aspeqtze,
romelic warmoadgens kvlevis CvenTvis saintereso sferos,
anu analogiis da Sedarebis Temas. aRweriT poeziaSic ki ar
arsebobs mxolod vizualuri saxeebi; im avtorTa Soris,
vinc scada Seeqmna `imaJinisturi~ Tu `fizikuri~ poezia,
sabolood mxolod ramdenimem moaxerxa Semoifargluliyo
mxolod da mxolod gare samyaros suraTebis asaxviT.
arsebiTad, isini amisken arc ki iswrafvodnen. ezra paundma,
ramdenime poeturi mimdinareobis Teoretikosma, `saxe~
gansazRvra ara rogorc xatovani reprezentacia, aramed
rogorc `inteleqtualur da emociuri kompleqsis asaxva
drois garkveul momentSi~, rogorc `Seusabamo ideebis
gaerTianeba~. imaJinistebis kredoSi naTqvamia:, `Cven
gvjera, rom poeziam detalebi zustad unda asaxos da Tavi
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

aaridos zogads da bundovans, ragind tkbilxmovanic unda

iyos is. maSin, rodesac elioti adidebs dantes da Tavs
esxmis miltons, igi ufro dogmaturi Cans Tavisi aqcentiT
Bildlichkeit-ze. misi sityvebiT, `danteseuli warmosaxva
vizualuria~. is alegoristia, `xolo gaTviTcnobierebuli
poetisaTvis alegoria niSnavs `vizualur saxes~. meore
mxriv, samwuxarod, miltoniseuli `warmosaxva smeniTia~.
vizualuri saxeebi Lllegro-Si da Il Penseroso-Si `mTlianad
zogadia.. miltoni ver xedavs konkretul mxvnels, merZeve
qals an mwyemss. am leqsebis grZnobadi efeqti mTlianad yur
ze da smenazea gaTvlili da Seesabameba zogad warmodgenas
mxvnelis, merZeve qalis da mwyemsis Sesaxeb. (6)
yvela am gamoTqmaSi aqcenti keTdeba ufro particularity-ze,
`gansakuTrebulze~, da `samyaroTa kavSirze~ (amaSia analogiis,
mag., alegoriis arsi: `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~), vidre
grZnobad elementze. vizualuri saxe warmoadgens SegrZnebas
an aRqmas, magram amasTanave is, ase vTqvaT, `warmogvidgens~
da mimarTavs raRac uxilavs da `Sinagans~. is SeiZleba iyos
erTdroulad prezentaciac da reprezentaciac (the black
bat night has flown.. Yonder all before us lie Desarts of vast eternity).
saxe SeiZleba iyos `aRweriTi (asea Cvens magaliTebSic), an
warmoadgendes metaforas. magram SeiZleba Tu ara, rom saxe,
romelic ar iyo Cafiqrebuli rogorc metafora, anu ar iyo
danaxuli `gonebis TvaliT, iqces simbolod? gana yovelgvari
aRqma SerCeviTi ar aris? (7)
ase, midlton meri miakuTvnebs `simbolos~ da
`metaforas~ ritorikis `formalur klasifikacias~ da
gvTavazobs, rom `saxe~ gamoviyenoT rogorc orive maTganis
momcveli termini. amasTan erTad, is gvafrTxilebs: `kate
goriulad unda ugulebelvyoT is varaudi, rom saxe
aucileblad (an umeteswilad) vizualuri unda iyos~.
saxe `SeiZleba iyos vizualuri, smeniTic, anda mTlianad
fsiqologiuri~. (8) iseTi gansxvavebuli mwerlebis Semoq
medebaSi, rogorebic arian Seqspiri, emili bronte da po,
SegviZlia davrwmundeT, rom foni (`monacemTa~ sistema)
xSirad metaforaa anda simbolo: aboboqrebuli zRva,
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literaturis Teoria

qariSxali, veluri tramali, nestSi, mTis mrume tbasTan

mdgomi, nangrevebad qceuli cixe-darbazi.
iseve rogorc `saxem, `simbolomac~ misca Tavisi
saxeli cnobil literaturul mimdinareobas. (9) `saxis~
msgavsad, `simbolo kvlav Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebul
konteqstSi da sxvadasxvagvari mizniT. mas, rogorc termins,
iyeneben logikaSi, maTematikaSi, semantikaSi, semiotikasa
da epistemologiaSi; mas aqvs, agreTve, xangrZlivi istoria
iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris Teologia (`simbolo~
warmoadgens `sarwmunoebis~ erT-erT sinonims), liturgia,
saxviTi xelovneba da poezia. sityvis yvela am Tanamedrove
mniSvnelobisTvis saerToa maTi Tviseba, aRniSnon raRac
ufro meti, mianiSnon raRacis uTqmelobaze. magram berZnuli
sityva, rac niSnavs gaerTianebas, Sedarebas, gvkarnaxobs,
rom analogia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris imTaviTve
arsebobda. is jerac aris nawilobriv SemorCenili am
terminis Tanamedrove mniSvnelobaSi. `simbolo~ algebrasa
da logikaSi pirobiTi, SeTanxmebis Sedegad SerCeuli
niSania; rac Seexeba religiur simboloebs, isini efuZnebian
raRac Sinagan kavSirs `niSansa~ da `aRsaniSns~, metonimiasa
Tu metaforas Soris: jvari, kravi da mwyemsi keTili.
sasurvelia, rom sityva `simbolo~ amave mniSvnelobiT iqnas
gamoyenebuli literaturis TeoriaSi: rogorc obieqti,
romelic gamoxatavs sruliad sxva raimes, magram, amasTan,
TavisTavadac ipyrobs yuradRebas, radgan axdens, agreTve,
sakuTari mniSvnelobis prezentacias. (10)
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, `wminda
simbolizmi religiasa da poeziaSi daiyvaneba garkveuli
wesebis mixedviT gaformebul grZnobad saxeebamde, anda
unacvlebs `niSnebis~ an `saxeebis~ mocemul sistemas
moraluri an filosofiuri transcendentuli realobiT,
rac maT miRma arsebobs. meore TvalsazrisiT, simbolizmi,
aris ideebis mizanmimarTuli xorcSesxma TvalsaCino,
konkretul-grZnobad cnebebSi, romelTac SemecnebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs. magram, kolrijis SexedulebiT,
`alegoria warmoadgens `abstraqtuli cnebebis ubralo
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

Targmans TvalsaCinod warmodgenili suraTebis enaze,

imgvarad, rom es ukanaskneli TviTonac warmoadgens
grZnobebiT aRqmuli sagnebis abstraqcias~; `simbolo ki
yovelTvis ganisazRvreba zogadgvareobrivis gamovleniT
kerZoobiTSi, an sayovelTaosi _ calkeulSi; sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT,SesaZlebeli xdeba maradisobis (`sinaTlis~)
ganWvreta drois miRma.~ (11)
ra ganasxvavebs `simbolos~ `saxisgan~ da `meta
forisgan? Cveni azriT, es, upirveles yovlisa, aris
`simbolos ganmeorebadoba da mdgradoba. `saxe~ SeiZleba
erTxel iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc metafora, magram Tu
kvlavac meordeba, rogorc prezentacia da reprezentacia,
igi simbolod iqceva da SeiZleba simboluri (an miTuri)
sistemis nawiladac iqces. bleikis `ubiwoebis~ da `gancdis
sagaloblebze~, j.h. uikstidi wers: `simbolizmi wminda saxiT
aq SedarebiT naklebadaa, magram simboluri metaforebi
Warbad gvxvdeba~. Tavis adreul eseSi _ `warmmarTveli
simboloebis Sesaxeb~ _ romelic Selis poezias exeba,
ieitsi aRniSnavs: `garda uamravi saxisa, romelTaTvisac
ar aris niSandoblivi simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gansazRvruloba [fiqsirebuloba?], mis poeziaSi SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT bevri saxe, romlebic namdvilad simboloebs
warmoadgenen, da ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi am simboloebs
sul ufro metad iyenebda sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelo
biT~, _ magaliTad, mRvimeebisa da koSkebis saxeebs. (12)
es xSiri movlenaa: mwerlis adreul SemoqmedebaSi aRwe
rili `garemo~ gviandeli periodis nawarmoebebSi transfor
macias ganicdis da `simbolod~ gadaiqceva. Tavis adreul
romanebSi henri jeimsi skrupulozurad warmoaCens pirov
nebebsa da maT garemos, maSin rodesac gviandeli periodis
romanebSi yvela saxe metaforad da simbolod gvevlineba.
rodesac vmsjelobT poeturi simbolizmis Sesaxeb,
Tanamedrove poetis `individualuri simbolizmi~ unda
ganvasxvavoT warsuli xanis poetebis savsebiT gasagebi
simbolizmisgan. es Tvalsazrisi Tavidan, sul cota,
braldebad JRerda; magram amJamad Cveni damokidebuleba
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literaturis Teoria

poeturi simbolizmisadmi kvlav uaRresad winaaRmdegob

rivia. `individualuris~ alternativis formulireba
Znelia: Tu `Cveulebrivsa~ da `tradiciuls~ gamoviyenebT,
maSin davupirispirdebiT Cvensave survils, rom poezia axali
unda iyos, unda gangvacvifros. `individualuri simboliz
mi~ gulisxmobs sistemas, da gulisyuriani mkvlevari SeZlebs
igi ise ganmartos, rogorc amas axerxebs kriptografi ucxo
teqstis gaSifrvisas. mravali individualuri sistema (mag.,
Tundac bleikisa da ieitsis) mniSvnelovanwilad moicavs
tradiciul simboloebs, Tumca Tavs aridebs mis yvelaze
`popularul~ formebs. (13)
`individualuri~ da `tradiciuli~ simbolizmis
ganxilvis Semdeg sapirispiro polusze aRmovaCenT
erTgvar xalxur `bunebriv~ simbolizms, romelic aseve
rTuli movlenaa. frostis zogierT saukeTeso poe
maSi gamoyenebulia bunebrivi simboloebi, romelTa
mniSvnelobis dadgena Znelia: `gza, romelsac ar dava
deqi~, `kedlebi~, `mTa~. poemaSi `SevCerdi tyis piras~
sityvebi _ `daZinebamde Sori gzaa gasavleli~ Cveni
azriT, mgzavrisTvis bunebrivi frazaa; magram bunebrivi
simbolizmis enaze `Zili~ xom `kvdomas~ niSnavs; davaw
yviloT kontrastis safuZvelze `tye mSvenieri, bneli,
uRrani~ (samive zedsarTavi dadebiTi mniSvnelobisaa)
zneobriv-sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis mqone sityvebTan:
`erTguli viyo danapirebis~. aucileblad SevigrZnobT,
rom garkveul momentSi esTetikuri Wvreta iwvevs Sinagani
Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas. albaT, ar arsebobs poeziis
moyvaruli adamiani, romelsac ar miizidavs frosti; magram,
nawilobriv Tavisi bunebrivi simbolizmis gamo, frostma
miipyro mkiTxvelTa Zalze farTo wreebis yuradReba.
bevrma mkiTxvelma, raki erTxel ukve gaiazra simboloTa
SesaZleblobebi, SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba
mianiWos maT (sul erTia, es `bunebrivi~ simboloebia, Tu
maTi Tanmdevi simboloebi), da frostis polisemantikur
gamoTqmebs miaweros iseTi gansazRvruloba da sicxade,
rac ucxoa poeturi enis bunebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT _
Tanamedrove poeturi enisTvis. (14)
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Cveni meoTxe terminia `miTi~, romelic aristoteles

`poetikaSi~ aRniSnavs siuJets, naratiul struqturas da
`fabulas~. misi antonimi da sapirispiro cneba `logosia~.
`miTi~ aris narativi, ambavi, Txroba _ dialeqtikuri
diskursis sapirispirod. `miTi~ iracionaluria, intuici
uri, da amiT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri sistemurobisgan:
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris sokrates dialeqtikasTan
dapirispirebuli esqiles tragedia. (15)
`miTi~ gamorCeuli terminia Tanamedrove kritikaSi.
igi dominirebs Semecnebis mniSvnelovan sferoSi, romelic
moicavs religias, folklors, sociologias, fsiqoana
lizs da saxviT xelovnebas. misi oponentebia `istoria~,
`mecniereba~, `filosofia~, `alegoria~, `WeSmariteba~. (16)
meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneebSi, ganmanaTleblo
bis xanaSi, am termins Cveulebriv hqonda damakninebeli
konotacia: miTi iyo gamonagoni, `fiqcia~, romelsac ar
hqonda araviTari mecnieruli Tu istoriuli safuZveli.
magram ukve vikos `Scienza nuova~-Si aqcenti gadatanilia
imaze, rac germaneli romantikosebidan, agreTve _
kolrijidan, emersonidan da nicSedan moyolebuli, Tan
daTanobiT wamyvan elementad gadaiqca: es iyo `miTosis
cneba, romelic, poeziis msgavsad, aRiqmeboda rogorc
WeSmaritebis kategoria an misi ekvivalenti, rac ar upi
rispirdeba istoriul da mecnierul WeSmaritebas da mis
danamats warmoadgens. (17)
istoriulad miTs win uswrebs rituali, romelsac
is Seesabameba; miTi aris `ritualis sityvieri nawili,
ambavi, romelic gaTamaSebulia ritualSi~. rituali
sruldeba qurumis mier mier, raTa Tavidan iSoros
ubedureba an moizidos iRbali; rituali iseTsave
aucileblobas warmoadgenda, rogorc mosavali da
adamianis nayofiereba, rogorc iniciacia axalgazrdisa
Tavisi sazogadoebis kulturaSi da, samomavlod, micva
lebulTa saTanado uzrunvelyofa. miTi, ufro farTo
mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs nebismier anonimurad SeTxzul
ambavs, romelic mogviTxrobs warmoSobasa da bedze:
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sazogadoeba ganumartavs axalgazrdebs, rogor warmoiSva

samyaro da ratom viqceviT Cven ise, rogorc viqceviT.
da am ganmartebebSi aisaxeba bunebisa da adamianis bedis
STambeWdavi saxeebi. (18)
rogorc
Cans,
literaturis
TeoriisaTvis
mniSvnelovan motivebs warmoadgens saxe (an suraTi),
socialuri, zebunebrivi (arabunebrivi, iracionaluri),
narativi (ambavi), arqetipuli (universaluri), maradiuli
idealebis
simboluri
asaxva
konkretuli
droiT
ganpirobebuli movlenebis meSveobiT, saprogramo (an
esqatologiuri), da, bolos, mistikuri. Tanamedrove az
rovneba, miTologizmisadmi swrafvisas, SeiZleba daefuZ
nos CamoTvlilTagan nebismier motivs, Semdeg ki sxvebsac.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, soreli acxadebs, rom mTeli
msoflios muSaTa `saerTo gaficva~ aris `miTi~; aseTi ideali
arasodes iqceva istoriul faqtad, magram is warmodgenili
unda iyos, rogorc samomavlo movlena; mxolod am gziT
hpoveben muSebi aucilebel Zalebsa da rwmenas; miTi aris
programa. qristianul esqatologiaze saubrisas, niburi mas
miTurs uwodebs: meored mosvla da gankiTxvis dRe momavlis
saxeebSi warmogvidgens im zneobriv, sulier Sefasebebs,
romlebic arsebobs amJamad (da yovelTvis). (19) Tu miTs
upirispirdeba mecniereba an filosofia, aseT SemTxvevaSi
warmosaxul, intuiciurad Semecnebul konkretulobas
upirispirdeba ganyenebuli racionaluri cneba. saerTod,
literaturis Teoretikosebisa da apologetebis winaSe
miTi avlens Tavis bunebas: miTi aris socialuri, anonimuri
da sazogadoebrivi movlena. Cven SeiZleba vicodeT, vinaa
Tanamedrove miTebis avtori an avtorebi. magram aseT
qmnilebas mainc SeiZleba hqondes miTis Tvisebrivi statusi
Tundac daviwyebuli iyos misi avtori, an is saerTod
ar iyos cnobili. mTavaria, rom miTi aRiarebuli iyos
koleqtivis mier, Seesatyvisebodes mis moTxovnebs.
am terminis sazRvrebis dadgena advili ar aris;
Tanamedrove warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, is miiswrafvis
`Semecnebis sferosken~. Cven gvsmenia mxatvrebze da
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

poetebze, romlebic gatacebuli arian miTologiis ZiebiT;

gagebuli gvaqvs `miTebi~ progressa da demokratiaze. Cven
gveubnebian, rom `miTi dabrunda msoflio mwerlobaSi~.
amasTanave, isic gvsmenia, rom erTi vinme miTs ver Seqmnis,
verc gadawyvets, rom irwmunos is, da verc aqcevs mas rea
lobad Tavisi nebiT: miTi wignma Secvala, iseve, rogorc
kosmopoliturma qalaqma Secvala qalaq-saxelmwifos
homogenuri sazogadoeba. (20)
sWirdeba Tu ara Tanamedrove adamians miTi, an saer
Tod, miTologia, urTierTdakavSirebuli miTebis sistema?
nicSes Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sokratem da sofistebma, anu
`inteleqtualebma~ Ziri gamouTxares berZenTa `kulturas~.
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom ganmanaTleblobam
daangria qristianuli `miTologia~, anda Seudga mis
dangrevas. magram sxva mwerlebis azriT, Tanamedrove
adamians aqvs zerele, araadekvaturi da iqneb, sulac `yalbi~
miTebi: aseTia miTi `progresze~ da `Tanasworobaze~, an
kidev sayovelTao ganaTlebaze, an im higienur da modur
keTildReobaze, romelsac ase gvawonebs reklama. albaT, am
ori Tvalsazrisis Serigeba SesaZlebelia mxolod imis aRia
rebiT, rom rodesac `Tanamedroveoba~ Tu `modernizmi
arRvevs Zvel, Cveul cxovrebiseul wesebs (ritualebs,
maTi Tanmxlebi miTebiTurT), maSin adamianTa umravlesoba
(an saerTod, yvela) sulier sicarieles ganicdis _
maT ar akmayofilebs abstraqciebi da amitom cdiloben
Seavson sicariele umwifari, saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli,
fragmentuli miTebiT (im suraTebiT, rac SeiZleba
momxdariyo, anda rac maTTvis sasurvelia). saubari miTis
saWiroebaze, roca saqme exeba fantaziisa da warmosaxvis
mqone mwerals, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom is miiswrafvis
sazogadoebisken,
surs,
daimsaxuros
sazogadoebaSi
aRiarebuli statusi xelovanisa. frangma simbolistebma
miaRwies nebayoflobiT izolacias sazogadoebisgan. am
`hermetul~ poetebs miaCndaT, rom maT winaSe iyo arCevani:
erTi mxriv, xelovnebis komerciuli prostituireba,
meore mxriv ki, wminda xelovnebis msaxureba. magram ieitsi,
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miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmerTebda malarmes, mainc grZnob

da saWiroebas, kavSiri hqonoda irlandiasTan. amitom
tradiciuli kelturi miTologia man ganaaxla Tanamedrove
irlandiis sakuTari miTologizebuli versiiT, romelSic
SesaZlebelia anglo-irlandiuri neoklasicistebis (e.w.
avgustinelebis _ sviftis, berklis da biorkis) iseTive
Tavisufali interpretacia, rogorc veiCel lindzis
amerikeli gmirebisa. (21)
bevr mwerals miTi warmoudgenia poeziisa da
religiis saerTo mniSvnelad. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs
Tanamedrove xedvac _ metiu arnoldi da a.a. riCardsi
(adreul naSromebSi) acxadebdnen, rom poezia sul ufro
aqtiurad ikavebs religiis adgils, romlisac aRar sjeraT
Tanamedrove inteleqtualebs. magram gacilebiT ufro da
mafiqrebelia is warmodgena, rom religiis adgils poezia
xangrZlivad ver daisakuTrebs, vinaidan misi arseboba
didad ver gadaametebs religiisas. religia unda vaRiaroT
ufro maRali rangis misteriad, poezia ki naklebisa.
religiuri miTi warmoadgens farTo uflebamosilebiT
aRWurvil poetur metaforas. ase, magaliTad, filip
uilraiti, romelic gamoxatavs protests imis mimarT,
rom pozitivistTa `religiuri WeSmariteba da poeturi
WeSmariteba uaryofilia rogorc fiqcia~, amave dros
aRiarebs `miTur-religiuri perspeqtivis~ aucileblobas.
am Tvalsazrisis ufro adrindeli ingliseli momxre da war
momadgeneli aris jon denisi, xolo SedarebiT gviandeli
xanisa artur meiCeni. (22)
Zveli literaturuli gamokvlevebi zereled, gareg
nuli monacemebis mixedviT msjeloben saxis, metaforis,
simbolosa da miTis Sesaxeb; metwilad ganixilavdnen maT,
rogorc samSvenisebs, ritorikul ornamentebs da amitom
Seiswavlidnen, rogorc nawarmoebebis izolirebul
elementebs. Cveni azriT, literaturis mniSvneloba
da funqcia ZiriTadad warmoCenili aris metaforasa
da miTSi. arsebobs iseTi procesebi, romlebsac hqvia
metaforuli da miTologiuri azrovneba, azrovneba
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metaforebis saSualebiT, azrovneba poeturi narativis

an xedvis saSualebiT. yvela es termini Cvens yuradRebas
miapyrobs literaturuli nawarmoebis im aspeqtebs,
sadac Zveli antagonistebi _ forma~ da `Sinaarsi~ _
ganuyofel mTlianobas warmoqmnis. es terminebi or
urTierTsapirispiro tendencias asaxavs: erTi mxriv, isini
gamoxataven poeziis swrafvas `suraTisa~ da `samyarosken~,
xolo meore mxriv religiisa da Weltanschauung-isken. Tu
Tvals gadavavlebT maT Semswavlel Tanamedrove meTodebs,
kidec vigrZnobT am swrafvas. maSin, rodesac Zveli
meTodologia ganixilavda maT, rogorc mxatvrul (Tumc
ki, ubralod, dekoratiuli daniSnulebis mqone) xerxebs,
amJamad Warbi yuradReba eTmoba (rac aseve arasasurvelia)
Weltanschauung-s. bunebrivia, rom neoklasikuri periodis
dasasruls Sotlandieli ritoris azriT, saWiroa
simboloebisa da metaforebis zustad gaTvlili SerCeva;
froidis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, piriqiT,
fiqroben,
rom yvela saxe qvecnobieris gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
saWiroa davicvaT harmoniuli wonasworoba ritorikasa da
fsiqologiur biografizms Soris, romelic garduvalad
ukavSirdeba `ideur Sinaarss~.
ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze ganuxrelad
viTardeboda rogorc literaturis Teoria, ise praqtika.
xorcieldeboda mxatvruli gaformebis da, kerZod, poe
tikis tipologiis gansazRvris mcdelobebi. arsebobs mo
nografiebi da eseebi, romlebic eZRvneba saxierebis prob
lemas konkretuli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, konkretul
nawarmoebebSi (pirvel rigSi, SeqspirTan). `praqtikuli
kritikis~ gansakuTrebuli sicxovlis fonze, Cvens xelTaa
ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromi, romlebic gamoirCeva
maRali Teoriuli da meTodologiuri doniT. maTSi Zalze
kritikulad ganixileba praqtikosTa zerele varaudebic.
mravaljer scades, or an sam kategoriad daeyoT
mravalricxovani ritorikuli figurebi, romelTa saerTo
raodenoba oras ormocdaaTs aRwevs. `sqemebi~ da `tropebi~
TavisTavad maT ricxvSi Sedis, da dayofa xdeba `bgeriT~ da
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`azrobriv figurebad~. kidev erTi mcdelobaa `metyvelebis

figurebis~ an `verbaluri figurebis~ gamoyofa `azris
figurebisagan~. miuxedavad amisa, orive diqotomias aqvs
Tavisi nakli imis gamo, rom gvTavazobs gareSe struqturas,
romelsac ara aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia. marTlac,
nebismieri tradiciuli sistemidan gamomdinare, riTmac
da aliteraciac warmoadgens fonetikur `sqemas~ da
akustikur ornaments. miuxedavad amisa, viciT, rom rogorc
sawyis riTmas, aseve boloriTmas SeuZliaT Seasrulon
SemakavSirebeli azrobrivi komponentis roli, rogorc
semantikur wyvils. mecxramete saukuneSi kalamburs miiC
nevdnen `sityvaTa TamaSad~, `maxvilgonierebis udables
formad~; meTvramete saukuneSi adisonma kalamburs `yalbi
maxvilgoniereba uwoda. magram barokos xanaSi, iseve
rogorc Tanamedrove poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, kalamburi
farTod gavrcelda: `omofonis~ an `omonimis~ saSualebiT
ideebi erTgvari `orazrovnebiT~ aRiWurveboda. (23)
aRar gavagrZelebT sityvas sqemebze. savsebiT
relevanturia SegviZlia poeturi tropebis dayofa
momijnaveobis figurebad da msgavsebis figurebad.
momijnaveobis tradiciul figurebad iTvleba
metonimia da sinekdoqe. SesaZlebelia maTSi gamoxatu
li urTierTmimarTebebis logikuri da raodenobrivi
gaanalizeba: mizezi enacvleba Sedegs (anda piriqiT);
WurWeli enacvleba SigTavss; msazRvruli enacvleba
Tavis sazRvruls (`soflis simwvane~, `zRvis mlaSe
siRrme~). iTvleba, rom sinekdoqeSi mimarTeba figurebsa
da referents Soris Sinagani xasiaTisaa: esaa raRac ufro
didis warmomadgeneli _ nawili mTelis nacvlad, rogorc
gvaris warmomadgeneli, Sinaarsi, romelic gansazRvravs
formasac da funqciasac.
Sirlis cnobil striqonebSi, sadac metonimia tra
diciuli formiT gamoiyeneba, socialur klasebs ganasa
xierebs Cveulebrivi piradi aRWurviloba, instrumenti an
iaraRi:

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Sceptre and crown must tumble down

And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade.
ufro STambeWdavia metonimiuri `gadanacvlebuli
zedsarTavi~ _ stilisturi niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
iseTi poetebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi, spenseri,
miltoni da grei; `senfois usulo, mkvdari mziTevi~: aq epiTeti
mflobelisgan gadadis saganze, romelsac floben. greis
`mTvlemare wkarunSi~ da miltonis `xalisian zarebSi~, epiTetebi
Sesabamisad miekuTvneba mflobel-matarebels da mnaTes.
rodesac miltoniseuli ruxi mweri `Caberavs Tavis mxurvale
sayvirs~, es epiTeti gvaxsenebs cxel zafxulis saRamos,
romelic asociaciiT ukavSirdeba am mweris bzuils. yvela es
SemTxveva, ukonteqstod citirebuli, SeiZleba wavikiTxoT
gansxvavebuli, animisturi gagebiT. mTavaria, gadavwyvitoT,
operatiuli asociaciuri logikaa es, Tu nacvlad amisa, is
mkveTrad aris personalizebumyari gapirovneba.
religiuri poezia, iqneba es kaTolikuri Tu
evangelisturi, TiTqos aucileblad metaforuli unda
iyos, da ZiraTadad, es marTlac asea. magram doqtori
uatsi, neoklasikuri himnebis avtori, metonimiis wyalobiT
aRwevs STambeWdav, gulSiCamwvdom da amave dros, didebul
efeqts:
When I survey the wondrous cross
On which the Prince of Glory died,
My richest gain I count but loss
And pour contempt on all my pride.
See, from his head, his hands, his side
Sorrow and lowve frow mingled down;
Did er such love and sorrow meet
Or thorns compose so rich a crown?

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sxva epoqis stils naCvevi mkiTxveli am himnis mosmenisas

ver Caswvdeba imas, rom `sevda~ da `siyvaruli~ uTanabrdeba
`wyals~ da `sisxls~. is siyvaruls Seewira: siyvaruli
mizezia, xolo sisxli efeqti, Sedegi. meCvidmete saukunis
poetis, frensis qvorelzis poeziaSi `zizRis Rvra~ saxieri
metaforaa, misi axsnac SeiZleba _ siamayis cecxli,
romelsac zizRiT savse kasri gadaesxmeba da Caaqrobs;
magram `sxma~ Tu `Rvra~ aq semantikurad SemWidroebulia:
raoden Zlier mezizReba mediduroba.
saboloo angariSiT, es magaliTebi warmoadgenen
sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarebas. bolo dros
SemoTavazebuli iyo ramdenime gabeduli koncefcia
metonimiis rogorc literaturuli modis Sesaxeb. isic
ki dauSves, rom metonimia da metafora SeiZleba iyos ori
poeturi tipis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebi; pirveli
maTgania poezia, romelic iwvevs asociaciebs momijnaveobis
mixedviT, moZraobas Txrobis Caketil samyaroSi; meore
tipis poezia emyareba asociacias msgavsebis mixedviT,
moicavs mravali samyaros da, biuleris maxvilgonieri
gamoTqmiT, `sferoTa koqteils~ Tqvefs. (24)
SesaniSnav naSromSi uitmenis Sesaxeb d.s. mirski
acxadebs: `culis simReris~ mravlobiTi saxeebi aris
metonimiuri saxeebis dausrulebeli nakadi, magaliTebi
da egzemplarebi, romelTac emyareba demokratiuli
konstruqciuloba~. (25)
uitmenis Cveulebrivi poeturi meTodi SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT, rogorc gansazRvruli msxvili paraleluri
kategoriebis analitikuri, sagnobriv-saxeldebiTi gaSla.
simRerebSi, romlebic agebulia paralelizmis principiT
(`simRera Cemze~), poeti gatacebiT axvavebs detalebs da
individualobebs, rogorc mTlianobis nawilebs. imis
miuxedavad, rom Zalian uyvars CamonaTvali, uitmeni arc
pluralistia da arc personalisti: is paTetikuri monistia
da misi `katalogebis~ Sedegia ara sirTule, aramed
simartive. Tavidan is jer gaSlis Tavis kategoriebs, xolo
Semdeg ki mimarTavs maT ilustrirebas magaliTebiT.
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metafora poetikebis avtorebisa da ritorebis

yuradRebas ipyrobda aristoteles (romelsac miemarTeba
es orive gansazRvreba) droidan moyolebuli. ukanaskne
li wlebis manZilze man ukve lingvistebis yuradRebac
miiqcia. riCardsi gadaWriT gmobda metaforis mowyvetas
normaluri lingvisturi praqtikidan, vinaidan metafora
warmoadgens daxasiaTebis Seucvlel wyaros. skamis `fexi~,
mTis `Ziri~ da boTlis `yeli~ analogiis safuZvelze
akavSirebs sxeulis nawilebs usulo sagnebis nawilebTan.
magram am tipis kavSirebi imdenad aris asimilirebuli
enaSi, rom maT metaforulad aRar aRiqvamen TviT yvelaze
mgrZnobiare literaturaTmcodneebi da lingvistebi. esaa
`gaxunebuli~, `gacveTili~ an `mkvdari~ metaforebi. (26)
Cven valdebulni varT, specifikuri poeturi
metaforisagan ganvasxvavoT is metafora, romelic,
riCardsis termini rom vixmaroT, `enis marad arsebul
princips
ganasaxierebs.
pirvels
jorj
kempbeli
`ritorikuls miakuTvnebs, xolo meores `gramatikuls~.
gramatikosi sityvebs ganixilavs maTi etimologiis
TvalsazrisiT, xolo ritori sityvebs udgeba im kuTxiT,
axdenen Tu ara isini `msmenelze metaforis efeqts~. vund
ti, albaT, metaforebad ar miiCnevda iseT lingvistur
`moRalateebs~, rogorebicaa magidis `fexi~ da mTis
`Ziri~, vinaidan WeSmariti metaforizmis kriteriumad
aRiarebda emociuri efeqtis moxdenis gaazrebul da
Segnebul survils. h. konradi `lingvistur~ metaforas
upirispirebs `esTetikurs~ da miuTiTebs, rom pirveli
(mag., magidis `fexi) gamoyofs sagnis warmmarTvel niSans,
maSin, rodesac meoris mizania, Seqmnas axali warmodgena
saganze, `axal wyalSi amoavlos is~. (27)
im SemTxvevebidan, romelTa klasifikaciac Zne
lia, albaT, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania romelime
literaturuli skolis an TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sa
ziaro~ poeturi metaforebi. magaliTebad gamodgeba `bonehouse~, `swan-road~, `word-hoard~ da Zveli ingliseli poetebis
sxva saxe-metaforebi; homerosiseuli `fiqsirebuli
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metaforebi~, magaliTad, `vardisferTiTeba riJraJi (rac

`iliadas~ pirvel wignSi ocdaSvidjer aris gameorebuli);
elisabedis xanis `margalitis kbilebi~, `lalisferi bageni~,
`spilos Zvlis feri kiseri~, da `oqros simis dari Tma; an
kidev inglisuri neoklasicizmis xanaSi gavrcelebuli:
`wylis veli~, `vercxlad daRvrili nakadulebi~, `minanqris
mindvrebi~. (28) Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba moeCvenos,
rom zogierTi maTgani (gansakuTrebiT is magaliTebi,
romlebic anglosaqsonuridan aris aRebuli) gabedulia
da `poeturi~, maSin, rodesac danarCen magaliTTa
umravlesoba `gaxunebulia~ da ucnauri. unda gvaxsovdes,
rom umecrebas ZaluZs daumsaxureblad miiCnios origi
nalur saxed gaugebari warmoSobis pirvelive magaliTi.
da marTlac, etimologiuri metaforebi, romelTa `rea
lizacia~ xdeba ara im pirTa mier, visTvisac es ena mSob
liuria, aramed ucxoelebis mier (aq vgulisxmobT maT `ana
litikur mgrZnobelobas), romlebic am magaliTebs indi
vidualur poetur miRwevad miiCneven. (29) meore mxriv,
marTlac kargad unda vicnobdeT enasac da literaturul
pirobiTobasac, raTa saTanadod SevafasoT konkretuli
poetis
metaforistuli
ganwyoba-survilebi.
Zveli
inglisuri poeziis `bone-house~ da `swan-road~ cxadia,
exmianeba homerosiseuli `frTiani sityvebis~ tipsa da
kategorias. isini warmoadgenden poetTa ostatobaganswavlulobis nawils da siamovnebas aniWeben msmenlebs
Tavisi tradiciulobiT, imiT, rom ganekuTvnebian poeziis
profesiul, ritualur enas. metaforuli elementi maTSi
ar aris mTlianad realizebuli, magram arc imis Tqma
SeiZleba, rom is mTlianad `aorTqlebulia~: saeklesio
simbolizmis udidesi nawilis msgavsad, maTzec SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom isini ritualuri tipisani arian. (30)
bunebrivia, rom Cvens xanaSi, rodesac yvelaferi ge
netikis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, didi yuradReba daeTmo
metaforaTa warmoSobas, da amaSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilis
aRqmisa da gaazrebis rogorc lingvisturi principi, ise
literaturuli xerxi. `ontogenezi imeorebs filogenezs~,
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

da piriqiT: Cven gvjera, rom Tu analitikurad davakvirdebiT

primitiul sazogadoebebsa da bavSvebs, SevZlebT preisto
riuli kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias. hainc verneris
TvalsazrisiT, metafora aqtiuria mxolod iseT primitiul
xalxebSi, romlebsac aqvT tabu, anu sagnebi, romelTa nam
dvili saxelis xseneba dauSvebelia.(31) umalve gvaxsendeba
ebraelTa midrekileba metaforizaciisadmi, ris gamoc maT
uSualod arasodes dausaxelebiaT `ieRova~, romelsac isini
metaforulad uwodebdnen kldes, mzes, loms, da a.S.; Semdeg
ki gagvaxsendeba evfemizmebi Cvens sakuTar yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. magram etyoba, ganwyobas marto SiSis momgvreli
aucilebloba ar aCens. Cven metaforas viyenebT imis mimarT,
rac gviyvars, rasac Cveni azri da fiqri siamovnebiT das
trialebs, raTa yoveli kuTxidan davaTvalieroT nebismier
`Suqsa da naTelSi~, rodesac is airekleba sagangebo fokusSi
yvelanairi msgavsi sagnebis daxmarebiT.
Tuki enobrivi da ritualuri metaforidan gadaverT
vebiT poeturi metaforis teleologiaze, maSin mogvixdeba
gacilebiT ufro msxvili sidideebis CarTva, anu mogviwevs
srulad gaviTvaliswinoT mxatvruli literaturis funq
cia. metaforis Cveneuli koncefciis oTxi sabazo elementi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes analogia, ormagi xedva, grZnobadi saxe,
rasac ZaluZs wiaRsvla SeucnobelSi, da meoTxe animistu
ri proeqcia. es oTxi elementi Tanabrad arasodes ar aris
warmodgenili, da damokidebuleba icvleba yoveli erisa da
esTetikuri situaciis Sesabamisad. erT-erTi Teoretikosis
TvalsazrisiT, berZnul-romauli metafora TiTqmis analo
giis kategoriamdea SezRuduli (e.w. yalbi paralelizmi),
maSin rodesac das Bild (saxe-simbolo) aSkarad germanul (tev
tonur) saxes warmoadgens. (32) magram amgvari kulturuli
kontrasti TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs italiur da frangul
poezias, gansakuTrebiT _ im monakveTs, romelic arsebobs
bodleridan da rembodan moyolebuli, pol valerimde. ro
gorc Cans, ufro sasargeblo iqneba im periodebis, ideuri
kompleqsebis Sepirispireba, romlebsac aerTianebs sicocx
lis filosofiis cneba.
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yoveli periodis stili xasiaTdeba aqvs misTvis niSan

doblivi figurebiT, romlebic gamoxataven swored mis
Weltanschauung-s; im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT
sayrden figuras, rogoricaa metafora, yovel periods aqvs
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metaforizmi. magaliTad,
neoklasikuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia simbolo, per
ifrazi, ornamentuli epiTeti, epigrama, formis erTianoba
da antiTeza. SesaZlebeli inteleqtualuri poziciebis
raodenoba ori-samiT ganisazRvreba, pluralizmi ar Sei
niSneba. xSirad xdeba, rom mesame pozicia warmoadgens cen
tralur, mediatorul pozicias polarulad dapirispire
bul eresebs Soris:
Some foreign writers, some our own despise,
The ancients only, or the modern prize.
barokos periodSi damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs
warmoadgens paradoqsi, oqsimoroni da kataqreza. eseni
ganasaxiereben qristianul _ mistikur da pluralistur
niSnebs. WeSmariteba rTulia. codnis forma-saSualeba
bevria, da yovel maTgans aqvs sakuTari uflebamosileba.
WeSmaritebis zogierTi tipi unda gacxaddes an misi
uaryofiT, anda misi Segnebuli damaxinjebiT. RmerTze
SeiZleba vimsjeloT anTropomorfuli kategoriebiT,
radgan adamiani man Seqmna sakuTari saxis Sesabamisad;
magram, amave dros, is warmoadgens transcendentalur
sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare, barokos maneriT warmodgenil
religiur TemebSi WeSmariteba RmerTis Sesaxeb SeiZleba
gamoixatos analogiebiT (kravi, anda nefe), agreTve _
urTierTsawinaaRmdego wyvilebiT, voenis msgavsad: `bneli
ukuni, amave dros TvalismomWreli~. neoklasikosTa gonebas
moswons aSkara ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da racionaluri
progresia: metonimiuri moZraoba gvaridan saxemde, anda
konkretulidan saxemde. barokos epoqaSi adamianis
cnobiereba warmosaxavs samyaros rogorc samyaroTa sim
ravles da erTobliobas, da Tanac yvela es samyaro isea
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erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli, rom SeuZlebelia winaswar

ganvWvritoT maTi urTierTmimarTebebis logika.
neoklasikuri poetikis TvalsazrisiT, barokos
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rasakvirvelia, ugemovnebod unda
SevracxoT, `yalb gansjad~ aRviqvaT. igulisxmeba, rom esaa
bunebrivisa da racionaluris Segnebuli damaxinjeba, yalbi
akrobatika, maSin, rodesac istoriulad isini warmoadgenen
pluralisturi epistemologiis da zebunebrivis onto
logiis ritorikul da poetur gamoxatulebas.
karg magaliTad gamodgeba kataqreza. 1599 wels, jon
hoskinsma daamkvidra es termini inglisur enaSi da ganmarta,
rogorc `daknineba, borotad gamoyeneba~, Tan sinanuli
gamoTqva, rom aseTi ram `amJamad sul ufro da ufro
vrceldeba~. man ganixila kataqreza, rogorc daZabuli
gamoTqma, `ufro uimedo, vidre metafora~, da gaixsena
`xma saamo misi yurisTvis~sidnis `arkadiiidan~, rogorc
magaliTi vizualuri terminisa, romelic SecdomiT
`miuyenes da miusadages~ smenas. 1728 wels, Tavis `CaZirvis
xelovnebaSi~, poupma kataqrezis magaliTad moitana ori
gamoTqma: `wveri gaTiba~ da `balaxi gaparsa~. 1776 wels,
jorj kempbelis mier daweril `ritorikis filosofiaSi~,
kataqrezul wyvilebad aris moxseniebuli `lamazi xma~ da
`tkbili suraTi~; Tumca, is agreTve aRiarebs, rom `tkbili,
rac Tavidan gemos SegrZnebas ukavSirdeboda, axla SeiZle
ba axasiaTebdes surnels, melodias da peizaJs~. empbels
sjera, rom WeSmariti metafora `SegrZnebaTa saxeebs~
iyenebs `wminda inteleqtis saxeebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad.
amitom is kicxavs analogiebs TviT SegrZnebaTa saxeebs
Soris. meore mxriv, baroko-romantikuli orientaciis
erTma kaTolike ritorma bolo xanebSi gansazRvra
kataqreza rogorc metafora, romlis safuZvelia ori
materialuri movlenis msgavseba. is dabejiTebiT moiTxovs
tropis upiratesobebis Seswavlas da am moTxovnas asabuTe
bs viqtor hiugos Semoqmedebidan moyvanili magaliTebiT:
`les perles de la rosee~-sa da `il neige des feuilles~-Si. (33)
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literaturis Teoria

meore
tipis
metaforas,
romelsac
barokos
mgrZnobeloba misaRebad miiCnevs, xolo neoklasikuri
ugemovnod, SeiZleba vuwodoT Semamcirebeli, anda
gamaSinaurebeli metafora. barokos poezias yvelaze metad
sCvevia garkveuli `sferoebis _ bunebis samyarosa da
adamianis samyaros (Tavisi xeloba-ostatobiT da codnaxelovnebiT) aRreva. magram klasicistebi raki kargad
moexsenebaT, rom xelovneba warmoadgens bunebis imitacias
_ Tvlian, rom bunebis asimilireba xelovnebasTan
paTologiuria da avadmyofuri. ase magaliTad, 1776 wels
Tomas gibonsi ilaSqrebda erTgvari afeqtirebuli da
`fantastikuri~ tropebis winaaRmdeg:`ai samyaros ram
denime aRwera _ tvifruli mTebi, Txelwyala zRvebis
minanqari, ukidegano okeanis maqmani da nakveTi kldeTa
CuqurTmebi~. (34)
rasakvirvelia, neoklasikur poeziaSic gvxvdeba
zogierTi metafora, romlebic mimarTulia bunebidan
xelovnebisken, magram isini dayvanilia damatebiTi
dazustebis funqciamde. magaliTebs vnaxavT poupis
`pastoralebSi~ da `uinZoris tyeSi~: `morcxvad Sevar
disferebuli lioni aferadebs wylis sarkes~; `miwis
minanqars wiTlad daeca floras almuri~. magram zogadi
tendencia mudam naTeli iyo; amitom draidens ufleba
hqonda, eRiarebina 1681 wels, rom balRobisas misi fiqrebi
bavSvuri iyo: `maxsovs, TviT Seudarebel spensersac
ki miviCnevdi uxeiro poetad, romlis leqsebze metad
silvesteris mier Targmnili diu bartasis qmnilebebi
momwonda. eqstazSi movyavdi aseT striqonebs:
Now when the winter~s keen breath began
To chrystallize the Baltic ocean,
To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the Floods,
And periwig with snow the baldpate woods. (35)
axalgazrda miltonma, diu bartasis kidev erTma
mkiTxvelma, Tavisi `dabadebis oda~ aseTive gaSlili meta
294

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

foriT daasrula. elioti kvlav ubrundeba am tradicias

Tavisi `prufrokis~ cnobil SesavalSi:
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table...
barokos poezia, pirvel rigSi, xasiaTdeba klasiciz
mis kanonTa ugulebelyofis tendenciiT _ xelovnebis
Sinaarsobrivi gamdidrebis mizniT isini cdilobdnen aR
moeCinaT simdidre da mravalxmianoba iq, sadac klasicizmi
icavda puristul erTmniSvnelovnebasa da erTxmianobas.
ufro specifikuri motivebia: midrekileba gamaognebe
li efeqtebisadmi; qristianuli inkarnacionizmi; ucxos,
Soreulis pedagogiuri gaTaviseba maxlobeli, `yofiTi~
analogiebis gziT.
amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT figuraciis buneba da sa
gangebo yuradReba davuTmeT metaforasa da metonimias.
vivaaudeT, rom aseT metyvelebis figurebs SeiZleba hqon
deT garkveuli droiTi da stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi.
axla ki gadavalT metaforuli saxierebis kvlevaze, rasac
ufro meti ram akavSirebs literaturul kritikasTan, vi
dre literaturis istoriasTan.
sagangebod unda gamovyoT metaforuli saxierebis
ori ZiriTadi gamokvleva: erTia amerikuli, xolo meore
germanuli.
1924 wels henri uelsma gamosca Sroma `poeturi
saxiereba~, romelSic scada Camoeyalibebina am movlenis
tipologia, xolo Sesabamisi tipebis ilustrirebisTvis
gamoiyena, ZiriTadad, elisabedis xanis mwerloba. marTalia,
am wignSi igrZnoba sakiTxis Rrma wvdoma da SemoTavazebulia
saintereso ganzogadebebi, magram, sistemuri konstruqciis
TvalsazrisiT, is naklebad warmatebulia. uelsis azriT,
misi sqema aqronistulia da amitom miesadageba ara mxolod
elisabedis xanas, aramed _ literaturis ganviTarebis yvela
periods. uelss agreTve miaCnia, rom es naSromi aRweriTia,
da ara Semfasebluri. misi kvleva-Ziebis safuZvlad iTvleba
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literaturis Teoria

metyvelebis figuraTa jgufebis klasifikacia, `rogorc

isini warmogvidgebian aRmaval skalaze dawyebuli yvelaze
dabali, anu TiTqmis `sityvasityviTi~ tipiT, dasrulebu
li yvelaze ufro warmosaxviTi, anu impresionistuli
tipiT~. magram saqme isaa, rom es skala, romelic TiTqosda
ganasaxierebs `warmosaxviTi aqtiurobis xasiaTsa da
xarisxs~, sinamdvileSi ver asaxavs maTTan raime pirdapir
kavSirs an maT Sefasebas. uelsma daasaxela saxierebis
Svidi tipi, romlebic TviTonve ase ganalaga: dekoratiuli,
siRrmiseuli, damTrgunveli (an maRalfardovani), Ffesvuri,
SemWidroebuli, ganvrcobiTi da cxovelmyofeli. Tavad
uelss miaCnia, rom es tipebi SeiZleba kidev ufro meti
warmatebiT gadalagdes an gadaewyos im istoriuli da
SefasebiTi miTiTebebis safuZvelze, romelTac igi
TviTonve gvTavazobs.
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze tlanqi forme
bia damTrgunveli da dekoratiuli, anu `masaTa metafora~
da ostatobis metafora. dekoraciuli saxe, romelic ase
Warbadaa warmodgenili sidnis `arkadia~-Si, ganixileba
rogorc `elisabedis xanisaTvis tipuri~. kidisa da
sxva elisabedis xanis adrindeli avtorebis masaliT
warmodgenili damTrgunveli saxiereba axasiaTebs kulturis
adreul periods, magram vinaidan mosaxleobis umetesoba
rCeba subliteraturul doneze, amitom is miemarTeba
`nebismier periods~. sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, maRal
fardovani qmnis metaforis did da sazogadoebrivad
mniSvnelovan kategorias~. am orive tipis Sefaseba aaSkara
vebs, rom maT `aklia saWiro subieqturi elementi~ da isini
ufro xSirad, vidre es gamarTlebulia, akavSireben erT
fizikur saxes meoresTan (rogorc es xdeba kataqrezaSi),
imis nacvlad, rom `bunebis gare samyaro daukavSiron
adamianis Sinagan samyaros~. da kvlav, rogorc dekoraciul,
ise damTrgunvel metaforebSi, urTierTkavSiris pirobebi
daSoriSorebuli, calke fiqsirebuli rCeba, es gamoricxavs
maT `eqspansias erTurTis mimarT~. rac Seexeba metaforis
umaRles formas, uelss miaCnia, rom yoveli elementi
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

moqmedebs meoreze, cvlis mas ise, rom am urTierTobiT

iqmneba mesame wevri da axali gaazreba.
avyveT skalas, sadac Semdegia cxovelmyofeli
da
SemWidroebuli
saxeebi:
pirveli
warmoadgens
damTrgunvelis
srulyofil
versias,
xolo
meore
dekoraciulis srulyofil versias. Cven gamovtoveT
demonstraciis aSkara formebi, es exeba energias da
ostatobas. rac Seexeba cxovelmyofelis saxierebas,
istoriulad Cven vxvdebiT marlosTan, romelic pirvelia
elisabedis xanis avtorTa Soris, agreTve _ bernssa
da smarts, preromantikosebs; uelsis TqmiT, `es saxe
gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba adrindeli xanis poeziis
udides nawilSi~. aq erTmaneTTan Sejerebulia `or farTo
da, warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, Rirebuli cneba~, myardeba
uSualo kontaqti gluv zedapirebs Soris. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, es kategoria moicavs Tavisufal Sedarebebs da
urTierTobebs, romlebic efuZneba Rirebulebis martiv
kategoriebs. bernsi wers:
vards wiTel-wiTels hgavs Cemi satrfo. . .
trfoba Cemi hangad Camesmis
tkbil melodiad.
saerTo, rac akavSirebs mSvenier qals, cocxal wiTel
vards da tkbilad aJRerebul melodias es aris maTi si
lamaze da sasurveloba; isini yvelanairad sworupovarni
arian. qali vards Tavisi vardisferi RawvebiT, an melodias
Tavisi tkbili xmiT rodi hgavs (aseTi analogia dekoraci
ul saxes Seqmnida); qalis msgavseba vardTan feriT, faq
turiT an struqturiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed
faseulobiT.(36)
uelsiseuli SemWidroebuli saxe aris Zalze advilad
wamosadgeni saxe iseTi tipisa, romelic asocirdeba Sua
saukuneebis moxatul manuskriptebTan da sakarnavalo
msvlelobebTan. poeziaSi esaa dantes saxiereba, inglisur
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literaturis Teoria

poeziaSi ki _ spenserisa. saxe aq ara mxolod mkveTri da

naTelia (SesaZlebelia, es amis Sedegic ki iyos) is agreT
ve Semcirebul masStabSi da sqematurad warmogvidgens
movlenas mTlianad: esaa dantes da ara miltonis jojoxeTi.
`aseTi metaforebi sxvebze ufro xSiradaa moxseniebuli
rogorc emblema an simbolo~. SemWidroebul saxeebad unda
CavTvaloT agreTve samaskarado figurebi damaxasiaTebeli
bewviani mosasaxamiT da islis `TavsaburaviT~ kamoensis
`lusidasSi, iseve rogorc wminda petre Tavisi mitriT
da ori gasaRebiT. isini ganasaxiereben `gildiis~ saxes:
miltonis dros orives _ `pastoralsac~ da `elegiasac~
Tan sdevda motivebisa da saxeebis mTeli nusxa. SeiZleba
arsebobdes mTeli wyeba saxeebisa, iseve rogorc `poeturi
kanonis~ CamonaTvali da maragi. am momentis tradiciulma
da institucionalurma Tvisebebma, maT siaxlovem saxviT
xelovnebasTan, aiZula uelsi, romelic azrovnebda
kulturis istoriis kategoriebiT, rom SemWidroebuli
saxe `miekuTvnebina~ konservatiuli religiisTvis, Sua
saukunovani, kaTolikuri, sakulto kategoriisaTvis.
Ffesvuri, siRrmiseuli da ganvrcobiTi warmoadgens
sam umaRles kategorias (SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es
CamonaTvali aRmavali rigiT aris warmodgenili). mokled
rom davaxasiaToT, siRrmiseuli ekuTvnis klasikuri poeziis
saxes, Ffesvuri metafizikos poetebs, ZiriTadad, dons, xo
lo ganvrcobiTi, umeteswilad, miesadageba Seqspirs, iseve,
rogorc bekons, brauns da berks. am sami saxelis saerTo msa
zRvrels, maTi saerTo maRali donis niSnebs warmoadgens,
jer erTi,
maTi specifikuri literaturuli xasiaTi
(suraTovani aRqmis ugulebelyofa), maTi mimarTuloba
Sinaganisken (metaforul azrovnebis unari), da, bolos,
cnebaTa urTierTSeRwevadoba (nayofieri `Sewyvileba~).
`siRrmiseuli~ saxe, rac unda agverios gaxunebulTan
an banalurTan, `mudam xilvadobis doneze dablaa~. is
imgvarad migvaniSnebs grZnobad-konkretulze, rom ar ax
dens mis mkveTr proecirebas da warmoCenas. am saxisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli obertonebis nakleboba esadageba iseTi
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

tipis mwerlobas, sadac win aris wamoweuli gansja: elisabedis

xanis warmomadgenlad gamodgeba semiuel denieli, romlis
leqsebic moswondaT uordsvorts da Toros:
Tuki ver SeZlebs Tavis Tavs zemoT wamoimarTos,
fuWi yofila kacis saxeli!
xolo Seqspiri amis ostatad gvevlineba. `mefe lirSi
edgari ambobs:
Men must endure
Their going hence, even as their coming hither;
Ripeness is all.
Ripeness (`simwife~) aris `siRrmiseuli~ saxe, romelic,
albaT, baRebiT da velebiT aris nakarnaxevi. analogia
gatarebulia vegetaciis bunebriv ciklebsa da adamianis
sicocxlis ciklebs Soris. klasicistebis Taobas SeeZlo,
Seqspiris zogierTi siRrmiseuli saxe CaeTvala `narev~ saxed:
O O, how can summers honey breath hold out
Against the wreckful siege of battering days.
es winadadeba moiTxovs daxvewil analitikur ganmar
tebas, radgan is gajerebulia saxeebiT: `dReebi~ dro
is metonimiuri figuraa, rac Semdeg metaforizebulia,
rogorc alyaSemortymuli qalaqi, romlis garSemo aRumar
TavT galavnis sangrevi danadgarebi. ras upirispirebs es
`viTom qalaqi~ an misi mmarTveli amgvar Setevebs? es xom
sinorCea, romelic metaforizebulia zafxulad, an ufro
zustad rom vTqvaT, zafxulis tkbil surnelad: zafxulis
yvavilTa surneli dedamiwisTvis da surnelovani sunTqva
adamianisTvis warmoadgens mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebas.
Tu vinme ecdeba, SeaerTos damangreveli alya da surnelovani
sunTqva, aucileblad CixSi aRmoCndeba. moZraoba figuraSi
Zalze swrafia da aqedan gamomdinare _ elifsuri. (37)
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literaturis Teoria

fesvuri saxis saxelwodeba, albaT, ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom mas saqme aqvs movlenaTa saTaveebTan, uxilav
logikur safuZvelTan. misi moqmedeba SeiZleba SevadaroT
ufro movlenaTa faruli pirvelmizezis moqmedebas, vidre
Ria sibrtyeebis Sejerebas. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom
fesvuri saxis meore wevri `arapoeturia~; es aixsneba an
imiT, rom es cneba zedmetad Cveulia da yofiTi, anda imiT,
rom is zedmetad teqnikuria, mecnieruli da `aTvisebuli.
maSasadame, fesvuri saxis metaforuloba emyareba imas,
rasac ara aqvs aSkara emociuri asociaciebi, da rac
miekuTvneba prozaul diskurss _ an abstraqtuls, an
praqtikuls. Tavis religiur poeziaSi doni mravlad iyenebs
figurebs `aalebuli geometriidan~. da kvlav, Tavis `pirvel
wlisTavSi~ is iyenebs fsevdosamedicino figuras misi
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, ris Sedegadac metafor sruliad
moulodneli, sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba:
but as some serpents poison hurteth not
Except it be from the live serpent shot,
So doth her virtue need her here , to fit
That unto us; she working ore than it.
rogorc Cans, esaa fesvuri saxis damaxasiaTebeli
tipi: amaze ufro martiv, naklebad perversiul magaliTad
gamodgeba kompasis saxe
jon donis leqsSi `sevdis
amkrZalavi ganSoreba~. meore mxriv, uelsis Rrmaazrovani
SeniSvnis mixedviT, fesvuri saxeebis wyarod SeiZleba
gaxdes iseTi _ romantikuli saxeebiT mdidari _ sferoc,
rogoricaa mTebi, mdinareebi da zRvebi, _ ra Tqma unda,
`analitikuri midgomis~ pirobiT. (38)
dabolos, arsebobs kidev ganvrcobiTi saxe, romelic,
saxelwodebaSi asaxuli kontrastis Sesabamisad, ukav
Sirdeba SemWidroebuls. Tu SemWidroebulis warmoSoba
ganapiroba Sua saukuneebma, kultma, ganvrcobiTi
ganekuTvneba winaswarmetyvelur da mowinave azrovnebas.
is gulisxmobs `Zlier vnebas da originalur meditacias~,
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

romlis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa berklis, bekonis,

braunis da, ra Tqma unda, Seqspiris mravalganzomilebiani
filosofiuri da religiuri metaforizmi. gansazRvris
Sesabamisad ganvrcobiTi saxe gzas uxsnis warmosaxvas,
da misi yoveli elementi mkveTrad zemoqmedebs
meoreze; Tanamedrove poetikis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
`urTierTzemoqmedeba~ da `urTierTgamsWvalva~ war
moadgens poeturi moqmedebis centralur formebs,
romlebic yvelaze ufro Warbad gvxdeba ganvrcobiT
metaforaSi. ai magaliTebi `romeo da julietadan~
Yet, wert thou as far
As that vast shore washt with the farthest sea,
I should adventure for such merchandise.
da, agreTve, `makbetidan~:
Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to the rooky wood:
Good things of day begin to droop and drowse.
am ukanasknel striqonebSi, Seqspiri gvaZlevs
`danaSaulis metaforul fons, viTarebas~, romelic
gadaiqceva ganvrcobiT metaforad, sadac paralelia
gavlebuli Rames, demonur borotebas da, meore mxriv,
naTelsa da sikeTes Soris; magram es mowodebulia ara aSkara
an alegoriuli formiT, aramed STambeWdavi detalurobiT
da grZnobieri konkretulobiT: `naTeli mZimdeba~,
sagnebi `moeSvnen, Tvlemen~. qvemdebare da Semasmeneli
urTierTmoqmedeben: viwyebT ra zmniT, vkiTxulobT, ra
sagnebia, romlebic moeSvnen da Tvlemen frinvelebi,
cxovelebi, adamianebi, yvavilebi? sagnis ganyenebuli
dasaxeleba gvafiqrebinebs, rom zmnebi aris metaforuli
aRniSvna iseTi mdgomareobebisa, rogorebicaa
`sifxizlis dakargva~ da `SiSi boroti Zalis winaSe~. (39)
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literaturis Teoria

kvintilianes msgavsi ritorebi yuradRebas amaxvile

ben sxvaobaze imgvar metaforebs Soris, romelTagan erTi
warmoaCens usulos rogorc suliers, xolo meore _
suliers rogorc usulos. magram orive SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba
am metaforebs Soris miewereboda sxvaobas ritorikul
xerxebs Soris. am ori polaruli movlenis mkveTri gamijvna
ganaxorciela Cvenma meore mkvlevarma tipologiis sferoSi
_ pongsma: erTi mxriv, es aris miTuri warmosaxva, romelic
axdens pirovnebis proecirebas saganTa samyaroze, _ am dros
xorcieldeba bunebis gasuliereba, animizacia, da, meore
mxriv warmosaxvis sapirispiro tipi, romelic garedan
SigniTaa mimarTuli da pirovnuli sawyisis deanimizacias,
obieqtivirebas axdens. es ori elementi _ subieqturi da
obieqturi polusebi _ amowuraven xatovani eqspresiis
yvela SesaZlebel saSualebas. (40)
am pirvel formas reskinma uwoda `bunebis
gasuliereba~. Tu mas ise gaviazrebT, TiTqos SeiZleba
SevusabamoT maRla RmerTs, dabla xes, anda qvas, maSin
aseT warmosaxvas unda davarqvaT anTropomorfuli. (41)
mistikuri simbolizmis Semswavleli mecnieri SeamCnevs,
rom arsebobs sami saerTo tipis miwieri kavSiri, romelic
gamodgeba umaRlesi mistikuri gamocdilebis simboluri
gamoxatvisTvis: 1. kavSiri usulo sagnebs Soris (fizikuri
narevebi da qimiuri SenaerTebi); suli, rogorc RvTiuri
cecxlis naperwkali, rogorc xe, cvili da rkina; RmerTi,
rogorc wyali sulis niadagisTvis, an rogorc okeane,
romelSic Caedineba sulis mdinare); 2. im saSualebaTa
Sesabamisad warmodgenili kavSirebi, romlebiTac sxeuli
iTvisebs Tavis sicocxlis arsebiT elementebs: saRvTo
werilSi RmerTi warmoCenilia iseTi konkretuli sagnebis
saSualebiT, romlebic aucilebelia sicocxlisTvis. es
aris Suqi da haeri, yoveli WuWrutanidan rom Semodis, da
wyali, romelsac yoveldRe raRac formiT viRebT~.(42)
ase rom, RmerTi mTeli msoflios mistikosebisaTvis
warmoadgens sulis sakvebs da sasmels, mis purs, Tevzs,
wyals, rZes da Rvinos; 3. adamianTa urTierTkavSiri mamaSvilisa iqneba is, Tu col-qmrisa.
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

Tavad pongi amaTgan pirvel ors miakuTvnebs metafo

ruli intuiciis meore umaRles tips, anu Einfhlung-s, rac
Tavis mxriv, dayofilia `mistikur~ da `magiur~ saxeobebad.
mistikuri metaforis sailustraciod mistikosebi ufro
gamogvadga, vidre poetebi. araorganuli elementebi
simbolurad ganixileba ara rogorc ubralo cnebebi an
abstraqtuli analogiebi, aramed rogorc movlenisa da
gamovlenis ganuyofeli kavSiri.
rac Seexeba magiur metaforas, is, xelovnebis
istorikosis, uoringeris meTodologiis Tanaxmad aris
bunebis samyarosgan abstrahirebis Sedegi. uoringers Ses
wavlili aqvs egviptis, bizantiis da sparseTis xelovneba,
romelic `organul bunebas, adamianis CaTvliT, xazobrivgeometruli formiT gamosaxavs, da xSirad saerTod
ugulebelyofs organul sicocxles im samyarosTvis,
romelic wminda xazebis, wminda formebis da ferebis
samflobeloa.. ornamenti axla gamoiyofa.. rogorc raRac,
rac cxovrebis nakads ki ar mihyveba, aramed medgrad
upirispirdeba mas.. pirferobis nacvlad, amjerad is magias
mimarTavs... ornamenti.. aris is, rac amoglijes droidan; is
ganvrcobiTobis wminda formaa, myari da ucvleli.~ (43)
primitiul kulturebSi anTropologebi xedaven
rogorc animizms, ise magias. pirvelis mizania kavSiris
damyareba personalizebul sulebTan _ mkvdrebTan
da RmerTebTan, maTi daSoSmineba, maTi keTilganwyobis
mopoveba. rac Seexeba meores _ magias, romelic win uswrebs
mecnierebas, is swavlobs faruli Zalebis moqmedebis
kanonzomierebebs. misi atributebia _ Selocvebi,
amuletebi, joxebi da kverTxebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi.
arsebobs TeTri magia, romelsac misdevden qristiani
kabalistebi, magaliTad, kornelius agripa da paracelsusi.
arsebobs agreTve boroti, avi adamianebis Savi magia.
magram am orive magiis umniSvnelovanesi elementia
faruli Zalebis rwmena. magias xelovnebasTan anaTesavebs
xatovaneba. dasavluri tradicia mxatvarsa da moqandakes
akavSirebs xelosnis ostatobasTan, hefestosTan da
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literaturis Teoria

dedalosTan, pigmalionTan, romelsac ZaluZs, sicocxle

STaberos saxes. folkloris esTetikaSi saxeTa Semqmneli
jadoqaria an grZneuli, maSin, rodesac poeti aris Sep
yrobili, STagonebuli, Slegi Semoqmedi. (44) da rogorc
pirvelyofili poeti mimarTavda Cxibvas da Selocvas, aseve
Tanamedrove poeti, ieitsis msgavsad, magiurad iyenebs sa
xeebs _ `zust~ saxeebs _ saxeobriobis magiur-simboluri
sistemis Sesaqmnelad. (45) misticizmi sawinaaRmdego xazs
misdevs: aq saxe warmoadgens simbolos, romelsac warmoSobs
garkveuli sulieri mdgomareoba; esaa ara kauzaluri,
aramed eqspresiuli saxe, da mocemuli mdgomareobisaTvis is
erTaderTi SesaZlebeli rodia: igive sulieri mdgomareoba
SeiZleba gamoixatos sxva simboloebiT. (46)
orive rogorc mistikuri metafora, ise magia _ emya
reba deanimizacias; isini upirispirdebian adamianis survils,
moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis proecireba garesamyaroze; isini
`iZaxeben~ im `sxvas~ impersonaluri sagnebis samyaros, mo
numentur xelovnebas da fizikur kanonebs. bleikis `vefxvi~
mistikuri metaforaa; vefxvi aris RmerTi, an RmerTis erTerTi gamovlineba (adamianze naklebi, magram, amave dros,
adamianze metic); Tavis mxriv, vefxvic (xolo am vefxvis sa
SualebiT misi Semoqmedic) daxasiaTebulia liTonis dnobis
terminebiT. vefxvi ar aris cocxali nadiri zooparkidan, is
vefxvi, romelic bleikma dainaxa londonis tauerSi. ara, esaa
gonebaWvretiTi arseba, da imdenadve simboloa, ramdenadac
cxovelTa samyaros warmomadgeneli.
magiur metaforas aklia es gamWvirvaloba. is waagavs
meduzas niRabs, romelic qvad aqcevs cocxal arsebebs.
nimuSad magiuri metaforizmisa, romelsac surs, qvad aqcios
yvelaferi cocxali, pongsi miiCnevs stefan georges: `for
maTwarmomqmneli spiritualizaciisken midrekilebis kar
naxiT, stefan Ggeorge iTvaliswinebs ara adamianis bunebriv
midrekilebas, sakuTari Tavis proecireba moaxdinos ga
resamyaroze, aramed biologiuri sicocxlis ganadgurebis
survils, Segnebul `gaucxoebas~ (`alienacias~), rogorc
Sida, magiuri samyaros agebis safuZvels. (47)
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

inglisur poeziaSi dikinsoni da ieitsi sxvada

sxvanairad aRweven aseT deanimizaciur, antimistikur meta
foras: rodesac emili dikinsons surs, sikvdilis SegrZne
basTan erTad, gadmosces gacocxlebis, aRorZinebis gan
cdac, is xSirad iSveliebs kvdomis, gaxevebis da gaqvavebis
SegrZnebas. `es ar yofila sikvdili~, magram
As if my life were shaven
And fitted to a frame,
And could not breath without a key...
How many times these low feet staggered,
Only the soldered mouth can tell;
Try! can you stir the awful rivet?
Try! can you lift the haps of steel? (48)
poeziis magiad warmoCenis ideals ieitsi yvelaze
ufro miuaxlovda Tavis `bizantiumSi~ (1930). 1927 wels,
poemaSi `zRviT bizantiumisken~, man ukve Camoayaliba
biologiuri sicocxlis samyaroSi arsebuli winaaRmdegoba:
`erTurTis mklavze misvenebuli yrmebi.. zRva, gavsebuli
skumbriis gundiT~, da bizantiuri xelovnebis samyaro,
sadac yvelaferi dafiqsirebulia _ gaxevebuli da
arabunebrivi, `oqros mozaikis~ da `oqros minanqris~
samyaro. biologiuri aspeqtiT, adamiani `mokvdavi
cxovelia~, da imedi gadarCenisa imas efuZneba, rom `elis
eziaros naxelavs maradiulobisas~ ara kvlav im gziT, rom
isev `argunon sxeulis forma sxva ram bunebriv sagniT
naboZebi~, aramed imiT, rom gadaiqces xelovnebis nimuSad,
oqros buCqze Semomjdar oqros Citad. erTi mxriv,
`bizantiumi~ warmogvidgeba rogorc ieitsis `sistemis~
saguldagulod dawerili ilustracia, Teologiuri
poema, magram amave dros, Tu sxva kuTxiT, specifikuri
literaturuli TvalsazrisiT ganvsjiT, is warmogvidgeba
rogorc
urTierTmopasuxe
xelovnuri
saxeebisagan
Sedgenili struqtura, xolo mTlianobaSi iqmneba raRac,
rac waagavs daniSnuli liturgiis rituals. (49)
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pongsis im kategoriebs, romlebic Cven sakmaod

Tavisuflad vaxseneT, axasiaTebs erTgvari Tavisebureba,
rom poeturi stili daukavSiron cxovrebis Sefasebas da
xedvas. (50) miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stili isea danaxuli, rogorc sakuTari
gansxvavebuli xedva-versiebis matarebeli, arsebiTad,
isini drois miRmaa gaazrebuli da warmoCenilia, rogorc
cxovrebis xedvis da pasuxis gacemis alternatiuli gzebi.
amave dros, es samive kategoria ganekuTvneba im generalur
xazs, romelsac xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc Tanamedrove
azrovnebas, e.i. racionalizms, naturalizms, pozitivizms
da mecnierebas. metaforaTa aseTi klasifikacia imas
gvikarnaxebs, rom poezia mecnierebamdeli azrovnebis stilis
erTguli rCeba. poeti inarCunebs bavSvis da primitiuli
adamianis, bavSvis arqetipis animistur xedvas. (51)
ukanasknel wlebSi bevri kvleva Catarda calkeuli
poetebis Semoqmedebis da garkveuli poemebisa Tu piesebis
simboluri saxierebis kuTxiT da TvalsazrisiT. aseT
`praqtikul kritikaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
kritikosis varauds. ras eZebs is? vis, an ras aanalizebs
TviT poets Tu mxolod poemas?
is sferoebi, saidanac aRebulia saxeebi (maknisis sityve
biT, es `ufro exeba nawarmoebis Sinaarsis Seswavlas~) (52)
unda ganvasxvavoT im kvlevisagan, romelic Seiswavlis, `Tu ra
gzebiTa da formiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes es saxeebi~ da
ra xasiaTis urTierToba Camoyalibda `Sinaarssa~ da `formas~
(metaforas) Soris. im monografiaTa umetesoba, romlebic
eZRvneba ama Tu im poets (mag., rugofis naSromi `saxiereba jon
donTan~), miekuTvneba pirvel kategorias. aseT monografiebSi
moxazuli da awon-dawonilia poetis interesebi. amisaTvis
Tavmoyrili da klasificirebulia metaforebi, romlebic
moicaven bunebas, xelovnebas, industrias, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, humanitarul dargebs, qalaqs da sofels.
magram, amave dros, SesaZlebelia im Temebis Tu sagnebis
klasifikacia, romlebic ubiZgeben poets metaforisken, mag.,
qalebi, religia, sikvdili, TviTmfrinavebi. amasTan erTad,
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klasifikaciaze ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs farTo masSta

bis ekvivalentebis da fsiqikuri korelatebis aRmoCenas. ori
sfero _ poezia da cxovreba _ gamudmebiT urTierTmoqme
debs, amitom SesaZlebelia warmovaCinoT poetis fsiqikaSi
maTi WeSmariti urTierTSeRweviTobis xarisxi: ase, magaliTad,
donis `simRerebsa da sonetebSi~ miwieri siyvarulis gancda
gadmocemulia imgvari metaforikiT, romelic gamoiyeneba ka
Tolikur literaturaSi wminda siyvarulis daxasiaTebisas.
xorcieli siyvarulis mimarT poeti iyenebs eqstazis,
kanonizaciis, martvilobisa da wminda nawilebis cnebebs,
maSin, rodesac zogierT `wminda sonetSi~ is RmerTs mimarTavs
erotikuli vnebis gamomxatveli metaforuli gamoTqmebiT:
Yet dearly I love you, and would be be loved fain
But am betrothed unto your enemy.
Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again,
Take me to you, imprison me, for I
Except you enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor even chaste, except you ravish me.
xorcieli siyvarulisa da religiis sferoTa urTi
erTSenacvleba mowmobs, rom siyvaruli igive religiaa,
xolo religia _ siyvaruli.
garkveuli tipis gamokvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia
TviTgamoxatvaze, rodesac poetis sulieri mdgomareoba
warmoCenilia misi saxierebis analizis meSveobiT.
am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, poetis saxeebi SeiZleba
mivamsgavsoT zmanebiseul saxeebs, romlebic araa
kontrolirebuli sircxvilis an zneobriobis gancdebiT;
es saxeebi araa gacnobierebuli, magram, rogorc iTvleba,
maTSi vlindeba avtoris WeSmariti ganwyobilebebi. Tumca,
mainc sakiTxavia, yovelTvis esoden arakritikulia Tu ara
poeti Tavis saxeTa mimarT. (53)
meore, ukve aSkarad mcdari varaudi is aris, rom poe
tma, cxovrebaSi ganicada yvelaferi is, rac asaxa Tavis qmni
lebebSi (amis safuZvelze gledis i. ueidma ganaxorciela
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literaturis Teoria

trahernis cxovrebis adrindeli etapis rekonstruqcia).

(54) doqtor jonsons miekuTvneba moTxroba tomsonis
erT-erTi Tayvanismcemeli qalis Sesaxeb, romelsac egona,
rom tomsonis nawarmoebTa safuZvelze SeZlebda emsjela
mis gemovnebaze: `nawerebis mixedviT qalma daadgina misi
xasiaTis sami Tviseba, kerZod, is, rom igi didebuli mijnuri,
didebuli mocurave da Zalze TavSekavebuli adamiani iyo,
magram, (misi axloblis) sevijis sityvebiT, siyvaruli mas
mxolod seqsi egona, curviTac, iqneb, saerTod ar ugemia
civ wyalSi curva, da, bolos, aranair fufunebaze ar ityoda
uars, Tu amis SesaZlebloba miecemoda~.
gledis i. ueids metad mcdari warmodgena aqvs poetis
pirad Cvevebsa da Tvisebebze. albaT, metaforul saxeTa
ararsebobac ar niSnavs, rom poets ar hqonda Sesabamisi
interesebi. magaliTad, uoltoniseul wignSi jon donis
Sesaxeb iq moyvanil TerTmet figuras Soris ver vnaxavT Tevzis
gamosaxulebas, xolo meToTxmete saukunis kompozitor
maSosTan ver SevxvdebiT musikidan aRebul saxeebs. (55)
Tavis mxriv, varauds, rom poetis saxieri samyaro ar
is misi aracnobieris gamoxatuleba da rom, Sesabamisad,
esaa `xma kacisa~ da ara xelovanis xma mivyavarT
saeWvo da araTanmimdevrul warmodgenasTan poeziaSi
`gulwrfelobis~
amocnobis
SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb.
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, STambeWdavi saxis
Seqmna moiTxovs garkveul Cvevebs, ostatobas da amitom
amgvari saxe gulwrfeli ver iqneba: uSualo gancdis
gadmocemisas adamiani martivad saubrobs da aranair
saxeebs ar iyenebs. an mimarTavs Zalze gacveTil metaforebs.
amave dros, arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric: banalur saxes,
romelic axdens Cveul STabeWdilebas, ar ZaluZs gancdis
gulwrfelad gadmocema _ is ver aRZravs CvenSi garkveul
grZnobas mTeli Tavisi sirTuliT, aramed _ mxolod mis
uxeS anarekls. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven erTmaneTSi gvereva,
ubralod, adamiani da, meOore mxriv, literatori _ anu
adamiani, romelic Cveulebrivad metyvelebs da, meore
mxriv, mwerali, romelsac mxatvruli metyvelebis unari
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

aqvs. Cveulebrivi pirovnuli gulaxdiloba da trivialuri

saxiereba mSvenivrad esadageba erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba
leqsis `gulwrfelobas~, es termini TiTqmis uazroa. ris
gulwrfel gamoxatvazea saubari? im savaraudo emociur
mdgomareobaze, ramac is warmoSva? Tu im mdgomareobaze,
romlis gancdisas daiwera poema? an iqneb poemis gulwrfeli
gamosaxvaa nagulisxmevi, anu is enobrivi konstruqcia,
romelic avtoris gonebaSi yalibdeba weris procesSi? eWvi
ar aris, rom swored es ukanaskneli varaudia swori, radgan
leqsi, diaxac, gulwrfeli gamoxatulebaa TviT leqsisa.
poetis saxiereba sakuTriv mas, mis `me~-s warmoaCens.
rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT es `misi `me~? mario pracis
da lilian h. hornstainis azriT, sakmaod komikuria Seqs
piris rogorc `XX saukunis universaluri ingliselis~
interpretacia, romelic qerolain sperjenma Camoayaliba.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom didi poeti nazia
rebi iyo Cveneul `zogadsakacobrio Tvisebebs~. (56) amis
gasagebad ar gvWirdeba Seqspiris qmnilebebis faruli saz
risis Zieba. magram Tu nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis
Seswavlis daniSnulebaa raRac gansakuTrebulis amocnoba,
maSin aseTi ram SegvaZlebinebs amovikiTxoT mwerlis piradi
`xelwera~ da CavixedoT Seqspiris gulSi.
imis nacvlad, rom Seqspiris saxierebaSi aRmovaCinoT
zogadsakacobrio niSnebi, Cven SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac
ieroglifebiT Cawerili erTgvari angariSi, romelic
metyvelebs avtoris fsiqikur mdgomareobaze im momentSi,
rodesac is qmnida ama Tu im konkretul piesas. ase magaliTad,
`troilussa da kresidasTan~, agreTve, `hamletTan~ dakav
SirebiT, qerolain sperjeni wers: `rom ar gvcodnoda sxva
mizezebi, isedac davrwmundebodiT im ori piesis simbolizmis
msgavsebidan da xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare, rom isini
dawerilia daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi da am dros
avtori ganicdida imdenad mZafr ganxiblvas, zizRs da
SeSfoTebas, rom msgavss verafers naxavT mis sxva piesebSi~.
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am pasaJidan gamomdinare, qerolain sperjenis varaudi

imas ki ar exeba, rom dadgindes Seqspiris ganxiblvis
specifikuri mizezi, aramed imas, rom `hamleti~ ganxiblvas
gamoxatavs, da rom es grZnoba sakuTriv Seqspirma ganicada.
(57) aseT didebul piesas Seqspiri ver dawerda, gulwrfeli
rom ar yofiliyo; maSasadame, is sakuTar ganwyobas gamo
xatavda. aseTi doqtrina upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss
Seqspirze, romelsac e.e. stoli da sxvebi iziareben, ake
Teben ra aqcents mis xelovnebaze, dramaturgiaze, misi Se
moqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis swraf ganvTarebaze Tanac
wina nawarmoebTa warmatebebis gaazrebuli ganviTarebis
gziT: mag., `hamleti~ mohyva `espanur tragedias~, xolo
`zamTris zRapari~ da `qariSxali~ bomontisa da fletCeris
nawarmoebebs metoqeobas uwevdnen.
miuxedavad amisa, poeturi saxierebis yvela kvleva
rodi warmoadgens mcdelobas, maSin gaxsnas poetis saxe,
rodesac is `mobilizebuli~ ar aris, an kidev daakvirdes
poetis biografias. isini ufro imisken ixrebian, rom
fokusireba moaxdinon piesis Sinaarsobrivad wamyvan
elementze, anu imaze, rasac elioti uwodebs `siuJetisa
da xasiaTis donis qveS arsebul monaxazs~. (58) Tavis eseSi
`Seqspiris tragediebis wamyvani motivebi~, romelic
qerolain sperjenma 1930 wels gamoaqveyna, is upiratesad
dainteresebulia im saxis Tu saxeTa jgufis dadgeniT,
romelic dominirebs konkretul piesaSi da gansazRvravs
mis tonalobas. misi analizis magaliTad unda movixsenioT
sneulebaTa _ wylulis da kibos saxeebi `hamletSi~; `troi
lussa da kresidaSi~ sakvebi da saWmlis momnelebeli
aparati, `oteloSi~ `erTimeoris mdevni nadirni~. qerolain
sperjeni sakmaod ecada eCvenebina, rogor zemoqmedebs
piesis Sinaarsze es xsenebuli substruqtura; is SeniSnavs,
rom avadmyofobis motivi `hamletSi~ imas migvaniSnebs, rom
princi udanaSauloa, radgan mTlianad dania, saxelmwifo
aris sneuli. sperjenis naSroms is dadebiTi mxare aqvs, rom
igi cdilobs miagnos nawarmoebis Sinaarsis ufro ufro
faqiz gamovlinebebs, vidre ideologiuri ganzogadeba da
siuJetis aSkara struqturaa.
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gamokvlevebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis saxeobrivi

struqturis ufro Rrma analizis pretenzia aqvT (maT
ricxvs miekuTvneba uilson naitis naSromebi), upirveles
yovlisa, eyrdnoba midlton meris mSvenier naSroms, rome
lic man miuZRvna Seqspiris saxierebis sakiTxs (`stilis
problema~, 1922). naitis adreuli gamokvlevebi (mag., `miTi
da saocreba~. 1929, da `cecxlis borbali~, 1930) mxolod
Seqspirs exeba; magram mogvianebiT man Tavisi meTodi
gamoiyena sxva poetebis miltonis, poupis, baironisa da
uordsvorTis mimarT. (59) misi adrindeli naSromi, romelic
aSkarad yvelaze ukeTesia, ifargleba calkeuli piesebis
SeswavliT, amasTan, TiToeuli nawarmoebi ganixileba misive
simboluri saxierebis konteqstSi da gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eTmoba iseT saxeobriv dapirispirebebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, `qariSxali~ da `musika~; gamov
lenilia Zalze faqizi stilisturi sxvaobebi piesebs Soris
da TviT piesebis farglebSi. ufro gviandel wignebSi Sei
niSneba midrekileba ukiduresobebisadmi. rodesac naiti
ganmartavs poupis eseebs `kritikis Sesaxeb~ da `adamianis
Sesaxeb~, is ugulebelyofs kiTxvas, Tu ras niSnavda,
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, im poemebSi gamoTqmuli `ideebi~
poupisTvis da misi TanamedroveebisaTvis. garda imisa, rom
naiti ver daikvexnis istoriuli perspeqtivis SegrZnebiT,
is amasTanave zedmetad iWreba `filosofiuri msjelobis~
sferoSi. magram `filosofia~, romelsac is poulobs
SeqspirTan an sxva poetebTan, arc originaluria, arc naTeli
da arc rTuli; saboloo angariSiT, is ifargleba im mizniT,
rom `Searigos~ erTmaneTTan erosi da agape, wyoba-wesrigi
da energia, iZleva kidev sxva msgavs Sepirispirebul wyvilTa
magaliTebs. vinaidan yvela WeSmariti poeti, arsebiTad,
erTsa da imaves qadagebs, mkiTxvels, mas Semdeg, rac is
moaxerxebs poetis `dekodirebas~, uCndeba amao molodinis
da gawbilebis SegrZneba. poezia marTlac ganasaxierebs
`aRmoCenas~, magram ra aris is, rasac poezia aRmoaCens?
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Aaranakleb
Rrmaa
da
amasTanave
gacilebiT
mravlismTqmelia volgang klementis naSromi Shakespeares
Bilder (60), romelic amarTlebs mis qvesaTaurs. MmasSi
Seswavlilia saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi prin
cipebi da misi funqciebi. l
L irikisa Tu epikis saxismetyvelebis
Sedarebisas, is xazs usvams Seqspiris piesebis dramatul
bunebas: Tavis adreul namuSevarSi is aRniSnavs rom Seqspiri
rogorc `adamiani~ ki ar mimarTavda `damyayebuli saWmlis~
metaforebs da saxeebs aramed troilusi. piesaSi TiToeuli
saxe, metafora TiToeul adamians gamoxatavs. Kklemenma
zustad icis rogor dasvas meTodologiuri SekiTxva. titus
andronikusis analizisas is svams kiTxvas `ra SemTxvevaSi
mimarTavs Seqspiri saxeebs/metaforebs?~ arsebobs Tu ara
kavSiri saxeobrivi struqturasa da garemoebas Soris?
Dda ra funqcia ekisreba metaforebs/saxeebs razedac
mas mxolod uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. `titusis~ analizSi
saxismetyveleba
spazmuri da ornamentulia, magram
Seqspiriseuli metaforebis ganviTarebas Cven SeiZleba
wavawydeT.... (germanuli teqsti). is SesaniSnav komentarebs
akeTebs Seqspiris Sua periodze. (uels sankenisa Tanaxmad,
saxismetyvelebis radikaluri da eqspansiuri tipebi). Mmagram
konkretuli mwerlis momografaSi is warmogvidgens sakuTar
tips, mxolod maSin rodesac Seqpiris `ganviTarebisas~ es
konkretuli tipi warmoCindeba. Mmiuxedavad imisa rom misi
monografia saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebas Seiswvlis, da
aseve Seiswavlis Seqspiris Semoqmedebis periodebs, klemens
axsovs rom is aseve swavlobs poeziis periodikas, da ara
maincdaminc avtoris mier ganvlil hipotezur sicocxles.
rogorc zoma leqsTawyobaSi, aseve saxeobrivi
truqtura poemaSi, misi erT-erTi komponentia. Cveni sqemis
Tanaxmad es aris sintaqsis, stilistikisa da stratumisa
(donis) Semadgeneli nawili, romelic unda Seiswavlon
ara rogorc calke aRebuli da gamijnuli konkretuli
jgupidan, aramed rogorc literatulii nawarmoebisa
rogorc erTiani, mTlianis Semadgeneli komponenti.

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naratiuli literaturis buneba da

modusebi
*
literaturis Teoria da romanis kritika poeziis Teo
riasa da kritikas raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivadac bev
rad CamorCeba. amis mizezad, Cveulebriv, miCneulia is, rom
poezia uZveles xanaSi Caisaxa, xolo romani SedarebiT axal
dros ganekuTvneba. magram amgvari ganmarteba damajerebe
li araa. romani, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi forma aris
is, rasac germanelebi uwodeben Dichtung-s; is eposisa da
dramis, am ori didebuli formis erTaderTi Tanamedrove
memkvidrea. savaraudod, es mizezi mdgomareobs farTod
gavrcelebul SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad romans
ukavSireben ufro garTobas, TavSeqcevas,
vidre
_
seriozul xelovnebas, ver asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan
saukeTeso romanebsa da im mdare nacodvilars, romelic
bazris viwro miznebs emsaxureba. amerikaSi karga xnis
winaT damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelsac
pedagogebi qadageben, aramxatvruli prozis kiTxva
Wkuis sasawavleblad gamodgeba da mosawonia, xolo
beletristika _ zianis momtani, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
araseriozuli saqmianobaa. romanis mimarT amgvari
damokidebulebis mxardaWera igrZnoba iseT TvalsaCino
kritikosebTan, rogorebic arian loueli da arnoldi.
arsebobs sapirispiro xasiaTis saSiSroebac. romani
SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes gagebuli, rogorc dokumenti an
naRdi istoria, radganac damajereblobis iluziis Seqmnis
mizniT, zogjer romani moCvenebiTad warmogvidgeba, rogo
rc aRsareba, namdvili ambavi, gmiris cxovreba da misi drois
istoria. literatura yovelTvis unda iyos saintereso; mas
yovelTvis unda hqondes struqtura da esTetikuri mizani;
unda iyos logikurad Sekruli da STambeWdavi. cxadia, is
aSkarad unda ukavSirdebodes cxovrebas, magram kavSirebic
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didad gansxvavebulia: cxovreba SeiZleba iyos gadmocemuli

amaRlebulad,
komikurad,
antiTezurad;
yovelgvar
viTarebaSi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, ra gansakuTrebuli
cxovrebiseuli movlenis gadmocemaa ganzraxuli. unda
gvqondes araliteraturuli codna, raTa davadginoT, ra
kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im nawarmoebs `cxovrebasTan~.
aristoteles ganmartebiT, poezia (igulisxmeba eposi
da drama) ufro uaxlovdeba filosofias, vidre istorias.
es Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans, dResac samarTliania.
arsebobs droiTa da adgiliT SemosazRvruli faqtobrivi
sinamdvile _ es aris istoriuli sinamdvile viwro gagebiT.
arsebobs filosofiuri sinamdvilec _ konceptualuri,
Teoriuli, ganzogadebuli. `istoriisa~ da filosofiis
amgvari gagebis fonze, warmosaxviTi literatura aris
`fiqcia~, sicrue. sityvaSi `fiqcia~ kvlav SemorCenilia
literaturis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli platoniseuli Zveli
gageba, razec filip sindi da doqtor jonsoni pasuxobdnen,
rom literatura arasodes TvalTmaqcobda, TiTqos
amgvari gagebiT iyo realisturi(1). da mainc, jer kidev aris
SemorCenili sicruis ZvelTaZveli gageba, misi gadmonaSTebi;
es, albaT, axlac gaaRizianebs nebismier gulwrfel romanists,
romelsac kargad esmis, rom fiqcia gacilebiT ufro Cveulia
CvenTvis da ufro azriania, vidre sinamdvile.
marTebulia uilson folitis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor aRwers defo misis vilsa da misis bargreivs: `Txroba
damajerebelia, mTlianad moTxrobas Tu ar CavTvliT.
zogadad, nawarmoebis sazrissac verafers dauwuneb.
ambavs hyveba mesame qali, misis bargreivis ganuyreli
megobari, romelic zustad iseTivea, rogorc danarCeni ori
personaJi..~ (2)
merien muri ambobs, rom poezia niSnavs imis gadmocemas,
`rac Sesacnobia. warmosaxviT baRnarebSi iq namdvili
gombeSoebic arseboben.~
beletristuli nawarmoebis realoba, e. i. realobis
iluzia, mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom igi ecnoba WeSmarit
cxovrebas, rodi niSnavs, rom nawarmoebSi usaTuod
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gadmocemuli unda iyos, pirvel yovelisa, realuri garemo,

an detalebi, anda Cveulebrivi rutina. yvela amgvari
standartis mixedviT, houelsisa da gotfrid kelerisnair
mwerlebs upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT `oidipos mefis~,
`hamletis~ an `mobi dikis~ avtorTa winaSe. detalis
damajerebloba emsaxureba iluziis Seqmnas, rasac xSirad
iyeneben dauSvebel da daujerebel situaciaSi mkiTxvelis
Sesatyueblad ise, rogorc `guliveris mogzaurobaSia~,
sadac cxovrebiseul garemoebebTan SedarebiT, ufro
Rrmadaa gadmocemuli `realobis WeSmariteba~.
realizmi da naturalizmi dramasa Tu romanSi
aris literaturuli an literaturul-filosofiuri
mimdinareoba, konvencia, stili, iseve, rogorc romantizmi
da siurealizmi. gansxvaveba arsebobs ara realobasa da
warmosaxvas Soris, aramed realobis koncefciebsa da anu
iluziis Seqmnis meTodTa Soris.
ra kavSirSia cxovrebasTan naratiuli literatura?
klasikosebisa da klasicistebis pasuxi iqnebodaa is, rom
mxatvrul prozaSi gadmocemulia tipobrivi, universaluri
xasiaTebi _ Zunwi (molierTan, balzakTan), mamis moRalate
qaliSvilebi (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~). magram amgvari
klasobrivi koncefcia sociologias xom ar ganekuTvneba?
an iqneb xelovnebis mizania cxovrebis gakeTilSobileba,
misi amaRlebulad warmoCena, gaidealeba? cxadia, arsebobs
xelovnebis
amgvari mimarTulebac, magram es mxolod
mimarTulebaa da ara xelovnebis arsi. eWvgareSea, rom
yovelgvari xelovneba gamoxatviTa da metyvelebiT qmnis
esTetikur distancias, aRgviZravs fiqrebs, gangvawyobs
gansjisTvis; Tumca, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi asaxuli
ambebi, romlebic siamovnebas gvaniWebs, albaT, tkivils
mogvayenebda, piradad rom gamogvecada, an Tundac
cxovrebaSi misi mowmeni gavmxdariyaviT. isev unda iTqvas,
rom prozauli nawarmoebi gvTavazobs `SemTxveviT ambavs~
zogadi modelisa Tu sindromis an magaliTis sailustraciod.
amgvar `SemTxveviT ambavs~ uaxlovdeba zogi calkeuli
momenti keTeris moTxrobebSi `polis saqme~ an `moqandakis
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sikvdili~. magram romanisti naklebad aRwers SemTxvevas,

SemTxveviT xasiaTsa da movlenas, igi warmogvidgens mTel
samyaros. yvela didi romanisti qmnis imgvar samyaros,
romelic nawilobriv emTxveva empiriuls, magram gamoirCeva
TviTkmarobiT da ganumeoreblobiT. zogjer SeiZleba
globusze, am samyaros gegmac ki movxazoT, magaliTad,
Trolopis sagrafoebi da qalaqebi sakaTedro taZrebiT,
hardis ueseqsi; magram zogjer, rogorc pos SemTxvevaSi,
es SeuZlebelia: pos SiSismomgvreli sasaxleebi germaniasa
da virjiniaSi ki ar aris agebuli, aramed avtoris sulSi.
dikensis samyaro SeiZleba gavaigivoT londonTan, kafkasi
_ Zvel praRasTan: magram orive samyaro imdenad TviTmyofi
da originaluria, rom isini gadadian empiriul samyaroSi,
rogorc `dikensis gmirebi~ da kafkas situaciebi~. ase rom,
maTi Sefardeba sinamdvilesTan azrs kargavs.
esmond makarTi ambobs, rom merediTma, konradma, henri
jeimzma da hardim `didi, kargad gaazrebuli buStebi gauSves,
maTSi is adamianuri arsebani moaTavses, romlebsac isini
aRweren, Tumca, cxadia, realur adamianebs SesamCnevad ki
hgvanan, oRond mxolod im samyaroSi SeuZliaT arseboba~.
warmoidgineT, ambobs makarTi, rom `gmiri gadayvanilia
erTi warmosaxviTi samyarodan meoreSi. peksnifi rom
gadainergos `oqros TasSi~, is gaqreba... romanistis
upatiebel naklad unda CaiTvalos zogadi atmosferos
SenarCunebis uunaroba~ (4).
romanistis samyaro, anu kosmosi aris modeli, anu
struqtura, organizmi, romelic Seicavs siuJets, xasiaTebs,
garemocvas, msoflmxedvelobas, `saerTo atmosferos~
_ yvelaferi es warmoadgens imas, rac kritikulad da
dawvrilebiT unda SeviswavloT, roca vcdilobT romani
SevadaroT cxovrebas an romanistis qmnileba SevafasoT
eTikuri an socialuri TvalsazrisiT. ama Tu im detalis
faqtobrivi sizustis mixedviT Zneli dasadgenia, asaxavs Tu
ara romani cxovrebiseul simarTles, anu `realobas~, iseve,
rogorc Znelia, bostonel cenzorTa msgavsad, moralurobis
dadgena imis mixedviT, gvxvdeba Tu ara romanSi gineba an RvTis
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gmoba. saRi kritika mowodebulia Seufardos nawarmoebis

warmosaxviTi samyaro Cvens sakuTar realur an warmosaxul
samyaros, romelic, bunebrivia, naklebad mwyobri da erTiania,
vidre romanistis samyaro. Cven siamovnebiT vuwodebT
romanists dids, roca mis samyaroSi, romelic ar aris ise
agebuli rogorc Cveni, magram Seicavs yvela elements,
romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro farTo TvalsazrisiT
ganvixiloT samyaro; an, Tu mwerlis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT
viwroa, warmodgenil suraTi unda Seicavdes raRac
mniSvnelovans, principuls, xolo RirebulebaTa skala,
ierarqia Rrmad unda iyos gaazrebuli.
termini `samyaro~ sivrcis gamomxatveli cnebaa. magram
naratiul mxatvrul prozaSi umjobesia vixmaroT `ambis~
msgavsi termini, radganac `ambavSi~ Cvens yuradRebas
iqcevs dro da Tanmimdevroba droSi. `ambavi~ momdinareobs
`istoriidan~: amis nimuSia entoni Trolopis `barsetSiris
qronikebi~. literatura droiTi xelovnebaa (mxatvrobisa da
qandakebisgan, anu sivrcobrivi xelovnebisgan gansxvavebiT);
Tumca, Tanamedrove poezia (araTxrobiTi poezia) cdilobs
Tavi aaridos amas _ mieces Wvretas, iqces `TviTarekvlis~
modelad; da, rogorc damajereblad
gviCvena jozef
frankma, Tanamedrove romanebSi (`ulise~, `tye RamiT~,
`misis dalouei~) SeimCneva poeturad organizebis,
`TviTarekvlis~ tendencia.(5) es niSnavs, rom yuradReba
unda mivaqcioT mniSvnelovan kulturul fenomens: Zvelad
Txroba an ambavi (epossa Tu romanSi) mimdinareobda droSi
_ tradiciulad drois xangrZlivoba eposSi erT wels
Seadgenda. bevr did romanSi adamianebi ibadebian, berdebian
da kvdebian; xasiaTebi viTardeba, icvleba; zogjer SeiZleba
davinaxoT, rom mTeli sazogadoeba icvleba (`forsaitebis
saga~, `omi da mSvidoba~) an ojaxis aRmavloba da dakninebaa
warmoCenili (`budenbrokebi~). romani, tradiciulad,
seriozulad ekideba drois problemas.
pikareskul romanSi qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba
yvelgan aseTia: axla es moxdeba da mere is. Tavgadasavlebs,
yovel incidents, romelic SeiZleboda damoukidebeli
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ambavic yofiliyo, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gmiris figura.

ufro filosofiur romanSi qronologias emateba mize
zobriobis struqtura. garkveul mizezTa zegavleniT da
drois garkveul monakveTSi gmiris cxovreba an umjobesde
ba, an uaresdeba. guldasmiT mofiqrebul siuJetSi dro
cvlilebebs ganapirobebs: romanis bolos asaxuli situacia
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sawyisi situaciigan.
Txrobisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT ambis ganvi
Tareba da ara mxolod misi dasasruli. yovelTvis iyo da
axlac aris mkiTxveli, romelic lamobs winaswar gaigos,
riT `dasrulda~ ambavi; imas, vinc kiTxulobs mecxramete
saukunis romanis mxolod `daskvniT Tavs~, ar ainteresebs
siuJeti, misi ganviTareba droSi, xolo is, rom yvelaferi
raRaciT mTavrdeba, isedac viciT. albaT, arseboben
emersonis msgavsi filosofosebi da moralistebi, rom
lebic, ZiriTadad, romans seriozulad ver aRiqvamen, rad
ganac moqmedeba, anu moqmedeba droSi, maT ararealurad
miaCniaT. maTi azriT, istorias azri ara aqvs: istoria
meordeba, araferi axali ar xdeba, xolo romani igive
istoriaa, oRond - gamogonili.
oriode sityva unda iTqvas terminze `naratiuli
literatura~, romelsac upirispireben dramatul prozas,
e. i. dramas. ambavi, igavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos
pantomimis meSveobiT, an mTxroblis mier, romelic epikuri
mTqmelis an axali drois mwerlis saxiT gvevlineba. epikuri
poeti Txrobisas pirvel pirs iyenebs, magram es SeiZleba iyos
niRabic, lirikuli gmiris pirveli piri, miltonis msgavsad.
mecxramete saukunis romanisti pirvel pirSi ar werda,
magram iyenebda eposis upiratesobas _ komentirebasa
da ganzogadebas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `eseisturi~
(lirikulisgan gansxvavebiT) pirveli piri. amitom na
ratiuli literaturis mTavari niSania moculobiToba:
dialogebs (romelTa scenaze dadgmac SeiZleba) enacvleba
komentarebi, romlebSic Sejamebulia asaxuli movlenebi (6).
naratiuli mxatvruli prozis or mTavar saxeobas
inglisSi ewoda romance (romantikuli romani) da novel
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( yofiTi, realisturi romani). 1785 wels klara rivi maT

Semdegnairad asxvavebda: `romani~ warmoadgens Tanamedrove
cxovrebisa da adaT-wesebis realur suraTs. `realistur
romanSi~ maRalfardovani da daxvewili eniT aRwerilia is,
rac ar momxdara da, savaraudoa, arc moxdeba~(7).
romani realisturia, romantikuli romani _ poeturi
an epikuri: dRes mas, albaT, `miTurs~ vuwodebdiT. en
redklifi, ser uolter skoti, hoTorni `romantikuli
romanebis~ avtorebi arian, fani bernei, jein ostini, enToni
Trolopi, jorj gisingi _ realisturi romanebis avtorebi.
es ori polaruli tipi warmoadgens naratiuli prozis
ganviTarebis or gzas. romani ganviTarda aramxatvruli
prozidan (werili, dRiuri, memuarebi an biografia, matiane
an istoria), anu dokumentebidan. stilisturad masSi
ZiriTadia e.w. damaxasiaTebeli detali _ `mimezisi~, viwro
gagebiT. da, piriqiT, romantikulma romanma, romelic eposisa
da Sua saukuneebis rainduli sagmiro eposis, ganmgrZobia,
SeiZleba ugulebelyos detalis damajerebloba (maga
liTad, individualizebuli metyvelebis reproduqcia
dialogSi); is miiswrafvis ufro amaRlebuli realobisken,
ufro Rrma fsiqologiisken. `rodesac mwerali Tavis
Txzulebas `romantikul romans~ uwodebs, _ wers hoTorni,
_ is uflebas itovebs, Tavisuflad moepyras nawarmoebis
formasa da masalas~... Tu amgvar nawarmoebSi moqmedeba
warsul droSi mimdinareobs, romantikuli romani miznad
ar isaxavs, zedmiwevniT zustad warmoadginos es warsuli
dro. man unda Seqmnas, _ rogorc hoTorni sxva naSromSi
acxadebs, _ erTgvari `poeturi teritoria, sadac realuri
sinamdvilis....asaxva aucilebeli araa~... (8).
analizuri kvlevisas romanSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyofen
sam Semadgenel nawils: siuJets, xasiaTebis gamoxatvas da
garemos. es ukanaskneli, ase aSkarad mravalmniSvnelovani,
zog Tanamedrove TeoriaSi gadaiqca `atmosferod~ an
`saerTo tonad~. cxadia, TiToeuli elementi danarCenis
ganmsazRvrelia. henri jeimzi Tavis eseSi `prozis
xelovneba~ svams kiTxvas, `ra aris xasiaTi, Tu ara
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moqmedebis gansazRvra? ra aris moqmedeba, Tu ara xasiaTis

ilustracia?~ (ix. `eseebi. inglisuridan Targmnes paata da
rostom CxeiZeebma. Tb. `merani~, 1989. gv. 279.).
piesis, moTxrobis an romanis naratiul, anu TxrobiT
struqturas tradiciulad ewodeba `siuJeti~ da albaT,
es termini unda SevinarCunoT, magram is sakmaod farTod
unda gaviazroT, vinaidan siuJeturia Cexovis, floberis,
henri jeimzis qmnilebebi, iseve, rogorc hardis, uilki
kolinzis da pos nawarmoebebi: siuJeti ar unda daviyvanoT
CaxlarTul intrigamde, godvinis `kaleb uiliamsis~ msgavsad
(9). unda ganvasxvavoT siuJetTa tipebi, SedarebiT martivi da
ufro rTuli, `romantikuli~ da `realisturi~ siuJetebi.
literaturuli gardaqmnebis dros romanisti iZulebuli
xdeba, gaiTvaliswinos siuJetis ori saxeoba, romelTagan
erT-erTi Jamgadasul formas miekuTvneba. `Zowisferi
asomTavrulis~ Semdeg hoTornis romanebSi SemoTavazebulia
Zveleburi yaidis idumali siuJetebi, Tumca sinamdvileSi
maTi siuJetebi sxvagvaria, Tavisufali, SedarebiT
`realisturi~. Tavis gviandeli periodis romanebSi dikensi
did gamomgoneblur unars iCens saidumloebiT moculi
siuJetebis TxzvaSi, romlebic xan SeiZleba Seesatyviseba
romanis mniSvnelobis realur centrs, xan _ ara. `heklberi
finis~ bolo mesamedi aSkarad Camouvardeba danarCens; es,
albaT, nakarnaxevi iyo movaleobis mcdari gagebiT, romelic
aiZulebda avtors usaTuod Seeqmna raRac `siuJeti~, Tumca,
WeSmariti siuJeti ukve warmatebiT iyo Camoyalibebuli _ es
gaxlavT miTuri siuJeti: sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo Cveulebrivi
sazogadoebidan gandevnili oTxi adamiani erTmaneTs xvdeba
da tiviT micuravs did mdinareze dinebis mimarTulebiT.
erT-erT uZveles da yvelaze universalur siuJetad
iTvleba mogzauroba wyalsa da xmeleTze: `heklberi fini~,
`mobi diki~, `piligrimis gza~, `don kixoti~, `pikvikis klubis
Canawerebi~, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~. Cveulebriv, amboben,
rom yvela siuJeti Seicavs konfliqts (adamianebi bunebis
winaaRmdeg, adamianebi sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg an sakuTari
TavTan mebrZoli adamiani). aseT SemTxvevaSi `konfliqti~,
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iseve, rogorc `siuJeti~, ufro farTod unda gaviazroT.

konfliqti `dramatulia~, gulisxmobs daaxloebiT Tanabar
ZalTa Setakebas, varaudobs moqmedebasa da winaaRmdegobis
gawevas. da mainc, arsebobs xazovani `siuJetebi~, dadevneba,
gakideba: `kaleb uiliamsi~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~,
`danaSauli da sasjeli~, kafkas `procesi~.
siuJeti (an TxrobiTi struqtura) TavisTavad Sedgeba
ufro mcire TxrobiTi struqturebisgan (epizodebisagan,
SemTxvevebisagan). SedarebiT farTo da moculobiTi
literaturuli struqturebi (tragedia, eposi, romani)
ganviTarda istoriulad ufro adreuli rudimentuli
formebisgan, rogorebicaa saxumaro ambavi, andazuri Tqma,
anegdoti, werili. amgvarad, piesisa Tu romanis siuJeti
struqturis struqturaa. rusi formalistebi da formalu
ri analizis momxreebi (magaliTad, dibeliusi _ Dibelius),
gvTavazoben termins `motivi~ (frang., motif, germ., motiv)
siuJetis ZiriTadi elementebis gadmosacemad (10). `motivi~,
romelsac amgvarad iyeneben literaturis istorikosebi,
nasesxebia fineli folkloristebisgan, romlebic TavianT
SromebSi ikvleven zRaprebsa da xalxur Tqmulebebs (11).
damwerlobiTi literaturaSi amis aSkara nimuSad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos SemTxveviTi gaigiveba (`SemecnebaTa komedia~),
axalgazrdisa da xandazmulis daqorwineba (`ianvari da
maisi~), mamis umaduri Svili (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~),
vaJiSvilis mier mamis Zebna (`ulise~ da `odisea~) (12).
imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT romanis `kompozicias~,
germanelebi da rusebi uwodeben romanis `motivirebas~.
es termini SeiZleba warmatebiT isesxos inglisurmac,
radganac SesaniSnavi sizustiT gamoxatavs im ori mxaris
mniSvnelobas, romelTagan erTia struqtura anu Txrobis
kompozicia, meore _ qcevis fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
filosofiuri Teoriis Sinagani struqtura _ saboloo
angariSiT, kauzalobis zogierTi Teoria, romelic
naTelyofs, ratom iqcevian adamianebi ise, rogorc
iqcevian. ser uolter skoti werda: `yvelaze mkveTri
sxvaoba realursa da gamogonil monaTxrobs Soris isaa,
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rom realur cxovrebaSi movlenebis Soreuli mizezebi

bundovania... xolo meore SemTxvevaSi... avtoris movaleobaa,
axsnas yvelaferi~. (13).
kompozicia anu motivireba (farTo gagebiT) moicavs
Txrobis meTods: `mozomilobas~, `nabijebs~ ese igi,
scenebisa (dramatuli mdgomareobebis) da da asaxvis (uSua
lo Txrobis) urTierTmimarTebas (romelic garkveuli
xerxebiT regulirdeba) da, Semdgom, am rTuli mTlianobis
mimarTebas naratiuli reziumesadmi, daskvnisadmi.
motivebsa da xerxebs perioduli xasiaTi aqvs.
gotikur romans _ Tavisi, realistur romans _ Tavisi.
dibeliusi xSirad imeorebs, rom dikensis `realizmi~ araa
naturalisturi romanis realizmi _ esaa `zRapruli~
realizmi, romelic iyenebs melodramatuli motivirebebis
xerxebs:: kaci mkvdari rom egonaT, cocxali aRmoCndeba;
dgindeba, vin arian bavSvis namdvili mSoblebi; aRmoCndeba,
rom idumali qvelmoqmedi katorRelia. (14).
literaturul nawarmoebSi `motivirebam~ unda gaam
Zafros `realobis iluzia~: es aris misi esTetikuri funqcia.
`realisturi~ motivireba xelovnebis xerxia. xelovnebaSi moC
venebiTi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realuri.
rusi formalistebi ganasxvaveben `fabulas~ (ese
igi, droiT-mizezobriv kavSirs, romelic aris `istoria~
an realuri masala) `siuJetisagan~ (anu Txrobis
struqturisgan). `fabula~ aris yvela motivis jami, xolo
`siuJeti~ warmoadgens motivTa mxatvrulad mowesrigebul
Tanmimdevrobas (romelic SeiZleba nebismieri iyos).
drois gadanacvlebis magaliTebia: gakvanZva in medias
res (`odisea~, `barnebi raji~); ambis ukusvlasa da winsvla
(folkneris `abesalom, abesalom!~). folkneris `momakvdavi
rom vesvene~-s siuJeti Sedgeba ambisgan, romelsac
rigrigobiT yvebian ojaxis wevrebi, rodesac dedis cxedars
miasveneben Sors, sasaflaoze. `siuJeti~ aris Sinaarsi,
romlis `Txrobis fokusTan~ Suamavlobs `Tvalsazrisi~.
Tu `fabula~, ase vTqvaT, aris SerCeuli nedli masala
(avtoris gamocdilebis, kiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli da a.
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S.), `siuJeti~ abstrahirdeba fabulisgan da ufro mkveTrad

avlens naratiul pozicias(15).
fabulis dro aris mTeli periodi, romelic moicavs
ambavs, magram `naratiuli~ (`TxrobiTi~) dro Seesabameba
`siuJets~; es aris wakiTxvis dro, anu `gamocdilebis~ dro;
cxadia, is kontrolirebulia avtoris mier, romelmac
SeiZleba ramdenime winadadeba dauTmos wlebis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare movlenebis aRweras, magram cekvisa Tu Cais smis
aRweras ori grZeli Tavi miuZRvnas (16).
daxasiaTebis yvelaze martivi formaa saxeldeba.
yovelgvari
saxeldebis
saSualebiT
xorcieldeba
personaJis gacocxleba, individualizeba. alegoriuli
an kvazialegoriuli saxeli gaCnda meTvramete saukunis
komediaSi: fildingis oluorTi da Tvekumi, uitvudi,
misis malapropi, ser benjamin bekbaiti. isini gvagoneben
jonsonis, benianis, spenseris da `evrimenis~ gmirebs. kidev
ufro daxvewil movlenad unda CaiTvalos xmabaZviTi, anu
onomatopeuri saxelebi, romlebsac Tanabari ostatobiT
igonebdnen iseTi gansxvavebuli romanistebi, rogorebic
iyvnen dikensi da henri jeimzi, balzaki da gogoli:
peksnifi, pamblCuki, roza dartli (dart; starlt), mister da
mis merdstounebi (murder + stony heart). melvilis `aqabi~ da
`ismaili~ mowmobs, rom literaturuli (am SemTxvevaSi,
bibliuri) aluzia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes daxasiaTebis
ekonomiuri formis funqciiT. (17).
daxasiaTebis bevrnairi meTodi arsebobs, Zveli
romanistebi (magaliTad, skoti) erT abzacSi detalurad
aRwerdnen mTavar gmirebis garegnobas, meoreSi ki _
xasiaTs. magram sruli daxasiaTebis es forma SeiZleba
dayvanil erTgvar iarliyamde, romelic win uZRvis gmiris
gamoCenas nawarmoebSi. amgvar iarliys xSirad warmoadgens
raime mimikuri an plastikuri gamoxatuleba _ saxis manWva,
Jesti an gamoTqma, romlebic _ magaliTad, dikensTan _
meordeba gmiris yoveli gamoCenisas. esaa gmiris Tanmxlebi
emblema. misis gamiji ganuwyvetliv fiqrobs Tavisi `moxuci
qmris~ Sesaxeb, iuraia hips imeorebs sityvas `umble~
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(`mokrZaleba~) da isress xelebs. hoTorni zogjer zusti

emblemis meSveobiT axasiaTebs zinoubias wiTeli yvaviliT,
uestervelts _ kbilis SesaniSnavi proteziT. jeimzis
Semoqmedebis bolo periodis nawarmoebSi `oqros TasSi~
gmirebi erTmaneTs simbolurad aRiqvamen.
arsebobs statikuri da dinamikuri (anu ganviTarebadi)
daxasiaTebebi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebelia iseTi vrceli romanebisTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `omi da mSvidoba~, xolo dramaSi, romelSic
mxatvruli dro SezRudulia, ganviTarebadi daxasiaTebebis
meTodi naklebad gamoiyeneba. drama (magaliTad ibsenTan)
gviCvenebs gmiris TandaTanobiTi Secvlis process.
romanebSi aRwerilia TviT cvlilebis procesi. `brtyeli~
daxasiaTebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, `statikurs~ emTxveva,
warmodgenilia martooden erTi Tviseba, rogorc
ZiriTadi anu socialurad yvelaze naTlad gamokveTili
Tviseba. SeiZleba es iyos karikatura an abstraqtuli
idealizacia. klasicisturi drama (magaliTad, rasini)
mimarTavs am xerxs mTavari gmirebis dasaxasiaTeblad.
`moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba, iseve, rogorc `dinamikuri~,
moiTxovs sivrcesa da aqcents; `moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba
namdvilad saWiroa Tvalsazrisisa da miswrafebis
gamomxatveli
ZiriTadi
gmirebis
asaxvisas.
aqedan
gamomdinare, Cveulebriv, isini SeTavsebuli arian fonur,
meorexarisxovan figurebTan _ `qorosTan~ (18).
aSkarad arsebobs erTgvari kavSiri daxasiaTebasa
(literaturuli meTodi) da qaraqterologias (xasiaTis
Teoria, personaluri tipebi) Soris. arseboben tipuri
xasiaTebi, rac nawilobriv momdinareobs literaturuli
tradiciidan, nawilobriv _ xalxuri gamocdilebidan,
maT iyeneben romanistebi. mecxramete saukunis inglisur
da amerikul prozaSi gvxvdebian Savgvremani mamakacebica
da qalebic (hiTklifi, mister roCesteri, beki Sarpi,
megi taliveri, zinoubia, miriemi, ligea) da qeraTmianebi
(magaliTad, qalebi _ amelia sedli, liusi dini, hilda,
prisila, fibi hoTornTan, ledi rouena _ skotTan.
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qeraTmiani qali meojaxea, TavSekavebuli, patiosani da

saTno. Savgvremani _ vnebiani, mZvinvare, saidumloebiT
moculi, macduri da daundobeli. aseTi iyo `anglosaqsuri~
Tvalsazrisi aRmosavleTis, ebraelTa, espanelTa da
italielTa Sesaxeb. (19).
romanSi,
iseve,
rogorc
dramaSi,
mocemulia
repertuaruli ansamblis msgavsi ram: gmiri mamakaci, gmi
ri qali, borotmoqmedi, `saxasiaTo msaxiobebi~ (anu `ko
mikuri personaJebi~, romlebic ganmuxtaven situacias).
gvxvdebian mozardebi, inJeniuebi (miamitebi) da xandazmuli
adamianebi (deda, mama, gauTxovari mamida an deida,
duenia anu kompanioni qali, ZiZa). laTinuri tradiciis
(igulixmeba plavte, terenciusi, commedia dellarte,
jonsoni, molieri) dramatul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebulia
gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi da tradiciuli tipebi,
magaliTad, trabaxa meomari _ miles gloriosus, Zunwi mama,
gaiZvera mosamsaxure. iseTi didi mweralic ki, rogoric iyo
dikensi, xSirad iyenebda meTvramete saukunis dramatul
da romanul tipebs da Taviseburad cvlida maT; dikensma
`gamoigona~ mxolod ori axali tipi _ umweo moxuci da
axalgazrda, agreTve _ ocnebiT Sepyrobili an fantaziori
(magaliTad, tom pinCi `martin Cezluitidan~) (20).
raoden Rrmadac ar unda hqondes fesvebi gamjdari
sociologiasa da anTropologiaSi literaturul tipebs
_ magaliTad, qeraTmian an Savgvreman qals _ TviT
literatura `badebs~ emociur tipebs, romelTac SeiZleba
moeZebnos istoriul-literaturuli winaprebi; sworad am
aspeqtSia ganxiluli sabediswero qali (femme fatale) da bneli
satanuri gmiri mario pracis wignSi `The Romantic Agony~
(`romantikuli agonia~). (21)
erTi SexedviT,
garemo (aRwera da ara DTxroba)
aris is, rac ganasxvavebs `mxatvrul prozas~ dramisagan.
sinamdvileSi garemo literaturuli periodis kategoriaa.
misi detaluri suraTi dramasa da romanSi araa `garemo,
zogadad~, aramed _ romantikuli an realisturi garemoa
(mag., mecxramete saukuneSi). dramaSi garemo SeiZleba
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moniSnuli iyos piesis teqstSi (rogorc SeqspirTan),

an speqtaklis reJisoris miTiTebebSi, romlebic deko
ratorisa da butaforisTvisaa gankuTvnili. zogi `scena~
SeqspirTan sulac araa miniSnebuli, lokalizebuli (22).
magram garemos aRwera romanebSic mniSvnelovanwilad
sxvadasxvagvaria. jein ostini, fildingivisa da smoletivis
msgavsad, iSviaTad aRwers interiersa da eqsteriers.
jeimzis adreul romanebSi, romlebSic balzakis gavlena
SeiniSneba, detaluradaa aRwerili saxlic da landSaftic.
gviandeli periodis romanebSi garemos aRweras enacvleba
zogadi atmosferos simboluri asaxva.
romantikuli aRwera miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas garkveuli
ganwyobileba: aseT SemTxvevebSi atmosfero da yovelgvari
efeqtebi iqvemdebareben siuJetsa da xasiaTebs _ amis
magaliTebia en redklifi da po. naturalisturi aRwera
gamoirCeva dokumenturi sizustiT da warmoqmnis obieqturi
Txrobis iluzias (defo, svifti, zola).
garemo igive garemocvaa; da garemocva, gansakuT
rebiT, ojaxis interieri SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc
gmiris xasiaTis metonimiuri an metaforuli gamoxatuleba.
adamianis saxli misive anareklia. Tu aRwerT saxls,
Tqven aRwerT TviT am adamians. gulmodgineba, romliTac
balzaki aRwers Zunwi grandes saxls Tu vokes pansions,
Seusabamo sruliadac araa (23). es saxlebi gamoxataven maTi
mepatroneebis xasiaTs; am saxlebis atmosfero zemoqmedebas
axdens maTzec, vinc iZulebulia arian maTSi icxovros.
amazrzeni wvrilburJuaziuli pansioni imTaviTve iwvevs
rastiniakis, iseve rogorc votrenis garkveul reaqcias;
pansioni TvalsaCinod gviCvenebs gorios dacemis mizezebs
da gamudmebiT upirispirdeba fufunebas, romelic aseve
asaxulia balzakis nawarmoebSi.
garemo SeiZleba adamianis sulieri mdgomareobis
gamoxatuleba iyos. Tu garemo _ bunebaa, masSi
aisaxeba adamianis ganwyobileba. landSafti sulieri
ganwyobaao, ambobda amieli, romelic kargad icnobda
adamianis Sinagan samyaros. adamiani da buneba aSkarad
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urTierTdakavSirebulia, yvelaze mZafrad amas grZnobdnen

romantikosebi (ara mxolod da ara gansakuTrebiT
romantikosebi).
boboqari,
Smagi
gmiri
iswrafvis
qariSxlisken. uSfoTvel gmirs mzis Suqi xiblavs.
da kidev, garemo SeiZleba determinanti iyos _ rode
sac garemocva gagebulia, rogorc fizikuri an socialuri
mizezobrioba, rasac individi ver akontrolebs. aseTebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos igdon hiTi tomas hardisTan an zeniti
sinkler luisTan. realurad, amgvari garemo yvelaze ufro
damaxasiaTebelia didi qalaqebisTvis (parizi, londoni, niuiorki), romlebic aRwerilia bevr Tanamedrove romanSi.
ambavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos werilebis an
dRiuris saxiT, an emyarebodes anekdots. moTxroba-CarCo
istoriulad warmoadgens xids anekdotsa da romans Soris.
`dekameronSi~ novelebi Tematuradaa dajgufebuli.
`kenterberiul moTxrobebSi~ Temebis (magaliTad, qorwi
neba) amgvar dajgufebas emateba daxasiaTeba Txrobis
meSveobiT, rac yovelTvis Seesabameba mTxroblis xasiaTs,
agreTve _ mogzaurTa fsiqologiur da socialur
kontaqtebs. iseT mxatvrul formas, rogoricaa `moTxroba
moTxrobaSi~,
iyenebdnen
romantikosebic:
irvingis
`mogzauris naambobi~ da hofmanis `serapionis Zmebi~.
gotikuri romani `moxetiale melmoTi~ warmoadgens
ucnaur, magram ueWvelad STambeWdav, damoukidebeli
ambebisagan Semdgar krebuls, romelSic Tavisuflad
SekavSirebul ambebs mxolod SiSis atmosfero aerTianebs.
kidev erTi xerxi, romelic amJamad iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba, aris novelis CarTva romanSi (magaliTad,
`tom jonsSi~ _ `kaci zRapris gorakze~, `lamazi sulis
aRsareba~ _ `vilhelm maisterSi~). rogorc Cans, es xerxi
gamoiyeneboda
nawarmoebis CarCoebis gafarToebisa da
TxrobisTvis meti mravalferovnebis miniWebis mizniT.
masStaburobisa da mravalferovnebis gadmocema yvelaze
ukeT xelewifebodaT viqtorianuli epoqis trilogiebs,
romlebSic monacvleobiT viTardeboda erTdroulad
ori-sami siuJeturi xazi (mbrunavi scenis principiT),
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sabolood ki isini erT xazad erTiandeboda; erTsa da

imave nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva siuJeturi xazis Serwyma adre ukve
gamoiyeneboda elisabedis droindel mwerlobaSi da xSirad
brwyinvaledac xorcieldeboda. siuJeturi xazebi viTarde
boda paralelurad (mag., `lirSi~) an erTi maTgani emsaxureboda
meoris `komikur xazgasmas~, an kidev _ parodirebas.
ambis Txroba pirvel pirSi (Ich Erzalum) iseTi meTodia,
romelic sagangebod unda ganvixiloT. cxadia, amgvari
mTxrobeli ar unda agverios avtorSi. amgvar Txrobis mizani
da efeqti sxvadasxvagvaria. zogjer es keTdeboda imisTvis,
raTa mTxrobeli, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT, naklebad
gamoyofili yofiliyo (`devid koperfildi~). meore mxriv,
mol flenderss da hek fins centraluri adgili ukaviaT
TavianT `monaTxrobebSi~. `aSerebis saxlis dacemaSi~,
pirvel pirSi Txrobisas, po mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi aSeris megobarTan (ro
melsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs aSeris bed-iRbalTan) da
masTan erTad ganeridos katastroful finals. `ligeias~,
`berenaisis~, `mamxilebeli gulis~ nervuli da fsiqikurad
aSlili centraluri personaJebi ki Tavad mogviTxroben
TavianT Tavgadasavlebs. Cven ver gavaigivebT sakuTar Tavs
im mTxrobelTan, romlis aRsarebasac vecnobiT; CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania, ras hyveba da rogorc hyveba is.
sainteresoa, ra saSualebebiT icavs ambavi Tavisi
`myofobis~ uflebas. zog nawarmoebs Tavidanve efeqturad
gvacnoben (`otrantos cixe-simagre~, `xraxnis motrialeba~,
`Zowisferi asomTavruli~). avtori da mkiTxveli TiTqos ar
monawileoben ambavSi: ubralod, mavanma a-m mouTxro is b-s,
an a-m gadasca b-s mindobili xelnaweri, sadac aRwerilia
g-s tragikuli cxovreba. posTan, zogjer, pirvel pirSia
warmodgenili dramatuli monologi (`amontiliado~),
zogjer ki _ aRsareba, romelic dawera pirovnebam
im mtanjveli fiqrebis mosaSoreblad, mZime tvirTad
rom daswolia mis aforiaqebul suls (`mamxilebeli
guli~). xSirad (magaliTad, `ligeiaSi~) avtoris mizani
gaurkvevelia: iqneb mTxrobeli Tavis Tavs esaubreba?
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SesaZloa, imis gamo hyveba xelmeored Tavis ambavs, rom

xelaxla ganicados SiSi?
naratiuli meTodis centraluri problemaa mwerlis
damokidebuleba sakuTar nawarmoebisadmi. piesaSi avtori
ar Cans, is piesis miRmaa mimaluli, magram eposSi poeti hyveba
ambavs, rogorc profesionali mTxrobeli. nawarmoebis
teqstSi gvxvdeba misi axsna-ganmartebebi da sakuTriv
TxrobiT nawilSi (e.i. dialogebs garda, yvelgan) icavs Tavis
individualur stils.
romanists SeuZlia, aseve, mogviyves ambavi; ufleba
aqvs ganacxados, rasac giambobT, imis arc mowme vyofilvar
da arc monawileo. mas SeuZlia weros mesame pirSi,
rogorc `yovlismcodne avtorma~. es, ueWvelad, Txrobis
tradiciuli da `bunebrivi~ wesia. nawarmoebis gverdiT
avtori arsebobs ise, rogorc leqtori, romelic komentars
urTavs diapozitivebis Cvenebas an dokumentur films.
epikuri Txrobis amgvari Sereuli meTodidan
gadaxveva ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba xolme: pirvel
maTgans SeiZleba ewodos romantikul-ironiuli; masSi
ganzrax aris gazviadebuli mTxroblis roli, sagangebod
ganidevneba yovelgvari iluzia imisa, rom Cven winaSea
`cxovreba~ da ara `xelovneba~; xazgasmulia nawarmoebis
literaturuli xasiaTi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia
sterni, gansakuTrebiT _ `tristram SendiSi~, misi mim
devaria Jan- pol rixteri da tiki germaniaSi, veltmani da
gogoli ruseTSi. `tristrams~ SeiZleba ewodos romani ro
manis daweris Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc Jidis `yalbi fulis
mWrelebsa~ da mis memkvidres, haqslis `kontrapunqts~. Teke
reim mravaljer Seamowma da Seaswora `amaoebis bazari~, mu
dam imeorebda, es xasiaTebi Cem mier Seqmnili Tojinebiao.
es sityvebi, ueWvelad, literaturuli ironiis Tavisebu
ri gamoxatulebaa: literatura gamudmebiT Seaxsenebs
sakiTar Tavs, rom is mxolod da mxolod literaturaa.
romanis meore, sapirispiro mizania `obieqturi~,
anu `dramatuli~ meTodi, romelic dasabuTebuli da
xorcSesxmulia oto ludvigis mier germaniaSi, floberisa da
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mopasanis mier safrangeTSi, henri jeimzis mier inglisSi (24). am

meTodis mimdevrebi _ kritikosebi, mwerlebi _ amtkicebdnen,
rom esaa erTaderTi mxatvruli meTodi (rac WeSmaritebas ar
Seesabameba). persi labokma `mxatvruli prozis ostatobaSi~
Cinebulad ganixila romanis poetika jeimzis mxatvruli
Semoqmedebisa da Teoriuli Sromebis safuZvelze.
umjobesia, am mimarTulebas vuwodoT `obieqturi~,
radganac `dramatuli~ SeiZleba niSnavdes `dialogs~ an
`moqmedebas, saqciels~ (azrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani
samyarosgan gansxvavebiT), magram savsebiT naTelia, rom
swored dramam, Teatrma misces biZgi am mimdinareobis
ganviTarebas. oto ludvigma Tavisi Teoriebi, umetesad,
dikensis Semoqmedebis safuZvelze Camoayaliba. pantomimisa
da metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis xerxebi dikensma isesxa Zveli,
meTvramete saukunis komediidan da melodramidan. Txrobis
nacvlad dikensis miiswrafvis yovelTvis dialogisa da
pantomimis saSualebiT warmoadginos. is ki ar gviambobs
raimes, aramed gviCvenebs. mogvianebiT romanma bevri ram
gadmoiRo ufro daxvewili Teatraluri formebisgan
(magaliTad, jeimzma _ ibsenisagan) (25).
obieqturi meTodi ar daiyvaneba dialogze da
qcevis aRweraze (jeimzis `gardatexis asaki~, hemingueis
`mkvlelebi~). es uTuod gamoiwvevda konkurencias prozasa
da Teatrs Soris, da aseT SemTxvevaSi Teatri ufro
momgebian poziciaSi aRmoCndeba. obieqturi meTodis
warmateba aixsneba sulieri cxovrebis asaxviT, risi
SesaZleblobac Teatrs ara aqvs. obieqturi meTodis
aucilebeli pirobaa romanidan `yovlismcodne avtoris~
gaqroba, anu dauswrebloba da sanacvlod, `Tvalsazrisis~
Tanmimdevrulad gamoyeneba. jeimzis da labokis SexedulebiT,
romanSi urTierTs enacvleba `suraTi~ da `drama~:
igulisxmeba sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis suraTebi,
romlebic ganSualebulia ama Tu im personaJis cnobierebiT,
magram es araa `scena~, Tumca Txrobas SeiZleba Seenacvlos
dialogi, xolo mniSvnelovani epizodebisa Tu Sexvedrebis
aRwerisas SeiZleba miTiTebul iqnes mxolod zogierTi
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detali (26). `suraTi~ iseTive `obieqturia~, rogorc `drama~,

oRond `suraTSi~ obieqturadaa gadmocemuli specifikuri
subieqturoba, xasiaTebi (madam bovari an streTeri), maSin,
rodesac `drama~ obieqturad gadmogvcems saubarsa da
qcevas. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia `Tvalsazrisis~
Senacvleba (magaliTad, `oqros Tasis~ meore nawilSi princis
Tvalsazriss enacvleba princesas Tvalsazrisi) im pirobiT,
Tu sistematuroba iqneba uzrunvelyofili. obieqturi
meTodisaTvis dasaSvebia, agreTve, romanSi avtoris mier
iseTi personaJis gamoyeneba, romelic hgavs avtors _
is megobrebs uyveba ambavs (marlou konradis `iungaSi~)
an yvelaferi warmoCenilia misi cnobierebis meSveobiT
(streTeri `elCebSi~); orive SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia is, rom
romani icnobierebs Tavis obieqturobas. Tu avtori araa
`ganzavebuli~ teqstSi, maSin is an misi Semcvleli personaJi
monawileoben nawarmoebSi misi mdgomareobiTa da statusiT,
rogorc _ sxva personaJebi (27).
obieqturi meTodi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs
gadmocemis dros: mkiTxveli da personaJebi erTian
droSi cocxloben. `suraTsa~ da `dramas~ garkveulwilad
yovelTvis unda erTvodes `reziume~ (piesaSi is SeiZleba
amgvarad gamoiyurebodes: `pirvel da meore moqmedebas
Soris xuTi dRe gavida~), magram reziumeTa raodenoba
minimaluri unda iyos. viqtorianuli periodis romanebi,
Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda TaviT, romelSic mokled
gvamcnobda mniSvnelovan personaJTa Semdgomi cxovrebis,
qorwinebebisa Tu sikvdilis Sesaxeb; jeimzma, houelsma
da maTma Tanamedroveebma bolo mouRes am tradicias,
romelsac, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arasrulfasovnad
Tvlidnen. obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, mweralma
winaswar rodi unda gvamcnos, ra moxdeba momavalSi; man
TandaTanobiT unda gaSalos Tavisi daxveuli etrati, ise,
rom mxolod TiTo-TiTo striqoni vixiloT da amgvarad
wavikiTxoT teqsti. ramon fernandezi ganasxvavebs Txrobis
or saxeobas _ erTia recit, anu Txroba imis Sesaxeb, rac
ukve moxda da ris Sesaxebac axla hyvebian eqspoziciisa
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literaturis Teoria

da aRweris kanonTa Sesabamisad; meorea sakuTriv romani

(novel), anu Txroba im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic jer
kidev xdeba droSi (28).
obieqturi romanis teqnikuri xerxia is, rasac
germanelebi uwodeben erlebte Rede, frangebi _ `le
style indirect libre (tibode) an la monologue interieur
(diuJardeni). mas Zalze miaxloebiT Seesabameba inglisuri
termini `cnobierebis nakadi~, romelic uiliam jeimzidan
momdinareobs (29). diuJardenis gansazRvriT, `Sinagani
monologi~ miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels uSualod gaacnos
personaJis Sinagani cxovreba avtoris axsna-ganmartebebisa
da yovelgvari komentaris gareSe~. da `aris yvelaze
ufro intimuri fiqrebis gamovlena, fiqrebisa _ TiTqmis
aracnobieris doneze~... `elCebSi~, ambobs laboki, jeimzi
`ar mogviTxrobs streTeris sulieri ganwyobis Sesaxeb;
mwerali Tavad sulier ganwyobilebas aambobinebs sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb, amiT jeimzi aRwevs mis dramatizebas~ (30). am
xerxTa istoriisa da mTels Tanamedrove literaturaSi
maTi mniSvnelobis Seswavla mxolod axlaxan daiwyo; isini
momdinareobs Seqspiris monologebidan; sternisgan,
romelmac gamoiyena ideaTa lokiseuli
Tavisufali
asociacia da `siRrmiseuli analizidan~, e. i. avtoris mier
gmiris Sinagani samyaros gadmocema _ mesame (31).
Cveni mesame debuleba exeboda mxatvruli prozis
`samyaros~ (siuJeti, xasiaTebi, garemo) da umetesad
ilustrirebuli iyo romanebis magaliTze. magram
aSkaraa, rom is gamodgeba agreTve dramisTvisac, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dramac literaturuli nawarmoebia.
meoTxe da bolo debuleba `metafizikuri Taviseburebebis~
Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo mWidro kavSirSi `samyarosTan~,
rogorc `cxovrebasTan mimarTebis an damokidebulebis~,
anda samyaros `atmosferos~ ekvivalenti; magram am
Tvisebebs davubrundebiT da detalurad ganvixilavT im
TavSi, romelic Sefasebas eZRvneba.

332

Tavi meCvidmete

literaturuli Janrebi
*
ra aris literatura? poemebis, piesebis da romanebis
erToblioba, romlebsac saerTo saxeli aerTianebs? aseTi
nominalisturi pasuxi gasca am kiTxvas Cvens droSi, kerZod,
kroCem. (1) es Tvalsazrisi, erTi mxriv, reaqciaa kla
sikuri avtoritarizmis ukiduresobebze; meore mxriv, is
jerovnad ver afasebs literaturis istoriis faqtebs.
literaturuli Janri araa, ubralod, fiqcia,
radgan esTetikuri pirobiToba, romelic xorcSexmulia
nawarmoebSi, ayalibebs mis Janrs. literaturuli Janre
bi SeiZleba `ganvixiloT rogorc institucionaluri
imperativi, romelic gansazRvravs mwerlis maneras
da TviTonac ganisazRvreba am maneriT. (2) miltoni,
romelic esoden progresuli iyo politikisa da rwmenis
sakiTxebSi,
poeziaSi tradicionalisti gaxldaT, da,
v.p. keris moxdenili gamoTqmiT, `ver uRalata eposis
Janrs~; man Tavadac icoda, `romelia WeSmaritad epikuri
poemis kanonebi, romeli dramatuli poemisa, da romeli
lirikulis~. (3) magram, amasTanave, isic icoda, rogor
unda SeirCes, ganivrcos, anda gadakeTdes klasikuri forma;
icoda, ra gziT SeiZleboda `eneidas~ `gaqristianeba~
anda `miltonizeba~, xolo sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb
Txrobisas SeZlo Camoeyalibebina ebrauli legenda sam
sonis Sesaxeb berZnuli tragediis formiT.
literaturuli Janri _ esaa instituti, iseve, ro
gorc institutebia eklesia, universiteti anda saxelmwifo.
Janri arsebobs, magram ara ise, rogorc arsebobs cxoveli,
samlocvelo, biblioTeka an kapitoliumi, aramed _ rogorc
dawesebuleba. adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos, sakuTari Tavi
gamoxatos arsebuli institutebis meSveobiT, axlebic
Seqmnas, anda maqsimalur warmatebas ise miaRwios, rom ar
gaiziaros institutis politika an ritualebi; amas garda,
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literaturis Teoria

pirovnebas kidev SeuZlia jer Caebas aseTi institutebis

saqmianobaSi, Semdeg ki gardaqmnas isini. (4)
Janrebis Teoria aris garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. misi
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia literaturisa da literaturis
istoriis klasificireba ara droisa da adgilis (pe
riodis an erovnuli enis) mixedviT, aramed specifikuri
literaturuli tipebis organizaciisa Tu struqturis
Sesabamisad. (5) nebismieri kritikuli anda SefasebiTi
kvleva (istoriulisgan gansxvavebiT), garkveulwilad,
operirebs amgvari struqturebiT. magaliTad, leqsis
analizi damokidebulia gamocdilebaze, sul erTia,
iqneba es aRweriTi Tu normatiuli gamocdileba (Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, pirovnebis warmodgena poeziis Sesaxeb
gamudmebiT icvleba, da es xdeba misi im gamocdilebis
safuZvelze, romelic emyareba mis Sexedulebebs ama Tu im
poeturi nawarmoebis Sesaxeb).
xom ar unda vivaraudoT, rom yoveli nawarmoebi romelime
gansazRvrul Janrs ekuTvnis? ramdenadac viciT, es problema
ar wamoWrila arc erT diskusiaSi. Cven rom gvevalebodes
pasuxis gacema bunebrivi samyaros wes-kanonTa analogiurad,
cxadia, dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdiT, radgan adgili yvelas
moeZebneba gind veSapi iyos da gind _ Ramura; amave dros, Cven
vaRiarebT im arsebaTa realobas, romlebic CaiTvlebian erTi
samyarodan meoreSi gardamaval elementebad. amitom sakiTxi
sxvagvarad unda davsvaT, anu kidev ufro unda davakonkretoT
Cveni kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom yoveli nawarmoebi
sakmaod axlo literaturul kavSirSia sxva nawarmoebTan,
imdenad axlos, rom mis Seswavlas exmareba sxva nawarmoebTa
kvleva? da Tu asea, rogor gansazRvravs `Canafiqri~ Janrs?
miekuTvneba Tu ara iniciativa novatorebs?an, iqneb, is
veteranTa mxriv momdinareobs? (6)
gansazRvrulia Tu ara Janrebi erTxel da samudamod?
vfiqrobT, rom ara. axali nawarmoebebi afarToeben Janris
sazRvrebs. aba, davakvirdeT `tristram Sendis~ da `ulises
zemoqmedebas romanis Teoriaze. rodesac miltoni werda
`dakargul samoTxes~, misi warmodgeniT, es poema Janruli
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literaturuli HJAanrebi

niSan-Tvisebebis mxriv emTxveoda `iliadasa~ da `eneidas~;

magram Cven umal ganvasxvavebT zepirsityvier eposs
literaturulisagan, da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, miviCnevT
`iliadas~ zepir eposad Tu ara. unda vifiqroT, rom miltoni
ar ecdeboda imis mtkicebas, rom `feriaTa dedofali~ eposi
iyo, Tumc ki dawerili im periodSi, rodesac jer kidev ar
acalkeveben erTmaneTisagan epossa da satrfialo romances, xolo eposis alegoriul personaJs dominanturi roli
ekisreboda; amis miuxedavad, spensers, cxadia, mainc miaCnda,
rom poemas homerosis stiliT werda.
ueWvelia, rom yovelgvari kritikuli midgomis
Sedegia axali gvareobrivi rgolis, axali Janruli modelis
aRmoCena: ase magaliTad, empsoni pastoralebad miiCnevs
Semdeg nawarmoebebs: `rogor mogewonebaT~, `samgroSiani
opera~ da `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi~, xolo `Zmebi
karamazovebi~ gatolebulia deteqtiur nawarmoebebTan.
aristotelem da horaciusma safuZveli Cauyares
Janris Teorias. swored maT davesesxeT gvarebad (tragedia
da eposi) dayofas. magram, aristotelem ganaxorciela
literaturis ufro fundamenturi dayofac _ dramad,
eposad
da
lirikad.
Tanamedrove
literaturuli
Teoriebis umetesoba ufro saimisod aris momarTuli, rom
gaaqarwylos proza-poeziis sxvaoba, beletristika (Dichtung)
warmoadginos prozis (romani, moTxroba, eposi), dramis
(prozad an leqsad nawerad) da poeziis (aqcenti keTdeba
iseT tipze, romelic Seesatyviseba antikuri `lirikuli
poeziis~ cnebas) saxiT.
vietori samarTlianad gvTavazobs, termini `Janri~
ar gamoviyenoT am sami met-naklebad ZiriTadi kategoriisa
da istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis (tragedia
an komedia) mimarT; (7) am ukanasknelTa mimarT,
anu
istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi,
misi azri misaRebia. rac Seexeba ZiriTaf kategoriebs,
maTi aRsaniSnavi terminis gansazRvra rTulia da, albaT,
arc aris saWiro. (8) platonma da aristotelem ukve
gamoyves es sami mTavari kategoria `baZvis saxeobis~
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literaturis Teoria

(anu reprezentaciis maneris) Sesabamisad: lirikuli

poezia _ esaa TviT poetis `xma~; epikur poeziaSi (anda
romanSi) avtori nawilobriv metyvelebs TviTon, rogorc
mTxrobeli, nawilobriv ki uSualod alaparakebs sakuTar
personaJebs (esaa Sereuli narativi): rac Seexeba dramas,
aq poeti imaleba moqmed pirTa miRma (9)
araerTxel ucdiaT, eCvenebinaT am sami gvareobrivi
kategoriis fundamenturi buneba, gamoevlinaT, rogor
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan proza, drama da poezia drois
TvalsazrisiT, lingvisturi morfologiis TvalsazrisiT.
msgavsi debulebebi Camoayaliba jer kidev hobsma Tavis
werilSi davenantisadmi; man samyaro dayo samefo karad,
qalaqad, soflad, da, Sesabamisad aRmoaCina poeziis
Sesatyvisi sami ZiriTadi tipi: sagmiro (eposi da tragedia),
sqomaturi (satira da komedia), da pastoraluri. (10)
niWieri ingliseli kritikosi, e.s. dalasi, romelic
icnobda Slegelis da kolrijis (11) kritikul naSromebs,
asaxelebs poeziis sam ZiriTad tips: esenia `piesa, zRapari,
simRera~ da gvTavazobs ufro germanuli, vidre inglisuri
tradiciebis Tanaxmad SemuSavebul sqemaTa seriebs.
dalasis azriT, drama meore piria, awmyo dro; eposi mesame
piria, namyo; xolo lirikuli poezia mxolobiTi ricxvis
pirveli piria, momavali. aRsaniSnavia, rom jon erskinma,
romelmac 1912 wels gamoaqveyna poeturi `temperamentis
ZiriTadi literaturuli tipebis interpretaciisadmi
miZRvnili naSromi, daaskvna, rom lirika awmyos gamoxatavs,
magram tragediaSi warmoCndeba adamianis (romlis bedi
misi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs) mier warsulSi Cadenili
codvebis gamosyidva, xolo eposi _ esaa erebis Tu rasebis
xvedri. mcdaria erskinis daskvna imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
drama gamoxatavs warsuls, xolo eposi momavals. (12)
Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT, erskinis eTikurfsiqologiuri interpretacia ramdenadme waagavs rusi
formalistebis cdebs, romlebsac rogorc amas akeTebda
roman iakobsoni _ surT aCvenon Sesabamisoba enis
dafiqsirebul gramatikul struqturasa, da literaturul
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literaturuli HJAanrebi

saxeobebs Soris. iakobsoni acxadebs, rom lirikuli poezia

`aris mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri, awmyo dro, maSin
rodesac eposi warsuli drois mesame piria~ (epikuri
mTxroblis `me mocemul SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba mesame pirs
_ dieses objektivierte Ich) (13).
ZiriTadi literaturuli kategoriebis amgvari
kvlevebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, akavSireben maT lingvistur
morfologiasTan, xolo meore mxriv msoflmxedvelobriv
sferoebTan, miuxedavad maTi mimzidvelobisa, iSviaTad
ganapirobebs
obieqtur
Sedegebs.
kvlavindeburad
gaurkvevelia, marTlac fundamenturia Tu ara es sami
kategoria, Tundac Semadgeneli nawilebis sxvagvari
kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi.
erT-erTi sirTule ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom amJamad
drama sxva mdgomareobaSia, vidre eposi (romani) da lirika.
aristotelesTvis da berZnebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi, an
Tundac zepiri Sesruleba ukve niSnavda eposs: homerosis
poezias warmosTqvamda rafsodi, magaliTad, ioni. elegiur
da iambikur poezias akompanements fleita uwevda, xolo
melikur poezias qnari. dResdReobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
mkiTxveli TvaliT kiTxulobs poezias da romanebs. (14)
magram drama axlac, iseve, rogorc es iyo berZenTa epoqaSi,
warmoadgens Sereul xelovnebas, romlis safuZvels
rasakvirvelia, mainc literatura warmoadgens, magram
amave dros, is moicavs, agreTve, `speqtakls~, radgan iyenebs
msaxiobTa ostatobas, piesis reJisoris unars, kostiumeris
da eleqtrikosis xelobas. (15)
Tuki
aseTi
sirTulis
Tavidan
asacileblad
samive
ZiriTad
kategorias
daviyvanT
Cveulebriv
literaturulobamde, maSin rogor unda ganvasxvavoT
erTmaneTisgan piesa da moTxroba? bolo xanebSi amerikuli
moTxroba (mag.. hemingueis `mkvlelebi~) cdilobs iyos
obieqturi da, rogorc
piesa-moTxroba _ TiTqmis
mTlianad dialogizebuli. magram rodesac saqme gvaqvs
tradiciul romanTan, masSi, eposis msgavsad, Txrobis garda,
Sereulia kidev dialogi anda uSualo prezentacia; Janris
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literaturis Teoria

problemis sxva mkvlevarebTan erTad, skaligerma umaRles

Janrad aRiara eposi, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom is yvela
danarCens moicavs. vinaidan eposi da romani warmoadgenen
rTul formebs, amitom pirveladi saxeobebis dasadgenad
unda `gavaTavisufloT~ maTi Semadgeneli nawilebi
da davarqvaT maT `pirdapiri Txroba~ da `dialogiT
mowodebuli Txroba~ (anu sakiTxavad gankuTvnili drama);
am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni sami ZiriTadi elementi iqneba Txroba,
dialogi da simRera. SesaZloa, amgvarad ganwmendili,
gamartivebuli saxiT, isini ufro `pirveladia~, vidre,
magaliTad, `aRwera, eqspozicia da Txroba~? (16)
ganvixileT ra `pirveladi~ formebi, anu poezia,
romani da drama, mivubrundeT maT amosaval saxeobebs:
meTvramete saukunis kritikosi Tomas henkinsi wers, rom
inglisuri dramis nairsaxeobebi iyo `misteria, moralite,
tragedia da komedia~. meTvramete saukuneSi proza
warmodgenili iyo romaniT da romance-iT (satrfialo
romani). Cveni azriT, meore kategoriis jgufebis swored
aseT nairsaxeobebs unda vuwodoT Janrebi.
meCvidmete da meTvramete saukuneebi is xanaa, rode
sac Janrebs seriozulad ganixilavdnen; kritikosebs
eWvi ar SeaqvT Janris cnebaSi, maTTvis Janri _ realobaa.
(17) is, rom arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari Janrebi da ar
SeiZleba maTi aRreva, klasicisturi rwmenis dogmati
gaxlavT. magram Tu gadavxedavT klasicistur kritikas,
raTa gaverkveT, rogor gansazRvraven Janrs am kategoriis
kritikosebi, ra meTodiT xelmZRvaneloben, roca undaT
ganasxvavon Janrebi erTimeorisagan, davrwmundebiT, rom
Zalze cota ram aris maT msjelobaSi Tanmimdevruli, da
saerTod, racionaluri gansazRvris saWiroebac ki cudad
aqvT gaazrebuli. magaliTad, bualos kanoni moicavs
pastorals, elegias, odas, epigramas, satiras, tragedias,
komedias da eposs; magram bualo ar gansazRvravs am
tipologiis safuZvels (iqneb imitom, rom, misi azriT,
esaa istoriuli tipologia da ara racionalisturi
konstruqcia). riT gansxvavdebian es Janrebi _ SinaarsiT,
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struqturiT, saleqso sazomiT, sididiT, emociuri toniT,

Weltanschauung-iT, Tu auditoriiT? amaze pasuxis gacema
SeuZlebelia. Tumca, bevri klasicistisTvis Janrebis
mTeli cneba, TavisTavad, imdenad aSkaraa, rom gamoricxavs
raime problemis arsebobas. hiu bleri (`ritorika da
beletristika~, 1793) ramdenime Tavs uZRvnis ZiriTad
Janrebs, magram maTSi ar moiZebna adgili, zogadad, JanrTa
Teoriis, araa gansazRvruli literaturuli klasifikaciis
principebi. Janrebis SerCevac
araa dasabuTebuli
meTodologiuri an sxva romelime TvalsazrisiT. maTi
umetesoba kvlav berZnebs ukavSirdeba, Tumca, es yvelaze
ar iTqmis: avtori msjelobs `aRweriT poeziaze~, romelSic
`SeiZleba warmoCndes geniis ukiduresi dinamikuroba~;
aq is ar gulisxmobs `raime konkretul kategorias anda
kompoziciis formas~, Tumca, arsebobda `didaqtikuri
poemis~ iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa `De rerum natura~
anda `esse adamianze. `aRweriTi poeziidan~ bleri gadadis
`ebraul poeziaze~, romelic, misi azriT, warmoaCens
`gardasul droTa da pirisagan miwisa aRgvili xalxis
gemovnebas~; amasTan, bleri TiTqos verc amCnevs imas, rom
esaa aRmosavluri poeziis nimuSi, im poeziisa, sruliad
rom ar hgavs gabatonebul berZnul-romaul-frangul
tradicias. Semdgom bleri iwyebs msjelobas imaze, rasac is
savsebiT orTodoqsulad uwodebs `epikuri da dramatuli
poeziis umaRles saxeobebs~; Tumca, ufro marTebuli
iqneboda, am ukanasknelisTvis `tragedia~ ewodebina.
klasicisturi Teoria ar ganmartavs, ar aviTarebs da
arc icavs Janrebis doqtrinas, aseTivea misi damokidebuleba
literaturis diferenciaciis safuZvlis mimarT. misi yuradRebis
centrSia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa Janris siwminde, misi
arsebobis xangrZlivoba da axali Janrebis gamovlena.
vinaidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, klasicizmi
iyo avtoritarizmisa da racionalizmis narevi, is
konservatiulobas iCenda lieraturuli klasifikaciis
sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. klasicisturi Sexedulebebi ume
teswilad emyareboda antikur esTetikas da, ZiriTadad,
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literaturis Teoria

exeboda poeturi Janrebis klasifikacias. magram ukve

bualo aRiarebs sonets da madrigals, xolo jonsoni
xotbas asxams denhems, romelmac Tavis nawarmoebSi `kuperis mTa~, Semoitana `poeziis axali sistema~, ` poezia,
romelsac SeiZleba ewodos regionaluri~; mas, agreTve,
miaCnia, rom tomsonis `weliwadis droni~ aris `axali tipis
poezia~, da rom aq `msjelobisa da azrebis gamoxatvis manera
originalurobiT gamoirCeva~.
klasikuri franguli tragediis momxreebi qadagebd
nen Janris siwmindes da upirispirebdnen mas elisabedis
xanis tragediebs, sadac daSvebuli iyo komikuri scenebi
(mesaflaveni `hamletSi~, mTvrali msaxuri `makbetSi~).
esaa horaciusiseuli Tvalsazrisis `mimdevari~ Teoria,
Tu is dogmaturia, xolo rodesac masSi gaismis mowodeba
gamocdilebisa da ganaTlebuli hedonizmisaken, maSin is
aristoteleseuli Sexedulebis damadasturebel doqtrinas
warmoadgens. arsitoteles sityvebiT, `tragediam unda
gamoiwvios ara SemTxveviTi siamovneba, aramed siamovneba,
romelic Seesabameba mas.~ (18)
Janrebis
ierarqia
nawilobriv
ganisazRvreba
hedonisturi TvalsazrisiT: magram klasikur nimuSebSi
nawarmoebiT gamowveuli siamovneba ar unda gaviazroT
raodenobrivad, anu emociis intensivobis mxriv an
mkiTxvelTa
Tu msmenelTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT;
ierarqiuli
struqturis
principi
erTdroulad
ganisazRvreba ramdenime faqtoriT. esenia: socialuri,
moraluri, esTetikuri, hedonisturi da tradiciuli
faqtorebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia literaturuli nawar
moebis zomac: mcire Janrebi, magaliTad, soneti an oda,
ver gautoldeba eposs anda tragedias. miltonis `mcire
zomis~ leqsebi ganekuTvneba dabal Janrebs (soneti,
kancona Tu maska); misi `umTavresi~ nawarmoebebidan
erTi `WeSmariti~ tragediaa, ori ki _ epikuri poemebi.
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, am ori `maRali~ Janridan
`umaRlesia~ eposi. amasTan, yoymanis Semdeg da sakuTari
Sexedulebebis sapirispirod, aristotelem pirveli adgili
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miakuTvna tragedias. aRorZinebis xanis kritikosebma

meti Tanmimdevruloba gamoiCines, da upiratesoba eposs
mianiWes. klasicizmis epoqaSi es sakiTxi kvlav sakamaTod
rCeboda, Tumca, hobsi, draideni da bleri aRiarebdnen, rom
eposic da tragediac umaRles Janrebad unda CaiTvalos.
axla ganvixiloT sxva literaturuli nawarmoebebi,
romlebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod strofuli
formiT da saleqso sazomiT. rogor unda movaxerxoT
sonetis, rondos an baladis klasifikacia? ras warmoadgenen
isini Janrebs, Tu qveJanrebs? ukanasknel xanebSi frangi
da germaneli mwerlebi maT `fiqsirebul formebad~
moixsenieben da ar miakuTvneben Janrebs. amis miuxedavad,
vietori uSvebs gamonakliss, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sone
tisTvis mainc; Cveni azriT, gamarTlebuli iqneboda meti
gamonaklisis daSveba. magram aq ukve terminologiidan
gadavdivarT kriteriumis definiciaze: arsebobs Tu ara,
saerTod, iseTi Janri, romelsac uwodeben `oqtosilabur
leqss~, anda `dipodiur leqss~? Cven mzad varT, dadebiTad
vupasuxoT am kiTxvas, da ai, ratom: Tu meTvramete
saukunis inglisur poeziaSi gvxvdeba `oqtavebi~, xolo
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi _ `dipodiebi~ da, amasTan, es
orive sazomi daaxasiaTebeli araa inglisuri poeziisTvis
misi iamburi pentametriT, es niSnavs, rom oqtavebiT
da dipodiebiT dawerili leqsebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi
intonaciiTa da eTosiT (19) saqme ara gvaqvs ubralod
klasifikaciasTan metris safuZvelze aramed gacilebiT
ufro mravalmniSvnelovan faqtTan, romelsac aqvs
rogorc `Sinagani, aseve `garegnuli~ forma.
amitom Janrad unda miviCnioT literaturul
nawarmoebTa jgufi, romlebSic Teoriulad vlindeba
rogorc garegnuli (specifikuri metri an struqtura),
aseve - Sinagani (ganwyobileba, toni, Canafiqri anu Tema da
auditoria) forma. sakmaris safuZvlad SeiZleba gamodges
erTic da meorec (Sinagani formisTvis pastorali da
satira, xolo garegnuli formisTvis dipodiuri leqsi
anda pindaruli oda); magram aseT SemTxvevaSi kritikis
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literaturis Teoria

amocanad unda miviCnioT sxva ganzomilebis moZebna da

sqemisTvis meti dasrulebulobis miniWeba.
zogjer garegnuli an Sinagani cvlilebebi ganapirobebs
axali Janruli kategoriebis warmoSobas: inglisur (iseve
rogorc berZnul an romaul) poeziaSi, `elegia iwereboda
elegiuri strofiT an distiqiT; amis miuxedavad, antikuri
epoqis mwerlebi Tavs ar izRudavdnen micvalebulTa
datirebiT, ase ar iqceodnen arc greis winamorbedebi
hamondi da Sekstouni. magram greim dawera Tavisi `elegia~
sagmiro katreniT, da ara kupletebiT, ris Semdegac inglisur
mwerlobaSi elegia aRar warmoadgens intimur Janrs,
dawerils Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli kupletebiT.
Cveulebriv, ukanaskneli epoqa, romelsac ukavSireben
JanrTa istorias, esaa meTvramete saukune, radgan momdevno
periodebSi Janruli kategoriebi aRar gamoirCeva mkafio
struqturiT, Janruli modelebi umeteswilad iSleba.
amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia frangul da germanul
enebze Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba Janris
problemebs.maTSi miTiTebulia isic, rom 1840-1940 wlebi,
literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, anomalias warmoadgens da
rom momavalSi ueWvelad unda davubrundeT iseT mwerlo
bas, romelic Janruli xasiaTisa iqneba.
amis miuxedavad, marTebuli iqneba ganvacxadoT,
rom mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis koncefciam ganicada
erTgvari cvlilebebi, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es cneba
saerTod qreba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, praqtikulad Janrebi
verafriT gaqreboda). auditoriis SesamCnev zrdasTan
erTad, mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis ricxvmac imata, xolo
gaiafebul beWdvas is mohyva, rom es Janrebi xanmokle aRmoCnda
an ufro swrafad icvleboda. mecxramete saukuneSi da Cvens
droSic `Janris~ mdgomareoba iseve garTulda, rogorc es
daemarTa `periodis~ cnebas. Cven mowmeni varT, ra swrafad
icvleba literaturuli moda; Zveli naxevarsaukunovani
ritmis nacvlad, dResdReobiT literaturuli Taobebi
aT weliwadSi erTxel icvleba, ris magaliTadac gamodgeba
amerikuli poezia, verlibris xana, eliotis xana, odenis
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xana. amasTan, SesaZlebelia, rom momavali kritikosebis

azriT, sxvadasxvagvari Tanamedrove mimdinareobebi saerTo
mimarTulebisa da Tvisebebis mqone aRmoCndes (iseve, rogorc
axla inglisel romantikosebad miviCnevT yvelas erTad
bairons, uordsvorTs da Selis). (20)
Janris ra magaliTebs iZleva mecxramete saukune? van
tigemi da masTan erTad sxvebi, mudam axseneben istoriul
romans. (21) maSin ra SeiZleba iTqvas `politikur romanze~
(rac m.e. spiris monografiis Temaa)? da Tu arsebobs
politikuri romani, maSin xom unda vaRiaroT arsebobac
sasuliero romanisa, romelic moicavs komfton makenzis
`robert elszmirs~ da `sakurTxevlis safexurebs~,
`barCesteris koSkTan~ da `seilemis samlocvelosTan~
erTad? magram politikur da sasuliero romans aerTianebs
mxolod Sinaarsi, rac wminda sociologiur klasifikaciaze
metyvelebs. am xazs Cven SegviZlia gauTaveblad mivsdioT:
gavixsenoT
romani
oqsfordis
moZraobis
Sesaxeb,
maswavlebelTa aRwera mecxramete saukunis romanSi,
mezRvaurebi mecxramete saukunis romanSi da romanebi zRvis
Sesaxeb. riT gamoirCeva istoriuli romani? ara marto imiT,
rom misi Tema naklebad aris SezRuduli (anu ganxilvis sagani
SeiZleba iyos mTlianad warsuli da ara mxolod misi raRac
nawili), aramed imiTac, rom istoriuli romani ganuyoflad
ukavSirdeba romantizms da nacionalizms _ warsuli
masSi aisaxeba axleburi damokidebulebis safuZvelze.
Janris kidev ufro TvalsaCino nimuSia gotikuri romani,
romelsac meTvramete saukuneSi safuZveli daudo
`otrantos sasaxlem~ da romelic dRemde cocxlobs. es aris
prozauli Txrobis Janri, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT:
is moicavs nawarmoebebs, romlebsac aerTianebs ara
marto gansazRvruli Sinaarsi Tu Tematika, aramed _
formaluri xerxebis da saSualebebis mTeli wyebac
(aRweriTi aqsesuaruli da naratiuli, mag., dangreuli
cixe-darbazebi, Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri tradiciis
saSinelebebi, idumali portretebi, saidumlo talanebi,
sadac SeiZleba SeaRwio karis moZravi panelebis gavliT,
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literaturis Teoria

motacebebi, msxverplis Cakirva kedelSi, devna udabur

tyeSi). amas garda, arsebobs kidev Kunstwollen, esTetikuri
mizanswrafva, rom mkiTxvels gauCndes siamovnebis
momgvreli SiSi da (gotikuri romanebis avtorebi, albaT,
ityodnen, `TanagrZnoba da SiSio~). (22)
saerTod, Cveni warmodgena Janris Sesaxeb gacilebiT
metadaa gansazRvruli garegnuli formiT, vidre _
SinaganiT. amitom Janrad CaiTvleba ufro oqtaviT dawerili
`hudibrasi~ da soneti, vidre politikuri romani an romani
muSebis Sesaxeb: aq vgulisxmobT `literaturul~ Janrebs
da ara klasifikacias Sinaarsis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba
miesadagos aramxatvrul prozasac. aristoteles `poetika~,
sadac poeziis ZiriTad gvarebad eposi, drama da lirikuli
(melikuri) poezia moixsenieba, iTvaliswinebs, agreTve,
gamoxatvis saSualebaTa optimalur Sesabamisobas TiToeuli
maTganisadmi: drama imitom iqmneba iamburi leqsiT, rom is
yvelaze ufro axlosaa sasaubro metyvelebasTan, xolo eposi
moiTxovs daqtilur hegzametrs, romelic sruliad ar waagavs
amgvar metyvelebas: `Tu vinme gadawyvets daweros epikuri
poema raime sxva sazomiT, anda ramdenime sazomiT, es Seusabamo
iqneba, radgan sagmiro metri yvelaze ufro didebuli da
maRalfardovania, amitom is yvelaze ufro advilad iTvisebs
nasesxeb sityvebs, metaforebs Tu ornamentebs..~ (23)
`formis~ momdevno done `metrisa~ da `strofis~
Semdgom, `kompozicia~ unda iyos (mag., siuJetis organizaciis
gansakuTrebuli tipi): sxvadasxvagvari kompoziciuri
xerxebis gamoyenebiT tradiciulad (igulisxmeba Zveli
berZnuli tragedia) ganisazRvreba gansxvaveba epossa da
tragedias Soris (dawyebuli in medias res-iT, tragediis
`peripetiiT~ da erTobebis principiT). magram `klasikur
xerxTagan~ yvela rodia struqturuli: sabrZolo scenebi da
saiqioSi Casvla axasiaTebs nawarmoebs misi Sinaarsis an Temis
TvalsazrisiT. meTvramete saukunis Semdgom mwerlobaSi
Znelia am donis lokalizacia, `kargad gakeTebuli piesebis~
da deteqtiuri romanis garda (mkvlelobis saidumloTi),
sadac kompoziciuri xerxi TviT siuJetis safuZvels
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warmoadgens. magram moTxrobis Cexoviseul tradiciaSic

arsebobs organizacia, struqtura, Tumca is ufro
`Tavisufalia~, vidre pos an o.henris nawarmoebebSi. (24)
Janris TeoriiT dainteresebulma mecnierebma unda
gaiTvaliswinon, rom `klasicisturi~ midgoma gansxvavdeba
Tanamedrove midgomisgan. klasicisturi Teoria maregu
lirebeli da direqtiulia, magram misi `wesebi~ ar unda
CavTvaloT uazro avtoritarizmad, rasac mas jer kidev
miaweren. klasicisturi Teoria aRiarebs, rom Janrebi erT
maneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi bunebiT, ise
asaxvis sagnis mixedviT; amasTan, dauSvebelia Janrebis aR
reva. es aris `Janris siwmindis~ anu `genre tranche~-is cnobili
doqtrina.(25) miuxedavad imisa, rom ar ganxorcielebula
am doqtrinis Tanamimdevruli gaazreba, man mainc wamoayena
garkveuli esTetikuri principi (ise, rom ar Semoifargla
mxolod kasturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyofiT): es
iyo mowodeba, rom mkacrad yofiliyo daculi intonacia,
stilis siwminde da `sisadave~, erTiani emociuri wyoba
(magaliTad, saSineli da sasacilo), siuJeturi da Tematuri
erTianoba. es doqtrina iTvaliswinebda agreTve Janruli
saSualebebis SeuTavseblobas _ xelovnebis yovel saxeobas
aqvs Tavisi SesaZleblobani da sakuTari saSualebebi:
ratom unda eswrafvodes poezia `ferwerulobas~ an
`musikalobas~, anda ratom unda movTxovoT musikas, rom
aRweriTi an scenuri iyos? `esTetikuri siwmindis~ principis
gaTvaliswinebiT, simfonia ufro `wminda~ aRmoCndeba,
vidre opera an oratoria (romlebSic gamoiyeneba gundic
iyos da orkestric), simebiani kvarteti ki _ kidev ufro
wminda (vinaidan is ifargleba mxolod erT saorkestro
ansambliT da ar iyenebs xis instrumentebs, spilenZis
sasule instrumentebs da dasartyam instrumentebs).
klasicizmis Teorias hqonda agreTve Tavisi Janrebis
socialuri diferenciacia. eposi da tragedia asaxavda
mefisa da Tavadaznaurobis cxovrebas, komedia saSualo
klasis (qalaqelebis, burJuaziis) yofas, xolo satirisa da
farsis personaJebi iyvnen mdabioni. moqmed pirebs Soris
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literaturis Teoria

aseTi mkveTri sxvaoba Seesatyviseba yovel tips. aqedan

gamomdinareobs moqmed pirTa ganawileba dramaSi maTi rangis
mixedviT, rac `dekorumis~ doqtriniT iyo nakarnaxevi,
agreTve _ metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis stilisturi
saxesxvaobebi: stili da metyveleba iyofa maRal, Sualedur
da dabal doneebad. (26) mas agreTve hqonda sakuTari
kategoriebis ierarqia, romlis elementebs warmoadgenda
ara ubralod moqmed pirTa rangi da nawarmoebis stili,
aramed _ nawarmoebis zoma an moculoba (Canafiqris ufro
srulad ganxorcielebis unari), agreTve _ gadasawyveti
problemebis mniSvneloba.
`genealogiis~ (ase uwodebs van tigemi Cvens kvlevas) (27)
Tanamedrove momxre namdvilad moindomebs, rom Seiswavlos
Janrebis klasicisturi doqtrina, Semdeg ki igrZnobs mis
garkveul araTanmimdevrulobas (esTetikis Tvalsazri
siT). am araTanmimdevrulobis mizezebi Cven nawilobriv
ganvmarteT Janrebis `siwmindis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. magram
`genealogiis~ principi ar daiyvaneba erT romelime
tradiciaze an doqtrinaze. klasicizmisTvis miuRebeli
iyo sxva esTetikuri sistemebi, Janrebi da formebi. nacvlad
imisa, rom eRiarebina gotikuri kaTedrali rogorc berZ
nul taZarTan SedarebiT ufro rTuli `forma~, igi masSi
mxolod uformobas xedavda. igive vrceldebaunda iTqvas
Janrebis Sesaxeb. yovel `kulturas~ aqvs Tavisi Janrebi,
iqneba es Cinuri, arabuli Tu irlandiuri kulturebi;
arsebobs primitiuli zepirsityvieri `Janrebi~. Sua
saukuneebis mwerlobam warmoSva uamravi Janri. (28) amitom
ver vityviT, rom marTebulia mxolod berZnul-romauli
klasifikacia. arc imis saWiroebaa, rom davicvaT Tavisi
berZnul-romauli formiT Janris siwmindis doqtrina,
romelic miesadageba esTetikuri xedvis mxolod erT tips.
Janris Tanamedrove Teoria aSkarad aRweriTia. is
ar zRudavs SesaZlebeli kategoriebis raodenobas, da
arc wesebs karnaxobs avtorebs. es Teoria aRiarebs, rom
dasaSvebia tradiciuli Janrebis `Sereva~ da axali tipis
(tragikomediis msgavsad) Seqmna, agreTve _ Janrebis
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ageba iseT safuZvelze, romelic moicavs rogorc

`urTierTgamdidrebas~, ise `siwmindes~ (Janri iwarmoeba ara
marto danawevrebiT, aramed _ SeerTebiTac). nacvlad imisa,
rom aqcenti gakeTdes Janrebs Soris gansxvavebaze, da maTi
saerTo mniSvnelis ZiebiT (romantikosTa im gancxadebis
sapirispirod, romlis Tanaxmad, yoveli `originaluri
geniosi~ da Semoqmedebis yoveli produqti unikaluria).
siamovneba, romelsac adamians aniWebs literaturuli
nawarmoebi, ganpirobebulia siaxliT da, imavdroulad,
nacnobi elementebis amocnobiT. musikaSi sonatis forma da
fuga warmoadgenen aSkarad amosacnob formebs; deteqtiuri
fabulis mqone nawarmoebSi intriga TandaTanobiT
iZabeba, samxilebi erT wertilSi ikvreba (rogorc es xdeba
`oidiposSi~). mTlianad nacnobi da ganmeorebadi saxe
mosabezrebelia; sruliad axali romanis forma iqneba
gaugebari da warmoudgenelic ki. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Janri warmoadgens esTetikur xerxTa jams, romlebic
xelmisawvdomia mwerlisTvis da cnobilia mkiTxvelisTvis.
kargi mwerali iTvaliswinebs Janris moTxovnebs, Tan
nawilobriv afarToebs Janris sazRvrebs. saboloo
angariSiT, didi mwerlebi (Seqspiri da rasini, molieri da
jonsoni, dikensi da dostoevski) ar qmnian axal Janrebs:
isini iyenebdnen sxvaTa Seqmnil formebs.
Janrebis Seswavla Rirebulia Tundac imitom,
rom yuradRebas amaxvilebs literaturis Sinagan gan
viTarebaze, rasac henri uelsma `literaturuli gene
tika~ uwoda (`axali da Zveli poetebi~, 1940). raoden mniS
vnelovanic unda iyos gareSe garemoebaTa zemoqmedeba
literaturaze, wignebi ganicdian, pirvel yovlisa, sxva
wignebis gavlenas; wignebSi xdeba sxva wignebis imitacia,
parodia da transformireba da es araa ganpirobebuli,
ubralod, qronologiuri siaxloviT. Tanamedrove Janrebis
gansazRvrisTvis sjobs ganvixiloT yvelaze gavleniani
avtorebi da wignebi: elioti da odeni, prusti da kafka.
Janris TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevexoT
ramdenime mniSvnelovan problemas, romlebic jer kidev
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araa gadaWrili. aseTia zepirsityvieri literaturis

primitiuli
Janrebis (anu folkloris) mimarTeba
mwignobruli
literaturis
JanrebTan.
erT-erTi
rusi formalisti, Sklovski, miiCnevs, rom xelovnebis
axali formebi sxva araferia, Tu ara `dabali (anu
subliteraturuli) Janrebis ubralo kanonizacia~. dos
toevskis nawarmoebebi warmoadgen gandidebul deteqtiur
romanebs, romans sensation, `puSkinis lirikuli leqsebi
momdinareobs saalbomo leqsebidan, blokisa boSaTa
simRerebidan, xolo maiakovskisa sagazeTo-karikaturuli
poeziidan~. (29) bertold brehti, aseve odeni Sesabamisad,
germanulad da inglisurad sagangebod cdilobdnen,
gadaeqciaT popularuli poezia seriozul literaturad.
garkveul Tvalsazrisad, SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom
literaturas aucileblad sWirdeba mudmivi TviTganaxleba
misi erTgvari `rebarbarizaciis~ meSveobiT. (30) andre
Jolis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli literaturuli formebi
viTardeba ufro martivi formebidan. Joles miaCnia, rom
legenda, saga, miTi, andaza, SemTxveva, zRapari, xumroba
warmoadgenen im primitiul elementarul Janrebs, romlebic
yvela rTuli Janris safuZveli Zevs. (31) romanis istoria
amgvari ganviTarebis magaliTia: `pamelas, `tom jonsis da
`tristram Sendis `momwifebuli~ formebi emyareba `einfache
Formen~-s: werilebs, dRiurs, mogzaurobis aRweras (anda
`warmosaxul mogzaurobas~), memuarebs, meCvidmete saukunis
`daxasiaTebebs~, agreTve _ sasceno komedias, eposs da
saTavgadasavlo romans.
meore sakiTxia Janruli ganviTarebis uwyvetoba.
cnobilia, rom brunetierma daTvuri samsaxuri gauwia
`genealogias~ Tavisi kvazibiologiuri `evoluciuri~
TeoriiT. man gamoitana metad moulodneli daskvna, rom
meCvidmete saukunis oratorulma xelovnebam uSualo
zegavlena moaxdina (qronologiuri siSoris miuxedavad)
mecxramete saukunis lirikul poeziaze. (32) es daskvna
(paralelad gamodgeba is kavSiri, romelic, van tigemis
SexedulebiT, arsebobs homerosis epossa da uolter skotis
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`ueverlis~ Soris, Sua saukuneebis galeqsil romansa da

Tanamedrove fsiqologiur romans Soris, drosa da sivrceSi
daSorebul nawarmoebebs Soris) efuZneba analogias avtorisa
da mkiTxvelis mdgomareobasTan romlebic yovelTvis rodi
arian Tanamedroveni (`quelques tendances premordiales~). magram van
tigemi aRniSnavs amgvari analogiebis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb,
radgan, misi azriT, Sedareba ar xorcieldeba `literaturuli
Janrebis CarCoebSi, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT~ - `les genres
litteraires proprement dits~. (33) cxadia, Janruli ganviTarebis
Tanmimdevrulobis gamovlena SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod
maSin, rodesac mis yovel etapze dasabuTebuli iqneba
Janrisadmi `erTguleba~. warmoadgens Tu ara tragedia erT
Janrs? Cven vaRiarebT, rom tragedias aqvs periodebi da
erovnuli formebi: berZnuli tragedia, elisabedis xanis,
klasikuri franguli da mecxramete saukunis germanuli
tragedia. rogor aRviqvaT isini? rogorc mravali calkeuli
Janri Tu, rogorc erTi Janris tipebi da nairsaxeobebi?
rogorc Cans, pasuxi, nawilobriv mainc, damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ras SevarCevT amosaval principad _ klasikuri elinuri
xanis formalur memkvidreobiTobas Tu Sinaarsis ideur
Taviseburebas. mecxramete saukunis literaturis ganxilvi
sas kidev ufro Znelia pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze: ra SeiZleba
vTqvaT Cexovis `alublis baRze~ da `Toliaze~, anda ibsenis
`moCvenebebze~, `rosmersholmze~, `mSenebel solnesze~? unda
miviCnioT Tu ara isini tragediebad? gamoxatvis saSualeba
Seicvala da leqsidan prozaze gadainacvla; aseve Seicvala
`tragikuli gmiris~ cneba.
am kiTxvebs mivyavarT im sakiTxTan, romelic exeba
Janris istoriis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, davoben imaze, rom
SeuZlebelia kritikuli istoriis Seqmna (radgan Seqspiris
tragediebis normad aRiareba imas niSnavs, rom saTanadod
ver SevafasebT ZvelberZnul da frangul tragediebs),
xolo, meore mxriv, istoria, romelsac ara aqvs istoriis
filosofia, ubralo qronikad darCeba. (34) orive pozicia
Taviseburad samarTliania. pasuxad is gveguleba, rom
elisabedis xanis tragediis istoria unda iwerebodes
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literaturis Teoria

rogorc Seqspirisken mimarTuli ganviTareba da misgan

dawyebuli daRmasvla; magram tragediis istoria valdebulia
gamoiyenos ormagi meTodi: SeimuSavos tragediis zogadi
gansazRvra (saerTo mniSvnelis Ziebis meTodi) da, meore
mxriv, gamoavlinos qronologiuri kavSirebi tragediuli
Janris erT skolasa da mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul meore
skolas Soris erTi qveynisa da erTi literaturuli
mimarTulebis farglebSi; amgvarad warmodgenili Janris
istoria warmoadgens agreTve literaturuli procesis
periodizaciis kritikul gadaazrebas (mag., franguli tra
gedia Jodelidan rasinamde, da rasinidan volteramde).
aSkaraa, rom Janris Tema win swevs literaturis
istoriis,
literaturuli
kritikisa
da
maTi
urTierTkavSirebis
centralur
sakiTxebs.
igi
gansakuTrebul literaturul konteqstSi svams im
filosofiur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa zogadisa da
individualuris, erTeulisa da mravlobiTis urTi
erTmimarTeba, universaliebis arsi.

350

Tavi meTvramete

Sefaseba
*
mizanSewonilia, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT termi
nebi `dafaseba~ da `Sefaseba~. istoriis mTel manZilze
kacobriobam icoda
zepirsityvieri da mwignobruli
literaturis fasi, didad iyo misiT dainteresebuli
da dadebiTad moixseniebda. magram kritikosebma da
filosofosebma,
romlebsac
marTebT,
`Seafason~
literatura an konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebi,
SeiZleba uaryofiTi verdiqti gamoitanon. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, interesis gancdidan gadavdivarT gansjis
aqtze. normasTan mimarTebis dadgenis, kriteriumis
gamoyenebis da sxva sagnebTan an interesebTan nawarmoebis
Sedarebis gziT Cven ganvsazRvravT am mxatvruli obieqtis
an interesis rangs.
Tu movindomebT dawvrilebiT aRvweroT adamianis
damokidebuleba
literaturisadmi,
gagviWirdeba
am
ukanasknelis definicia. is, rac amJamad moixsenieba rogorc
literatura,
etapobrivad
aRmocenda
sinkretuli
qmedebidan, romelic moicavda simReras, cekvas da
religiur rituals. xolo Tu vapirebT ganvmartoT
kacobriobis siyvaruli literaturisadmi, maSin detalurad
unda gaverkveT am movlenis arsSi. ra aris is, risTvisac
xalxi afasebs literaturas? ra Rirebulebebi aqvs iseTi,
rac iwvevs interess? unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ram bevria:
horaciusis reziume `dulce et utile~ SegviZla vTargmnoT,
rogorc `garToba~ da `ganswavla~, anda `TamaSi~ da `Sroma~,
an `saboloo Rirebuleba~ da `qmediTi Rirebuleba~,
anda `xelovneba~ da `propaganda~, an xelovneba, rogorc
TviTmizani da xelovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis ritualuri
da kulturuli gamaerTianebeli Zala.
ganvixiloT normis sakiTxi. rogor unda davafasoT
da SevafasoT literatura? literatura unda davafasoT
351

literaturis Teoria

imitom, rom is literaturaa da ara sxva ram; is unda

SevafasoT literaturuli Rirebulebis cnebebisa da skalis
Sesabamisad. (1) literaturis buneba, funqcia da Sefaseba
urTierTkorelaciuria. sagnis gamoyeneba vgulisxmobT
mis Cveulebriv, an profesiul an kidev _ erTaderT
SesaZlebel gamoyenebas ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT (an
misi struqturiT). is, rac potenciaSi aris sagnis buneba,
sagnis gamoyenebisas warmoadgens mis funqcias. sagani
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT da unda gamoviyenoT ise, rogorc
amas gvkarnaxobs misi buneba. sagnis dafaseba SegviZlia imis
gamo, rasac is warmoadgens da risi Sesrulebac mas ZaluZs,
xolo misi Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT,
romlebsac msgavsi xasiaTi da funqcia aqvT.
literatura
unda
SevafasoT
misive
bunebiT
gansazRvruli terminebiT da kategoriebiT. ra aris
literaturis buneba? ras warmoadgens literatura,
rogorc aseTi? ra aris `wminda literatura~? amgvarad
Camoyalibebuli kiTxva gulisxmobs garkveul analitikur
da reduqciul procesebs; pasuxi masze, albaT, migviyvans
`wminda poeziis~ koncefciasTan _ imaJizmTan da
eqolaliasTan. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vecdebiT, rom
am gzaze `siwmindes~ mivaRwioT, maSin unda davarRvioT
plastikuri saxeobriobisa da evfoniis erTianoba da
davutovoT isini, Sesabamisad, ferweras da musikas; magram
amas mohyveba poeziis gaqroba.
`siwmindis~ amgvari gaazreba kritikuli analizis
mxolod erT-erTi momentia. sjobs, daviwyoT literaturis
organizaciiT da funqciiT. ekuTvnis Tu ara literaturas
mocemuli nawarmoebi, amas gadawyvets ara elementTa raoba,
aramed maTi urTierTganlageba da daniSnuleba. (2) `wminda
literaturis~ zogierTi Zveli damcveli, reformatoru
li saqmianobis procesSi, mzadaa `didaqtikur eresTan~
gaaigivos eTikuri an socialuri ideebis ubralo arsebobac
ki romanSi Tu poemaSi. magram literaturas zians ver
mivayenebT mxatvrul sistemaSi garkveuli ideebis CarTviT,
radgan esaa erTgvari literaturuli masala, xasiaTebis an
352

Sefaseba

garemocvis msgavsad. Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixedviT,

literaturas ar unda hqondes praqtikuli daniSnuleba
(propaganda, miTiTeba uSualo da dauyovnebliv moqmedebaze)
da mecnieruli daniSnuleba (informaciis mowodeba,
faqtebi, `damatebiTi codna~). Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom
romanSi an leqsSi ar moipoveba praqtikuli an mecnieruli
codnis `elementebi~, romlebsac garkveuli Rirebuleba
aqvT
nawarmoebis
konteqstisgan
damoukideblad.
vimeorebT: savaraudod, TviT `wminda~ romanSi an leqsSic
ki amovikiTxavT praqtikuli an mecnieruli Rirebulebis
mqone azrebs. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia, nebismieri sagani
aRviqvaT arasworad, ese igi, im funqciebis sapirispirod,
romlebic gamomdinareobs misi bunebidan:
zog vinmes msgavsad, vinc eklesias gaemarTeba
ara doqtrinis, aramed musikis iq mosasmenad.
Tavis droze, albaT sworad ar iyo gagebuli da
wakiTxuli gogolis `Sineli~ da `mkvdari sulebi~; es
SeniSvna gonier kritikosebsac exeba. Sexeduleba am
nawarmoebebis TiTqosda propagandistuli daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb efuZneboda teqstidan amoglejil nawyvetebs,
romlebic sulac ar moiTxovs aseT daxvewil literaturul
organizacias an ironiis, parodiis, sityvaTa TamaSis,
mimikriisa da burleskis esoden rTul meqanizms.
SeiZleba Tu ara raimes gadawyveta literaturis
amgvari definiciiT? garkveuli gagebiT, esTetikuri
moqceulia `esTetikur gamocdilebasa~ (xelovnebis
avtonomiur sferos) da xelovnebas, rogorc mxolod
mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi ideebis gamoxatulebas
Soris. es gamoricxavs iseT tertium quid-s, rogoricaa
`esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, Sualeduri ram `codnasa~
da `moqmedebas~ Soris, anu, erTi mxriv, mecnierebasa da
filosofias, xolo meore mxriv eTikasa da politikas
Soris. (3) cxadia, rodesac vambobT, rom xelovnebas ara aqvs
misgan ganuyofeli, pirveladi `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~,
353

literaturis Teoria

ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom mas, sazogadod aqvs garkveuli

Rirebuleba. xelovnebis nawarmoebis da, saerTod,
xelovnebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb TiToeuli adamiani
msjelobs faseulobaTa `realuri~, `saboloo~ sistemebis
Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenidan gamomdinare. zogierTi
filosofosis msgavsad, xelovneba SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc codnis primitiuli an damokidebuli forma, anda,
zogierTi reformatoris Sexedulebisamebr, SevafasoT
igi misi savaraudo efeqturobis kuTxiT (Tu ramdenad
Seswevs mas unari, gamoiwvios garkveuli moqmedeba).
xelovnebis (gansakuTrebiT, mwerlobis) Rirebulebad
SeiZleba miviCnioT misi SemcvelobiToba, es ki gamoricxavs
garkveul specializacias raime principiT. mwerlebi da
kritikosebi amiT gacilebiT ufro amayoben, vidre mwerlis
an misi interpretatoris maRali profesionalizmiT.
`literaturul azrovnebas~ aseT SemTxvevaSi miewereba
`winaswarmetyvelebis~
uflebebi,
gansakuTrebuli
`WeSmaritebis~ kidev ufro farTod da Rrmad wvdomis
unari, vidre es ZaluZs mecnierebasa da filosofias.
magram saqme isaa, rom am grandiozuli pretenziebis dacva
Zalze Znelia swored maTi grandiozulobis gamo. isini
marTlzomieri iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac Rirebulebis
yoveli sfero, iqneba es religia, filosofia, ekonomika Tu
xelovneba, SeZlebs daasabuTos Tavisi uzomo pretenziebi
da SeiTavsebs sxvaTa yvela saukeTeso da WeSmarit elements
Tu Tvisebas. (4) zogierTis azriT, literaturis miCneva
natifi xelovnebis erT-erT formad, ufro Ralats hgavs.
literatura miiswrafvis, iyos codnis aRmatebuli forma,
da agreTve, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis
forma: Sesabamisad, am poziciidan ukan daxeva xom ar
niSnavs, rom is ugulebelyofs sakuTar daniSnulebas da,
aqedan gamomdinare, statuss? gana yovel sferos (iseve
rogorc yovel mzard ersa da pativmoyvare, Tavdajerebul
pirovnebas) ar marTebs, rom ufro metisken miiswrafvodes,
vidre is imsaxurebs, mezoblis an moSurnis azriT?
354

Sefaseba

amitom literaturis zogi apologeti miiCnevs, rom,

esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, literatura ar aris `natifi
xelovneba~. sxvebis mtkicebiT, `esTetikuri faseuloba~
da `esTetikuri gamocdileba~ ar warmoadgens Zireul,
pirvelad cnebebs. arsebobs Tu ara gansazRvruli
avtonomiuri sfero `esTetikuri gamocdilebisa~ an
esTetikuri obieqtis Tvisebebisa, romlebsac Tavisi bu
nebiT ZaluZT gamoamJRavnon aseTi gancda?
kantis Semdeg, filosofosTa da xelovnebaTmcodneTa
umetesoba aRiarebs, rom natif xelovnebas, da, masTan
erTad, literaturas, ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da Ri
rebuleba aqvT. ase magaliTad, Teodor grini acxadebda,
rom ar SeiZleba `mxatvruloba dayvanil iqnas sxva uf
ro primitiul Tvisebebamde~. igi werda: `xelovnebis na
warmoebis ganumeoreblobas SeiZleba mxolod intuiciiT
CavwvdeT; is SeiZleba aRvniSnoT da warmovadginoT, magram
SeuZlebelia misi gansazRvra, da, miT umetes aRwera. (5)
filosofosebi
TiTqmis
erTxmad
aRiareben
esTetikuri gancdis ganumeoreblobas. `wminda gonebis
kritikaSi kanti xazs usvams xelovnebis `umizno
mizandasaxulebas~ (rodesac mizani ar aris mimarTuli
moqmedebisken), `wminda~ silamazis upiratesobas gamo
yenebiT silamazesTan SedarebiT, agreTve _ interesis
uqonlobas esTetikuri aRqmis obieqtSi (ara aqtiuri,
aramed pasiuri aRqma). Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi Se
Tanxmdnen imaze, rom esTetikuri gamocdileba niSnavs iseT
aRqmas, romelic Sinaganad sasiamovnoa da saintereso; is
moicavs garkveul faseulobas, iZleva nimuSs, aRgviZravs
sxva faseulobaTa molodins. esTetikuri gamocdileba
ukavSirdeba grZnobebs (tkivilis, siamovnebis, srul
fasovani arsebobis SegrZnebas) da cnobierebas; amasTan,
is asagnebs da ayalibebs grZnobebs, romlebic xelovnebis
nawarmoebSi pouloben `obieqtur korelats~, grZnobebi,
rodesac isini gvevlinebian mxatvruli gamonagonis for
miT, TiTqos kargaven simZafres. esTetikuri obieqti aris
iseTi obieqti, romelic iwvevs Cems interess TavisTavad,
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literaturis Teoria

me ki ar SemiZlia misi gardaqmna an gaTaviseba. esTetikuri

gamocdileba aris erTgvari Wvreta, mZafri interesi
damaxasiaTebelisadmi. mas ar sCvevia da vnebs kidec
utilitaruloba, xolo mTavari mteria Cveva, romelic
warmoadgens gamyarebuli praqticizmis Sedegs.
literaturuli nawarmoebi aris esTetikuri obieqti,
romelsac ZaluZs, gaaaqtiuros esTetikuri gamocdileba.
ramdenad
aris
SesaZlebeli,
rom
literaturuli
nawarmoebis SefasebaSi mTlianad esTetikuri kriteriumiT
vixelmZRvaneloT? T.s. eliotis varaudis Sesabamisad, xom
ar gvmarTebs, rom mwerlobis literaturuloba ganvsajoT
esTetikuri kriteriumiT, xolo literaturis rangi da
sidiade araesTetikuri kriteriumiT?(6) eliotis pirveli
Tvalsazrisi or nawilad unda gavyoT. pirvel rigSi,
literaturad (moTxrobad, leqsad, piesad) unda miviCnioT
specifikuri verbaluri konstruqciebi, da amis Semdeg ukve
vsvamT kiTxvas, CaiTvleba Tu ara is `karg~, e.i. im rangis
literaturad, romelic pasuxobs esTetikuri gamocdilebis
mqone mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba `diad~
literaturas, aq ukve saWiroa standartebi da normebi.
Tanamedrove kritikosebi ifarglebian iseTi esTetikuri
kritikiT, romlebsac, saerTod, `formalisturs~ uwodeben
(zogjer TviTon, zogjer ki _ kritikulad _ sxvebi).
yovel SemTxvevaSi, sityva `forma~ orazrovania. aq masSi
vgulisxmobT literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikur
struqturas, anu imas, rac mas aqcevs literaturad. (7)
formisa da Sinaarsis Sepirispirebis nacvlad, Cven pirvel
adgilas vayenebT asaxvis sagans da mxolod Semdeg `formas~,
romelic Tavis masalas uzrunvelyofs esTetikuri
organizaciiT. xelovnebis namdvil nawarmoebSi, xdeba
masalis sruli asimilireba formaSi: is rac iyo `samyaro~,
gadaiqca .`enad~. (8) literaturuli xelovnebis nawarmoebis
`masala~ erT doneze sityvier masalas warmoadgens, meore
doneze adamianuri qcevis gamocdilebas, xolo kidev sxva
doneze msoflmxedvelobas. yvela isini, enis CaTvliT,
arseboben xelovnebis nawarmoebis samyaros miRma, sxva
356

Sefaseba

formiT, xolo leqsSi an romanSi, Tu esaa xelovnebis

maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebi, esTetikuri mizani aer
Tianebs maT polifoniuri mTlianobis saxiT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom literatura SevafasoT
wminda formalisturi kriteriumiT? SevecdebiT Camo
vayaliboT pasuxi am kiTxvaze.
rusi formalistebis mier Seqmnili SefasebiTi
kriteriumi, imavdroulad, esTetikuri kriteriumicaa
es aris siaxle, moulodneloba. Cveuli lingvisturi
sityvaTSeTanxmebebs an `kliSeebs~ uSualod ver aR
viqvamT: sityvebi ar gaiazreba rogorc sityvebi,xolo
sityvaTSeTanxmebebis mniSvneloba miaxloebiTia. Cveni
reaqcia banalur, gacveTil gamoTqmebze aseve banaluria;
nacnobi, mobezrebuli mowyena xom mxolod mowyenas iwvevs.
sityvebis `realizeba~, maTi simbolikis wvdoma xdeba
mxolod maSin, rodesac isini axleburad da moulodnelad
arian SeTanxmebulni.
enis aRsaqmelad aucilebelia
misi
`deformacia~, anu stilizebuli arqaizaciis an
barbarizaciis mimarTulebiT. viqtor Sklovskis azriT,
poeziis daniSnulebaa `ganaxleba~, `gaucnaureba~. magram sia
xlis aseTi kriteriumi ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli,
yovel SemTxvevaSi romantikosTa Semdeg _ uots-devidi
mas `gaocebis aRorZinebas~ uwodebda.
uordsvorTi da kolriji sxvadasxvanairad da
urTierTkorelaciurad iRvwodnen, raTa `ucnaurad war
moedginaT~ saTqmeli, oRond pirveli maTgani cdilobda
eCvenebina Cveuli movlena rogor ucnauri, xolo meore,
piriqiT, warmogvidgenda ucnaurs, rogorc Cveuls. ufro
gviandeli `moZraobebi~ poeziaSi cdilobdnen gadaewyvitaT
erTi da igive amocana: Tavi aeridebinaT mkiTxveliseuli
reaqciis avtomatizmisTvis, ramac xeli Seuwyo enis
ganaxlebas (sityvis revolucias) da gaemZafrebinaT
poeturi xedva. romantizmma Tavis principad aRiara uSualo
bavSvuri aRqma. matisma didi Sroma gaswia, raTa daenaxa
samyaro `xuTi wlis bavSvis TvaliT~. peiteri irwmuneboda,
rom esTetikuri disciplina gamoricxavs Cvevas, radgan
357

literaturis Teoria

es ukanaskneli xels uSlis aRqmas. kriteriumad siaxlea

gamocxadebuli, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom esaa aRqmis
siaxle, romelic ganurCevelia Sinaarsis mimarT. (9)
ramdenad Sors wagviyvans es kriteriumi? im formiT,
rogorc is rusebma gamoiyenes, es kriteriumi relativisturad
aris aRiarebuli. mukarJovski wers, rom esTetikuri norma
ar arsebobs, radgan swored esTetikuri normis arsia
dasamsxvrevi. (10) aranairi poeturi stili ar aris mudam
`ucnauri~. amitom, acxadebs mukarJovski, nawarmoebma
SeiZleba dakargos Tavisi esTetikuri funqcia, xolo Semdeg,
mogvianebiT, kvlav daibrunos is, mas mere, rac kargad nacnobi
movlena kvlav ucnobad warmogvidgeba. xdeba ise, rom kargad
nacnobi leqss axleburad gadaviazrebT xolme, zogjer ki
xangrZlivi droiT gadavdebT mis kiTxvas, radgan gvgonia,
rom masSi ver vipoviT verafers axals. aseTia literaturis
mTeli istoria: zogierTi daviwyebuli poeti kvlav iwvevs
Cvens gancvifrebas, sxvebs ki veCveviT da isini araviTar
gavlenas aRar axdenen Cvens warmosaxvaze . (11)
rodesac vlaparakobT nawarmoebTan piradi damo
kidebulebis Sesaxeb, Cven ukve viyenebT sxva kriteriums.
rodesac isev da isev vubrundebiT nawarmoebs da masSi
`yovel jerze masSi axal-axal Tvisebebs vamCnevT~, aq ar
xdeba Cveni codnis gazrda analogiuri cnobebis xarjze
_ Cven, ubralod, vwvdebiT sazrisis axal doneebs,
axal asociaciur kavSirebs; romansa Tu poemaSi vxedavT
mravalSreobriv struqturas. magaliTad, homerosisa
da Seqspiris nawarmoebebi kvlavac iwvevs aRtacebas, da,
maSasadame, maT axasiaTebs is Tviseba, romelsac JorJ
boesis kvalobaze, `polivalenturobas~ vuwodebT: maTi
esTetikuri Rirebuleba imdenad didia, rom yoveli axali
Taobis aRtacebas iwvevs am qmnilebaTa axalaRmoCenili
mSveniereba. (12) amasTan, aseTi nawarmoebebis amouwuravi
mravalferovnebis wvdoma misi avtoris sicocxleSic ki, ar
SeuZlia erT adamians, es xelewifeba mxolod koleqtivs,
sazogadoebas. Seqspiris piesis yurebisas yvelaze ubralo
msmeneli aRiqvams fabulas, ufro gonieri xasiaTebs da
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Sefaseba

konfliqtebs, ufro ganaTlebuli calkeul sityvebs da

frazebs, musikisadmi mgrZnobiare _ ritms, xolo sazriss
TandaTanobiT swvdeba mxolod marTlac moazrovne da
mgrZnobiare adamiani. (13)
Cveni kriteriumi Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTisaa: `saxeobrivi
integracia~ da masalis `moculoba (da mravalferovneba)~.
(14) formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom rac ufro `rTulia~
leqsi, rac ufro metia misi Rirebuleba da aanalizebdnen
Zalze rTuli struqturis nawarmoebebs, romlebic
gaSifvras saWiroebdnen. rTuli SeiZleba iyos erTi an
ramdenime done. hopkinsis `sirTule~ _ esaa misi poeturi
manerac, sintaqsic da prosodiac. nawarmoebis `sirTule~
SeiZleba gamovlindes saxeobriobis, Tematikis, tonis anda
siuJetis doneze _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi
rTulia swored am `maRali~ struqturebis doneze.
`masalaTa mravalferovnebaSi~ igulisxmeba konkre
tuli ideebi, xasiaTebi da sazogadoebrivi da fsiqologiuri
gamocdilebis tipebi. am mxriv relevanturia eliotis mier
`metafizikos poetTa~ Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazreba.
aCvenebs ra, rom poetis goneba `ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs
gansxvavebul gamocdilebas~, elioti, magaliTis saxiT,
agebs nawarmoebs, romelic moicavs poetis siyvaruls,
spinozas kiTxvas, sabeWdi manqanis kakuns da Semzadebuli
saWmlis aromats. doqtori jonsoni amgvar nazavs discordia
concors-s (`grZnobaTa disharmonias~) uwodebda, metad
undoblad ekideboda poeturi warmosaxvis am Tvisebas da
aRniSnavda, rom am dros `yvelaze ufro Seusabamo azrebi
ZaliT aris SekavSirebuli~. ufro gviandeli avtori, jorj
uiliamsoni, romelic aseve aanalizebda `metafizikosebs~,
dadebiTad afasebs gansxvavebuli masalis SeTanxmebas. Cveni
TvalsazrisiT, rom Tuki namdvilad xdeba `gaerTianeba~, maSin
poemis Rirebuleba izrdeba misi masalis mravalferovnebis
pirdapirproporciulad.
`sam leqciaSi esTetikis sakiTxebze~ bosanke
ganasxvavebs `martiv mSvenierebas~ `Zneli mSvenierebisgan~,
mTeli misi sirTuliT, Sinagani daZabulobiT da
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literaturis Teoria

masStaburobiT. Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT sxvaoba maT Soris

masalaTa gansxvavebulobiT: martivi mSveniereba miiRweva
martivi
saSualebebiT
(keTilxmovaneba,
sasiamovno
vizualuri xatebi, `poeturi siuJeti~); `Zneli mSveniereba~
TiTqmis unda `gamoiwuros~ urCi masalidan da amgvari urCi
masalaa: mtanjveli, maxinji, didaqtikuri, praqtikuli.
am gansxvavebas ukve meTvramete saukune moaswavebda
Tavisi kontrastiT `mSveniersa~ da `amaRlebuls~ (`Znel
mSvenierebas~) Soris. `amaRlebulisa~ da `damaxasiaTeblis~
meSveobiT xorcieldeba `araesTetikuris~ esTetizeba.
magaliTad, tragedia mxatvrulad gardasaxavs tkivils,
tanjvas; komediac Sesabamisad moqmedebs `simaxinjeze~.
saSualebebi, romlebiTac miiRweva martivi mSveniereba,
TviT warmoadgenen mSvenierebis pirvelad `formebs~;
`Zneli mSveniereba~, piriqiT, yovelTvis warmoadgens
formas, mxatvrul gamoxatulebas.
Zneli
mSveniereba
ufro
metad
Seesabameba
maRalmxatvrulobas,
vidre xelovnebis `srulyofili~
nawarmoebi da `diadi qmnileba~. rasakvirvelia, moculoba
mniSvnelovani faqtoria ara TavisTavad, aramed imis
gamo, rom igi SesaZlebels xdis nawarmoebis sirTulis,
Sinagani daZabulobisa da diapazonis gazrdas. ~msxvili~
nawarmoebi da `msxvili~ Janri moculobas ukavSirdeba. Tu
am sakiTxSi ar veTanxmebiT klasicizmis Teoretikosebs,
misi ugulebelyofa mainc ar SegviZlia: SegviZlia mxolod
moviTxovoT, rom moculoba gamarTlebuli unda iyos,
da rom dResdReobiT poemas sigrZisTvis gacilebiT meti
moeTxoveba vidre adre.
zogierTi esTetikosisTvis `sidiade~ araesTetikuri
kategoriaa. (15) ase, magaliTad, l.a. ridis TvalsazrisiT,
xelovnebis sidiade momdinareobs Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtidan,
da is diadia imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs sicocxlis
`diad Rirebulebebs. t.m. grini ki gvTavazobs, rom
`simarTle~ da `sidiade~ ganixilebodes, rogorc xelovnebis
standarti, TumcaRa araesTetikuri, magram aucilebeli.
sinamdvileSi grini, da gansakuTrebiT, ridi, verc ki
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scildebian rTuli mSvenierebis bosankeseul kriteriums.

magaliTad, `didi poetebis didi nawarmoebebi sofokles,
dantes, miltonis, Seqspiris memkvidreoba warmoadgens
adamianis gamocdilebis
didi speqtris organizebul
xorcSesxmas~. Teoriasa an praqtikaSi nebismier sferoSi,
`diadis~ niSan-Tvisebebs, kriteriums warmoadgens: `rTulis
wvdomis unari misi sazrisisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT~;
magram rodesac saubaria diadi xelovnebis Sesaxeb, maSin
am moTxovnebs unda daematos `faseulobiTi situaciis
xorcSesxma~, `iseTi faseulobis xorcSesaxma, romelic
siamovnebas, netarebas gvaniWebs~. ridi ar kiTxulobs,
didi poetis nawarmoebia diadi poema, Tu es poema diadia
TavisTavad. amis nacvlad is cdilobs SeaTanxmos pasuxebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gaices am kiTxvaze. ridi aRiarebs,
rom nawarmoebs `sidiades~ aniWebs masStaburi forma da
Rrmaazrovani msjeloba, magram am kriteriums ufardebs
ara raRac hipoTezur Erlebnis-s~, (16) aramed mxolod
mxatvrulad srulyofil poezias.
dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~ da miltonis `dakarguli
samoTxe formalisturi kritikis mudmivi obieqtebia.
magaliTad, kroCe winaaRmdegi iyo ganexila `komedia
rogorc poema, _ esaa lirikuli nawyvetebis seriebi,
romelTac drodadro enacvleba fsevdomecnieruli
msjelobebi. misTvis `grZeli poemac~ da `filosofiuri
poemac~ logikuri Seusabamobaa. winandeli esTetizmi
da misi warmomadgeneli logen persel smiti `dakargul
samoTxes miiCnevs arqauli Teologiis debulebaTa
harmoniulad Camoyalibebul erTobliobad: igulisxmeba
`saorRano harmonia~, _ erTaderTi nawarmoebi, romelsac
miltons uwoneben. (17) Sinaarss yuradReba ar eqceva, forma
ki Tavisuflad arsebobs.
Cveni azriT, formaluri analizis amgvari daskvnebi
damajerebeli araa. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT
maTi midgoma atomisturia, radgan, mTeli nawarmoebis
mxatvrulobis nacvlad, isini ganixilaven misi zogierTi
elementis SefardebiT mxatvrulobas, maSin, rodesac
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literaturis Teoria

swored mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis saSualebiT

SeiZleba gaviazroT yovelive, rac konteqstis gareSe
usagno diskursad warmogvidgeba. rogorc dante, ise
miltoni, poemebTan erTad, traqtatebsac werdnen
da erTmaneTSi ar SeureviaT es ori forma. miltonma
dawera independenturi disertacia `De Doctrina Christan
daaxloebiT im dros, rodesac `dakargul samoTxeze
muSaobda. rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT misi poemis Janri
(epikuri, qristianul-epikuri Tu filosofiur-epikuri
poema) da mTlianad vendobiT ra avtoris ganzraxvas,
`ganmartos RvTis neba-survili~, mainc vaRiarebT, rom
poemisa da traqtatis miznebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan:
poemis buneba ganisazRvreba literaturuli tradiciebiT,
romelTac is `eqvemdebareba~, da, agreTve, misi kavSiriT
TviT miltonis adreul poeziasTan.
miltonis Teologia `dakargul samoTxeSi~ orTo
doqsul-protestantulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ase
gamoiyureba. magram Tu mkiTxveli ver gaiziarebs poemaSi
xorcSesxmul Teologias, es ar daakninebs am nawarmoebis
Rirsebebs. adre, jer kidev bleikis periodSi, iTvleboda,
rom poemis gmiri satana iyo, rom aseTi iyo miltonis
gaucnobierebuli `Canafiqri~; ase rom, baironma da Selim
Seqmnes `dakarguli samoTxis~ romantikuli varianti, sadac
satana promeTeoss utoldeboda, xolo miltoniseuli edemis
`primitivizmi~ keTilganwyobiT ganixileboda, kolinzis
msjelobis analogiurad. (18) rasakvirvelia, kidev arsebobs
miltonis poemis `humanisturi~ wakiTxvac, romelic soram
warmoadgina. is, rom mkiTxveli ar iziarebs poemis Teolo
gias an istorias, ver daakninebs nawarmoebis didebul
panoramas, pirquS da grandiozul scenebs da peizaJebs.
amave dros, Zalze saeWvoa, rom swored `dakarguli
samoTxis~ stili aqcevs am nawarmoebs diad poemad, imis
miuxedavad, rom misi doqtrina miZvelebuli da uvargisia. es
Tvalsazrisi kidev erTxel amtkicebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis
`formad~ da `Sinaarsad~ dayofis absurdulobas. forma
aq stilad gvevlineba, xolo ideologia sazrisad. garda
362

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amisa, aseTi dayofa ar iTvaliswinebs mTlianad nawarmoebs,

is ugulebelyofs yvelafers, rac metrikis, poeturi
maneris sazRvrebs scildeba. rac Seexeba `sazriss~, l.a.
ridi mas uwodebs `meorad Sinaarss~ (vinaidan Sinaarsi,
TviT sinamdvile, xelovnebis nawarmoebis miRma myofobs).
is ar iTvaliswinebs siuJets (Txrobas), xasiaTebs (ufro
zustad, `daxasiaTebas~), ese igi, im mxatvrul samyaros,
romelic warmoiqmneba siuJetis, atmosferos da xasiaTebis
erTianobiT: samyaro, romelic warmoadgens `metafizikur
fenomens (esaa xati im samyarosi, romelic warmogvidgeba
nawarmoebSi avtoris Canafiqrisgan damoukideblad).
gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia is warmodgena, rom
`saorRano harmonia~ SeiZleba gamoiyos poemidan. viwro
mniSvnelobiT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc `forma
luri silamazis~, anu fonetikuri rezonansis mqone.
magram mwerlobaSi, poeziis CaTvliT, formaluri silamaze
TiTqmis yovelTvis emsaxureba gamoxatvas. amitom kiTxva
sxvagvarad unda davsvaT: ramdenad Seesatyviseba
`saorRano harmonia~ siuJets, xasiaTebsa da Temas.
miltoniseuli stili sasacilod gamoiyureba, rodesac
mas iyeneben meorexarisxovanma poetebi trivialur Temebze
Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi
formalisturi kritikis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebeli
araa avtirisa da mkiTxvelis principTa Tanxvedra. ufro
metic, es saWiro araa, radgan maSin unda mogvwondes
mxolod is nawarmoebebi, romelTa avtorebis warmodgena
cxovrebaze CvenTvis misaRebia. gana raime mniSvneloba
aqvs Weltanschauung-s esTetikuri gansjisaTvis? eliots
miaCnia, rom leqsSi asaxuli msoflmxedveloba unda iyos
`Tanmimdevruli, momwifebuli da realur gamocdilebaze
damyarebuli~. eliotis es gancxadeba isea Camoyalibebuli,
rom scildeba nebismieri formalizmis farglebs: faqtia,
rom Tanmimdevruloba, logikur kriteriumTan erTad,
esTetikur kriteriumsac ganasaxierebs; rac Seexeba
`simwifes~, es ukev fsiqologiuri kriteriumia, xolo
`realuri gamocdileba~
_ esaa erTgvari mowodeba,
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literaturis Teoria

SevadaroT xelovneba da sinamdvile. imas, rasac elioti

xelovnebis nawarmoebis simwifes uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT
erTobliobas, romelic icnobierebs sakuTar Tavs
Sinagani Zalebis sirTuled, daZabulobad da Widilad;
Sesabamisobas romansa da cxovrebiseul sinamdviles
Soris ver gavarkvevT elementebis ubralo dawyvilebiT
da gadarCeviT: gamarTlebulia mxolod dikensis, kafkas,
balzakis an tolstois erTiani samyaros Sejereba Cvens
saerTo gamocdilebasTan, anu Cveni azrebisa da grZnobebis
`samyarosTan~. Cven vmsjelobT am Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb
iseTi esTetikuri kategoriebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa
sicxovle, intensivoba, gaazrebuli kontrastuloba,
Canafiqris siRrme da diapazoni, statikuroba, dinamika.
`cxovrebiseuli~ igivea, rac `xelovnebis msgavsi~, da
analogia cxovrebasa da literaturas Soris arsad araa
iseTi TvalsaCino, rogorc stilizebul xelovnebaSi:
dikenss, kafkas da prusts namdvilad SeaqvT TavianTi
koreqtivebi Cvens warmodgenebSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. (20)
mecxramete saukunemde SefasebiTi kriteriumi metnaklebad ierarqiuli iyo _ arsebobda klasikosi avtorebis
ierarqia, romlebic `yovelTvis moswondaT da yovelTvis
moewonebaT~. bunebrivia, rom mTavari magaliTebi iyvnen
berZeni da romaeli avtorebi, romelTa avtoriteti
ganmtkicda renesansis epoqaSi. magram mecxramete saukuneSi
cnobili gaxda Sua saukuneebis, kelturi, skandinaviuri,
induri da Cinuri mwerloba, amitom `klasikuri~ principi
ukve moZvelda. Cven ukve viciT, rom zogierTi nawarmoebi
qreba TvalTaxedvidan da Semdeg kvlav Cndebian
TvalsawierSi, sxva
nawarmoebebi droebiT kargaven
esTetikuri zemoqmedebis unars, magram Semdeg kvlav
ibruneben: aseTebi iyvnen doni, lenglendi, poupi, moris
sevi da grifiusi. reaqcia avtoritarizmze da saxelTa
kanonikur nusxaze amJamad vlindeba midrekilebaSi Warbi,
zedmeti relativizmisaken da metyvelebs `gemovnebaTa
oromtrialis~ Sesaxeb, aki gaubedavad acxadebdnen kidec
gardasuli xanis skeptikosebi: De gustibus non est disputandum.
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saqme gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa, vidre es humanistebs

an skeptikosebs warmoudgeniaT.
survili, rom garkveuli formiT dasabuTdes
literaturuli Rirebulebebis obieqturoba, ar iTxovs
raime statikur kanons, romelsac ar daemateba araviTari
axali saxeli da romlis SigniT ar xdeba raime gadanacvleba.
alen
teiti
samarTlianad
uwodebs
`iluzoruls~
warmodgenas, rom `nebismieri mwerlis reputacia erTxel
da samudamodaa dafiqsirebuli~; is edaveba agreTve
`ucnaur azrs~ imis Sesaxeb, rom `kritikis mTavari funqciaa
avtorTa rangis, da ara maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra~.
(21) eliotis msgavsad (teiti ixsenebs mis aforizms: `awmyo
cvlis warsuls~) teitic SemoqmedebiTad azrovnebs da
grZnobs, rom marTebs iseve sjerodes inglisuri poeziis
awmyosi da momavlis, rogorc misi warsulisa. adgili
`rigSi~ yovelTvis pirobiTia da sakamaTo. rodesac
gaiReba kari `axlisTvis,~ yovelTvis iqneba SesaZlebloba,
gamoCndes `ukeTesi~ da es, Tudac umniSvnelod, magram mainc
daCrdilavs sxva nawarmoebTa didebas. uelerma da denhemma
erTdroulad gaiTqves saxeli da daviwyebas miecnen,
rodesac poupma ganimtkica Tavisi pozicia literaturaSi:
maT ergoT winamorbedTa arasaxarbielo roli _ am
poetebma gza gaukvales poups, da manve gaauqma isini.
antiakademistebi _ universitetebSi da universi
tetebis gareT _ piriqiT, cdiloben ganamtkicon
mudmivi cvlilebis tirania. (22) aris SemTxvevebi es
iTqmis, magaliTad, kaulize rodesac mTeli Taobebis
gemovnebas ar aRiarebdnen Semdgomi Taobebi, Tumca,
aseTi SemTxvevebi arc ise xSiria. ocdaaTi wlis win, kauli
SeiZleba gaeTanabrebinaT skeltonTan, magram amJamad mas
`brwyinvales~, `gulwrfels~ da `Tanamedroves~ uwodeben.
magram udidesi reputacia Zlevs gemovnebis stadialurobas:
Coseri, spenseri, Seqspiri, miltoni, Tundac draideni da
poupi, vorsdvorti da tenisoni maT yvelas aqvs mudmivi,
TumcaRa ara `uryevi~ mdgomareoba.
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maTi poetikis esTetikuri struqtura iseTi

rTuli da mdidaria, rom ZaluZs daakmayofilos
momdevno
saukuneebis
gemovneba:
adisons
(Tavis `Spectator~-is eseebSi) da poups moswonT klasicis
turi miltoni, magram arsebobs kidev romantikosTa
miltoni, iqneba sulac `miltonebi~, romlebic moswondaT
bairons, uordsvorTs, kitss, Selis. iyo agreTve kolri
jiseuli Seqspiri, axla ki Cven gvyavs uilson naitis Seqs
piri. yoveli Taoba amCnevs xelovnebis did nawarmoebSi
Seusabamo elementebs, arasakmarisad `lamaz~ an sulac
ugvan dones an Sreebs (ase aRiqvamdnen klasicistebi
Seqspiris kalamburebs), magram mainc miiCnevs mas, mTlia
nobaSi, esTetikurad damakmayofilebel qmnilebad
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom am etapze mivadeqiT iseTi
tipis stadialurobis cnebas, romelic gamoricxavs
individualuri gemovnebis relativizms. literaturis
istoriaSi is xedavs met-naklebad urTierTsapirispiro
esTetikur kriteriumTa monacvleobas (ase upirispirebda
velflini renesanssa da barokos); `stadialuroba~
ar gulisxmobs araviTar saerTo principebs _ arc am
monacvleobis safuZvliiis, arc misi Sedegis saxiT. Cven
mivadeqiT agreTve, `polivalenturobis~ (23) cnebas.
xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, romlebmac gauZles dros,
sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo mainc moswons sxvadaxva Taobas,
anda, rom gavaerTianoT es ori daskvna, mTavari nawarmoebebi,
anu `klasika~ inarCunebs Tavis adgils, magram am adgils
is inarCunebs imitom, rom epasuxeba cvalebad moTxovnebs
an `mizezebs~. Tumca, rogorc ganumeorebeli qmnilebebi
(mag., donis poezia), aseve meorexarisxovani nawarmoebebi
(magaliTad, Tavisi droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca
ara umetes amisa, _ praiori an CerCili) maRal Sefasebas
iReben, rodesac Tanamedrove mwerlobas garkveulwilad
exmianeba maTi moRvaweobis xanasliteraturis xanis mimarT,
da piriqiT, kargaven am reputacias, rodesac viTareba xels
ar uwyobs aseT damokidebulebas. (24)
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Sefaseba

aSkaraa, rom CixSi SevediT, magram am Cixidan Tavis

daRweva SesaZlebelia. daviwyoT imiT, rom aucilebeli
araa daviyvanoT klasikosTa (homerosis, virgiliusis,
miltonis da sxvaTa) maRali Sefaseba Tanamedrove
kritikosebis
Sefasebebze.
SeiZleba
dabejiTebiT
vamtkicoT, rom adreuli xanis kritikas ar Seswevda
unari, saTanadod ganesaja Tanadrouli SemoqmedebiTi
nawarmoebi, anda sulac sakuTari esTetikuri gamocdileba.
(25) SeiZleba isic davadasturoT, rom WeSmaritad
adekvatur literaturis Teorias SeuZlia Tavi aaridos
`kategoriul~ an stadialur midgomas: xom faqtia, rom
jorj uiliamsons (26) metafizikosTa leqsebi ubralod,
karg poeziad miaCnia. saWiro ar aris, moviwonoT, an piriqiT,
SevrisxoT metafizikosTa yvela leqsi, da faqtia, rom
am skolis saukeTeso leqsebi ar aris `yvelaze ufro
metafizikuri~. magaliTad, amJamad poupi nawilobriv
mainc aRiarebulia rogorc `metafizikosi poeti~, ese
igi, namdvili, kargi poeti, da ara, ubralod, `prozis xanaSi
moRvawe poeti~. (27) cxadia, rom iseTi Teoretikosebi,
rogorebic arian riCardsi (Tavis `praqtikul kritikaSi),
agreTve _ bruqsi da uoreni (`poeziis gageba), eZieben
poeziis erTian kriteriums da miaCniaT, rom saWiroa,
Tavdapirvelad ganvsajoT da SevafasoT leqsi da mxolod
Semdeg ganvsazRvroT misi `adgili~ poetis SemoqmedebaSi,
epoqis literaturul situaciaSi; mivakuTvnoT is garkve
ul `skolas~. amgvari anTologiuri tipis midgoma, albaT,
mogvcems msgavs kriteriums (daaxloebiT, eliotiseuls)
romelic miuRebeli iqneba bevri mkiTxvelisTvis. da mainc,
am kriteriumebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda poeziis
mravali movlenis saTanadod Sefaseba: romantikosTa
mimarT Zalze uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad,
maTi saSualebiT `gadarCnen~ bleikic da kitsic.
Cveni azriT, arc erTi literaturuli kritikosi
ar miemxroba uyoymanod stadialur midgomas, romelic
uaryofs esTetikuri normis arsebobas, da arc mwir
sqolastikur absolutizms, romelic aRiarebs mweralTa
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literaturis Teoria

ranJirebis princips. zogjer esa Tu is kritikosi iziarebs

stadialur midgmas protestis grZnobis zegavleniT,
an imis gamo, rom surs Caswvdes warsuli xanis avtors
romelime Tanamedrove avtorTan analogiiT. misi survilia
daamtkicos, rom esa Tu is faseuloba marTlac arsebobs (an
potenciurad arsebobs) mxatvrul obieqtSi, rom is garedan
araa Setanili an asociaciurad dakavSirebuli masTan,
aramed aRmoCenilia mxolod da mxolod azris maZiebluri
Zalisxmevis wyalobiT.
kritikosi ikiTxavs, sadaa lokalizebuli esTetikuri
faseulobao. leqsSi Tu leqsis mkiTxvelSi, Tu am oris
urTierTmimarTebaSi? meore pasuxi subieqtivisturia:
viRacam unda daafasos Rirebuli, magram am pasuxSi ara
Cans urTierTkavSiri aRqmis bunebasa da aRqmis obieqts
Sorisesaa fsiqologiuri midgoma, im TavalsazrisiT,
rom yuradReba gadaaqvs aRqmisa da tkbobis obieqtidan
ganzogadebulad
ganxiluli
individis
reaqciebze,
emociur gancdebze.pirveli an mesame Tvalsazrisis SerCeva
interpretaciis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. profesionali
filosofosebis TvaliT, pirveli pasuxi aucileblad
gulisxmobs platonizms, anda absoluturi sidideebis
nebismier sxva sistemas, romelic arsebobs adamianis
moTxovnilebebisgan da cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. Tu
am dros mtkicdeba _ da amas xSirad sCadian literaturis
kritikosebi _ literaturuli struqturis obieqturi
xasiaTi, dawyebuli mxatvruli xerxebiT da damTavrebuli
`SinaarsiT~, maSin pasuxis gacema pirvel kiTxvaze kidev
ufro Zneldeba.aseT SemTxvevaSi mxatvruli faseulobebi
warmogvidgeba,
rogorc
yvelasTvis
gankuTvnili
faseulobebi, iseTive sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone
Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa siwiTle an sicive. sinamdvileSi arc
erTi kritikosi ar daeTanxmeba amgvar arakvalificirebul
`obieqturobas~; longine da sxva `klasicistebi~ mimarTavden
ra yvela droisa da yvela qveynis adamianebs, malulad
dahyavdaT `yvela~ `yvela kompetentur ganmsjelze~.
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Sefaseba

formalistebi amtkiceben, rom leqsi aris ara marto

mkiTxvelis `poeturi gamocdilebis~ mizezi an potenciuri
mizezi, aramed am gamocdilebis specifikuri maRal
organizebuli kontrolic, anu es gamocdileba yvelaze
srulad ganisazRvreba, rogorc `leqsis gamocdileba~.
leqsis Sefaseba niSnavs ganicado da xorci Seasxa im
esTetikurad Rirebul Tvisebebsa da kavSirebs, romlebic
nebismieri wignieri mkiTxvelisaTvis warmodgenilia leqsSi,
rogorc misi struqtura. `obieqturi relativizmis~ an
`perspeqtiuli realizmis~ koncefciis Camoyalibebisas
elizeo vivasi amgvarad gansazRvravs mSvenierebis arss:
`...esaa zogierTi movlenis Tviseba, is damaxasiaTebelia
maTTvis, magram mJRavndeba mxolod im adamianebisTvis, vi
sac aqvs Sesabamisi unari da Cvevebi~. (28)
literaturul
struqturebs
aqvs
potenciuri
faseuloba, romlebic realizdeba mkiTxvelis mier
garkveul pirobebSi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs tendencia,
rom uaryofil iqnas (demokratiis an mecnierebis saxeliT)
obieqturoba an `faseuloba~, romelic sayovelTaod
misawvdomi araa. magram Znelad warmosadgenia iseTi
`faseulobebis~ arseboba,
romlebic upirobod xelmi
sawvdomia yvelasTvis .
Zveli literaturuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, Cveu
lebriv, erTmaneTs upirispireben
`miukerZoebel kri
tikas~ da `impresionistul kritikas~, magram es araswori
definiciebia, maT mxolod SecdomaSi SevyavarT. marTlac,
`miukerZoebeli kritika~ emyareboda TiTqosda obieqturad
arsebul wesebsa da principebs; `impresionistuli kritika~,
piriqiT, aRiarebda wminda subieqtivizms. sinamdvileSi
`impresionistuli kritika~ aris im specialistis SeniRbuli
avtoritetuli msjeloba, romlis gemovneba warmoadgens
normas bundovani sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. meore mxriv,
araerTi kritikosi miizida macdunebelma rCevam remi
de gurmonisa, romlis azriT,
nebismieri gulwrfeli
adamianis udidesi damsaxurebaa `sakuTari STabeWdilebebis
dakanoneba~. (29) dResdReobiT `kritikad~ wodebuli bevr
369

literaturis Teoria

eseSi ganmartebulia nawarmoebebisa da SemoqmedebiTi

pirovnebis calkeuli mxareebi, magram araa warmodgenili
saerTo Sefaseba. bevri ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom amgvari eseebi
ayvanil iqnas `kritikis~ (rac berZnulad `gansjas~ niSnavda)
rangSi. zogjer ganasxvaveben kritikis `ganmmartavsa~ da
`ganmsjel~ alternatiul tipebs. (30) magram, rogorc wesi,
SeiZleba ganvacalkevoT Sinaarsis ganmarteba (Deutung)
da RirsebaTa gansja (Wertung) literaturul kritikaSi
erTmaneTisgan araa gamijnuli da es, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa.
Cveulebriv, `miukerZoebeli~ kvlevis Sedegia avtorebisa
da poemebis tlanqi klasifikacia, rasac Tan erTvis
avtoritetTa citireba anda literaturuli Teoriis
zogierTi dogmis moxsenieba. Semdgomi kvleva saWiroebs
analizs da analitikur Sedarebas. meore mxriv, `ganmartebis~
JanrSi dawerili ese aucileblad Seicavs (Tundac
minimaluri doziT) Semfaseblur msjelobebs: Tu, magaliTad,
ganimarteba leqsi, es unda iyos esTetikuri xasiaTis
msjeloba da ara istoriuli, biografiuli an filosofiuri
sakiTxebis ganxilva. saerTod, poetisa an poemisTvis
drois da yuradRebis daTmoba, TavisTavad, ukve niSnavs
Rirebulebis gansjas. magram Zalze iSviaTia SemTxvevebi,
rodesac ganmartebiTi eses avtori, ukve sagnis SerCevis
gamo, saWirod miiCnevs gamoTqvas logikurad dasabuTebuli
azri. `poeziis gageba~ Zalze advilad iqceva `poeziis
gansjad~, romelic detaluricaa da Tanmimdevrulic,
magram masSi ver naxavT daskvnas, msjelobis Sedegs. Tavis
droze eliotis eseebis siaxles warmoadgenda swored is,
rom maTSi ar iyo mocemuli Semajamebeli daskvna an saerTo
idea. am eseebSi garkveuli Tvisebis safuZvelze Sedarebuli
an Sepirispirebuli iyo ori gansxvavebuli poeti, rasac
drodadro sdevda frTxili ganzogadebebi.
rogorc Cans, unda ganvasxvavoT Ria da, meore
mxriv,
impliciturad gamoxatuli msjelobebi da ar
gavutoloT isini cnobiersa da aracnobiers msjelobebs.
arsebobs grZnobebze damyarebuli gansja, da, agreTve,
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Sefaseba

dasabuTebuli, logikuri gansja. ar unda vifiqroT,

rom isini aucileblad urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa:
`grZnobebi~ ar iqceva kritikul azrad ise, rom ar
daemyaros sakmarisad organizebul Teoriuli safuZvels,
xolo logikuri gansja literaturis sferoSi SeiZleba
Camoyalibebul iqnas mxolod raime grZnobis safuZvelze,
romelic damoukideblad warmoiSoba an msjelobis mTeli
msvlelobiTaa gamowveuli.

371

literaturis Teoria

Tavi mecxramete

literaturis istoria
*
SeiZleba Tu ara literaturis istoriis dawera
imgvarad, rom is erTdroulad iyos literaturac
da istoriac? unda vaRiaroT, rom literaturis
istoriebi metwilad aris an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
istoria, an sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria _ metnaklebad qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT dalagebuli
gansakuTrebuli nawarmoebebisgan miRebuli STabeW
dilebebi an maTi Sefasebebi. inglisuri literaturis
istoriis istoriografiaze erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac
ki dasturdeba es Sexeduleba. tomas uortoni, inglisuri
poeziis pirveli `oficialuri~ istorikosi, Zveli lite
raturis Seswavlas imiT asabuTebs, rom masSi `sworadaa
gadmocemuli droTa Taviseburebani, asaxulia zne-Cveu
lebaTa yvelaze ufro lamazi, xatovani da STambeWdavi mxa
reebi~ da `momaval Taobebs gadascems cxovrebis WeSmarit
suraTs~ (1). henri morlis literatura esmis, rogorc
`nacionaluri biografia~, an `inglisuri suliskveTebis
istoria~ (2). lesli stiveni literaturas Tvlis `mTeli
socialuri organizmis gansakuTrebul funqciad~, socia
luri cvalebadobis `erTgvar Tanaproduqtad~(3). u. j.
korthoupi, sakuTriv inglisuri poeziis istoriis avtori,
eyrdnoboda poeziis ganviTarebis erTian koncefcias. misi
gansazRvriT, `inglisuri `poeziis Seswavla, faqtobrivad,
niSnavs,
literaturaSi
areklili
Cveni
erovnuli
institutebis ganuwyvetili aRmavlobis Seswavlas~. amitom
korthoupi xedavs Tavisi sagnis erTianobas `zustad iq,
sadac politikis istorikosi cdilobs moaTavsos Tavisi
sagani, saxeldobr, eris cxovrebaSi, mis mTlianobaSi~ (4).
zemoCamoTvlili (da kidev mravali sxva) istoriko
sebi literaturas ganixilaven, rogorc erovnuli an so
cialuri istoriis sailustracio ubralo dokuments; am
372

literaturis istoria

mimarTulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCniaT, rom literatura,

pirvel yovlisa, xelovnebaa, magram maT, rogorc Cans,
ar xelewifebaT istoriis dawera _ isini gvTavazoben
eseebis dausrulebul seriebs calkeul avtorTa Sesaxeb,
magram ar aqvT realuri istoriuli evoluciis koncefcia.
`Tanamedrove inglisuri literaturis mokle istoriis~
(1897) SesavalSi edmund grosem ganacxada, rom gviCvenebda
`Zvrebs inglisur literaturaSi~, Segviqmnida `inglisuri
literaturis evoluciis gancdas~(5). magram, sinamdvileSi,
es iyo mxolod uaxlesi franguli mimdinareobebisgan
nasesxebi frazeologia. praqtikulad, groses wignebi
warmoadgens qronologiurad dalagebul kritikul
SeniSvnebs mwerlebsa da maTs nawarmoebebze. SemdgomSi
grosem dakarga interesi tenisadmi da aRiara, rom didad iyo
davalebuli biografiuli portretis didostatis, sentbevis moZRvrebisgan. (6) Mutatis mutandis, rac samarTliania
jorj sentsberis mimarT, romlis kritikis koncefcia
yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba peiteris `Rirseuli Sefasebis~
Teoriasa da praqtikas, (7) agreTve _ oliver eltonis
`inglisuri literaturis mimoxilvis~ eqvstomeuls,
romelic yvelaze TvalsaCino miRwevad unda CaiTvalos
inglisSi ukanasknel dros gamoqveynebul literaturis
istoriebs Soris. oliver eltoni gulwrfelad aRiarebs,
rom es aris `namdvili mimoxilva, uSualod kritika~ da ara
istoria(8). es sia SeiZleba usasrulod gaizardos. franguli
da germanuli literaturaTa istoriebi, zogierTis
gamoklebiT, migviyvans TiTqmis identur daskvnamde. ase,
magaliTad, tens, pirvel rigSi, ainteresebda Tavisi Teo
riia erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb da `garemosa~ (`milien~) da
rasis miseuli filosofia; Jiuserani ikvlevda, Tu rogor
airekla inglisur literaturaSi adaT-wesebis istoria,
xolo kazamianma gamoigona mTeli Teoria `inglisur
erovnul sulSi moraluri ritmis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb~(9).
yvelaze wamyvani, mniSvnelovani literaturis istoriebi
aris an civilizaciis istoriebi an kritikuli eseebis
krebulebii. maTgan pirvelni ar warmoadgenen xelovnebis
istorias, meoreni ki _ xelovnebis istorias.
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literaturis Teoria

ratom aravin scada, Seeswavla literaturis,

rogorc xelovnebis dargis evolucia? amis erTi mizezi
isaa, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebTa winaswari analizi ar
ganxorcielebula Tanamimdevrulad da sistematurad.
Cven vkmayofildebiT Zveli ritorikuli kriteriumebiT,
romlebic
sakmaod
zedapirulia,
an
vcdilobT
maRalfardovani frazebiT aRvweroT, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens mkiTxvelze xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Tanac Cvens
mosazrebebs gamovxatavT im cnebebiT, romlebic ar
Seesabameba TviT xelovnebis nawarmoebebs.
meore siZnele warmoSva mcdarma mosazrebam, romlis
Tanaxmad, literaturis istoriis Seqmna SeuZlebelia, da
misi axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod adamianis moRvaweobis
TvalsazrisiT. mesame siZnele unda veZioT sityvakazmuli
xelovnebis ganviTarebis saerTo koncefciaSi. mxatvrobisa da
musikis Sinagani, organuli istoriis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaSi
cota vinmes Tu epareba eWvi. Tu gavivliT romelime
samxatvro galereaSi, romelSic eqsponatebi ganlagebulia
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT an `skolebis~ mixedviT,
davinaxavT, rom aq ferweris xelovnebis istoria sruliad
gansxvavdeba mxatvrebis istoriisagan, an calkeuli suraTis
Sefasebisa da masze msjelobisagan. sakmarisia movisminoT
koncerti, romelzec nawarmoebebi qronologiulad iqneba
dalagebuli, rom davrwmundeT: arsebobs musikis istoria,
romelsac saerTo TiTqmis araferi aqvs kompozitorTa
biografiebTan, im socialur viTarebasTan, romlis drosac
es nawarmoebebi Seiqmna da arc individualur qmnilebaTa
SefasebasTan. ferwerisa da qandakebis istoriaTa Seqmnas
Seecadnen mas Semdeg, rac C. bernim yuradReba gadaitana
musikaluri formebis istoriaze.
literaturis istoriis winaSe dgas analogiuri
problema, kerZod, literaturis istoria unda Camoyalibdes
imgvarad, rom gamoeyos socialur istorias, mweralTa
biografiebsa da calkeul nawarmoebTa Sefasebas. cxadia,
literaturis istoriis Seqmna (amgvari SezRuduli
gagebiT) Tavisebur dabrkolebebs waawydeba. ferwerasTan
374

literaturis istoria

SedarebiT, romlis danaxva Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac

SeiZleba, literaturuli nawarmoebis, rogorc xelovnebis
qmnilebis aTviseba mxolod garkveuli drois gavlis
Semdeg xerxdeba da amitomac ufro Zneldeba misi Sinagani
wyobis mTlianobaSi Secnoba, magram musikalur formasTan
analogia gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli modeli SesaZlebelia,
da rom literaturuli nawarmoebia droiTi aRqma CixSi jer
kidev ar gvaqcevs. arsebobs sxva specialuri problemebic.
literaturaSi arsebobs gardamavali formebi martivi
gamonaTqvamebidan xelovnebis maRalorganizebul na
warmoebebamde, radganac literaturis mediumi aris
ena, romelic, amave dros, yoveldRiuri urTierTobis
saSualebacaa da gansakuTrebiT, mecnierebis enac. amitomac
gacilebiT ufro Znelia literaturuli nawarmoebis
esTetikuri struqturis gamoyofa. Tumca, ilustracia
samedicino saxelmZRvaneloebSi da samxedro marSi mow
mobs, rom sxva xelovnebebsac aqvT gardamavali formebi.
Sesabamisad, zRvris gavleba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas
Soris sityvier gamonaTqvamSi ufro rTuli amocanaa,
magram, principulad, SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad amisa, arseboben iseTi Teoretikosebic,
romlebic, ubralod, martivad acxadeben, literaturas
istoria ara aqvso. u. p. keri, magaliTad, irwmuneba, rom
literaturis istoria ar gvWirdeba, radganac misi
obieqtebi yovelTvis arseboben, `maradiulni~ arian da,
amdenad, araviTari gansakuTrebuli istoria ara aqvT (10).
T. s. elioti, agreTve, uaryofda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi
warsuls ganekuTvneba. `homerosiT dawyebuli, mTeli
evropis literatura, _ ambobs elioti, _ erTdroulad
arsebobs da qmnis erTdroul mimdevrobas~(11). SeiZleba,
daveTanxmoT Sopenhaueris mosazrebas, rom xelovneba
yovelTvis aRwevs Tavis mizans. arasodes SeiZleba misi
gaumjobeseba, Senacvleba an ganmeoreba. xelovnebaSi ar
unda veZioT, `rogor ityvian~ _ `wie es eigenthich gewesen~,
Tumca swored amas miiCnevda ranke istoriografiis
miznad. amitom, literaturis istoria ar aris istoria,
375

literaturis Teoria

am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT, radganac is warmoadgens

awmyos codnas, saerTod awmyos, maradiuli awmyos codnas.
cxadia, veravin uaryofs, rom namdvilad arsebobs sxvaoba
politikis istoriasa da xelovnebis istorias Soris.
istoriuli warsuli gansxvavdeba istoriisgan, romelic
awmyos cocxal Sinaarss warmoadgens.
rogorc adre mogaxseneT, xelovnebis calkeuli nawar
moebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdis. ra Tqma un
da, struqtura, garkveulwilad, ucvleli rCeba saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi. magram es struqtura dinamikuria da icvleba
istoriis procesTan erTad, radganac is ganSualebulia
mkiTxvelis, kritikosebis, xelovnebis muSakTa aRqmiT.
interpretaciis procesi, kritika da Sefaseba arasdros
Sewyvetila da Cans, dausrulebliv gagrZeldeba, an yovel
SemTxvevaSi manamde, sanam ar Sewydeba TviT kulturuli
tradicia. literaturis istoriis daniSnulebaa, aRweros
es procesi, aCvenos mcire an SedarebiT mozrdil jgufebSi
gaerTianebul xelovnebis im nawarmoebTa ganviTareba,
romlebic SerCeul iqna saerTo wyaros, Janris, stilisturi
tipis, anda lingvisturi tradiciis mixedviT da, zogadad,
literaturis sqemis farglebSi.
magram, rogorc Cans, xelovnebis qmnilebaTa jgufis
ganviTarebis koncefcia araCveulebrivad rTulia. yoveli
mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqtura, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos
ar ukavSirdeba xelovnebis mezobel an momijnave nawarmoebebs.
SeiZleba, daiwyon mtkiceba, rom ar arsebobs ganviTareba
erTi inidividualurobidan meoris mimarTulebiT. iseTi
Sexedulebac gvxvdeba, romelic literaturis istoriasac
ki uaryofs da Tvlis, rom is mweralTa istoriaa (12). imave
argumentis Tanaxmad, Cven uari unda ganvacxadoT enis istoriis
daweraze, vinaidan mxolod adamianebi warmoTqvamen sityvebs,
iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia filosofiis istoriis Seqmna,
radgan mxolod adamianebi azrovneben. amgvari ukiduresi
`personalizmi~ migviyvans im Sexedulebamde, rom xelovnebis
yoveli individualuri nawarmoebi savsebiT izolirebulad ar
sebobs, rac praqtikulad niSnavs, misi sazrisis miuwvdomlobas
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literaturis istoria

da gaugebrobas. literatura ufro unda warmovidginoT,

rogorc nawarmoebTa mTliani sistema, romelic mdidrdeba
axali nimuSebiT, gamudmebiT cvlis urTierTobebs maT Soris,
rogorc mzardi cvalebadi mTlianoba.
magram literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebi erTi
aTwleulis Tu erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev ar
gansazRvravs moqmedi literaturuli evoluciis process
_ bunebriv movlenaTa mTeli samyaroc xom icvleba. es
SeiZleba iyos yovel jerze axali gadaadgileba, romelic
ganZarculia azrisa da kavSirebisgan. ase, f. j. tegartis
mier `istoriis TeoriaSi~ (13) rekomendebuli Seswavla
cvalebadobisa, ubralod, istoriul da bunebriv procesebs
Soris arsebul yvela sxvaobaTa gauqmebas gulisxmobs.
istorikosebs ki tegarti urCevs, isRa dagrCeniaT,
saxelmZRvanelod
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebi
gamoiyenoTo. Tu amgvari cvlilebebi absoluturad
regularulad meordeba, maSin gamoyenebuli unda iqnes
kanonis imgvarive koncefcia, romelsac mimarTaven fizi
kosebi. da mainc, Spenglerisa da toinbis brwyinvale hi
poTezebis mixedviT, amgvari prognozirebadi cvlilebebi
arasodes aRmouCeniaT arc erT istoriul procesSi.
ganviTareba niSnavs raRaca sxvasa da ufro metsac,
vidre cvlilebaa, Tundac regularuli da winaswar
nagulisxmevi cvlileba. aSkaraa, rom termini `ganviTareba~
im azriT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, romelic biologiaSia
miRebuli. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, biologiaSi evoluciis
ori sruliad gansxvavebuli koncefcia arsebobs: pirvel
SemTxvevaSi nimuSad moyvanilia kvercxis ganviTareba
frinvelSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi evoluciis nimuSad
iTvleba cvalebadoba Tevzis tvinidan adamianis tvinamde. aq
araa ganviTareba tvinidan tvinamde, warmodgenilia mxolod
koncefciuri abstraqcia _ `tvini~, romelic gansazRvrulia
misi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. ganviTarebis individualuri
fazebi gaazrebulia, rogorc TandaTanobiTi miaxloeba
idealTan, romelSic `adamianis tvini~ igulisxmeba.
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literaturis Teoria

SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT erT-erTi zemoxsenebuli

Tvalsazrisi literaturis evoluciis mimarT? ferdinand
briunetieri da jon adington saimondsi varaudobdnen,
rom SesaZlebelia orive maTganis gamoyeneba. isini
Tvlidnen, rom literaturuli Janrebi biologiur
saxeobaTa analogiuria (14). rodesac literaturuli
Janrebi aRweven srulyofilebis garkveul dones, isini
sustdebian, Wknebian da, bolos, qrebian, _ gvaswavlis
briunetieri. ufro metic, Janrebi gardaiqmneba ufro
maRal da gansxvavebul saxecvlil Janrebad, zustad ise,
rogorc, darvinis evoluciis koncefciis Tanaxmad, xdeba
saxeobaTa transformireba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi termini
`evolucia~, ra Tqma unda, mxolod maxvilgonivruli
metaforaa. magaliTad, briunetieris mixedviT, franguli
tragedia warmoiSva, gaizarda, dakninda da mokvda. magram
tragediis warmoSobisTvis teztium comparationis ubra
lod gaxlavT is faqti, rom frangul enaze tragediebi
Jodelamde ar dawerila. tragedia mokvda im azriT, rom
araviTari mniSvnelovani tragedia, romelic briunetieris
ideals Seesabameboda, volteris Semdeg ar dawerila. mag
ram yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom momavalSi
brwyinvale tragedia daiwereba swored frangulad.
briunetieris Tanaxmad, rasinis `fedra~ qronologiurad
tragediis dacemis dasawyiss emTxveva; es, SeiZleba iTqvas,
Janris siberea. magram es tragedia gvaocebs Tavisi
sinorCiT, renesansis Rrmaazrovan tragediebTan SedarebiT,
romlebic, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens franguli
tragediis `axalgazrdobas~. kidev ufro sakamaToa Janrebis
sxva Janrebad gardaqmnis idea: magaliTad, briunetieris
mixedviT,
klasicisturi
epoqis
mWevrmetyveleba
gadaizarda franguli romantizmis lirikaSi. da mainc,
araviTari realuri `gardaqmna~ ar momxdara. ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi da igive emociebi
iyo gadmocemuli Tavdapirvelad ritorikaSi, Semdeg ki
_ lirikul poeziaSi; dasaSvebia isic, rom orive maTgani
emsaxureboda erTsa da imave, an msgavs socialur miznebs.
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literaturis istoria

amgvarad, unda uarvyoT analogia literaturis

ganviTarebasa da Caketil biologiur process _
dabadebidan sikvdilamde _ Soris (es idea jer kidev
cocxalia da axlaxan aRadgines Spenglerma da toinbim).
amasTan, ganviTarebis meore koncefcia, rogorc Cans,
ufro uaxlovdeba WeSmaritad istoriuli ganviTarebis
koncefcias. aq mTavari principia ara cvlilebaTa
Tanmimdevruloba, aramed misi mizani. am rigis calkeuli
Semadgenlebi procesis dasrulebis aucilebel pirobas
warmoadgens. specialuri miznisken (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
esaa `adamianis tvini~) mimarTuli evoluciis koncefcias
Seaqvs cvalebadobaTa rigSi urTierTkavSiri, dasawyisi
da dasasruli. da mainc, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba
biologiur evoluciasa (meore gagebiT) da `istoriul evo
lucias~ Soris. imisTvis, raTa CavwvdeT biologiurisgan
gansxvavebuli istoriuli evoluciis arss, unda gaviazroT
calkeuli istoriuli movlenebi, da, amasTan erTad, ar
daviyvanoT istoriuli procesi Tanamimdevrul, magram
urTierTdaukavSirebul movlenaTa krebulamde.
sakiTxis
gadasawyvetad
saWiroa
ganvixiloT
istoriuli procesi Sefasebis anu normis TvalsazrisiT.
mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli movlenaTa garegnulad
uazro rigis danawevreba arsebiT da ararsebiT elementebad.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT, vilaparakoT isto
riul evoluciaze, romelic inarCunebs calkeuli
movlenis individualobas. individualuri realobisa
da saerTo Sefasebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas
Cven
ar dagvyavs individualuri zogadi koncefciis
upirovno gamovlinebamde, _ piriqiT, individualurs
vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, sazriss. istoria, zogadad, mTavar
mniSvnelobebis ubralod individualizacias ar axdens
(cxadia, es ar aris arc wyvetili uazro nakadi): istoriuli
procesi mudam warmoSobs Sefasebis axal, ucnob formebs,
romelTa winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis
individualuri nawarmoebis amgvari Sefardeba faseulobaTa
skalasTan sxva araferia, Tu ara misi individualobis
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literaturis Teoria

aucilebeli korelati. ganviTarebis etapebi ganisazRvreba

faseulobaTa, anu normaTa sqemebis mixedviT, magram es
faseulobebi TavisTavad vlindeba mxolod am procesis
ganxilvis Sedegad. simarTle rom vTqvaT, esaa logikuri
wre: imisTvis, raTa vimsjeloT istoriuli procesis
Sesaxeb, unda gvqondes garkveuli Sefasebebi; amasTan
erTad, SefasebaTa skalis SemuSaveba SesaZlebelia mxolod
istoriidan gamomdinare (15) rogorc Cans, es gardauvalia.
sxva SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba imis aRiareba, rom istoriuli
procesi warmoadgens cvalebadobis uazro nakads, an unda
gamoviyenoT raime araliteraturuli standartebi _
vaRiaroT garkveuli absoluti, romelic literaturuli
procesis mimarT gareSe fenomenia.
literaturis evoluciis problemis Cveneuli ganxil
va ganyenebuli xasiaTisaa. SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom
literaturis evolucia gansxvavdeba biologiurisagan
da rom mas araferi aqvs saerTo zogad warmodgenasTan
erTiani zedrouli modelisken swrafvis Sesaxeb. istoria
SeiZleba daiweros mxolod maSin, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli
iqneba faseulobaTa cvalebadi skalebi, romlebic
abstrahirebulia TviT istoriidan. am ideis sailustraciod
SeiZleba mivmarToT zog iseT problemas, romlebic
wamoiWreba literaturis istoriis winaSe.
aSkara kavSiri xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Soris _ maTi
wyaroebi da gavlenebi _ yvelaze ufro xSirad ganixileba
da Seadgens tradiciuli kvlevis Temas. mweralTa Soris
literaturuli kavSirebis dadgena jer kidev araa
literaturis istoria, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mosamzadebeli etapia mis dasawerad. ase, magaliTad, Tu
gvinda davweroT meTvramete saukunis inglisuri poeziis
istoria, amisTvis zustad unda vicodeT, ra kavSiri aqvT
meTvramete saukunis poetebs spenserTan, miltonTan da
draidenTan. amgvari wignia reimond heivensis `miltonis
gavlena inglisur poeziaze~(16), wminda literaturuli
gamokvleva, romelSic Tavmoyrilia friad STambeWdavi
damadasturebeli masala miltonis gavlenis Sesaxeb, garda
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literaturis istoria

amisa, Sekrebilia ara marto meTvramete saukunis poetTa

Sexedulebani miltonis Sesaxeb, aramed Seswavlilia teqstebi
da mocemulia msgavsebaTa da paralelTa analizic. am bolo
dros paralelebis Zieba didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobs,
xolo gamoucdeli mkvlevrisTvis is saxifaTocaa. pirvel
yovlisa, paralelebi unda iyos namdvili paralelebi da
ara bundovani msgavsebani, romlebic, ubralod, simravlis
gamo SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnan paralelebad. ormocjer
ganmeorebuli sisulele sisuleled rCeba. Semdgom,
isini namdvilad unda iyos paralelebi, ese igi, savsebiT
darwmunebulni viyoT imaSi, rom saerTo wyaros arseboba
aq gamoricxulia. mkvlevari moiZiebs WeSmarit paralels,
Tu is aRWurvilia literaturis farTo codniT da Tu
paraleli sakmarisad rTuli xasiaTisaa (anu Tu saubari
araa calkeuli motivis an sityvis Sesaxeb). am elementaruli
pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi marTlac Zalze xSiria.
zogjer es nakli axasiaTebT gamoCenil mecnierebsac,
romlebic, ra Tqma unda, kargad unda icnobdnen epoqis enas
_ kliSeebs, stereotipur metaforebs, erTi da imave Temis
msgavsi xorcSesxmis magaliTebs. (17).
rogorc unda gavkicxoT es meTodi, is mainc
legitimuri meTodia da misi in toto uaryofa SeuZlebelia.
wyaroebis kritikuli Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
dadgindes literaturuli urTierTkavSirebi. maT Soris
naklebad sainteresoa citireba, plagiati, mibaZvebi. ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, isini amtkiceben urTierTobis Cveulebriv
faqts, Tumca, arseboben sternisa da bertonis msgavsi
mwerlebi, romlebic citatebs TavianTi mxatvruli amoca
nebis gadasawyvetad iyenebdnen. magram literaturul
kavSirTa sakiTxebis umravlesoba namdvilad bevrad ufro
rTulia da maT gadasawyvetad kritikuli analizia saWiro
_ amisTvis paralelebis Tavmoyra ubralod ar kmara.
mravali amgvari gamokvlevis nakli aixsneba swored imiT, rom
ugulebelyofilia mniSvnelovani ram: erTi calkeuli Stri
xis gamoyofisas literaturul nawarmoebs aqucmaceben
patar-patara mozaikur nawilebad. literaturis ori an
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literaturis Teoria

meti nawarmoebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb nayofieri

msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac literaturis
ganviTarebis sistemaSi maT saTanado adgili ukaviaT.
literaturul nawarmoebTa urTierTkavSiri warmoadgens
im ori mTlianobis, ori konfiguraciis Sedarebis sagans,
romelTa danawevreba calkeul komponentebad dasaSvebia
mxolod kvlevis sawyis etapebze.
rodesac
yuradRebis
centrSi
moeqceva
ori
dasrulebuli
sistema,
SegviZlia
davaskvnaT,
rom
literaturis
istoriis
fundamentur
problemas,
originalurobis problemas vikvlevT. Cvens droSi, Cveu
lebriv, arasworad esmiT, ras niSnavs originaluri. miaCniaT,
rom originaluri niSnavs, ubralod, tradiciis darRvevas, an
mas eZieben xelovnebis nawarmoebis masalaSi, an mis garegnul
wyobaSi (tradiciuli siuJeti, tradiciuli konstruqcia).
adreul
periodebSi
literaturuli
Semoqmedebis
Taviseburebis saRi, jansaRi Sefaseba iyo miRebuli.
originalur Sinaarss an siuJets didad rodi afasebdnen.
renesansis da klasicizmis epoqaSi, sruliad marTebulad,
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Targmans, gansakuTrebiT
poeziis Targmans da `mibaZvas~, im azriT, rogorc houpi
baZavda horaciusis satirebs, an doqtor jonsoni _ iuvenals
(18). ernest robert kurciusi Tavis `evropis literaturasa
da laTinur Sua saukuneebSi~ (1948) damajereblad gviCvenebs
literaturis istoriaSi banalurobis (topoi) uzarmazar
rols, Temebisa Tu saxeebis ganmeorebas, imas, rom isini
antikuri xanidan STamomavlobiT miiRo laTinizebulma Sua
saukuneebma da, Semdeg, Tanamedrove literaturam. arc erTi
mwerali ar Takilobda da Tavis Tavs ar Tvlida araoriginalur
mwerlad `imis gamo, rom iyenebda, iTvisebda da Taviseburad
cvlida Temebsa da saxeebs, romlebic tradiciulad
memkvidreobiT gadmodioda da antikuri literaturis
avtoritetiT iyo sanqcionirebuli. amgvari xasiaTis bevri
nawarmoebis Sefasebas safuZvlad daedo mxatvruli procesis
mcdari gageba. aseTia, magaliTad, ser sidni lis naSromebi
elisabedis droindeli sonetebis Sesaxeb, romlebic formis
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literaturis istoria

TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, tradiciulia, magram (sidni

lis Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod) es ar niSnavs, rom maTSi
araa asaxuli gulwrfeli grZnobebi, da rom isini mdare
nawarmoebebia (19). garkveuli tradiciisadmi erTguleba da
misi nimuSebis mibaZva ar gamoricxavs sulieri ganwyobilebis
gamoxatvas da nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. amgvari
Seswavlis dros kritikuli problemebi wamoiWreba maSin,
rodesac viwyebT Sedarebas da Sefasebas imis gamosavlenad,
Tu rogor iyenebs erTi xelovani meore xelovanis miRwevebs,
_ rodesac warmogvidgeba gardamqmneli SemoqmedebiTi
Zalisxmeva. literaturis istoriis pirveli amocanaa, zustad
daadginos yoveli nawarmoebis adgili ama Tu im tradiciaSi.
xelovnebis ori an meti nawarmoebis urTierTkavSiris
Seswavlas mivyavarT literaturis istoriis Semdgom prob
lemebamde.xelovnebis nawarmoebTa pirvel da yvelaze
ufro TvalsaCino rigs miekuTvneba is qmnilebebi, romlebic
dawerilia erTi avtoris mier. aq arc ise Znelia faseulobaTa
skalis dadgena: Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT erTi an ramdenime
nawarmoebi, romlebic mwerlis saukeTeso, srulyofili
qmnilebebia da am tipis nawarmoebebTan siaxlovis Tvalsaz
risiT gavaanalizoT misi danarCeni nawarmoebebi. bevri
monografiis avtorebi isaxavdnen amgvar mizans, Tumca
mkafiod ver icnobierebdnen warmoSobil rTul problemebs
da ufro uSedegod cdilobdnen mwerlis piradi cxovrebis
problemebSi garkvevas.
evoluciuri rigis meore tipi SeiZleba Semdegnairi
iyos: xelovnebis nawarmoebidan gamoyofen
garkveul
Tvisebas da akvirdebian idealisaken mis ganviTarebas
idealisken (Tumca ideali aq pirobiTi, droebiTi cnebaa).
es SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTi mwerlis nawarmoebTa
Seswavlisas ise, rogorc magaliTad, klemenma (20) gamoikv
lia tropebi SeqspirTan; an SeiZleba Catardes erT periodis,
an sulac mTeli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi.
magaliTad, inglisuri prosodiisa da prozis ritmis
(21) Sesaxeb jorj sentsberis naSromebSi gamoyofilia
struqturis garkveuli elementi da misi istoriis gezi,
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literaturis Teoria

Tumca sentsberis pretenziuli wignebis naklovaneba isaa,

rom maT safuZvlad udevT leqsis zomisa da ritmis Sesaxeb
bundovani da dromoWmuli koncefciebi, rac cxadyofs,
rom WeSmariti istoriis dawera SeuZlebelia adekvaturi
mecnieruli Sromebis gamoyenebisa da miTiTebis gareSe.
amave xasiaTis problemebi wamoiWreba inglisuri poeturi
enis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac mieZRvna mxolod
jozefina mailzis statistikuri gamokvleva, rac Seexeba
inglisuri poeziis mxatvrul saxeTa istorias, jer misi
Seswavla aravis ucdia.
SesaZlebelia hamletTan, don JuanTan an agasferTan
dakavSirebuli mravalricxovani motivebisa da Temebisad
mi miZRvnili mravalricxovani istoriuli mimoxilvebis
amgvari
sistematizeba.
sinamdvileSi
es
sruliad
gansxvavebuli problemebia. siuJetis sxvadasxvagvari
variantebi ar gulisxmobs iseTive urTierTkavSirs da
uwyvetobas, rogoric axasiaTebs sazomisa da poeturi
enis istorias. mariam stiuartis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela
literaturuli siuJetis ganxilva, albaT, sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaTa istoriis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso iqneba
da, albaT, gamoavlens gemovnebis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva
epoqaSi, tragediis sxvadasxvagvar koncefciebs. magram
aq araa Sinagani kavSiri da dialeqtika. ar wamoiWreba arc
erTi problema da, miT umetes, literaturuli kritikis
problema (22). Stoffgeschichte (aq: legenda) yvelaze naklebadaa
literaturis istoria.
literaturuli Janrebisa da tipebis istoria
problemaTa sxva jgufs gvTavazobs, magram es problemebi
ar aris gadauWreli; miuxedavad imisa, rom kroCe Seecada,
mTeli koncefciis diskreditireba moexdina, arsebobs
bevri gamokvleva, romlebic SeiZleba CaiTvalos amgvari
koncefciis Seqmnis mosamzadebel etapad da romlebic
TavisTavad Teoriulad sakmarisad safuZvliania imisTvis,
raTa zustad moiniSnos istoriuli perspeqtiva. Janris
istoriaSi arsebobs igive dilema, rac literaturis
istoriaSi:
imisTvis,
raTa
mivagnoT
mecnierulad
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literaturis istoria

damuSavebul miTiTebas (am SemTxvevaSi Janris Sesaxeb),

saWiroa istoriis Seswavla, magram istorias ver SeviswavliT,
Tu gonebaSi ar gveqneba Camoyalibebuli SerCevis sqema.
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs gamosavali am daxSuli wridan.
zog SemTxvevaSi aucilebel amosaval wertils warmoadgens
klasifikaciis garegnuli myari sqema (magaliTad,
garkveuli wesis mixedviT gariTmuli ToTxmeti striqoni
sonetSi). sapirispiro SemTxvevaa elegia an oda, rodesac
SeiZleba daveWvdeT, SeinarCuna Tu ara odam, saxelwodebis
garda, raime niSan Tviseba, romelic Tanabrad axasiaTebs
yvela odas. ben jonsonis `oda sakuTari Tavisadmi~,
kolinzis `oda saRamosadmi~ da uordsvorTis `ukvdavebis
winaTgrZnoba~ TiTqos naklebad hgvanan erTmaneTs, magram
maxvili Tvali imTaviTve daadgens horaciusis da pindares
odebTan maT msgavsebas, SeniSnavs TiTqosda gansxvavebuli
tradiciebisa da saukuneebis uwyvet erTobas. literaturis
istoriis Sesaswavlad Janrebis istoria, udavod, yvelaze
mravlisaRmTqmeli sferoa.
SeiZleba da savaldebulocaa `morfologiuri~
midgoma farTod gamoviyenoT folkloris mimarT, radgan
folklorSi Janrebi xSirad ufro mkafiodaa gaformebuli,
vidre _ mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul sityvakazmul
xelovnebaSi. folklorisadmi amgvari midgoma, bolos
da bolos, iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc `motivebisa~
da siuJetebis migraciaTa Seswavla. safuZveli Caeyara
karg wamowyebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ ruseTSi (23). Tu ar
SegviZlia rogorc klasikuri, aseve axali (Sua saukuneebSi
warmoSobili) Janrebis cocxali aRqma, ver CavwvdebiT
Tanamedrove literaturas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, im
literaturas, romelic win uZRoda romantikul amboxs.
maTi brZola Seadgens literaturis istoriis mniSvnelovan
nawils 1500-1800 wlebs Soris. da marTlac, rogorc unda
gaebundovnebina romantikul saukunes sxvaoba Janrebs
Soris da rogori Sereuli formebic unda Semoetana,
didi Secdoma iqneboda, saTanadod ar dagvefasebina
Janrebis koncefciis avtoriteti da Zala Tundac uaxles
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literaturis Teoria

literaturaSi. Janrebis pirveli istoriebis (romlebic

Seqmnes briunetierma da saimonma) naklovanebad unda
CaiTvalos biologiur paralelebze metismeti dayrdnoba.
magram am bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda iseTi gamokvlevebi,
romlebic meti gulisyuriTaa damuSavebuli. Tumca, maT
emuqreba tipebis aRweriT Semofargvlisa da SemTxveviT
diskusiebSi daxarjvis saSiSroeba, rogorc es mouvida
mraval naSroms, romlebsac dramis an romanis istoriebad
miiCneven. magram arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic dasmuli
da
gamokvleulia tipebis ganviTarebis problema.
Seqspiramdeli inglisuri dramis istoriis daweris dros
dauSvebelia imis ugulebelyofa, rom misteriebisa da
moraliteebis memkvidreobisa da Tanadrouli aRmavali
dramis gasaocrad Sereuli forma SeiniSneba, vTqvaT, beilis
`mefe jonSi~. Janris kargi istoriis nimuSia u. u. gregis
wigni `pastoraluri poezia da pastoraluri drama~, Tumca
avtori masSi sxva mizans isaxavda; (24) mogvianebiT k. s. luisma
`siyvarulis alegoriaSi~ (25) Camoayaliba ganviTarebis
mkafiod da kargad gaazrebuli sqema. germaniaSi, sxva
rom ara iyos ra, ori kargi wigni arsebobs: karl vietoris
`germanuli odis istoria~ da giunTer miuleris `germanuli
simReris istoria~ (26). orive avtori mwvaved ayenebs im
problemebs, romlebsac waawydnen(27). vietori garkveviT
aRiarebs daxSuli wris arsebobas, magram mainc ar epueba mas:
vietoris SexedulebiT, istorikosi intuiciiT, magram mainc
unda mixvdes, ra aris arsebiTi im JanrisaTvis, romelsac
ikvlevs da mere gamoiyenos am Janris nimuSebi Tavisi
hipoTezebis dasasabuTeblad an Sesasworeblad. Tumca
Janri istoriaSi vlindeba calkeul nawarmoebTa saxiT,
magram ar SeiZleba misi aRwera am nawarmoebTa yvela niSnis
mixedviT. Cven gaviazrebT Janrs, rogorc `maregulirebel~
princips, rogorc fuZemdeblur models; pirobiTobas,
romelic realuria, e. i. qmediTia, radganac ganapirobebs
konkretuli nawarmoebebis Seqmnas. istorias ar esaWiroeba
miRweva specialuri miznisa, romelic zRvars udebs Janris
Semdgom gagrZelebas an diferenciacias; magram Tu miznad
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literaturis istoria

davisaxavT, davweroT WeSmariti istoria, maSin unda

veyrdnobodeT garkveul droiT mizans an tips.
srulad analogiuri problemebi wamoiWreba periodisa
da mimdinareobis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT. ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb diskusiam cxadyo, rom Cven ver daveTanxmebiT or
ukidures Sexedulebas: erTia metafizikuri Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac, periodi aris garkveuli arsi da mis
bunebas intuiciiT unda CavwvdeT; meore _ ukiduresad
nominalisturi _ SexedulebiT ki, periodi yovel
droSi, drois yovel monakveTSi, ubralod, aRweris
mizniT gaTvaliswinebuli lingvisturi, stilisturi
Taviseburebaa. ukiduresi nominalizmis mixedviT, periodSi
igulisxmeba TviTneburi Zaldataneba masalaze, romelic
sinamdvileSi, mimarTulebis gareSe, uwyvet dinebad
iqceva da amgvarad, gvrCeba, erTi mxriv, konkretul
movlenaTa qaosi da meore mxriv, wminda subieqturi
iarliyebi. Tu davemyarebiT am Sexedulebas, maSin aSkarad
ar eqneba mniSvneloba, Tu sad gavatarebT gamyof xazs
arsebiTad erTian, magram mravalferovan realobaSi.
amitomac mniSvneloba ara aqvs, periodis romel sqemas
miviRebT _ xelovnur pirobiTsa Tu meqanikurs. SeiZleba
istoriografiuli wesiT davweroT literaturis istoria
saukuneebis, aTwleulebis an wlebis mixedviT. SeiZleba
miviRoT iseTi kriteriumi, rogoric gamoiyena arTur
saimondsma Tavis wignSi `romantikuli mimarTuleba
inglisur poeziaSi~. (28) igi ganixilavs
mxolod im
avtorebs, romlebic 1800 wlamde daibadnen da 1800 wlis
mere gardaicvalen. gamodis, rom periodi, ubralod,
xelsayreli sityvaa savaldebulo wignis an SerCeuli Temis
dasayofad. Tumca, xSirad es Sexeduleba gaucnobiereblad
STaagonebs naSromebs, romlebic mowiwebiT
ekidebian
saukuneTa mijnebs an Tavs axveven sagans zust droiT
(magaliTad, 1700-50 wlebi), rac verafriT aixsneba, garda
imisa, rom erTgvari SemosazRvra praqtikulma saWiroebam
gamoiwvia. kalendaruli TariRebisadmi aseTi pativiscema,
rasakvirvelia, kanonieria bibliografiuli nusxebis
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literaturis Teoria

Sedgenisas; aq is gvexmareba orientaciaSi, iseve, rogorc

diuis mier biblioTekebisaTvis SeTavazebuli decimaluri
sistema; amgvar periodizacias saerTo araferi aqvs
literaturis istoriasTan.
miuxedavad amisa, literaturis istoriebis umetesoba
periodebad aris dayofili politikur cvlilebaTa
Sesabamisad. amgvarad, miCneulia, rom literatura
mTlianad determinirebulia politikuri Tu socialuri
revoluciebiT, xolo determinirebuli periodebis prob
lemas wyveten istorikosebi. inglisuri literaturis
SedarebiT Zvel istoriebs Tu CavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom
isini dawerilia an kalendaruli principiT an erTi
martivi politikuri kriteriumis mixedviT, inglisis
monarqTa mefobis drois Sesabamisad. sulac araa saWiro
imis Cveneba, Tu ra aRrevas gamoiwvevda, bolo drois ing
lisuri literaturis istoria rom dagveyo monarqebis
gardacvalebis TariRebis Sesabamisad. seriozulad aravis
mosvlia azrad, adreuli mecxramete saukunis literatura
ganesxvavebina erTimeorisgan georg mesamis, georg meo
Txis an uiliam meoTxis mefobis droTa mixedviT; zogan
jer kidev SemorCenilia literaturis aseTi xelovnuri
dayofa elisabedis, jeimz pirvelisa da Carlz pirvelis
mefobaTa droebis Sesabamisad.
inglisuri literaturis uaxles istoriebSi sau
kuneebis kalendris Tu mefeTa mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi
dayofa TiTqmis mTlianad moispo da Seicvala axleburi
periodizaciiT, romlis saxelwodebebi emyareba sulieri
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos movlenebs. Tumca, Cven
kvlav vxmarobT terminebs `elisabedis droindeli~
da `viqtorianuli~, maT mefobaTa dros Seqmnili es
ganmasxvavebeli terminebi ki SemogvrCa, magram maT axali
mniSvneloba SeiZines inteleqtualuri istoriis sistemis
farglebSi. Cven isini SevinarCuneT, radgan vgrZnobT,
rom es ori dedofali, rogorc Cans, TavianTi drois
simboloebi iyvnen. Cven kategoriulad aRar moviTxovT,
rom drois monakveTi romelime monarqis taxtze asvlidan
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literaturis istoria

mis sikvdilamde gansazRvravdes literaturuli periodis

qronologiuri mijnebs. rodesac viyenebT termins `eli
sabedis droindeli~, vgulisxmobT mwerlebs, romlebic
moRvaweobdnen Teatrebis daxurvamde (1642), im droisTvis ki
TiTqmis ormocma welma ganvlo dedoflis gardacvalebidan.
magram, meore mxriv, Cven iSviaTad vuwodebT oskar uailds
`viqtorianels~, Tumca misi sicocxlis wlebi zustad
emTxveva viqtorias mefobis qronologiur sazRvrebs.
politikuri warmomavlobis terminebma inteleqtisa
da literaturis istoriaSic ki miiRes gansazRvruli
mniSvneloba.
miuxedavad
amisa,
Cveni
axlandeli
dasaxelebebi maTi Seqmnis siWrelis gamo, cota ar iyos
damabnevelia.
`reformacia~ momdinareobs saeklesio
istoriidan, `humanizmi~, umTavresad, _ inteleqtualuri
moZraobis
istoriidan,
`renesansi~
_
xelovnebis
istoriidan, `respublikis literatura da `restavraciis
literatura~ _ garkveuli politikuri movlenebidan.
termini `meTvramete saukune~ Zveli qronologiuri
terminia, romelic dazustebul iqna literaturuli
movlenebis TvalsazrisiT: `avgustinelebis literatura~
da `klasicizmis literatura~, `preromantizmi~ da
`romantizmi~ imTaviTve literaturuli terminebia,
maSin, rodesac `viqtorianuli~, `edvardianuli~ da
`georgianuli momdinareobs monarqTa mefobidan. igive
gansacvifrebeli suraTi xSirad gvxvdeba sxva qveynebis
literaturaSi: magaliTad, `koloniuri periodi~ amerikul
literaturaSi politikuri terminia, xolo `romantizmi~
da `realizmi~ literaturuli terminebia.
terminTa amgvari aRrevis gasamarTleblad unda
aRvniSnoT, rom amis mizezi Tavad istoria gaxlavT. rogorc
literaturis istorikosebma, Cven, pirvel yovlisa,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT TviT mwerlebis mosazrebebi da
koncefciebi, programebi da personaliebi, ese igi, unda
gaviziaroT sakuTriv maTi Sexeduleba periodizaciis
Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, literaturis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba
gonivrulad Camoyalibebuli programebis, manifestebis,
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literaturis Teoria

SemoqmedebiTi TviTanalizis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa.

da safiqrebelia, rom moRvaweobas, romelic esoden kargad
icnobierebs sakuTar sazrissa da daniSnulebas, yvelaze
ukeT Seesabameba termini `mimdinareoba~ (`movement~); misi
daxasiaTeba analogiuri iqneba ama Tu im movlenisa da
dekretebis daxasiaTebisa. rac Seexeba literaturul
periods, mis mimarT es programebi _ mxolod masalaa,
iseve, rogorc kritikis istoria aris mxolod da mxolod
literaturis istoriis Tanmxlebi komentari. epoqis
literaturul dokumentebs CvenTvis damxmare mniSvneloba
aqvT, maT ver vaRiarebT literaturis periodizaciis
principebad. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom CvenTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ufro Rrma Sexeduleba movlenebis
Taobaze: ubralod, Cven upiratesoba gvaqvs _ warsuls
awmyos poziciidan ganvixilavT.
isic unda iTqvas, rom es sxvadasxva warmomavlobis
terminebi Tavis droze ar gamoiyeneboda. termini
`humanizmi~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1832 wels, `renesansi~ _
1840 wels, `elisabedis epoqa~ _ 1817 wels, `avgustusis xana~
_ 1819 wels, xolo `romantizmi~ _ 1844 wels. es monacemebi
moyvanilia `oqsfordis leqsikonSi~ da, albaT, sando araa,
radganac termini `avgustusis xana~ sporadulad Cndeba
ukve 1690 wels, karlaili ki termin `romantizms~ iyenebs
1831 wels (29). yovelive es mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom
literaturuli periodi da misi saxelwodeba sinqronulad
rodi warmoiSoba. cnobilia, rom romantikosebi TavianT Tavs
ar uwodebdnen romantikosebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglisSi.
rogorc Cans, mxolod daaxloebiT 1849 wels daukavSires
kolriji da uordsvorTi romantikul mimdinareobebsa da
Selis, kiTsisa da baironis jgufs (30). misis olifanti Tavis
`meTvramete saukunis dasasrulisa da mecxramete saukunis
dasawyisis inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi ~ (1882 w.)
arsad xmarobs am termins da erTsa da imave mimdinareobas ar
miakuTvnebs `tbis~ poetebs, `koknis~ skolasa da `satanur~
bairons. amgvarad, inglisuri literaturis amJamad
arsebuli periodizacia araa istoriulad dasabuTebuli.
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literaturis istoria

aSkaraa, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara politikuri,

literaturuli da mxatvruli iarliyebis TviTneburad
SerCeuli erToblioba.
kidec rom gvqondes adamianTa kulturis istoriis _
politikis, filosofiis, sxva xelovnebaTa srulyofili
periodizacia, literaturis istoria mainc ver SeZlebda
iseTi sqemis gamoyenebas, romelic SemuSavebulia, romelic
sxva masalaze muSaobis meSveobiT, specifikuri amocanebis
gadawyvetis procesSi. literatura ar SeiZleba gagebul
iqnes, rogorc kacobriobis politikuri, socialuri an
Tundac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis pasiuri anarekli
an asli. amdenad, literaturuli periodi unda dadgindes
wminda literaturuli kriteriumis daxmarebiT.
Tu Cveni Sedegebi daemTxveva politikis, sa
zogadoebis, xelovnebisa da azrovnebis istoriebs, amis
sawinaaRmdego araferi gveqneba. magram Cveni amosavali
wertili iqneba literatura, rogorc literaturis
ganviTareba. maSasadame, periodi aris sayovelTao
evoluciis qvedanayofi. misi istoria SeiZleba daiweros
mxolod faseulobaTa cvalebad skalis gaTvaliswinebiT,
xolo es skala SemuSavebul unda iqnes Tavad istoriuli
procesis gaazrebis safuZvelze. amgvarad, periodi aris
drois monakveTi, romelSic dominirebs literaturuli
normebi, standartebi da pirobiTobebi, romelTa Semotana,
gavrceleba, danawevreba, integracia da gaqroba SeiZleba
davinaxoT, Tvali mivadevnoT.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom aucileblad unda
miviRoT esa Tu is normatiuli sistema. istoriidan is
unda gamoviyvanoT istoriidan, aRmovaCinoT istoriaSi,
rogorc realoba. magaliTad, `romantizmi~ ar aris erTiani
Tviseba, romelic vrceldeba gadamdebi seniviT an WiriviT,
da is arc ubralo sityvieri iarliyia. es istoriuli
kategoria, an, kantis terminologiiT, `maregulirebeli
idea~ (ufro zustad ki, ideaTa mTeli sistema) gvexmareba
movaxdinoT istoriuli procesis interpretacia. magram
ideebis kompleqsi Cven TviT procesSi aRmovaCineT.
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literaturis Teoria

termin `periodis~ amgvari koncefcia gansxvavdeba misi

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gagebisgan, romelSic cneba
gadatanilia fsiqologiur planSi da ganZarculia
istoriuli konteqstisgan. rodesac amgvari fsiqologiuri
an mxatvruli tipebis saxelwodebaTa SemoReba xdeba
istoriulad damkvidrebuli terminologiis zegavleniT,
es araa sababi maTi upirobo dagmobisTvis; amasTan, kargad
unda gavicnobieroT, rom literaturis aseTi tipologia
Zalze Sorsaa Cveni ganxilvis sagnisgan _ is ar miekuTvneba
literaturis istorias, viwro gagebiT.
amgvarad, periodi aris ara tipi an klasi, aramed
_ drois monakveTi gansazRvruli normaTa sistemiT,
romlebic
ganuyofelia
istoriuli
procesisgan.
romantizmis ganmartebis uSedego mcdelobebi mowmobs, rom
`periodis~ cneba ar ar waagavs logikaSi miRebul `klasis~
cnebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda nawarmoebis
individualobis waSla, misi STanTqma kategoriis mier.
magram es aSkarad SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis individualuri
qmnileba klasis warmomadgeneli rodia; esaa nawilia,
romelic yvela sxva nawarmoebTan erTad warmoqmnis periodis
cnebas. amgvarad, is TavisTavad gansazRvravs mTlianis
koncefcias. `romantizmis~ (31) uamravi sxvadasxvagvari
ganmarteba Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans,
mcdaria, magram, miuxedavad amisa, maTSi mainc vlindeba im
sqemis sirTule, romelsac Seesabameba TiToeuli amgvari
definicia. kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom periodi ar
aris idealuri tipi, abstraqtuli modeli an cnebiTi
klasifikacia; esaa drois monakveTia normebis erTiani
sistemiT, romlebic xelovnebis arc erT nawarmoebSi ar aris
mTlianad realizebuli. periodis istoria mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom daafiqsiros normaTa erTi sistemas Secvla
meoriT. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi, romelic
xasiaTdeba garkveuli erTianobiT; aSkaraa, rom es erTianoba
mxolod SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa. es niSnavs, ubralod, imas,
rom drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi normebis
esa Tu is sqema mTeli sisruliT iqna realizebuli. erTi
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literaturis istoria

romelime periodis erTianoba absoluturi rom iyos, maSin

periodebi qvis blokebiviT erTimeoris gverdiT dalagdeba
yovelgvari memkvidreobis gareSe. amitom yovel periodSi
aucileblad monawileoben normaTa winamorbedi sistemas
gadmonaSTebi da momavali sqemis Canasaxebi (32).
periodis istoriis daweris problema, pirvel yovlisa,
aris aRweris problema: saWiroa amovicnoT pirobiTobaTa
erTi sistemisdacema da meoris Casaxva. ratom xdeba
mimdinareobaTa aseTi Secvla garkveul momentSi? _ es aris
istoriuli problema, romelic, zogadad, gadauWrelia.
gamoiTqva varaudi, rom literaturis ganviTareba
gamofitvis safexurs aRwevs da moiTxovs axali kanonebis
SemoRebas. rusi formalistebi am process aRweren rogorc
`avtomatizaciis~ process, e. i. poeturi ostatobis bevri
xerxi, Tavis droze efeqturi iyo, iseTi Cveulebrivi da
gacveTili xdeba, rom axali mkiTxveli maT veRar aRiqvams. mas
sWirdeba raRac gansxvavebuli, raRac sruliad sapirispiro.
aseT SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis sqema waagas qanqaras rxevas:
erTi ukiduresobidan meorisken moZraoba adre Tu gvian
ganapirobebs axleburi poeturi metyvelebis, Temebisa
da yovelgvari sxva mxatvruli xerxebis `aqtualizacias~.
magram Teoria ver ganmartavs, Tu ratom miemarTeba
ganviTareba konkretuli mimarTulebiT _ procesis mTeli
sirTule namvilad ar daiyvaneba rxevaTa martiv sqemamde.
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis
ganviTarebis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba gareSe pirobebiT
da sazogadoebrivi garemos moTxovnebiT. maSin yoveli
cvlileba literaturul situaciaSi gamowveuli iqneba
axali klasis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebrivi
dajgufebis warmoSobiT: magaliTad, ruseTSi 1917
wlamde yvelaze mkveTrad iyo gamoxatuli klasobrivi
struqtura, amitom cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
iq xSirad Seesabameboda literaturul evolucias. magram
dasavleTSi am urTierTmimarTebis gamovlena Zneldeba,
da sruliad SeuZlebelic xdeba im epoqebis ganxilvisas,
romlebic ar xasiaTdeba mkafiod gamokveTili socialuri
dapirispirebebiT da istoriuli katastrofebiT.
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literaturis Teoria

literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebs ganmartavdnen

agreTve axali Taobis SeWriT literaturaSi. kurnos
wignis _ `mosazrebani ideaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ (1872)
_ gavleniT am Teorias bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. is
gulmodgined iqna damuSavebuli, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi,
petersenisa da veqsleris mier (33). magram ver daveTanxmebiT
imas, rom Taobis, rogorc biologiuri erTeulis cneba
problemas gadaWris saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tu miviCnevT,
rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleba
sami Taoba, magaliTad, 1800-33, 1834-69, 1870-1900, maSin
dasaSvebia iseTi seriebis arsebobac, rogorebicaa 18011834, 1835-70, 1871-1901 da a. S. biologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
es seriebi savsebiT Tanabaruflebiania da Tu adamianTa
jgufebma, romlebic 1800-iani wlebis periodSi daibadnen,
ufro Rrma gavlena moaxdines literaturis ganvoTarebaze,
vidre 1815-iani wlebis periodSi dabadebul adamianTa
jgufebma, es unda mivaweroT ara wminda biologiur, aramed
sxva mizezs. ra Tqma agaliTad,unda, zogjer literaturis
istoriaSi cvlileba erTi da imave Taobis axalgazrdaTa
jgufs Seaqvs, risi aSkara magaliTicaa germanuli `qariSxali
da Seteva~ da, saerTod, romantizmis epoqa. TaobaTa
erTianobas, rogorc Cans, ayalibebs iseTi istoriuli da
socialuri faqtebi (magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia
an orive msoflio omi), romelTa srulad aRqma yoveli
asakis adamianebs rodi ZaluZT da amas yvelaze ukeT
gaarTves Tavi mgrZnobiare axalgazrdebma. magram es
swored imis magaliTia, rom literaturisTvis zogjer
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
zegavlenas. SeiZleba davasaxeloT sapirispiro xasiaTis
uamravi movlena _ rodesac literaturis cvlilebaze
Rrma da Zlieri gavlena moaxdina xandazmuli mwerlebis
Semoqmedebam. saerTod ki, Taobebisa da socialuri
klasebis cvla sakmarisi ar aris literaturul cvlilebaTa
asaxsnelad. es aris kompleqsuri procesi, romelic
yovelTvis erTnairad rodi mimdinareobs; nawilobriv, es
gamofitviTa da ganaxlebis surviliT gamowveuli Sinagani
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literaturis istoria

procesia, magram, nawilobriv, garegnulic, romelic

ganpirobebulia cvlilebebiT socialur da kulturul
cxovrebaSi, kulturaSi.
Tanamedrove literaturis istoriis mTavari periodebi
dausrulebeli polemikis sagans warmoadgens. terminebi _
`renesansi~, `klasicizmi~, `romantizmi~, `simbolizmi~, bolo
xanebSi ki `barokoc~ _ ganmartes, Semdeg daazustes, Semdeg
gadaiazres. (34). rogorc Cans, veraviTari SeTanxmeba ver
miiRweva manamde, sanam Tavidan ar avicilebT bundovanebas
zemoganxilul Teoriul sakiTxebSi, sanam oponentebi
daJinebiT cdiloben Tavs moaxvion definiciebs cnebiTi
gvareobrivi Sinaarsi (logikis analogiiT), erTmaneTSi
ureven `periodisa~ da `tipis~ terminebs, terminTa
semantikur istorias da stilis realur istorias.
savsebiT gasagebia, rom a. o. lavjoi da sxvebi gvTavazoben,
uarvyoT iseTi termini, rogoricaa `romantizmi~. magram
kamaTi periodis Sesaxeb, sxva rom ara iyos ra, wamoWris
literaturis istoriis yvela iseT sakiTxs, romlebic exeba
terminis istorias, kritikul programebs, iseve, rogorc
realur stilistur cvlilebebs, literaturuli periodis
urTierTkavSirebs adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan;
saerTaSoriso literaturul kavSirebs gansaxilveli
periodis farglebSi. `romantizmi~, rogorc termini, gvian
Semovida inglisSi, magram ukve uordsvorTisa da kolrijis
TeoriebSi arsebobda axali programa, romelic unda
ganvixiloT uordsvorTisa da kolrijis, agreTve maTi
Tanamedrove sxva poetebis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi.
meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi ukve SeiniSneboda axali
stilis Canasaxebi. Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT inglisuri
romantizmi romantikul moZraobas safrangeTsa da
germaniaSi,
SeviswavloT
paralelebi
romantikuli
mimdinareobis
gamovlinebebTan saxviT
xelovnebaSi.
yovel droSi da yovel adgilas sxvadasxva problema iCens
Tavs, amitom SeuZlebelia zogadi wesebis Camoyalibeba.
swori araa kazamianis mosazreba, rom periodebi mzardi
siCqariT enacvleboda erTmaneTs vidre dRemde, rodesac
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literaturis Teoria

maTi rxevebis stabilizacia moxda. aseve mcdaria imis

dasabuTebis mcdelobebi, Tu xelovnebis romelma dargma
(an romelma erma) aiTvisa pirvelad axali stili. ra Tqma
unda, didi imedebi ar unda davamyaroT terminologiur
garkveulobaze periodebis daxasiaTebisas, _ SeuZlebelia
erTi sityva mravali konotaciis matarebeli iyos. magram
aseve gaumarTlebelia skeptikuri damokidebuleba da
problemis ugulebelyofa, radganac periodis cneba
istoriuli Semecnebis erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia.
kidev ufro rTulia iseTi farTo problemis ganxilva,
rogoric aris erovnuli literaturis istoria. Znelia
Tvali mivadevnoT erovnul literaturis istorias,
Tuki gamokvlevis struqtura moiTxovs, arsebiTad,
araliteraturuli orientirebis gamoyenebas, msjelobas
erovnuli zneobisa da erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac
cota ram aqvT saerTo sityvakazmul xelovnebasTan.
mravali problema warmoiqmneba, magaliTad, amerikul
literaturasTan dakavSirebiT: vinaidan is iqmneba imave
enaze, romelzedac _ sxva erovnuli literatura, amitom
literaturis
ganviTareba
amerikaSi
absoluturad
damoukideblad rodi mimdinareobs, is, nawilobriv,
imarTeba ufro Zveli da Zlieri tradiciebiT. nebismieri
erovnuli literaturis ganviTareba aSkarad warmoadgens
problemas, romelsac istorikosi ver ugulebelyofs, Tumca
is TiTqmis arc arasdros ar gamoukvleviaT sistematuri
wesiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom literaturis jgufebis
istoria, Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro Sorsaa
idealisagan. arsebuli nimuSebi, rogoricaa ian maxalis
`slavuri literaturebi~ an leonardo olSkis cda, daewera
Sua saukuneebis yvela romanuli literaturis istoria,
warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda (35). msoflio literaturis
istoriaTa umetesoba warmoadgens mcdelobas, gamovlenil
iqnas mTavari tradicia evropis literaturisa, romelsac
aerTianebs saerTo warmomavloba Zveli berZnuli da romauli
literaturebidan, magram verc erTi ver gascda ideologiuri
ganzogadebebisa da zerele kompilaciebis dones, garda Zmebi
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literaturis istoria

Slegelebis brwyinvale narkvevebisa, romlebic Tanamedrove

problemebis gadawyvetisas, albaT, ar gamogvadgeba. bolos,
unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis zogadi istoria jer kidev
metad Soreuli idealia. arsebuli mcdelobebi, magaliTad
jon braunis `poeziis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis istoria~,
romelic 1763 wliT iwyeba, metismetad gonebaWvretiTi da
sqematuria,xolo CaduikTa samtomeuli, `literaturis
ganviTareba~TiTqmis mTlianad eZRvneba folklorSi asaxuli
statikuri tipebis ganxilvas. (36)
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Cven mxolod axla
viwyebT imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT
xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianad. saamisod ki Cveni meTodebi
metismetad mouqnelia da arc maTi Teoriuli safuZvelia
myari. amgvarad, bevri samuSao mogvelis. ar unda SegvaSinos
iman, rom literaturis istorias, warsulis garda, aqvs
momavali, romelic ver SeZlebs da arc unda ecados, rom
ubralod amoavsos xarvezebi, romlebic Zveli meTodebis
`damsaxurebaa~. Cven unda veZioT literaturis istoriis
axali ideali da meTodebi, romlebic am idealis realizaciis
SesaZleblobas mogvcems. SeiZleba aq SemoTavazebuli
ideali zedmetad `puristulad~ mogeCvenoT (radgan
literaturis istoriaze rogorc xelovnebazea aqcenti
gadatanili),
magram,
Cveni
azriT,
marTlzomieria
nebismieri sxva meTodis gamoyeneba. erTaderTi ram, raSic
darwmunebuli varT, isaa, rom literaturis istoriisaTvis,
romelmac ukanasknel dekadebSi eqspansionizmis Semoteva
ganicada, sWirdeba koncentracia.sxvadasxva meTodis
urTierTmimarTebaTa gaazreba exmareba mkvlevars, Tavidan
aicilos cnebaTa aRrevis safrTxe, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac misi meTodologia moicavs gansxavebul meTodebs.

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